Pathogens & Infectious Disease

HEALTH EDUCATION - Lesson 21 - Week 7/8

Substance Abuse & Disease Prevention (5)

HPE Lesson Plans - Health - KHE, 1HE, 2HE, 3HE, 4HE, 5HE

Safety | Mental, Social & Emotional Health | Substance Abuse & Disease Prevention | Growing Up Healthy

Substance Abuse & Disease Prevention

Pathogens & Infectious Diseases

See below for the following:

Standard(s), Essential Question(s), Big Idea(s)

LEARNING TARGET / SUCCESS CRITERIA

I will know and be able to distinguish among diseases cause by different pathogens.

I will know and be able to explain how pathogens are transmitted and how they enter the body.

I will know and be able to explain how HIV is transmitted and how it affects the body.

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PRE-INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITY

Vocabulary

symptoms - the signs and feelings of a disease (common symptoms of colds include headache, runny nose, coughing, and sneezing)

viruses - the smallest kind of microbes that cause infectious disease; more than any other kind of pathogen

bacteria - one-celled living things that can cause disease; larger than viruses, but still too small to be seen without a microscope (round bacteria, rod-shaped bacteria, spiral-shaped bacteria)

fungi - small, simple living things like yeasts and molds most often invading the skin or respiratory system (ringworm, athlete's foot; both infections of the skin that cause an itchy rash)

protozoa - one-celled organisms that are somewhat larger than bacteria; diseases caused by protozoa are often quite serious (amebic dysentery, a type of severe diarrhea)

transmitted - spread from one person or thing to another person

AIDS - acquired immune deficiency syndrome; an infectious disease that attacks disease-fighting cells in the blood; the virus that causes AIDS is the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV

HIV - human immunodeficiency virus; the virus that causes AIDS

abstinence - avoiding behaviors that put your health at risk

OPENING (Engage)

Main Idea

Infectious diseases are caused by many different kinds of pathogens.

Why Learn This?

You can use what you learn to help protect yourself from infectious diseases.

WORK PERIOD (Explore/Explain/Extend/Elaborate)

READ: Pathogens & Infectious Diseases

On Monday Todd forgot to cover his mouth when he coughed and sneezed in class. Alicia, who was sitting at the next desk, didn't notice—she was too busy working on her math test. On Thursday morning Alicia woke up with a stuffy nose and sore throat. She wondered how she got a cold.

Did you ever wonder how you became ill with a cold or other infectious disease? Many infectious diseases spread so easily that, like Alicia, you often don't know how you got them.

What are some signs of infectious disease?

Even though you may not know how you got an infectious disease, you probably know when you have one. You may have a stuffy nose and sore throat as Alicia did. Both are common symptoms of colds. Symptoms (SIMP•tuhm) are the signs and feelings of a disease. Other common symptoms of colds include headache, runny nose, coughing, and sneezing.

Many infectious diseases cause similar symptoms. People with flu sometimes think they have a cold, because these diseases have many of the same symptoms. Other infectious diseases have very different symptoms. Some cause stomach pains, vomiting, or diarrhea (dy•uh-REE•uh). Pathogens in food can cause these symptoms.

A common symptom of infectious disease is fever. A fever is a body temperature that is higher than normal. It occurs when your body is fighting an infection. This higher temperature helps speed up the body's defenses against pathogens.

What kinds of pathogens cause disease?

One reason infectious diseases have different symptoms is that they are caused by different pathogens. There are four main kinds of pathogens that cause infectious diseases: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.

Viruses (vy-ruh suhz) are the smallest kind of microbes that cause disease. They are so small that they can be seen only under a high-powered microscope. Viruses cause more infectious diseases than any other kind of pathogen does. They make people ill by invading cells, where they multiply until the cells burst open and die. Then the viruses move on to invade other cells. Diseases caused by viruses include colds, flu, chicken pox, and AIDS. Other diseases are listed in the table below.

Bacteria (bak•TIR•ee•uh) are one-celled living things that can cause disease. They are larger than viruses, but they are still too small to be seen without a microscope. Bacteria make people ill by producing harmful wastes. Many infectious diseases, including strep throat and some kinds of pneumonia, are caused by bacteria. Some other diseases caused by bacteria are listed in the table.

Fungi (FUHN-jy) are small, simple living things like yeasts and molds. Fungi most often invade the skin or respiratory system. Two common diseases caused by fungi are ringworm and athlete's foot. Both are infections of the skin that cause an itchy rash.

Protozoa (proh•tuh•zoH•uh) are one-celled organisms that are somewhat larger than bacteria. Diseases caused by protozoa are often quite serious. One example is amebic dysentery, which is a type of severe diarrhea. Fortunately, diseases caused by protozoa are not common in the United States.

Protozoa (proh-tuh•zoH•uh) are one-celled organisms that are somewhat larger than bacteria. Diseases caused by protozoa are often quite serious. One example is amebic dysentery, which is a type of severe diarrhea. Fortunately, diseases caused by protozoa are not common in the United States.

Pathogens and the Diseases They Cause

Virus

AIDS, chicken pox, colds, infectious hepatitis, influenza (flu), measles, mumps, polio, rabies, rubella (German measles)

Bacteria

pertussis (whooping cough), Salmonella food poisoning, strep throat, tetanus, tuberculosis, Lyme disease

Fungi

athlete's foot, ringworm

Protozoa

amebic dysentery, giardiasis

How are pathogens spread?

Different kinds of pathogens are transmitted (trants•MIH•tid), or spread, from one person or thing to another person in many ways. Infected animals can spread pathogens when they bite people. Raccoons and squirrels can transmit the virus that causes rabies, an infection of the nervous system. Mosquitoes can transmit the viruses that cause encephalitis, an infection of the brain.

A disease spread by ticks is Lyme disease. Lyme disease is an infection of the heart and nervous system caused by bacteria. The bacteria are transmitted by the bite of tiny deer ticks.

Some pathogens are sprayed into the air whenever someone coughs or sneezes.

Then anyone nearby can breathe in the pathogens. Cold and flu viruses can spread in this way. This is probably how Alicia picked up Todd's cold virus.

Some pathogens are transmitted on people's hands or on things they have touched. For example, pathogens can spread from one person to another when they shake hands or share a pen. Doorknobs and drinking fountains are things many people touch. They may be covered with pathogens. Whenever you get a drink or open a door, you may be picking up other people's pathogens on your hands.

Other pathogens are transmitted in food or drinking water. The bacteria called

Salmonella are commonly found in chicken. When chicken is not cooked to a high enough temperature, some of these bacteria may survive. They can then be transmitted to anyone who eats the chicken.

How do pathogens enter the body?

Once pathogens have spread to you from someone or something else, they must get into your body before they can cause disease. Pathogens can enter your body in several different ways, including through your skin, eyes, or mucus membranes lining the nose, mouth, or digestive system.

Some pathogens enter the body through a break in the skin caused by a cut or scrape. Others enter the body through the nose or mouth. The cold virus Alicia picked up entered her body through her nose when she breathed in the viruses Todd had coughed into the air nearby.

Pathogens on fingers or objects can enter the body through the mouth. You can pick up pathogens in this way if you bite your nails or chew on the end of your pen.

When you rub your eyes, pathogens on your fingers can spread to your eyes. You can sometimes be infected with cold viruses this way.

The Salmonella in chicken most often enter the body through the digestive system. So do the other pathogens that cause food poisoning. Pathogens in drinking water can enter the body this way as well. For example, protozoa called Giardia can enter through the digestive system when people drink untreated water from streams and lakes. Giardia cause giardiasis, a disease involving diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever.

What is AIDS?

AIDS stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AIDS is an infectious disease that attacks disease-fighting cells in the blood. The virus that causes AIDS is the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV.

HIV does not spread easily from person to person. It is transmitted only when the blood or other body fluids of an infected person come into contact with the blood or body fluids of someone else. One way HIV is spread is through sexual contact. Another is by sharing needles used for injecting illegal drugs. A mother who has HIV can also transmit the virus to her baby before or during birth.

Health-care workers can get HIV if they are cut by a needle or sharp instrument that has the HIV virus on it. A few people have also been infected from blood they received in blood transfusions. Today, the blood used for transfusions is carefully tested for HIV.

After HIV enters the body, it invades and kills cells in the blood that help fight infections. Eventually, people infected with HIV become unable to fight infections, even mild ones that healthy people have no trouble fighting off. When this occurs, they have developed AIDS.

People with HIV can live normal lives as long as they feel well. They may have no symptoms of AIDS for years after they become infected with the virus. People with HIV can't spread the virus to others through casual contact, so they can go to school and do most of the same things that uninfected people do.

HIV can't spread between people in the same room or on the same sports team the way colds, flu, and other common infectious diseases can. People won't get infected by just being around someone with HIV. However, people with HIV, especially those who have developed AIDS, easily pick up infections from the people around them. People with AIDS can become infected with pathogens that don’t make healthy people sick at all.

The best way to prevent AIDS is to practice abstinence. Abstinence means avoiding behaviors that put your health at risk. Choosing abstinence from sexual contact is the best way to prevent the spreading of HIV and AIDS.

REMEMBER...Infectious diseases are caused by many different kinds of pathogens. You can use what you learn to help protect yourself from infectious diseases.

CLOSING (Evaluate)

Complete Lesson Checkup
Finished Early? (sign into BrainPOP using Clever)
- Watch BrainPOP - Heredity
- Watch BrainPOP - Immune System
- Watch BrainPOP - Lymphatic System
- INFECTIOUS DISEASE (sign into BrainPOP using Clever)
  - Watch BrainPOP - AIDS
  - Watch BrainPOP - Avian Flu
  - Watch BrainPOP - Chickenpox
  - Watch BrainPOP Jr. - Colds & Flu
  - Watch BrainPOP - Coronavirus
  - Watch BrainPOP - COVID-19 PSA (Public Service Announcement)
  - Watch BrainPOP - COVID-19 Special Report
  - Watch BrainPOP - Ebola
  - Watch BrainPOP - Flu (Influenza)
  - Watch BrainPOP - Lyme Disease
  - Watch BrainPOP - SARS
  - Watch BrainPOP - Smallpox
  - Watch BrainPOP - Swine Flu
  - Watch BrainPOP - Viruses
  - Watch BrainPOP - West Nile Virus
  - Watch BrainPOP - Zika Virus
- NONINFECTIOUS DISEASE (sign into BrainPOP using Clever)
  - Watch BrainPOP - Allergies
  - Watch BrainPOP - Alzheimer's Disease
  - Watch BrainPOP - Asthma
  - Watch BrainPOP - Cancer
  - Watch BrainPOP - Cerebral Palsy
  - Watch BrainPOP - Cystic Fibrosis
  - Watch BrainPOP - Diabetes
  - Watch BrainPOP - Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  - Watch BrainPOP - Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
  - Watch BrainPOP - Multiple Sclerosis

Standard(s)

HE5.1a - recognize the relationship between healthy behaviors and disease prevention

HE5.1b - describe and apply the basic personal health concepts of healthy eating and physical activity

HE5.1c - describe and apply the basic health concept of mental and emotional well-being

HE5.1d - describe and apply the basic health concept of personal hygiene and safety

HE5.1e - distinguish the short and long-term physical effects of use and/or misuse of substances

HE5.1f - identify trusted adults and when it might be important to seek health care or emergency help for themselves or others

HE5.1g - identify the changes that occur during puberty

HE5.1h - distinguish between tattling, reporting aggression, bullying, cyberbullying, and violence (physical and/or sexual) and how to report these instances

HE5.1i - identify strategies to avoid physical fighting and violence

HE5.2a - evaluate the influence of family and peers on personal health behaviors and decisions

HE5.2b - describe how the school and community can support personal health practices and behaviors

HE5.2c - explain how media/technology influences thoughts, feelings, and health behaviors

HE5.3a - identify characteristics of valid health information, products, and services

HE5.3b - access resources from home, school, and community that provide valid health information

HE5.3c - assess the characteristics of valid health information, products, and services

HE5.4a - apply effective verbal and nonverbal communication skills to enhance health

HE5.4b - model effective nonviolent strategies to manage or resolve conflicts

HE5.4c - demonstrate how to ask for assistance to enhance personal health and the health of others

HE5.5a - identify health-related situations that might require a thoughtful decision

HE5.5b - list healthy options and possible consequences to a health-related issue or problem

HE5.5c - predict the potential outcomes of each option when making a health-related decision

HE5.5d - analyze when assistance is needed in making a health-related decision

HE5.5e - choose a healthy option when making a decision

HE5.5f - describe the outcomes of a health-related decision

HE5.6a - set a personal health goal and track progress toward its achievement

HE5.6b - identify and utilize resources to assist in achieving a personal health goal

HE5.7a - practice responsible personal health choices

HE5.7b - demonstrate a variety of healthy practices and behaviors to preserve or enhance personal health

HE5.7c - model a variety of behaviors that prevent or decrease health risks to self and/or others

HE5.8a - review accurate information and develop an opinion about a health issue

HE5.8b - advocate for positive health choices

Essential Question(s)

What are some signs of infectious disease?
What kinds of pathogens cause disease?
How are pathogens spread?
How do pathogens enter the body?
What is AIDS/HIV?

Big Idea(s)

Some signs of infectious disease may include stuffy nose, sore throat, headache, runny nose, coughing, sneezing, stomach pains, vomiting, or diarrhea.
There are four main kinds of pathogens that cause infectious diseases: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.
Pathogens can be spread or transmitted by a bite, through the air, on people's hands or on things they've touched, and through contaminated food or drinking water.
Pathogens can enter your body in several different ways, including through your skin, eyes, or mucus membranes lining the nose, mouth, or digestive system.
AIDS stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AIDS is an infectious disease that attacks disease-fighting cells in the blood. The virus that causes AIDS is the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV.

RESOURCES / INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

see below

DCSD Board-Approved Instruction Materials

Your Health: Teacher's Edition - Grade 5. Harcourt Brace & Company. 1999.

Technology

Google Sites

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