Disease And the IMmune System

HEALTH EDUCATION - Lesson 22 - Week 8/8

Substance Abuse & Disease Prevention (5)

HPE Lesson Plans - Health - KHE, 1HE, 2HE, 3HE, 4HE, 5HE

Safety | Mental, Social & Emotional Health | Substance Abuse & Disease Prevention | Growing Up Healthy

Substance Abuse & Disease Prevention

Disease and the Immune System

See below for the following:

Standard(s), Essential Question(s), Big Idea(s)

LEARNING TARGET / SUCCESS CRITERIA

I will know and be able to name the body's defenses against pathogens.

I will know and be able to explain the relationship between a pathogen and an antibody.

I will know and be able to explain how the body develops immunity to a disease.

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PRE-INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITY

Vocabulary

mucus - a thick, sticky substance that traps pathogens on the insides of noses, mouths, and breathing passages

cilia - tiny hair-like structures lining the insides of the breathing passages that move like waves to push pathogens outward through body openings

white blood cells - cells contained by blood that kill pathogens

immune system - the body system that fights disease (produces white blood cells)

antibodies - substances made by the body to help fight disease; a different antibody is made for each kind of pathogen; an antibody either kills the pathogen or marks it to be killed by another kind of white blood cell

immunity - the ability of the body to "remember" how to make antibodies to a disease

vaccine - a medicine that gives a person immunity to a certain disease

antibiotic - a medicine that kills bacteria

resistance - a body's natural ability to fight off diseases on its own

OPENING (Engage)

Main Idea

There are many ways the body fights pathogens.

Why Learn This?

Knowing how your body fights disease can help you keep well.

WORK PERIOD (Explore/Explain/Extend/Elaborate)

READ: Disease and the Immune System

Disease and the Immune System

There are pathogens all around you. You can't see them because they are so small, but there are millions of them everywhere. Although pathogens are all around you, they don't always make you ill. This is because your body has many ways to keep pathogens out and to kill the pathogens that do get in. Your body's defenses against pathogens are like the hurdles a track runner goes over. If pathogens make it past one hurdle, there is another one waiting.

What is the body's first line of defense against pathogens?

Pathogens can enter the body by several routes, including the skin, nose, mouth, eyes, ears, and digestive tract. The body has defenses to block pathogens trying to enter through each of these routes.

The skin is a difficult hurdle for pathogens to get past. It is made up of many layers of cells. The cells in the outer layers are very tough. Pathogens can't enter the body through the skin unless it is broken in some way. The skin also produces sweat, which contains chemicals that kill some pathogens.

The insides of the nose, mouth, and breathing passages are covered with mucus (MYOO-kuhs), a thick, sticky substance that traps pathogens. The insides of the breathing passages are also lined with cilia (SIH-lee•uh), tiny hair-like structures that move like waves. Cilia push pathogens toward body openings. For example, the cilia in the throat push pathogens toward the back of the mouth. There they can be removed from the body by coughing.

The eyes are protected from pathogens by tears. Tears wash pathogens out of the eyes. Tears also contain chemicals that kill some pathogens. The ears are protected from pathogens by ear wax, a sticky substance that traps pathogens. Chemicals in saliva kill many of the pathogens that enter the mouth in food or water. Pathogens that survive the mouth go on to the stomach. There strong acids kill most of the remaining pathogens.

Despite the body's first line of defense, many pathogens manage to enter the body. When they do, the body's second line of defense is waiting for them in the blood.

Your Body’s First Line of Defense

Ear wax traps pathogens that try to enter the ears.
Mucus traps pathogens in the nose, and cilia sweep them out.
Strong chemicals in the stomach kill most pathogens that enter the digestive system.
Tears kill and wash away pathogens that try to enter the eyes.
Chemicals in saliva kill many pathogens that enter the mouth.
The skin's tough outer layers block pathogens, and sweat kills some of them.

How does the blood fight off disease?

The blood contains cells called white blood cells that kill pathogens. The blood carries these cells throughout your body. White blood cells are produced by the immune system (ih•MYOON SIS•tuhm), which is the body system that fights disease. There are different kinds of white blood cells, each with its own role to play in the fight against disease.

One of the most important roles played by white blood cells is to make antibodies. Antibodies (AN-tih-bah-deez) are substances made by the body to help fight disease. A different antibody is made for each kind of pathogen. Each pathogen and its antibody fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. When an antibody attaches itself to a pathogen, it either kills the pathogen or marks the it to be killed by another white blood cell.

The first time a pathogen enters the body and starts multiplying, it may take several days for the white blood cells to make enough antibodies to fight it. During that time the infected person begins to have symptoms of the disease.

However, once the white blood cells have made antibodies for a pathogen, they do not "forget" how to make that kind of antibody. If that pathogen ever invades the body again, the white blood cells immediately make large numbers of antibodies that help prevent the pathogen from multiplying. This ability of the body to "remember" how to make antibodies to a disease is called immunity (ih•MYOO•nuh•tee).

You have immunity to infectious diseases you've already had. Once you have had chicken pox, for example, you will not get it again, even if the chicken pox virus invades your body. Your white blood cells will recognize the virus and make antibodies against it before it can cause the disease.

How do vaccines and antibiotics help fight disease?

You do not always have to get a disease to have immunity to it. You can get immunity to some diseases from vaccines. A vaccine (vak•SEEN) is a medicine that gives a person immunity to a certain disease. A vaccine is usually a weakened version of the pathogen that causes a disease. The vaccine causes your body to make antibodies to the pathogen without giving you the disease. Vaccines are usually given in shots. Sometimes vaccines are swallowed or given in nasal sprays.

Most of the diseases for which vaccines have been made are caused by viruses. These diseases include measles, mumps, rubella (German measles), and polio. There are also vaccines for a few diseases caused by bacteria, including pertussis (whooping cough) and diphtheria. These diseases used to be very common and caused many people to die. You are probably immune to these diseases because you have received vaccines against them.

If bacteria make you ill, an antibiotic may help you get better. An antibiotic (an•tih•by•AH•tik) is a medicine that kills bacteria. A few antibiotics also kill fungi or protozoa. However, antibiotics do not kill viruses. Therefore, when you have a cold or other disease caused by viruses, antibiotics will not help you recover.

Sometimes people stop taking antibiotics before all the medicine is gone because they are feeling better. Any of the disease-causing bacteria that are still alive are the ones least affected by the antibiotic. These bacteria multiply, causing a new infection. More, stronger antibiotics are needed. When this happens over and over again, antibiotics can no longer kill the bacteria. Some diseases such as tuberculosis have become very difficult to treat because the bacteria that cause them have become immune to many currently known antibiotics.

There are currently few drugs that will cure viral infections. And they are very expensive. But there are several drugs that can reduce the symptoms of a viral infection. To have the most effect, these drugs should be given at the first sign of a viral disease.

How can you help your body fight disease?

One of the best ways to fight disease is to keep pathogens out of your body. Wash your hands often. You should always wash your hands after you use the bathroom, after playing with any pet, and before you prepare or eat food. Use plenty of soap and warm water. Also, take a bath or shower daily to wash pathogens off your skin and hair.

In addition, your body has a natural ability called resistance (rih•ZIS•tuhnts) to fight off diseases on its own. The higher your resistance, the less often you will become ill, and the sooner you will recover when you do. You can help keep your resistance high by eating a nutritious diet and by following other healthful habits.

It is especially important to eat right when you have an infection. The best way to be sure you are eating right is to eat a wide variety of wholesome foods. Eat plenty of grains, fruits, and vegetables. Avoid eating too many foods high in sugar or fat. They will fill you up without giving your body what it needs for good health. Remember to drink lots of water.

Getting regular exercise also helps your immune system fight infections. You will get fewer colds and other infections and get over them sooner if you include regular physical activity in your life. However, you should not exercise when you have a fever. Your doctor can give advice on resuming exercise as you recover from any illness.

Another thing you can do to help your body fight disease is to get plenty of sleep. Your body needs sleep in order to rest and repair itself. For good health most people need at least eight hours of sleep each night. You need even more sleep when you are ill.

Stress in your life can keep you from getting the sleep you need and can lower your resistance to illness. Stress can be caused by negative things like worrying about schoolwork or trying to do too many things. Stress can also be caused by positive things like a new baby in the family. You can control stress by doing something relaxing each day-taking a walk, listening to music, reading a good book. It also helps to take positive action and look for solutions to stressful events instead of worrying about them.

REMEMBER...There are many ways the body fights pathogens. Knowing how your body fights disease can help you keep well.

CLOSING (Evaluate)

Complete Lesson Checkup
Finished Early? (sign into BrainPOP using Clever)
- Watch BrainPOP - Heredity
- Watch BrainPOP - Immune System
- Watch BrainPOP - Lymphatic System
- INFECTIOUS DISEASE
  - Watch BrainPOP - AIDS
  - Watch BrainPOP - Avian Flu
  - Watch BrainPOP - Chickenpox
  - Watch BrainPOP Jr. - Colds & Flu
  - Watch BrainPOP - Coronavirus
  - Watch BrainPOP - COVID-19 PSA (Public Service Announcement)
  - Watch BrainPOP - COVID-19 Special Report
  - Watch BrainPOP - Ebola
  - Watch BrainPOP - Flu (Influenza)
  - Watch BrainPOP - Lyme Disease
  - Watch BrainPOP - SARS
  - Watch BrainPOP - Smallpox
  - Watch BrainPOP - Swine Flu
  - Watch BrainPOP - Viruses
  - Watch BrainPOP - West Nile Virus
  - Watch BrainPOP - Zika Virus
- NONINFECTIOUS DISEASE (sign into BrainPOP using Clever)
  - Watch BrainPOP - Allergies
  - Watch BrainPOP - Alzheimer's Disease
  - Watch BrainPOP - Asthma
  - Watch BrainPOP - Cancer
  - Watch BrainPOP - Cerebral Palsy
  - Watch BrainPOP - Cystic Fibrosis
  - Watch BrainPOP - Diabetes
  - Watch BrainPOP - Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  - Watch BrainPOP - Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
  - Watch BrainPOP - Multiple Sclerosis

Standard(s)

HE5.1a - recognize the relationship between healthy behaviors and disease prevention

HE5.1b - describe and apply the basic personal health concepts of healthy eating and physical activity

HE5.1c - describe and apply the basic health concept of mental and emotional well-being

HE5.1d - describe and apply the basic health concept of personal hygiene and safety

HE5.1e - distinguish the short and long-term physical effects of use and/or misuse of substances

HE5.1f - identify trusted adults and when it might be important to seek health care or emergency help for themselves or others

HE5.1g - identify the changes that occur during puberty

HE5.1h - distinguish between tattling, reporting aggression, bullying, cyberbullying, and violence (physical and/or sexual) and how to report these instances

HE5.1i - identify strategies to avoid physical fighting and violence

HE5.2a - evaluate the influence of family and peers on personal health behaviors and decisions

HE5.2b - describe how the school and community can support personal health practices and behaviors

HE5.2c - explain how media/technology influences thoughts, feelings, and health behaviors

HE5.3a - identify characteristics of valid health information, products, and services

HE5.3b - access resources from home, school, and community that provide valid health information

HE5.3c - assess the characteristics of valid health information, products, and services

HE5.4a - apply effective verbal and nonverbal communication skills to enhance health

HE5.4b - model effective nonviolent strategies to manage or resolve conflicts

HE5.4c - demonstrate how to ask for assistance to enhance personal health and the health of others

HE5.5a - identify health-related situations that might require a thoughtful decision

HE5.5b - list healthy options and possible consequences to a health-related issue or problem

HE5.5c - predict the potential outcomes of each option when making a health-related decision

HE5.5d - analyze when assistance is needed in making a health-related decision

HE5.5e - choose a healthy option when making a decision

HE5.5f - describe the outcomes of a health-related decision

HE5.6a - set a personal health goal and track progress toward its achievement

HE5.6b - identify and utilize resources to assist in achieving a personal health goal

HE5.7a - practice responsible personal health choices

HE5.7b - demonstrate a variety of healthy practices and behaviors to preserve or enhance personal health

HE5.7c - model a variety of behaviors that prevent or decrease health risks to self and/or others

HE5.8a - review accurate information and develop an opinion about a health issue

HE5.8b - advocate for positive health choices

Essential Question(s)

What is the body's first line of defense against pathogens?
How does the blood fight off disease?
How do vaccines and antibiotics help fight disease?
How can you help your body fight disease?

Big Idea(s)

The body's first line of defense against pathogens consist of:
- Ear wax traps pathogens that try to enter the ears.
- Mucus traps pathogens in the nose, and cilia sweep them out.
- Strong chemicals in the stomach kill most pathogens that enter the digestive system.
- Tears kill and wash away pathogens that try to enter the eyes.
- Chemicals in saliva kill many pathogens that enter the mouth.
- The skin's tough outer layers block pathogens, and sweat kills some of them.
The blood fights off disease with cells called white blood cells that kill pathogens.
A vaccine is a medicine that gives a person immunity to a certain disease and an antibiotic is a medicine that kills bacteria.
You can help your body fight disease by washing your hands, taking a bath or shower daily, eating a nutritious diet, drink lots of water, get plenty of exercise and sleep, and reduce your stress.

RESOURCES / INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

see below

DCSD Board-Approved Instruction Materials

Your Health: Teacher's Edition - Grade 5. Harcourt Brace & Company. 1999.

Technology

Google Sites

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