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success to allow for quick assessment and novel approaches. The department has expertise on the management of men with advanced prostate cancer, focusing on the care of men with local, advanced, and recurrent, but nonmetastatic disease. The group approaches each patient with a multidisciplinary team including a urologist, radiation oncologist, and medical oncologist. Genetics counselors and imaging experts are available to provide a complete evaluation when necessary in order to design a personalized treatment plan for men with more aggressive cancers. For men with recurrent disease after primary therapy, access to advanced imaging techniques of PET scan (Axumin, PSMA, C11-Choline) and MRI allow quick assessment and access to advanced therapeutic options. This focus provides a highly innovative approach to prostate cancer management and will establish a foundation for future scientific exploration and care advancement. Research Urology researchers at MD Anderson have a distinct program to study prostate cancer and work closely with their partners in Genitourinary Medical Oncology and Radiation Oncology. The Genitourinary Specialized Program of Research Excellence (GU SPORE) sponsored by the National Cancer Institute is run by leaders in GU Medical Oncology. Led by principal investigator Christopher Logothetis, M.D., a Urology professor, and co-principal investigator Fillipo Giancotti, Ph.D., this research has made it possible for the group to make significant advances in prostate cancer care. Another aspect of the GU SPORE includes a career development program to train physician scientists. Under this program, Chapin is supported in his research involving treatment of the primary tumor in metastatic prostate cancer. Initial support supported his Phase 2 trials and the preliminary data which resulted in the team being awarded a Prostate Cancer Foundation Challenge Award. This work is being leveraged into further grant support to continue the analysis of the bio-specimen and tumor samples from patients enrolled in the Phase 2 and 3 studies. The goal of this research is to better define the biologic subtypes of prostate cancers which will help clinicians personalize treatments and therapies specific to individual patients. The clinical research program under co-direction by Christopher Wood, M.D., a Urology professor, and Chapin creates opportunities to run investigator-initiated trials, partner with industry sponsors and develop a framework for conducting correlative science with the support of various federally and privately funded grants. This work is at the forefront of translational research, taking clinical trial specimens and informing scientists and clinicians about prostate cancer biology. Oncoplasty as the Standard of Care in Breast Cancer Surgery Cicero Urban,1 Karina Furlan Anselmi,2 Flavia Kuroda2 and Jean-Claude Schwartz2 1. Breast Surgeon and Professor of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná and Positivo University and Chair of the Department of Surgery, Hospital Nossa Senhora das Graças, Curitiba, Brazil; 2. Breast Surgeon, Breast Unit, Hospital Nossa Senhora das Graças, Curitiba, Brazil Over the last two decades, the field of oncoplastic surgery (OPS) has been established and continually refined, representing a major advance in breast cancer surgery. After establishing the safety of breast-conserving treatment (BCT) in the 1980s, there has been an increasing demand on the part of both patients and surgeons for better aesthetic outcomes and improved quality of life after breast cancer surgery. This demand led to the development of more sophisticated surgical techniques, combining principles in plastic surgery and surgical oncology to prevent the common deformities that previously occurred after standard BCT. Although the benefits of OPS with respect to larger specimens, wider margins and improved cosmesis seem obvious, the lack of level 1 evidence comparing it to standard BCT has led to some controversy. Can a new surgical technique become the new standard of care without having the highest level of evidence in the literature? The introduction of sentinel node biopsy in the 1990s was quickly implemented into clinical practice, as it was clear how to compare it with the previous standard of axillary dissection in randomised trials. OPS, however, encompasses too many different techniques and variables to easily compare it with standard BCT in a well conducted randomised clinical trial. In fact, OPS is a new method and surgical philosophy, rather than a single technique, and a true surgical refinement of BCT. So, the aim of this review is to revisit the history, concept, philosophy and results of OPS, and to discuss how the lack of specific training and mentoring in this field has led to significant barriers in its wider acceptance and utilisation for breast cancer surgery. History, Concept And Philosophy Historically it is difficult to define when, where and how the first time a mammoplasty technique was used in BCT with the aim of reducing deformities. There were a number of non-academic surgeons, in different countries, who were doing this kind of surgery sporadically, even before its appearance in the literature. The German surgeon Werner Audretsch originally coined OPS, and there is little doubt that its practice began in Europe, most probably in France,
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