Refer to your 'DNA Mutations' lecture notes. A soft copies of the lecture notes is available in your Google Classroom.

Students should be able to:

(a)    Explain what is meant by the terms gene mutation and chromosomal aberration. For gene mutation, knowledge of how substitution, addition and deletion could change the amino acid sequence (including frameshift) is required. For chromosomal aberration, knowledge of numerical aberration (including aneuploidy, as in the case of trisomy 21, i.e. Down syndrome) and structural aberration (including translocation, duplication, inversion and deletion) is required.

(b)    Explain how gene mutations can result in diseases (including sickle cell anaemia). 

(c)     Discuss the bioethics of genetic material screening for mutations, including trisomy-21.