This anti-pattern is also known as "heroic programmer", where the entire project's in-depth knowledge is locked into a few individuals out of many. This is often seen in large projects where it has 100~400 programmers.
Symptoms and Consequences
When that 1-2 developers enters the team, everyone crown them as heroes or master of that technology.
When the project has more than 100 programmers.
Causes
Project management problem related to human resources.
No risk management.
Office politics influences (key developers felt safer from retrenchment periods).
Refactor Recipe
Manage the project in a way that has an average of 4 programmers; 4 months period time.
Project that has more than 5 programmers usually introduces communications issues.
To mitigate heroic programmers knowledge debt, assign 1-2 programmers to deep learn the technologies as deep as them while they are still around.