Personal Note based on my current understanding:
Turkish = Turkey (country, mixed races). Turkic = Turk (original genetic blood race).
This section I try to add articles about the geographical region or country of Turkey past, or present.
The Turkic race I place these articles in the section that most corresponds to the geographical area the article pertains to.
So for more articles on the Turkic race go to the other sections such as Religions, Miscellaneous, Eurasia, Genetics, etc..
I placed many articles in the Eurasia section only because of geographical representation of the land mass that Turkic Peoples inhabited.
ANCIENT ANATOLIAN : THE HITTITES
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTbGD1m7IE8
Miletus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletus
Miletus (; Ancient Greek: Μίλητος, translit. Milētos; Hittite transcription Millawanda or Milawata (exonyms); Latin: Miletus; Turkish: Milet) was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia, near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria. Its ruins are located near the modern village of Balat in Aydın Province, Turkey. Before the Persian invasion in the middle of the 6th century BC, Miletus was considered the greatest and wealthiest of Greek cities.... Miletus' greatest wealth and splendor was reached during the Hellenistic era (323–30 BC) and later Roman times.
Evidence of first settlement at the site has been made inaccessible by the rise of sea level and deposition of sediments from the Maeander. The first available evidence is of the Neolithic in 3500–3000 BC. In the early and middle Bronze age the settlement came under Minoan influence. Legend has it that an influx of Cretans occurred displacing the indigenous Leleges. The site was renamed Miletus after a place in Crete.
The Late Bronze Age, 13th century BC, saw the arrival of Luwian language speakers from south central Anatolia calling themselves the Carians. Later in that century other Greeks arrived. The city at that time rebelled against the Hittite Empire. After the fall of that empire the city was destroyed in the 12th century BC and starting about 1000 BC was resettled extensively by the Ionian Greeks. ...
During the Pleistocene epoch the Miletus region was submerged in the Aegean Sea. It subsequently emerged slowly, the sea reaching a low level of about 130 meters (430 ft) below present level at about 18,000 BP. The site of Miletus was part of the mainland. A gradual rise brought a level of about 1.75 meters (5 ft 9 in) below present at about 5500 BP,...Since then the sea has risen 1.75 m but the peninsula has been surrounded by sediment from the Maeander river and is now land-locked. Sedimentation of the harbor began at about 1000 BC, and by AD 300 Lake Bafa had been created.
Bronze Age: Recorded history at Miletus begins with the records of the Hittite Empire and the Mycenaean records of Pylos and Knossos, in the Late Bronze Age....
Minoan period: Beginning at about 1900 BC artifacts of the Minoan civilization acquired by trade arrived at Miletus... that is, a population influx, from Crete. According to Strabo: Ephorus says: Miletus was first founded and fortified above the sea by Cretans, where the Miletus of olden times is now situated, being settled by Sarpedon, who brought colonists from the Cretan Miletus and named the city after that Miletus, the place formerly being in possession of the Leleges....
Mycenaean period: Miletus was a Mycenaean stronghold on the coast of Asia Minor from c. 1450 to 1100 BC. In c. 1320 BC, the city supported an anti-Hittite rebellion... The Milawata letter mentions a joint expedition by the Hittite king and a Luwiyan vassal (probably Kupanta-Kurunta of Mira) against Miletus, and notes that the city (together with Atriya) were now under Hittite control. Homer mentions that during the time of the Trojan War, Miletus was an ally of Troy and was city of the Carians,...
Dark Age: The Ionians killed the men of Miletus and married their widows. This is the mythical commencement of the enduring alliance between Athens and Miletus, which played an important role in the subsequent Persian Wars.
When Cyrus of Persia defeated Croesus of Lydia in the middle of the 6th century BC, Miletus fell under Persian rule. In 499 BC Miletus's tyrant Aristagoras became the leader of the Ionian Revolt against the Persians under Darius the Great, who quashed this rebellion and punished Miletus by selling all of the women and children into slavery, killing the men, and expelling all of the young men as eunuchs, thereby assuring that no Miletus citizen would ever be born again. In 479 BC the Greeks decisively defeated the Persians on the Greek mainland at the Battle of Plataea, and Miletus was freed of Persian rule....
In 387 BC the Peace of Antalcidas gave the Persian Achaemenid Empire under king Artaxerxes II control of the Greek city-states of Ionia, including Miletus.... In 334 BC the Siege of Miletus by the forces of Alexander the Great of Macedonia liberated the city from Persian rule, soon followed by most of Asia Minor. ...
Seljuk Turks conquered the city in the 14th century and used Miletus as a port to trade with Venice....
The Hittites
http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hitit.htm
Ancient people of Asia Minor and Syria who flourished from 1600 to 1200 B.C. The Hittites, a people of Indo-European connection, were supposed to have entered Cappadocia around 1800 B.C....It was a loose confederation that broke up under the invasions (c.1200 B.C.) of the Thracians, Phrygians, and Assyrians....
The Hittites were one of the first peoples to smelt iron successfully. They spoke an Indo-European language. ...
metal principally worked was bronze, the smelting of iron ... The Hittite economy was based on agriculture. The main crops were emmer wheat and barley. ...Honey was a significant item in the diet. Domestic livestock consisted of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and perhaps water-buffalo. Donkeys were used as pack animals. They used also dogs as their best friends. Hittites used cuneiform script on their inscriptions. Also they used the hieroglyph form on some inscription...
They were influenced by Hatti civilization...
Hatti civilization http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hatti.htm
The people known as Hattis are amongst the oldest settlers in Anatolian history....They believed in a number of gods representing various acts of nature in the form of animals....By the end of the 3rd millennium B.C. a large scale migration took place mainly from North Europe to the mild weathered south. One of the strong elements of the Indo-European people, the Hittites gravitated to Anatolia through Caucasia while Hatti principalities were ruling the land....These newcomers did not invade the land suddenly. They settled along side the existing people and set their own settlement units in time. ...
The names of the deities reflect the ethnic diversity of the Hittite kingdom. The oldest of the gods was that of the Hattia, a god who lead the king to victory in battle. ...The religion of the Hittites was an amalgam (mixture). It incorporated popular elements of indigenous to central Anatolia with some external influences largely of Hurrian origin. ...The relieves of Yazilikaya show gods and goddess wearing the horned headdress which was an originally Mesopotamian characteristic emblem of divinity....The tradition of depicting divinities standing on an animal is of Hurrian origin....Cremation was widespread in central Anatolia. From textual sources it is known to be the funerary custom of the Hittite kings. The ordinary people of Hattusas, however, were either buried or cremated....
Such a pantheon was headed by the Weather-god/Storm-god, who also represented the mountains, and his consort - usually the earth goddess, who was also attached to the waters of rivers and the sea. The Hittites themselves write of 'the thousand gods of Hatti',...
This article explains some rituals of the HIttites whether their origins, adapted from other peoples, or a blend...
The Heroic Age A Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe
The Hittite Sword in the Stone: The Sword God and his Twelve Companions
https://www.heroicage.org/issues/15/malcor.php
The Sword in the Stone story is well known to students of the Arthurian tradition....the tale from Continental Europe, the twelve-year-old Arthur pulled a sword from an anvil atop a stone in a churchyard, thereby proving his right to become king...
We have developed the hypothesis that ca. 2160 BCE, triggered by the northshift caused by the precession of the celestial pole, a story about a sacred sword being plunged into a brush pile (or tree) emerged among the ancient steppe peoples. After the development of forging iron, the sword became iron instead of bronze, and when the story transmitted to the Near East, a stone throne or altar was added to the tale. The knowledge of how to forge iron into swords traveled with the story of a war god who, accompanied by twelve companions, either pulled a sword from or plunged it into a stone. In this paper, I will take a look at the Hittite variant of Sword and Stone tradition....
The major evidence for the Hittite sword god comes from the sacred complex at Yazilikaya near the Hittite capitol of Hattusha in modern Turkey. The sanctuary was originally a Hattian site for the worship of underworld deities (Gurney 1976, 41), which was then redesigned by the Hittites after they had been heavily impacted by the Hurrians. The sculptures and Hurrian glosses were added during the reign of one of the last Hittite kings,...
Although there are several structures in front of the adyton, or holiest part of the temple, the heart of the site consists of two crevices in natural rock that are open to the sky. While I will refer to these openings as "chambers" throughout this paper... images of seven deities who are associated with the heavens: Teshub, the two bulls Seri and Hurri (Day and Night, from the Hurrian pantheon), Teshub's wife Hebat, their son Sarruma, their daughter Alanzu and their granddaughter. On the right wall nineteen goddesses and the god Sarruma march to meet Hebat. On the left wall, twenty-eight gods, one goddess and twelve unarmed, divine runners process toward Teshub. The processions are mostly in the order of the Hurrian pantheon although they were created by Hittite artists. This grouping of deities is a complete mish-mash of origins, caused by the Hittite habit of adopting divinities from other peoples into their own pantheon the way the Romans would later absorb the religious figures of virtually everyone with whom they came in contact....
On the same wall as the image of Sarruma and Tudhaliya IV is a sword god...
The Hittite war god, Zababa...During this festival, a ram and a bull were sacrificed to the war god at a tree known as the eya....The eya-tree was the Hittite version of the World Tree, which represents the celestial pole in the context of celestial deities....
The Hittites came to Anatolia from the southern Russian steppes ...The Scythian war god, however, was only associated with the sign of Aries. He was the Divine Warrior who took the World Tree, stabbed it across the circle of the zodiac, and embedded his weapon in the opposite sign. For the Hittites, the opposite sign would have been a stone throne. So when the story traveled south from the steppes, the sword that had been planted in an altar became planted in stone... What we see at Yazilikaya is typical of the process by which a foreign god replaces an existing local deity... The war god may have assimilated to the Hittite weather god because of their shared connection with the Underworld and similar rituals....
The steppe war god himself was not the celestial Ram, but he was represented by the story of the ram,...
The twelve figures associated with the sword god, then, may have nothing at all to do with Underworld deities....the Hittites associated with them might not be underground at all, but rather in the sky.
Conclusion: The Hittite version of the Sword in the Stone story has several elements in common with the Arthurian variant. Both feature a sword in a graveyard. Both swords are associated with a king. The twelve runners in the Hittite variant parallel the Twelve Knights of the Round Table in Arthurian tradition. Also, the anvil of the Arthurian variant preserves the connection between the forging of iron and the story of the god who planted a sword in a stone. The tales are clearly part of the same tradition, yet, by placing the image of the sword god in conjunction with celestial deities at Yazilikaya, the Hittites retained an association that the Arthurian variant has lost: the tale of the Sword in the Stone had something to do with the stars.
Indo European Gods/Goddess' that blended with other peoples Gods/Goddess' over time so that the original Indo European Gods(ess') changed, took on new character/roles, new names, etc. but, retained enough to distinguish itself, namely Storm God, and Sun God. Hittite weakness is integration. Acceptance of foreign Gods(ess') led to their ruin in part by rival peoples who infected their society by making the Hittites accept they themselves are the evil ones who must genocide themselves, and enslave themselves to foreign people whose God is the only and therfore you must obey the rival people and their God.
I would also note the info in this article is only opinion, and brief. Many other articles present more details of facts, especially pertaining to rituals....
Hittite mythology and religion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion
created an empire centered in what is now Turkey from c. 1600 BC to 1180 BC.... Most of the narratives embodying Hittite mythology are lost..."there are no canonical scriptures, no theological disquisitions or discourses, no aids to private devotion"....The understanding of Hittite mythology depends on readings of surviving stone carvings, deciphering of the iconology represented in seal stones, interpreting ground plans of temples: additionally, there are a few images of deities, for the Hittites often worshipped their gods through Huwasi stones...
Though drawing on ancient Mesopotamian religion, the religion of the Hittites and Luwians retains noticeable elements of reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion. For example, Tarhunt, the god of thunder and his conflict with the serpent Illuyanka resembles the conflict between Indra and the cosmic serpent Vritra in Vedic mythology, or Thor and the serpent Jörmungandr in Norse mythology. This myth also bears a resemblance to the daily struggle between Re and the serpent Apophis in Egyptian mythology.
Hittite mythology was also influenced more directly by the Hurrians, a neighboring civilization close to Anatolia, where the Hittites were located.... Unfortunately, much of the knowledge about the Hittites has come from artistic, rather than textual, sources, making it difficult to be certain about specific details on this topic.
The liminal figure mediating between the intimately connected worlds of gods and mankind was the king and priest... Many of the rituals were performed at pits...This type of pit ritual is known as "necromantic,” because they were attempting to commune with gods of the Underworld and summon them to the living world. The city of Arinna,...major sun goddess, known as dUTU URUArinna "sun goddess of Arinna"....Once the king died, he was deified,...Mythological creatures, Lion-headed man and Bull-legged man.
Similar to other kingdoms at the time, the Hittites had a habit of adopting gods from other pantheons that they came into contact with, such as the Mesopotamian goddess Ishtar, who is celebrated at her famous temple at Ain Dara. The Hittites referred to their own "thousand gods", of whom a staggering number appear in inscriptions but remain nothing more than names today...."many Hittite towns maintained individual storm-gods, declining to identify the local deities as manifestations of a single national figure," ...
Among the crowd a few stand out as more than local: Tarhunt has a son, Telipinu and a daughter, Inara. Inara is a protective deity (dLAMMA) involved with the Puruli spring festival. Ishara is a goddess of the oath; ...His consort is the Hattic solar deity. This divine couple were presumably worshipped in the twin cellas of the largest temple at Hattusa....
Kumarbi is the father of Tarhunt; his role in the Song of Kumarbi is reminiscent of that of Cronus in the Theogony of Hesiod. Ullikummi is a stone monster fathered by Kumarbi, reminiscent of Hesiod's Typhon.
The Luwian god of weather and lightning, Pihassassa, may be at the origin of Greek Pegasus. Depictions of hybrid animals (like hippogriffs, chimerae etc.) are typical for the Anatolian art of the period...
"The Slaying of the Dragon."...The myth centers around a serpent (or dragon) that represents the “forces of evil” and defeats the Storm God in a fight. The goddess Inara comes up with a plan to trick and kill the serpent, and enlists a human...The Storm God then steps in and slays the serpent himself. ...
Myths regarding deities that were not originally Hittite were often adapted and assimilated. The Mesopotamian goddess Ishtar (Ištar) was one of the many adopted deities who were assimilated into Hittite pantheons ...With the personality traits of multiple other goddesses, Ishtar's power grew, as did her popularity...her affinity for the underworld was exploited and interpreted in a way that benefited the reader and cast her as a protector...
Hattians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattians
The Hattians () were an ancient people who inhabited the land of Hatti in central Anatolia. The group was documented at least as early as the empire of Sargon of Akkad (c. 2300 BC),[1] until it was gradually absorbed c. 2000–1700 BC by the Indo-European Hittites, who were subsequently associated with the "land of Hatti". ... The use of the word "Proto-Hittite" to refer to Hattians is inaccurate. Hittite is an Indo-European language, linguistically distinct from the Hattians. The Hittites continued to use the term Land of Hatti for their new kingdom....The Hattians were organised in city-states and small kingdoms or principalities. These cities were well organized and ruled as theocratic principalities. ...The Hattian spoke Hattic, a non-Indo-European language of uncertain affiliation. ... "the Anatolian princes used scribes knowing Assyrian for commerce with Mesopotomia as at Kanesh (Kültepe)" to conduct business with Assyria....
Hattian religion traces back to the Stone Age. It involved worship of the earth, which is personified as a mother goddess; the Hattians honored the mother goddess to ensure their crops and their own well-being.[9] The Hattian pantheon of gods included the storm-god Taru (represented by a bull), the sun-goddess Furušemu or Wurunšemu (represented by a leopard), and a number of other elemental gods. Reliefs in Çatal Hüyük show a female figure giving birth to a bull, i.e. the mother-goddess Kattahha (or Hannahanna) was mother to the storm-god Taru. Later on the Hittites subsumed much of the Hattian pantheon into their own religious beliefs....
Hatti
Anatolia offered a mild climate with reliable and regular rainfall necessary for a regular agricultural production. Besides the timber and stone essential for construction, but deficient in Mesopotamia, Anatolia had rich mines which provided copper, silver, iron, and gold. Their trade with the cities of Mesopotamia enriched the region and helped to develop their kingdom....
The Club of the Great Powers. This `club', as Van De Mieroop designates it, included Mitanni, Babylonia, Assyria, Hatti, and Egypt, though by the time Kingdom of the Hatti was involved with international relations (c. 1500-1200 BCE), they were governed by the Hittites and had already lost their language and culture. ...
Between c. 2334-2279 BCE the great Sargon of Akkad invaded the region after sacking the city of Ur in 2330 BCE. He then turned his attention to Hattusa but failed to gain an advantage over the city’s defenses...In spite of the constant harrassment from the Akkadians, Hattic art flourished around 2200 BCE and, by 2000 BCE, their civilization was at its height with prosperous trading colonies established between Hattusa and their other city of Kanesh and, of course, continuing trade relations with Mesopotamia....In 1700 BCE, the Kingdom of the Hatti was again invaded, this time by the Hittites, and the great city of Hattusa was stormed and destroyed by a king named Anitta from the neighboring Kingdom of Kussara....the city was re-built and re-populated by a later king of Kussara who called himself Hattusili....
The Hittites were known as the Nesili to themselves and their contemporaries and the name `Hittite' comes from the Hebrew scribes who wrote the biblical narratives of the Old Testament....
Whoever the Hatti originally were, or where they came from, remains a mystery in the modern day owing to the eventual merging of the two cultures and the lack of anceint records. ...
Kingdoms of Anatolia - Hatti Hattusa
http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/AnatoliaHattiHattusa.htm
The Hatti were quite possibly an aboriginal people in central Anatolia, and were therefore related to the Neolithic farmers who had branched out into Old Europe to found the Sesklo culture of the seventh millennium BC.... These people spoke a non-Indo-European language called Hattic which was probably related to the Circassian language group....
The Anatolian Histories Part 1: Emerging Empires and Lands Changing Hands
Where are the Foreigners of the First International Age? Researchers use genetic and isotopic data to investigate human mobility at the Bronze Age city of Alalakh in Turkey
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/06/210630173639.htm
The Bronze Age in the eastern Mediterranean has long been considered by researchers to have been the 'first international age,' especially the period from 1600-1200 BC, when powerful empires from Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and Egypt set up large networks of subordinate client kingdoms in the Near East. These empires fought, traded, and corresponded with one another, and ancient texts from the period reveal rich economic and social networks that enabled the movement of people and goods.
A new study conducted by an interdisciplinary team of archaeologists, geneticists, and isotope experts, and published in PLOS ONE, investigated the movement of people in this period at a single regional center, a Bronze Age city-state called Alalakh in present-day southeastern Turkey. Their results indicate that the majority buried at Alalakh were raised locally and descended from people who lived in the region.... DNA showed an ancestry that was local to Alalakh and neighbouring regions....
THIS STUDY CONCENTRATES ON A FEMALE FOUND IN A PIT GRAVE FROM KUMTEPE, ANATOLIA DATING 6700YBP. KUMTEPE IS THE WESTWARD EXPANSION SITE WHICH BEGAN THERE 7000YBP. THESE PEOPLE WERE DISPLACING THE MESOLITHIC HUNTER GATHERERS. THIS KUM6 FEMALE WAS H2a3 mtDNA HAPLOGROUP. H IN EUROPE IS A NEOLITHIC FARMER FEMALE FROM THE NEAR EAST WHERE H ORIGINATED. HOWEVER H-mt IS FOUND IN IBERIA AS EARLY AS PRE- NEOLITHIC PROBABLY CAME IN WITH THE I YDNA MALES AS THEY EXPANDED WEST AND NORTH SOMETIME AROUND 14KYA AS THEY INVADED THE R/K HG TERRITORIES OF WEST EUROPE TO SIBERIA. THIS MIGRATION OF NEOLITHIC NEAR EAST PEOPLE REPLACED SOME PALEOTHIC AND MESOLITHIC PEOPLES IN EUROPE AND ANATOLIA WHILE ADMIXING WITH THE OTHERS. ANATOLIA WAS A CENTRAL MIXING SPOT WHICH PUSHED OUT THE EARLIER MESOLITHIC PEOPLE OF ANATOLIA WESTWARD. THE NEOLITHIC PEOPLE FOLLOWED THIS WESTWARD AND NORTHWARD MOVEMENT. WHICH IS WHY THE PERCENT OF PALEOLITHIC PEOPLES ARE HIGHEST IN THE NORTH AND WEST EUROPE WHILE NEOLITHIC PEOPLES HAVE TOTALLY REPLACED SOUTHERN EUROPE AND NEAR EAST PEOPLES ENTIRELY. THEN MORE RECENT MIGRATIONS INTO ANATOLIA HAS AGAIN REPLACED AND ADMIXED THE NEOLITHIC BLOODLINES WITH TODAYS MODERN PEOPLE IN ANATOLIA SO THAT MODERN ANATOLIANS ARE NOT THE SAME PEOPLE AS NEOLITHIC ANATOLIANS. NEOLITHIC FARMER ANATOLIANS WERE CLOSER TO TODAYS SARDINIANS, GREEKS, AND CYPRIOTS. THE NEOLITHIC CENTRAL CORE WAS PROBABLY SE ANATOLIA NORTH LEVANT BEGINNING 11KYA. YAMNAYA DOES NOT SHOW UP IN KUM6 BUT MORE EASTERN INFLUENCE DOES APPEAR. PROBABLY BECAUSE YAMNAYA WAS NOT A MIXED BASTARD SOCIETY AS IT WAS EXCLUSIVELY R1b PATERNALLY RULED POSSIBLY FROM THE R1b KUMANDINS OF NORTH ALTAI WHICH WERE POSSIBLY FROM THE K2 HG OF WEST EUROPE OR FROM THE SPLIT OF K HG IN WEST EURASIA. THIS ARTICLE AGAIN PROVES THE NEOLITHIC INVASION OF EUROPE HAS REPLACED AND ADMIXED THE EARLIER MESOLITHIC PEOPLE WHICH HAD DID THE SAME TO THE EARLIER PALEOLITHIC PEOPLE WHICH DID THE SAME TO THE EARLIER ARCHAIC PEOPLE ENTIRE REPLACEMENT IN SOME AREAS WHILE TOTAL DISPLACEMENT IN OTHER AREAS...
Genomic Evidence Establishes Anatolia as the Source of the European Neolithic Gene Pool
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.019
this expansion and the establishment of numerous culture complexes in the Aegean
and Balkans did not occur until 8,500 before present (BP), over 2,000 years after the initial settlements in the Neolithic core area. We present ancient genome-wide sequence data from 6,700-year-old human remains excavated from a Neolithic context in Kumtepe, located in northwestern Anatolia near the well-known (and younger) site Troy. Kumtepe is one of the settlements that emerged around 7,000 BP, after the initial expansion wave brought Neolithic practices to Europe. We show that this individual displays genetic similarities to the early European Neolithic gene pool and modern-day Sardinians, as well as a genetic affinity to modern-day populations from the Near East and the Caucasus. Furthermore, modern-day Anatolians carry signatures of several admixture events from different populations that have diluted this early Neolithic farmer component, explaining why modern-day Sardinian populations, instead of modern-day Anatolian populations, are genetically more similar to the people that drove the Neolithic expansion into Europe. Anatolia’s central geographic location appears to have served as a connecting point, allowing a complex contact network with other areas of the Near East and Europe throughout, and after....
According to the archaeological record, the Neolithic period in Anatolia spans over 6,000 years—from 11,000 before present (BP) to around 5,000 BP. After the initial settlements in the Neolithic core area, including the central Anatolian plateau, the development continued within the area but without further expanding the borders while maintaining complex interactions with the Levant. Settlements and pottery finds along the Anatolian west coast from 8,500 BP until 7,500 BP indicate a westward expansion with a large impact on the local demography and the establishment of numerous culture complexes. The site of Kumtepe, located in northwestern Anatolia and established around 7,000 BP, is one of the settlements that emerged after this expansion.
We generated genome-wide sequence data from two Neolithic individuals excavated at the site of Kumtepe...Kum6 (6,700 BP)...Kum4 (5,500–4,800 BP)... Kum6 carries the H2a mitochondrial haplogroup...a haplogroup commonly found in modern-day Eastern Europeans and Caucasians. Haplogroup H is the most common haplogroup in Europe and the Near East, and it is thought to have originated in the Near East 25,000–30,000 years ago....
As observed in previous studies there is a clear genetic differentiation between hunter-gatherers and early farmers. The Anatolian Kum6 individual falls close to the early and middle Neolithic European farmers, showing a tendency toward modern-day Near Eastern populations. Interestingly, Kum6 does not group with any modern-day Anatolian populations.... Kum6 shows the greatest genetic similarity to Sardinians, Greeks, and Cypriots, whereas modern-day Anatolian populations display lower levels of genetic affinity to Kum6. Kum6 also falls between modern-day West Asians and Europeans when additional modern-day populations are included in the analysis....
Figure 3... The first one (blue), observed as the main component in all hunter-gatherers, is also found as a minor contribution to all farmers... The second (orange) and the third (green) components were observed mostly in farmers to varying degrees
5%–68%... The orange component is mainly found in present-day Western Europeans, whereas the third component (green) is mostly found in the modern-day Near East and Caucasus, and the highest proportion of this third component among Neolithic individuals was observed in Kum6... ‘‘West Asian’’ component (green) is not related to the potential genetic material brought to Europe by migration during the Bronze Age and recently connected to the Yamnaya culture... A clear decline was observed in the values of the green component over time (average of ~29% in Early Neolithic, ~14% in Middle Neolithic, and 2% in Late Neolithic), which is consistent with increased admixture with hunter-gatherer groups.
Our results suggest that the two ancestry components of ancient farmers (orange and green in Figure 3) were established at an early stage, probably before the first farmers expanded into Europe, and were maintained in Europe up until the end of Middle Neolithic and that both components are present in various modern-day European populations. Therefore, these observations directly link the early European Neolithic gene pool to western Anatolia.... A continuous contact between northwestern Anatolia and south eastern Europe is in not surprising, given the archaeological record, although it has not been detected in the genomic data previously.
Furthermore, the Bronze Age Yamnayan component suggested to be a part of the Corded ware expansion is not present in Kum6, and thus is not producing any increased affinity to the ancestors of the Yamnaya culture from north of the Caucasus. Contacts to the east, independent of Yamnaya ancestry are, however, supported by (1) higher affinity of Kum6 to some Bronze Age Asian cultures when compared to Mesolithic Europeans and (2) higher affinities of Bronze Age Asians to Kum6 compared to early Neolithic Europeans. A comparison of Kum6 to an Asian Upper Paleolithic individual (Ust-Ishim) and a European Upper Paleolithic sample (Kostenki14) confirms that Kum6 shows more affinity to early Europeans. Stronger affinities of Kostenki14 to Kum6 than to early Neolithic Europeans... Kum6 contains genomic components not found in early Neolithic Europeans....
Our findings show a direct link between Anatolia and the early European Neolithic gene pool similar to recently published data. The genetic composition of Kum6 indicates, however, that this individual is a representative of the local population in the area 6,700 BP... we also observe limited genetic material from the later Bronze Age expansions (sometimes linked to the Yamnaya culture), and instead a larger genetic component related to people that are linked to the east (these components are all in addition to the strong genetic affinities to early European farmers...
Most modern-day European populations display ancestries from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, early Neolithic farmers, and in some cases traces of additional admixture from different sources. Modern-day Anatolian groups display a variety of admixture traces originating from groups in the Middle East, Central Asia, and Siberia, which cause Kum6 to be genetically more similar to modern-day Europeans than to modern-day Anatolians. These results show a large diversity in Anatolian groups that is consistent with previous population genetic studies of modern-day Anatolians. Influences from South Caucasus and the Near East and major population movements, including the arrival of Turkic tribes, have most likely contributed to the genetic makeup of modern-day Anatolians, whereas the affinity to present-day Sardinians could be the result of the relative isolation of that particular population after the initial Neolithic expansion. Thus, the observed genetic continuity between Kum6 and the modern-day inhabitants of southern Europe, and especially Sardinia, is likely to be the result of these population movements that occurred in Anatolia....
Kum6 shows higher affinities to the Bronze Age Asian cultures Sintashta, Andronovo and Mezhovskaya than to Mesolithic Europeans.... Kostenki14 shows higher affinities to Kum6 than to early Neolithic Europeans....
S1.1. Archaeological background. The Neolithic period in Anatolia spans over a period of 6,000 years, starting around 11,000 cal BP and ending around 5,000 cal BP. The Neolithic sites in Anatolia predate the indications of Neolithization in Europe and it was recognized already a century ago that the farmer-agricultural lifestyle must have spread from here to neighboring regions. The earliest indications of crop and animal domestication from the Northern Levant and Southeast Anatolia are dated to around 11,700-10,700 cal BP and in Central Anatolia, by 10,500-9,500 BP. The first indications of plant cultivation and sedentarism appeared in the South Eastern parts of Anatolia almost contemporaneously as in the Levant. Neolithic settlements with early dates are also found in Southern Levant at c.10,500 cal BP and in Cyprus at c.10,200 cal BP... The oldest Neolithic settlements in northwest Anatolia are dated around the beginning of the 9th millennium BP, the final stages of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic... These dates are similar to those of several sites from Greece (at c.8,900-8,400 BP)... The 9th Millenium BP saw many sites being established in Western Anatolia and many sites continued to be in use for extended periods after that....
Kumtepe is a small mound located about two kilometers south of the Dardanelles and 4.5 kilometers northwest of the archaeological site of Troy...Phase IA was settled around 7,000 BP. This was a time when Neolithic settlements had been found in western Anatolia for almost two millennia...Kumtepe was abandoned roughly between 6,600-5,500 BP... No actual settlement structures were found in sub-phase IA1 and IA2, although, graves, potsherds, flint, obsidian and bone artefacts, shells and animal bones were recovered. A house with a yard was the first remains of a building structure and it was discovered in Kumtepe IA3.... The second settlement phase, Kumtepe IB, is dated to approximately 5,500-4,900 BP... The subsistence at Kumtepe was from the start largely based on agriculture, animal husbandry, collection of fruits and shells, and to a lower extent on hunting and fishing. The diet of the Kumtepe IA inhabitants consisted mainly of oysters, figs, lentils, bitter vetch, and meat of mostly cattle, but also sheep and fallow deer. In later periods from Kumtepe IB onward cereals and pork were added to the diet and became, together with shells, the main components of the meals.
Fishing became more important in the Late Chalcolithic period (Kumtepe IB), while the consumption of figs, fallow deer and beef decreased...
Kum6 was found in one of the pit graves. All bodies were lying in a flexed position on the right side, south-north oriented, with the head pointing south or south-west facing east....
The average mitochondrial genome coverage was 21x for Kum6 and 1.5x for Kum4. The Kum6 mitochondrial genome has 39 mutations classifying it as haplogroup H2a. Twelve additional mutations were found in the consensus sequence. One of these is G16274A, which together with T10810C, defines subhaplogroup H2a3.... H is one of the most diverse and common haplogroup in present-day Europe and in the Near East. The highest frequencies are found in Eastern Europe and Caucasus. In present-day Turkey, the frequency of haplogroup H is about 25% and 3.3% of these belong to subhaplogroup H2a. In ancient European populations, haplogroup H is most commonly associated with Neolithic and subsequent farmer communities although it has been found in pre-Neolithic hunter-gatherers from the Iberian peninsula as well. So far, little is known about the mtDNA lineages from the Neolithic Near East with the exception of an ancient mtDNA study on remains from Syria where H was reported as the third most prevalent haplogroup (14.28%) after K (42.80%) and R0 (21.42%).... Kum6 has the highest proportion of West Asian ancestry among all early farmers across different values of K...
Kum4....we were able to confirm the position of this individual falling within the southern-European variation, following a similar tendency to Kum6.... revealed a closer affinity for Kum4 with Sardinians, consistent with what has been previously observed in early European farmers...We observed that Kum4 showed more affinities with early farmers than with hunter-gatherer individuals....
Ramses III Verses the Sea People & the End of the Bronze Age
https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-important-events/ramses-iii-0016219
Early inhabitants of Anatolia were largely Indo-Europeans, first Luwians then Hittites. Luwians were divided into small kingdoms constantly quarreling among themselves, and Hittites took advantage of their disorder to establish an empire covering most of Anatolia.... alliance between Luwians, Phrygians, Kaskians and Sea People, or the command structure involving multiple kings and alliances. Great-Kings Muksus, Kulanamuwas, Tuwatas and Piyakuruntas are mentioned most often....
The Sherden were Akkadians who worked both sides of the fence, serving as bodyguards of Ramses II the Great, and then fighting against his son, Merneptah, and later Ramses III . The Lukka, Akwash, Shekelesh and Kariska were from the western part of Anatolia. Meshwesh and Libu were Libyans while the origins of the Teresh and Denyens are lost to history. Tjsekkers, Ekwesh and Weshesh may have been Aegeans, and the best-known were Pelesets, probably from Crete....
Who were the Trojans and what role did they play in regional politics? Homer gave them Greek names and described the multi-ethnic Luwian-coalition several times. In the Iliad, Book 2, Line 804, Iris appeared in the guise of Polites and describes this coalition of “scattered foreigners” to Hector. “Their speech and dialects were all different, as they spoke a mixture of languages—the troops hailed from many parts.”...
Wall images on Ramses III mortuary temple at Medinet Habu portray Luwian warriors wearing long tunics, but most wore kilts with knotted string-tassels hanging from the corners of the garment. Helmets were adorned with animal horns, feathers and clan totems indicating different tribal or ethnic groups....
Amorite kingdom of Amurru, a former Hittite vassal, in northern Lebanon.... When it was over Ramses III declared: “The foreign countries made a conspiracy in their islands. All at once the lands were removed and scattered in the fray. No land could stand before their arms, from Khatte, Qode, Carchemish, Arzawa, and Alashiya on, being cut off at (one time). A camp [was set up] in one place in Amurru. They desolated its people, and its land like that which never come into being. They were coming forward toward Egypt, while the flame was prepared for them.”
Although considered a “great” pharaoh by many, Ramses III was murdered by someone he trusted. The warrior-king died in the failed Harem Conspiracy (1155 BC) led by his second wife, Queen Tiye, who wanted to place her son, Pentawere, on the throne....
Cappadocia, Enchanted Land of Khepat, Ancient Anatolia’s Mother Goddess
https://www.ancient-origins.net/history/cappadocia-0016287
The etymological root of the name Cappadocia derives from ‘Khepatukh’, (Khepat meaning Mother Goddess and Ukh meaning land) which translates into ‘The Land of Khepat the Mother Goddess’. Millions of years ago Mount Erciyes, Mount Hasan and Mount Gōllǘdaǧ spewed volcanic lava and ash...
During the Bronze Age around 3000 BC the Akkadians penetrated Anatolia to establish trade relations and colonies or kārum. Various tribes of the region united under King Zipani of Kanesh/ Kültepe in a revolt against the Akkadian King Naram-sin (r. circa 2254-2218 BC). The Akkadians evolved into the Assyrians. They introduced writing in the region, as cuneiform tablets indicate their record keeping of trade transactions. The Hittites moved into the region around 2000 BC from the north, and captured large parts of central Anatolia, including the Assyrian kārum of Kanesh/ Kültepe. The treaty of Kadesh between the Hittite King Hattushili III and Rameses II of Egypt in 1286 BC brought peace for a short while, until the Phrygians moved in from the north-west and wrestled the region from the Hittites around 1200 BC. During the Iron Age, the Tabal Kingdom, a Neo-Hittite state, ruled Cappadocia until its collapse.