• Duration: fast and slow tempi; rhythm versus beat; two and four beats per bar ( and metres); quarter note (oral prompt: “ta”), eighth note(s) (oral prompt: “ti-ti”), quarter rest; simple rhythmic ostinato (e.g., “ta, ta, ti-ti, ta”)

• Pitch: high and low sounds; unison; melodic contour; simple melodic patterns using the notes “mi”, “so”, and “la” (e.g., the “so–mi–la–so–mi” pitch pattern in some children’s songs)

• Dynamics and other expressive controls: loud, soft; a strong sound for a note or beat (accent); smooth and detached articulation

• Timbre: vocal quality (e.g., speaking voice, singing voice), body percussion, sound quality of instruments (e.g., non-pitched and pitched percussion), environmental and found sounds

• Texture/harmony: single melodic line in unison (monophony)

• Form: phrase, call and response