The Pharoahs
I HAVE TRACED KING TUTS R1b PATERNAL FAMILY LINE THROUGH THE ENTIRE 18TH DYNASTY, AND ALSO THROUGH THE ENTIRE 17TH DYNASTY WITH THE EXCEPTION OF RAHOTEP WHO APPEARS UNCLEAR AND HE MAY BE MISDATED.
THE ENTIRE 17TH AND 18TH DYNASTY ARE A PURE PATERNAL FAMILY LINE OF R1b HAPLOGROUP PASSING DOWN PHAROAH TO THE SON, OR BROTHER.
I WILL CONTINUE WITH THE 16TH DYNASTY WHICH IS THEBES BASED SO VERY POSSIBLE IT WOULD ALSO BE IN THE SAME PATERNAL FAMILY, OR HAPLOGROUP. BUT, RECORDS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE IS SOMETIMES NOT DISCOVERED YET...
List of pharaohs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs
Formation: c. 3100 BC. Abolition: 343 BC (last native pharaoh). 30 BC (last Greek pharaohs). 314 AD (last Roman Emperor to be called Pharaoh).
The title "Pharaoh" is used for those rulers of Ancient Egypt who ruled after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer during the Early Dynastic Period, approximately 3100 BC. However, the specific title "Pharaoh" was not used to address the kings of Egypt by their contemporaries until the rule of Merneptah in the 19th Dynasty, c. 1200 BC.... Egypt was continually governed, at least in part, by native pharaohs for approximately 2500 years, until it was conquered by the Kingdom of Kush in the late 8th century BC, whose rulers adopted the traditional pharaonic titulature for themselves. Following the Kushite conquest, Egypt experienced another period of independent native rule before being conquered by the Achaemenid Empire, whose rulers also adopted the title of "Pharaoh". The last native pharaoh of Egypt was Nectanebo II, who was pharaoh before the Achaemenids conquered Egypt for a second time.
Achaemenid rule over Egypt came to an end through the conquests of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after which it was ruled by the Hellenic Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Their rule, and the independence of Egypt, came to an end when Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Augustus and subsequent Roman emperors were styled as Pharaoh when in Egypt until the reign of Maximinus Daia in 314 AD....
Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt
c. 1580 BC–c. 1550 BC Capital Thebes. Absolute monarchy.
The last two kings of the dynasty opposed the Hyksos rule over Egypt and initiated a war that would rid Egypt of the Hyksos kings and began a period of unified rule, the New Kingdom of Egypt. ...
*** 17th Dynasty (The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt and ruled from 1650 to 1550 BC).
The entire 17th dynasty was same paternal R1b lineage and same paternal family as King Tut with the exception of Rahotep which is unclear.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs
Wadjkheperre Kamose 1554–1549 BC the son of Seqenenre Tao and Ahhotep I and the full brother of Ahmose I, founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reign is important for the decisive military initiatives he took against the Hyksos, who had come to rule much of Ancient Egypt. In Kamose's third year, he embarked on his military campaign against the Hyksos by sailing north out of Thebes on the Nile unclear if sponsored by the priesthood of Amun as an attack against the Seth-worshippers in the north.
Seqenenre Tao 1558–1554 BC Consort: Ahhotep I, Ahmose Inhapi, Sitdjehuti
Children: Kamose, Ahmose I, Ahmose-Nefertari, Henutemipet, Meritamon, Nebetta, Sapair, Tumerisy, Binpu, Ahmose, Henuttamehu
Father: Senakhtenre. Mother: Tetisheri
Seqenenre Tao is credited with starting the opening moves in a war of revanchism against Hyksos incursions into Egypt, which saw the country completely liberated during the reign of his son Ahmose I. Egypt was a divided land, the area of direct Hyksos control being in the north, but the whole of Egypt paying tribute to the Hyksos kings.
Senakhtenre Ahmose ~1558 BC Consort: Tetisheri
Children: Seqenenre Tao, Ahhotep I, Ahmose Inhapi, Sitdjehuty; Kamose
Father: Possibly Nubkheperre Intef
Senakhtenre reigned for a short period over the Theban region in Upper Egypt at a time where the Hyksos 15th Dynasty ruled Lower Egypt. He may or may not have been the son of Nubkheperre Intef, the most prominent of the Intef kings. The Danish Egyptologist Kim Ryholt observes that "since Senaktenre was remembered as one of the Lords of the West alongside Seqenenre and Kamose, he is generally believed to have been a member of the family of Ahmose and as such identified with the otherwise unidentified spouse" of Queen Tetisheri, Ahmose's grandmother. He was succeeded by his son, Seqenenre Tao. King Senakhtenre would also be the husband of Tetisheri who is called the "great king's wife" and "the mother of my mother" in a stela at Abydos by pharaoh Ahmose I. Senakhtenre was, therefore, the grandfather of Ahmose I
Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef VII Late 1560s BC Consort: Haankhes
Father: unknown. ruled during the Second Intermediate Period, when Egypt was divided between the Theban-based 17th Dynasty in Upper Egypt and the Hyksos 15th Dynasty who controlled Lower and part of Middle Egypt. A short-lived successor of Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef was possibly a co-regent of Nubkheperre Intef based on a block from Koptos.
Nubkheperre Intef VI ~1571 to the mid-1560s BC Consort: Sobekemsaf
Father: Sobekemsaf II Thebes during the Second Intermediate Period, when Egypt was divided by rival dynasties including the Hyksos in Lower Egypt. He is known to be the brother of Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef. The sons of Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf (Sobekemsaf II today) basis of inscriptions found providing a key genealogical link within the [17th] dynasty.
Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef V ~1573-1571 BC
Father: Sobekemsaf II Brother to Nubkheperre Intef VI.
Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf II ? to around 1573 BC Consort: Nubkhaes
Children: Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef, Nubkheperre Intef
Father: Sobekemsaf I reigned during the Second Intermediate Period, when Egypt was ruled by multiple kings. His throne name, Sekhemre Shedtawy, means "Powerful is Re; Rescuer of the Two Lands." Sobekemsaf II was the father of both Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef and Nubkheperre Intef. Sobekemsaf II would, therefore, be the son of Sobekemsaf I.
Sekhemre Wadjkhaw Sobekemsaf I Consort: Nubemhat
Children: prince Sobekemsaf (future Sobekemsaf II), Sobekemheb
He restored and decorated the Temple of Monthu at Medamud. This King may have ruled before or after the Intef's or in between.
Sekhemrewahkhaw Rahotep ~1620 BC Reign 1580 BC – 1576 BC
Reigned during the Second Intermediate Period, when Egypt was ruled by multiple kings.
Rahotep is well known from a stele found at Coptos reporting the restoration of the temple of Min. A limestone stele which shows him making an offering to Osiris...
Claude Vandersleyen has tentatively dated Rahotep to the 13th Dynasty on the grounds that he believes Rahotep to be related to Sobekemsaf I, which Vandersleyen also dates to the 13th Dynasty because of the quality and number of statues attributable to him. Baker deems these arguments "slim and rejected by most scholars". If he was indeed a ruler of the early 17th Dynasty, Rahotep would have controlled Upper Egypt as far north as Abydos. According to Ryholt's reconstruction of the Second Intermediate Period, Rahotep's reign would have taken place shortly after the collapse of the 16th Dynasty with the conquest of Thebes by the Hyksos and their subsequent withdrawal from the region. In the wake of the conflict the Hyksos would have looted and destroyed temples and palaces. Rahotep consequently "boasts of restorations [he performed] in temples at Abydos and Coptos". In Abydos he had the enclosure walls of the temple of Osiris renewed and in Coptos he restored the temple of Min of which "gates and doors [have] fallen into ruins". This chronology of events is debated and some scholars contest that Thebes was ever conquered by the Hyksos.
18TH DYNASTY BEGAN IN 1570BC BY AHMOSE I EXPELLING THE HYKSOS RULERS. THE 18TH DYNASTY WAS THE FIRST OF THE NEW KINGDOM OF EGYPT AND MOST POWERFUL. AMENHOTEP 4 CHANGES HIS NAME TO AKHEN ATEN AND MOVES CAPITAL TO ARMANA WHICH HE RENAMES AKHENATEN. ATEN BECOMES THE PROMINENT DEITY. HIS SON AS KING TUT REVERSES HIS FATHERS DOINGS. THIS 250 YEAR OLD DYNASTY ENDS WHEN KING TUT DIES LEAVING NO HEIRS AND AFTER A COUPLE SUCCESSORS FROM THE RANKS BEGINS THE 19TH DYNASTY. IF KING TUTANKH AMUN IS R1b YDNA HAPLOGROUP THEN ALL HIS MALE ANCESTORS AND THEIR BROTHERS ARE BEFORE AND AFTER HIM WERE ALSO R1b LINEAGE WHICH MAKES THE ENTIRE 18TH DYNASTY ALL R1b MALE PHARAOHS FROM THE SAME FAMILY LINE. THE ENTIRE 17TH DYNASTY WAS ALSO FROM THE SAME FAMILY LINE AS THE 18TH DYNASTY. UNLESS A PHARAOH HAD NO SON OR BROTHER, AND KINGSHIP PASSED TO A MARRIAGE FAMILY MEMBER OF A DIFFERENT HAPLOGROUP WHICH SEEMS UNLIKELY IN A ROYAL FAMILY LINE TO KEEP THE MALE LINEAGE PURE. I HAVE NOT YET CHECKED THE 16TH DYNASTY AS OF YET BUT WHEN I DO WILL POST IT ON THE PHAROAHS SUBPAGE FOUND AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE...
Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt
1549/1550 BC–1292 BC. classified as the first dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt, the era in which ancient Egypt achieved the peak of its power.... This dynasty is also known as the Thutmosid Dynasty for the four pharaohs named Thutmose....
Dynasty XVIII was founded by Ahmose I, the brother or son of Kamose, the last ruler of the 17th Dynasty. Ahmose finished the campaign to expel the Hyksos rulers. His reign is seen as the end of the Second Intermediate Period and the start of the New Kingdom. Ahmose's consort, Queen Ahmose-Nefertari was "arguably the most venerated woman in Egyptian history, and the grandmother of the 18th Dynasty." She was deified after she died. Ahmose was succeeded by his son, Amenhotep I, whose reign was relatively uneventful. Amenhotep I probably left no male heir and the next pharaoh, Thutmose I, seems to have been related to the royal family through marriage. During his reign the borders of Egypt's empire reached their greatest expanse, extending in the north to Carchemish on the Euphrates and in the south up to Kurgus beyond the fourth cataract of the Nile.... Amenhotep III's consort was the Great Royal wife Tiye...
In the fifth year of his reign, Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten (ꜣḫ-n-jtn, "Effective for the Aten") and moved his capital to Amarna, which he named Akhetaten. During the reign, of Akhenaten, the Aten (jtn, the sun disk) became, first, the most prominent deity, and eventually came to be considered the only god. Whether this amounted to true monotheism continues to be the subject of debate... Neferneferuaten was likely Akhetaten's Great Royal Wife Nefertiti's regnal name as pharaoh. Tutankhamun eventually took the throne but died young. His infant daughters, 317a and 317b mummies, represent the final genetically-related generation of the Eighteenth Dynasty....
The last two members of the Eighteenth Dynasty—Ay and Horemheb—became rulers from the ranks of officials in the royal court...Ay's reign was short. His successor was Horemheb, a general during Tutankhamun's reign... Horemheb also died without surviving children, having appointed his vizier, Pa-ra-mes-su, as his heir. This vizier ascended the throne in 1292 BC as Ramesses I, and was the first pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty....
The Eighteenth Dynasty empire conquered all of Lower Nubia under Thutmose I. By the reign of Thutmose III, the Egyptians controlled Nubia to the Nile river, 4th cataract (rapids). The Egyptians referred to the area as Kush... After the end of the Hyksos period of foreign rule, the Eighteenth Dynasty engaged in a vigorous phase of expansionism, conquering vast areas of the Near-East, with especially Pharaoh Thutmose III submitting the "Shasu" Bedouins of northern Canaan, and the land of Retjenu, as far as Syria and Mittani in numerous military campaigns circa 1450 BC...
The pharaohs of Dynasty XVIII ruled for approximately 250 years (c. 1550–1298 BC).... Many of the pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes....
*** 18th Dynasty (Ruled from c. 1550 to 1292 BC: ) The entire 18th dynasty upto King Tut was same paternal family and all R1b YDNA haplogroup. Tut was the last of his family reign.
Tut was R1b YDNA / K mtDNA....
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs
Nebpehtire Ahmose I, Ahmosis I Reign. 1549–1524 BC
Consort Ahmose-Nefertari, God's Wife of Amun, Ahmose-Sitkamose, Ahmose-Henuttamehu, Kasmut, Thenthapi
Children Ahmose-Meritamun Ahmose-Sitamun Siamun Ahmose-ankh Amenhotep I
Ramose Tair possibly Mutnofret
Father Seqenenre Tao Mother Ahhotep I
Brother and successor to Kamose, conquered north of Egypt from the Hyksos.
meaning "Iah (the Moon) is born". Theban royal house, the son of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and brother of the last pharaoh of the Seventeenth dynasty, Kamose. During the reign of his father or grandfather, Thebes rebelled against the Hyksos, the rulers of Lower Egypt. Ahmose completed the conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos from the Nile Delta, restored Theban rule over the whole of Egypt and successfully reasserted Egyptian power in its formerly subject territories of Nubia and Canaan. Ahmose descended from the Theban Seventeenth Dynasty. There was no distinct break in the line of the royal family between the 17th and 18th dynasties. The conflict between the local kings of Thebes and the Hyksos king Apepi had started during the reign of Ahmose's father, Seqenenre Tao, and would be concluded, after almost 30 years. Ahmose began the conquest of Lower Egypt held by the Hyksos starting around the 11th year of Khamudi's reign. After defeating the Hyksos, Ahmose began campaigning in Syria and Nubia. A campaign during his 22nd year reached Djahy in the Levant and perhaps as far as the Euphrates, although the later Pharaoh Thutmose I is usually credited with being the first to campaign that far. the re-unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Ahmose. Thebes effectively became the religious as well as the political center of the country, its local god Amun credited with inspiring Ahmose in his victories over the Hyksos. The importance of the temple complex at Karnak (on the east bank of the Nile north of Thebes) grew and the importance of the previous cult of Ra based in Heliopolis diminished.
Djeserkare Amenhotep I 1541–1520 BC Son of Ahmose I. Consort Ahmose-Meritamun, Sitkamose? Children Amenemhat (died young), possibly Ahmose
Father Ahmose I Mother Ahmose-Nefertari.
"Amun is satisfied". Two tomb texts indicate that he led campaigns into Nubia. when Thutmose led a campaign into Asia all the way to the Euphrates, he found no one who fought against him. Amenhotep I was succeeded by Thutmose I, apparently a senior military figure. It is unclear if there was any blood relationship between the two, although it has been suggested that Thutmose I was a son of Amenhotep's elder brother Ahmose Sipairi.
Aakheperkare Thutmose I 1520–1492 BC Consort Ahmose, Mutnofret
Children Thutmose II, Hatshepsut, Amenmose, Wadjmose, Nefrubity.
Father Unknown (believed to be Amenhotep I) Mother Senseneb.
"Thoth is born" . he campaigned deep into the Levant and Nubia. He was succeeded by his son Thutmose II, who in turn was succeeded by Thutmose II's sister, Hatshepsut. Thutmose traveled up the Nile and fought in the battle, personally killing the Nubian king.
This helped integrate Nubia into the Egyptian empire. he had already fought a campaign in Syria.
Aakheperenre Thutmose II 1492–1479 BC Consort Hatshepsut, Iset
Children Thutmose III, Neferure Father Thutmose I Mother Mutnofret
Grandson of Amenhotep I through his mother, Mutnofret. "Thoth is born". put down rebellions in Nubia and the Levant and defeated a group of nomadic Bedouins. Thutmose II is one of the more popular candidates for the Pharaoh of the Exodus. Thutmose II is the only Pharaoh's mummy to display cysts, possible evidence of plagues that spread through the Egyptian and Hittite Empires at that time.
Maatkare Hatshepsut 1479–1458 BC The second known female ruler of Egypt. May have ruled jointly with her nephew Thutmose III during the early part of her reign. Was the daughter of Thutmose I and the Great Wife of her brother Thutmose II.
Consort Thutmose II Consort Thutmose II Children Neferure
Father Thutmose I Mother Ahmose. She was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh... Officially, she ruled jointly with Thutmose III, who had ascended to the throne the previous year as a child of about two years old. Hatshepsut was the chief wife of Thutmose II, Thutmose III's father. Hatshepsut re-established the trade networks that had been disrupted during the Hyksos occupation of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, thereby building the wealth of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Hatshepsut also sent raiding expeditions to Byblos and the Sinai Peninsula shortly after the Punt expedition. Very little is known about these expeditions. Although many Egyptologists have claimed that her foreign policy was mainly peaceful, it is possible that she led military campaigns against Nubia and Canaan. The Temple of Pakhet was built by Hatshepsut at Beni Hasan...a long dedicatory text bearing Hatshepsut's famous denunciation of the Hyksos that has been translated by James P. Allen. The Hyksos occupied Egypt and cast it into a cultural decline that persisted until a revival brought about by her policies and innovations. The promise of resurrection after death was a tenet of the cult of Osiris. an attempt was made to remove Hatshepsut from certain historical and pharaonic records — a damnatio memoriae.
Menkheperre Thutmose III 1479–1425 BC Consort Satiah, Hatshepsut-Meryetre, Nebtu, Menwi, Merti, Menhet, Nebsemi. Children Amenemhat, Amenhotep II, Beketamun, Iset, Menkheperre, Meryetamun, Meryetamun, Nebetiunet, Nefertiri, Siamun.
Father Thutmose II. Mother Iset. Thutmose III was the son of Thutmose II by a secondary wife, Iset. His father's great royal wife was Queen Hatshepsut. Her daughter, Neferure, was Thutmose's half-sister.
Famous for his territorial expansion into the Levant and Nubia. Under his reign, the Ancient Egyptian Empire was at its greatest extent. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power, he created the largest empire Egypt had ever seen; no fewer than 17 campaigns were conducted and he conquered lands from the Niya Kingdom in northern Syria to the Fourth Cataract of the Nile in Nubia. He was the first pharaoh after Thutmose I to cross the Euphrates, doing so during his campaign against Mitanni. When the Hyksos invaded and took over Egypt with more advanced weapons, such as horse-drawn chariots, the people of Egypt learned to use these weapons. Thutmose III encountered little resistance from neighbouring kingdoms, allowing him to expand his realm of influence easily. His army also carried boats on dry land. By taking Megiddo, Thutmose gained control of all of northern Canaan and the Syrian...Beyond the Euphrates, the Assyrian, Babylonian and Hittite. The fifth, sixth and seventh campaigns of Thutmose III were directed against the Phoenician cities in Syria and against Kadesh on the Orontes. After Thutmose III had taken control of the Syrian cities, the obvious target for his eighth campaign was the state of Mitanni, a Hurrian country with an Indo-Aryan ruling class. Before the end of his reign, he obliterated Hatshepsut's name and image from temples and monuments.
Aakheperrure Amenhotep II 1425–1400 BC Consort Tiaa.
Children Thutmose IV, Amenhotep, Webensenu, Amenemopet, Nedjem, Khaemwaset?, Aaheperkare? Aakheperure? Iaret, Ahmose (?).
Father Thutmose III. Mother Merytre-Hatshepsut. Amenhotep II was born and raised in Memphis in the north, instead of in Thebes, the traditional capital. A stela from this pharaoh's final years highlights his openly contemptuous attitude towards non-Egyptians.
His Majesty wrote himself, with his own hand, to the viceroy Usersatet: you (are) master of a wife from Babylon and a maidservant from Byblos, a young girl from Alalakh and an old woman from Arapkha. Now, these people from Tekshi (Syria) are worthless... Do not trust the Nubians, but beware of their people and their witchcraft. Amenhotep II did not openly record the names of his queens; some Egyptologists theorise that he felt that women had become too powerful under titles such as God's Wife of Amun.
Menkheperure Thutmose IV 1400–1390 BC Son of Amenhotep II.
Consort Nefertari, Iaret, Mutemwiya. Children Amenhotep III, Siatum (?), Amenemhat, Tiaa, Amenemopet, Petepihu, Tentamun.
Father Amenhotep II. Mother Tiaa.
Nebmaatre Amenhotep III The Magnificent King 1390–1352 BC
Father of Akhenaten and grandfather of Tutankhamun. Was the son of Thutmose IV.
Consort Tiye Gilukhepa Tadukhepa Sitamun Iset Nebetnehat?. Children Akhenaten Thutmose Sitamun Iset Henuttaneb Nebetah Smenkhkare? "The Younger Lady" Beketaten (?) Father Thutmose IV. Mother Mutemwiya.
He was a member of the Thutmosid family that had ruled Egypt for almost 150 years since the reign of Thutmose I. Egypt's theological paradigm encouraged a male pharaoh to accept royal women from several different generations as wives to strengthen the chances of his offspring succeeding him. The goddess Hathor herself was related to Ra as first the mother and later wife and daughter of the god when he rose to prominence in the pantheon of the Ancient Egyptian religion. Amenhotep III is known to have married several foreign women: Gilukhepa, the daughter of Shuttarna II of Mitanni, in the tenth year of his reign. Tadukhepa, the daughter of his ally Tushratta of Mitanni, Around Year 36 of his reign. A daughter of Kurigalzu, king of Babylon. A daughter of Kadashman-Enlil, king of Babylon. A daughter of Tarhundaradu, ruler of Arzawa. A daughter of the ruler of Ammia (in modern Syria). diplomatic correspondence from the rulers of Assyria, Mitanni, Babylon, and Hatti which is preserved in the archive of Amarna Letters. From time immemorial, no daughter of the king of Egy[pt] is given to anyone. When Amenhotep III died, he left behind a country that was at the very height of its power and influence, commanding immense respect in the international world;
Neferkheperure-waenre Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten 1352–1336 BC
Consort Nefertiti Kiya An unidentified sister-wife (most likely) Tadukhipa
Children Smenkhkare? Meritaten Meketaten Ankhesenamun Neferneferuaten Tasherit
Neferneferure Setepenre Tutankhamun (most likely) Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit?
Meritaten Tasherit? Father Amenhotep III. Mother Tiye
Founder of the Amarna Period in which he changed the state religion from the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion to the Monotheistic Atenism, centered around the worship of the Aten, an image of the sun disc. He moved the capital to Akhetaten. Was the second son of Amenhotep III. He changed his name from Amenhotep (Amun is pleased) to Akhenaten (Effective for the Aten) to reflect his religion change.
"The statistical analysis revealed that the mummy KV55 is most probably the father of Tutankhamun (probability of 99.99999981%), and KV35 Younger Lady could be identified as his mother (99.99999997%)." The report goes on to show that both KV55 and KV35 Younger Lady were siblings and children of Amenhotep III and Queen Tiye. New CT scans of the KV55 mummy also revealed an age-related degeneration in the spine and osteoarthritis in the knees and legs. It appeared that he had died closer to the age of 40 than 25, as originally thought. With the age discrepancy thus resolved, we could conclude that the KV55 mummy, the son of Amenhotep III and Tiye and the father of Tutankhamun, is almost certainly Akhenaten. While it now seems likely that the KV55 mummy is the father of Tutankhamun, for many his identification as Akhenaten seems as doubtful as before.
Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare 1335–1334 BC
Very little is known of Smenkhkare for certain because later kings, beginning with Horemheb, sought to erase the entire Amarna Period from history. Ruled jointly with Akhenaten during the later years of his reign. Unknown if Smenkhare ever ruled in his own right. Identity and even the gender of Smenkhare is uncertain. Some suggest he may have been the son of Akhenaten, possibly the same person as Tutankhamun; others speculate Smenkhare may have been Nefertiti or Meritaten. May have been succeeded by or identical with a female Pharaoh named Neferneferuaten. Since his reign was brief, and he may never have been more than co-regent, the evidence for Smenkhkare is not plentiful.
Ankhkheperure-mery-Neferkheperure/Neferneferuaten 1334-1332 BC
A female Pharaoh, possibly the same ruler as Smenkhkare. Archaeological evidence relates to a woman who reigned as pharaoh toward the end of the Amarna Period. It is likely she was Nefertiti. The period from the 13th year of Akhenaten's reign to the ascension of Tutankhaten is very murky. The reigns of Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten were very brief and left little monumental or inscriptional evidence.
Manetho was a priest in the time of the Ptolemies in the third century BC. His Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt) divided the rulers into dynasties, which forms the basis of the modern system of dating Ancient Egypt. His work has been lost and is known only in fragmentary form from later writers quoting his work. As a result of the suppression of the Amarna kings, Manetho is the sole ancient record available. Nefertiti, Akhenaten's chief queen, was still alive late in Year 16 of Akhenaten's reign. The inscription is dated explicitly to Year 16 III Akhet day 15 of Akhenaten's own reign and mentions, in the same breath, the presence of Queen Nefertiti—or the "Great Royal Wife, His Beloved, Lady of the Two Lands, Neferneferuaten Nefertiti". assumption that Nefertiti was mother to Tutankhaten, has since been proven false. DNA evidence published a year after the book concluded that Tutankhaten's parents were sibling children of Amenhotep III, which Nefertiti was not. According to Nicholas Reeves, almost 80% of Tutankhamun's burial equipment was derived from Neferneferuaten's original funerary goods. the mask originally was made for Nefertiti, Akhenaten's chief queen, who used the royal name Ankheperure when she assumed the throne after her husband's death. With so much evidence expunged first by Neferneferuaten's successor, then the entire Amarna period by Horemheb, and later in earnest by the kings of the Nineteenth Dynasty, the exact details of events may never be known.
Nebkheperure Tutankhaten/Tutankhamun 1332–1324 BC
Consort Ankhesenamun (half-sister). Children Two stillborn daughters, 317a and 317b
Father KV55 mummy, identified as most likely Akhenaten. Mother The Younger Lady. Commonly believed to be the son of Akhenaten, most likely reinstated the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion. His name change from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun reflects the change in religion from the monolatristic Atenism to the classic religion, of which Amun is a major deity. He is thought to have taken the throne at around age eight or nine and to have died around age eighteen or nineteen, giving him the nickname "The Boy King." Tutankhamun was a weak ruler suffering from multiple health issues. However, he became famous for being buried in a decorative tomb intended for someone else called KV62.
Kheperkheperure Ay (II) 1324–1320 BC
Was Grand Vizier to Tutankhamun and an important official during the reigns of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare. Possibly the brother of Tiye, Great Wife of Amenhotep III, and also possibly father of Nefertiti, Great Wife of Akhenaten. Believed to have been born into nobility, but not royalty. Succeeded Tutankhamun due to his lack of an heir. It appears that one of Horemheb's undertakings as Pharaoh was to eliminate all references to the monotheistic experiment, a process that included expunging the name of his immediate predecessors, especially Ay, from the historical record. Horemheb desecrated Ay's burial and had most of Ay's royal cartouches in his WV23 tomb erased while his sarcophagus was smashed into numerous fragments. Djeserkheperure-setpenre Horemheb 1320–1292 BC
Born a Commoner. Was a General during the Amarna Period. Obliterated Images of the Amarna Pharaohs and destroyed and vandalized buildings and monuments associated with them. Succeeded Ay despite Nakhtmin being the intended heir. He had no relation to the preceding royal family other than by marriage to Mutnedjmet. Horemheb was the commander in chief of the army under the reigns of Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb demolished monuments of Akhenaten, reusing the rubble in his own building projects, and usurped monuments of Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb presumably had no surviving sons, as he appointed his vizier Paramesse as his successor, who would assume the throne as Ramesses I. After Ay's reign, which lasted for a little over four years, Horemheb managed to seize power, presumably thanks to his position as commander of the army. Horemheb quickly removed Nakhtmin's rival claim to the throne and arranged to have Ay's WV 23 tomb desecrated by smashing the latter's sarcophagus, systematically chiselling Ay's name and figure out of the tomb walls and probably destroying Ay's mummy. Horemheb also usurped and enlarged Ay's mortuary temple at Medinet Habu for his own use and erased Ay's titulary on the back of a 17 foot colossal statue by carving his own titulary in its place. he divided legal power "between Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt" between "the Viziers of Thebes and Memphis respectively." to re-establish order to the Two Lands and curb abuses of state authority. While the king restored the priesthood of Amun, he prevented the Amun priests from forming a stranglehold on power. They had no surviving children, Since Horemheb had no surviving son, he appointed his Vizier, Paramesse, to succeed him upon his death, both to reward Paramesse's loyalty and because the latter had both a son and grandson to secure Egypt's royal succession. Paramesse employed the name Ramesses I upon assuming power and founded the 19th Dynasty of the New Kingdom. While the decoration of Horemheb's KV 57 tomb was still unfinished upon his death.
Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt
1649 BC–1582 BC Capital Thebes. Absolute monarchy.
This dynasty, together with 15th Dynasty and 17th, are often combined under the group title, Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650–1580 BC), a period that saw the division of Upper and Lower Egypt between the pharaohs at Thebes and the Hyksos kings of the 15th Dynasty based at Avaris. Of the two chief versions of Manetho's Aegyptiaca, the Sixteenth Dynasty is described by the more reliable Africanus (supported by Syncellus) as "shepherd [hyksos] kings", but by Eusebius as Theban....
The continuing war against 15th Dynasty dominated the short-lived 16th Dynasty. The armies of the 15th Dynasty, winning town after town from their southern enemies, continually encroached on the 16th Dynasty territory, eventually threatening and then conquering Thebes itself. In his study of the Second Intermediate Period,... Famine, which had plagued Upper Egypt during the late 13th Dynasty and the 14th Dynasty, also blighted the 16th Dynasty, most evidently during and after the reign of Neferhotep III....
The traditional list of rulers of the 16th Dynasty regroups kings believed to be vassals of the Hyksos, some of which have semitic names such as Semqen and Anat-her. The list of kings differs from scholar to scholar...
DIFFERENT AUTHORS OF THE KINGS LIST SHOW DIFFERENT RESULTS OF THE KINGS IN THIS DYNASTY. SOME SHOW THE INVADING SEMITIC HYKSOS AS CONTROLLING LOWER EGYPT AT THIS TIME, OTHERS SHOW THE THEBANS CONTROLLING UPPER EGYPT, WHILE OTHERS SHOW THEBAN CONTROLLING JUST THE LOCAL THEBAN AREA. THE 16TH DYNASTY MAY OR MAY NOT HAVE BEEN THE SAME R1b FAMILY LINEAGE AS KING TUT FROM THE 17TH AND 18TH DYNASTIES. THIS DYNASTY MAY HAVE BEEN A MIX OF HYKSOS INVADERS, AND THE THEBAN R1b...
*** 16th Dynasty 1650BC to 1580BC.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs
The Sixteenth Dynasty was a native Theban dynasty emerging from the collapse of the Memphis-based 13th dynasty c. 1650 BC and finally conquered by the Hyksos 15th dynasty c. 1580 BC. The 16th dynasty held sway over Upper Egypt only.
Unknown Name of the first king is lost here in the Turin King List and cannot be recovered
Sekhemresementawy Djehuti 1650 BC There are several kings recorded with the name "Sekhemre[...]" and the damage to the original document does not preserve the complete name. As a result, Djehuti, named Sekhemre Sementawy, may in principle correspond to any "Sekhemre[...]" preserved on the king list, i.e. may be a ruler of the 13th, 16th and even 17th Dynasty.
Sekhemreseusertawy Sobekhotep VIII 1645-1629 BC Alternatively, he may be a ruler of the 13th or 17th Dynasty. If he was a king of the 16th Dynasty, Sobekhotep VIII would be credited 16 years of reign by the Turin canon, starting c. 1650 BC, at the time of the Hyksos invasion of Egypt. Ryholt proposes that Sobekhotep VIII reigned from 1645 BC until 1629 BC, shortly after the Hyksos 15th Dynasty took over the Nile Delta and the city of Memphis, thereby precipitating the collapse of the 13th Dynasty.
Sekhemresankhtawy Neferhotep III 1629-1628 BC Neferhotep III got certainly embroiled in a defensive war against the Hyksos 15th Dynasty, which would ultimately overrun the 16th Dynasty state. Neferhotep praises himself on his stela as " He who raises his city, having been sunk through strife with foreigners". The stela is thought to contain the earliest known mention of the Khepresh crown. Neferhotep is said to be "Adorned with the Khepresh, the living image of Re, lord of terror".
Seankhenre Mentuhotepi 1628-1627 BC May be a king of the 17th Dynasty.
Mentuhotepi's short reign was probably marked by the constant conflict with the Hyksos kingdom of the 15th Dynasty. At the time, the 16th Dynasty was already in a weakened position and reigned over little more than Thebes itself. He reports driving back the "foreign lands", probably a euphemism for the Hyksos or possibly for the Nubians.
Sewadjenre Nebiryraw I 1627–1601 BC Children Nebiryraw II? 26-year-long reign and was succeeded by his namesake Nebiryraw II, who may have been his son.
Neferkare(?) Nebiryraw II ~1600 BC "Binpu", "Ahmose", "The good god Sewadjenre, deceased" and "The good god Neferkare, deceased" respectively. The first two were likely two princes of the royal family of the 17th Dynasty which would replace the 16th Dynasty shortly thereafter.
Semenre ~1600 BC He reigned from 1601 to 1600 BC or ca. 1580 BC and belonged to the 16th Dynasty or the 17th Dynasty.
Seuserenre Bebiankh 1603–1591 BC or 1600–1588 BC.
Djedhotepre Dedumose I ~1588-1582 BC. May be a king of the 13th Dynasty
17th century BC or 16th century BC (16th Dynasty or 13th Dynasty). a stela of an official Harsekher from Edfu states that the King's Son Harsekher, son of the King's Son Sobekhotep is related to a king Dedumose, which Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton identify as Dedumose I. Given the rarity of the name Dedumose, it is possible that he was the son of Dedumose I.
Djedneferre Dedumose II ~1588-1582 BC Father Dedumose I? On the stela Dedumose claims to have been raised for kingship, which may indicate he is a son of Dedumose I, although the statement may also merely be a form of propaganda. The martial tone of the stela probably reflects the constant state of war of the final years of the 16th Dynasty, when the Hyksos invaded its territory: Dedumose is usually linked to Timaios mentioned by the historian Josephus – who was quoting Manetho – as a king during whose reign an army of Asiatic foreigners subdued the country without a fight.
Djedankhre Montemsaf ~1590 BC
Merankhre Mentuhotep VI ~1585 BC Consort Sitmut ? Children Herunefer ?
a dedication to the god Sobek, lord of smnw.
Seneferibre Senusret IV The chronological position of Senusret IV is unclear and even the dynasty to which he belongs is debated.
Sekhemre Shedwast May be the same as Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf II
Consort Nubkhaes II (disputed). Children Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef (disputed).
Sekhemre Shedwast is unattested outside the Turin King List, where he appears as the successor of king Bebiankh. It has been suggested, but not universally accepted, that Sekhemre Shedwast may be identical to Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf II, since their throne names slightly differ. If so, he may have been married to queen Nubkhaes II and they may have had a son named Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef. [17TH DYNASTY]
THE FIRST DYNASTY IS A PURE PATERNAL LINE. I NOTICED SOME SIMILARITIES OF THE GOTHS AS TO THE FIRST DYNASTY OF EGYPT. IS IT JUST THE DRESS OF THE DAY OR IS IT SPECIFIC TO THE GOTHS, AND MAY IDENTIFY THE FIRST DYNASTY? SETI I TOMB SHOWS BOTH THE AAMU AND THE TEMEHU WEARING THE SAME BEARD AS THE GOTHS WHICH HAS NO MOUSTACHE AND NO HAIR AT THE LOWER LIP. DID THE GOTHS BEGIN UPPER OR LOWER EGYPT DYNASTIES?
THE WHITE CROWN OF UPPER EGYPT RESEMBLES THE GOTHIC HEADDRESS. THE DRAWING OF NARMER AND SCORPION II ARE SIMILAR TO 3000BC SUMERIAN GOTH'S BEARD, HOLDING A MACE, AND GOTHIC UNICORN HEADDRESS AS THE WHITE CROWN, MACE, AND BEARD ON SCORPION II. THE TYPICAL BEARD OF THE GOTHS HAS NO MOUSTACHE AND NO HAIR AT THE LOWER LIP. THE GOTHS HAD A SUN DISK, AND CARRIED THE ANKH CROSS. I THINK THE GOD OF GOTHS WAS AS, ASA, OSS, AUSIR, ANSUR, ANSUZ, ETC DIFFERENT SPELLINGS OF THE SAME GOD OSIRUS IN EGYPT?
DJER AND DJET MAY HAVE BEEN BROTHERS BECAUSE IT IS SAID THAT RAMESSIDE KINGS AND PRIESTS THOUGHT OSIRUS HEAD WAS BURIED IN DJER TOMB OR MAYBE IT WAS DJET. [Historically, the deity that was venerated at Egyptian Mendes was a ram deity, Banebdjedet (literally Ba of the lord of djed, and titled "the Lord of Mendes"), who was the soul of Osiris.] ...
List of pharaohs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs
Upper Egypt: Regrouped here are predynastic rulers of Upper Egypt belonging to the late Naqada III period.
***Dynasty 00
Scorpion I First ruler of Upper Egypt, Around 3250–3200 BC. Scorpion is believed to have lived in Thinis one or two centuries before the rule of the better-known Scorpion II of Nekhen and is presumably the first true king of Upper Egypt.
Predynastic rulers: ***Dynasty 0
Iry-Hor, Crocodile, and Ka ~3170BC.
Scorpion II 3170 BC possibly the same person as Narmer.
Scorpion II on the macehead (drawing). The Scorpion Macehead depicts a single, large figure wearing the White Crown of Upper Egypt. THE WHITE CROWN RESEMBLES THE GOTHIC PHRYGIAN HORNED HAT. THE DRAWING SHOWS THE TYPICAL BEARD OF THE GOTHS WHICH HAS NO MOUSTACHE AND NO HAIR AT THE LOWER LIP. THE GOTHS HAD A SUN DISK, AND CARRIED THE ANKH CROSS.
Early Dynastic Period The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt stretches from around 3100 to 2686 BC.
First Dynasty The First Dynasty ruled from around 3100 to 2890 BC. THE FIRST DYNASTY IS A PURE PATERNAL FAMILY LINE.
Narmer Believed to be the same person as Menes and to have unified Upper and Lower Egypt. ~ 3100 BC. SIMILAR to 3000BC SUMERIAN GOTHIC BEARD, HOLDING A MACE, AND GOTHIC UNICORN HEADDRESS AS THE WHITE CROWN, MACE, AND BEARD ON SCORPION II.
Consort: Uncertain: possibly Neithhotep.
Children: Uncertain: probably Hor-Aha ♂ Uncertain: possibly Neithhotep ♀
Founder of the First Dynasty, and in turn the first king of a unified Egypt. A majority of Egyptologists believe that Narmer was the same person as Menes.
The issue is confusing because "Narmer" is a Horus name while "Menes" is a Sedge and Bee name (personal or birth name). All of the King Lists which began to appear in the New Kingdom era list the personal names of the kings, and almost all begin with Menes, or begin with divine and/or semi-divine rulers, with Menes as the first "human king". The difficulty is aligning the contemporary archaeological evidence which lists Horus Names with the King Lists that list personal names. These necropolis sealings are strong evidence that Narmer was the first king of the First Dynasty—hence is the same person as Menes.
There is no evidence in Lower Egypt of any Upper Egyptian king's presence before Iry-Hor. The archaeological evidence suggest that the unification began before Narmer, but was completed by him. An Egyptian presence in Canaan predates Narmer, but after about 200 years of active presence in Canaan, Egyptian presence peaked during Narmer's reign and quickly declined afterwards. The relationship between Egypt and Canaan "began around the end of the fifth millennium and apparently came to an end sometime during the Second Dynasty when it ceased altogether." It peaked during the Dynasty 0 through the reign of Narmer.... the existence of Egyptian colonies rather than just trade....
Neithhotep's name means "Neith is satisfied". This suggests that she was a princess of Lower Egypt (based on the fact that Neith is the patron goddess of Sais in the Western Delta, exactly the area Narmer conquered to complete the unification of Egypt), and that this was a marriage to consolidate the two regions of Egypt.
Hor-Aha ~3050 BC
Consort: Benerib, Khenthap. Children: Djer Horus-Aha meaning Horus the Fighter.
Manetho's record Aegyptiaca lists his Greek name as Athothis, or "Athotםs". The sanctuary of Neith he visited was located in the north-west of the Nile Delta at Sais.
Djer c. 3000 BC His tomb was later thought to be the legendary tomb of Osiris. Reign: 41 years. Consort: Nakhtneith, Herneith, Penebui. Children: Merneith, Djet ? [OR BROTHER] Father: Hor-Aha. Mother: Khenthap. Djer's reign was preceded by a regency controlled by Neithhotep, possibly his mother or grandmother. One of his regnal years on the Cairo Stone was named "Year of smiting the land of Setjet", which often is speculated to be Sinai or beyond. Djer was a son of the pharaoh Hor-Aha and his wife Khenthap. His grandfather was probably Narmer. Djer fathered Merneith, wife of Djet and mother of Den.
Djet ~2980 BC Consort: Merneith, Ahaneith. Children: Den. Father: Djer.
Djet and Merneith's son was Den, and their grandson was Anedjib. Djet means "Serpent of Horus". There were intense trading activities with Syria and Palestine at the time.
Den ~2970 BC Consort: Seshemetka, Semat, Serethor, Nakht-Neith ? Qua-Neith ? Father: Djet. Mother: Merneith. First to use the title "King of Upper and Lower Egypt", and the first depicted as wearing the double crown (red and white). "Den" or "Dewen", most likely meaning "he who brings the water". This is consistent with his birth name, which was “Khasty”, meaning “he of the two deserts”. He also had numerous sons and daughters, successors could have been king Anedjib and king Semerkhet. In a subsidiary tomb at Den's necropolis, the rare stela of a dwarf named Ser-Inpu was found. Den had to share the throne with his mother Meritneith for several years. It seems that he was too young to rule himself. Den is the first Egyptian king attested with rock reliefs in the Sinai Peninsula. An epidemic then affecting Egypt...The inscription shows the figure of a shaman with an undefined vessel or urn at his feet. Den sent troops to the Sinai Peninsula and the eastern desert a number of times. Plundering nomads, known by the early Egyptians as jwntj.w "people with hunting bows”, were regular foes of Egypt, often causing trouble.
Anedjib 2930 BC Adjib's family has only partially been investigated. King Den, may have been his father. Adjib was possibly married to a woman named Betrest described as the mother of Adjib's successor, king Semerkhet. Adjib introduced a new royal title the Nebuy-title, written with the doubled sign of a falcon on a short standard. It means "The two lords" and refers to the divine state patrons Horus and Seth. It also symbolically points to Lower- and Upper Egypt.
Semerkhet 2920 BC Son of Anedjib or brother of him. Father: Anedjib ? Den ?
Mother: Betrest. Virtually nothing is known about Semerkhet's family. His parents are unknown, but it is thought that one of his predecessors, king Den, might have been his father. Possibly, Semerkhet was born to queen Betrest. On the Cairo Stone she is described as his mother, but definite evidence for that view has not yet been found. It would be expected that Semerkhet had sons and daughters, but their names have not been preserved in the historical record. A candidate as a possible member of his family line is his immediate successor, king Qa'a. Semerkhet's name is mentioned on stone vessel inscriptions along with those of Den, Adjib, and Qa'a. The objects were found in the underground galleries beneath the Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara. The inscriptions show that king Qa'a, immediate successor of Semerkhet and sponsor of the vessels, accepted Semerkhet as a rightful ancestor and heir to the throne. Scholars now think that Semerkhet's tomb was re-opened and restored when Ramesside priests and kings saw the tomb of king Djer as the ritual burial of Osiris's head.
Qa'a 2910 BC Son of Semerkhet. Father: Semerkhet (most likely) or Anedjib.
It is postulated that Sneferka and Horus Bird fought for power and that Hotepsekhemwy ended the fight and finally ascended the throne of Egypt, thus starting the Second Dynasty.
Sneferka 2900 BC Unknown son of Qa’a? Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown. Sneferka and "Horus Bird" fought each other to gain the throne of Egypt. The struggles peaked in the plundering of the royal cemetery of Abydos, which was therefore abandoned. The struggle for the throne was possibly brought to an end by the founder of the 2nd Dynasty, king Hotepsekhemwy. In contrast, Egyptologist Kim Ryholt believes that Sneferka ruled during the midst of 2nd Dynasty and was to be identified with Neferkara I, attested in Ramesside sources.
Horus Bird 2900 BC The few archaeological evidences point to the existence of one or more ephemeral rulers following Qa'a's death and before Hotepsekhemwy of which Horus-Bird may have been one.
***Second Dynasty The Second Dynasty ruled from 2890 to 2686 BC.
Hotepsekhemwy 2890 BC. Children: Perneb? The Egyptian word "Hotep" means "peaceful" and "to be pleased" though it can also mean "conciliation" or "to be reconciled", too. Hotepsekhemwy's full name may be read as "the two powers are reconciled". In this sense, "the two powers" could be a reference to Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt as well as to the major deities Horus and Seth. Hotepsekhemwy is commonly identified with the Ramesside cartouche names Bedjau from the Abydos king list, Bedjatau from Giza, Netjer-Bau from the Sakkara king list and the name Bau-hetepju from the royal canon of Turin. He also built a temple near Buto for the little-known deity Netjer-Achty and founded the "Chapel of the White Crown". The white crown is a symbol of Upper Egypt. This is thought to be another clue to the origin of Hotepsekhemwy's dynasty, indicating a likely source of political power.
Nebra 2850 B.C. First ruler who uses the sun-symbol in his royal name, could be identical to king Weneg. Children: Perneb? The inscriptions contain depictions of cultic buildings such as the Ka-house, depictions of deities such as Bastet, Neith and Seth. At the time of king Nebra, the most important religious cults were concentrated on the preservation of the dualistic equal status of the state patrons Horus and Seth. Nothing was more important than keeping that divine balance. The first definite proof of the existence of the sun-deity Ra occurs at the beginning of the 3rd dynasty during the reign of king Djoser. And the first definitive detectable proof for a fully established royal sun cult occurs under king Radjedef, the third ruler of the 4th Dynasty. He was the first king who connected his birth name with the name of Ra, starting the great religious belief that Egyptian kings were the living representation of the sun alongside Horus and Seth. King Nebra is commonly identified with the Ramesside-era cartouche-name Kakau, which can be translated as "The bull of Apis". This links to the anecdote written by Manetho, who said that under king Kêchoós the deities Apies, the goat of Mendes and Menevus were "introduced and worshipped as gods". This view is questioned by modern Egyptologists, as there was already a cult of Apis established during the 1st Dynasty, if not earlier. "Erecting of the pillars of Horus". Under Nebra, the first depiction of the goddess Bastet occurs.
Nynetjer c. 2850 BC to 2760 BC or later from c. 2760 BC to 2715 BC.
May have divided Egypt between his successors, allegedly allowed women to rule like pharaohs. Nynetjer is commonly identified with the Ramesside cartouche names Banetjer from the Abydos King List.
Weneg-Nebty 2740 B.C. unclear as to which of the archaeologically identified Horus-kings corresponds to Weneg. Could be an independent ruler or the same as Peribsen, Sekhemib-Perenmaat or Raneb. One theory suggests that the once unified kingdom of Egypt was divided after Ninetjer's death into two parts. Consequently, for a period after king Weneg's death, two kings ruled at the same time over Egypt. So Weneg may have been the last king who had ruled over the whole of Egypt, before sharing his throne (and control over Egypt) with another king. It remains unclear who the other king may have been.
Senedj His name is included in the kinglists of the Ramesside era,
Greek form: Sethenes. Possibly the same person as Peribsen. This, however, is highly disputed.
Seth-Peribsen 2740 BC serekh name of an early Egyptian monarch (pharaoh), who ruled during the Second Dynasty of Egypt (c. 2890 – c. 2686 BC).
Peribsen's name is unusual, in that Set, not Horus, was his patron deity. This goes against the Egyptian tradition of a king choosing the falcon-shaped deity Horus as his royal patron. He promoted the sun-cult in Egypt and reduced the powers of officials, nomarchs and palatines. Some scholars believe that he ruled over a divided Egypt. Peribsen is the only known pharaoh to have the Set animal preside alone over his serekh, he is not the only king to associate himself with Seth. Examples include the 13th Dynasty pharaoh Seth Meribre, the 19th Dynasty rulers Seti I and Seti II and the 20th Dynasty king Setnakhte. Horus wears the White Crown of Upper Egypt and Seth wears the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. The origin of the political division is unknown. It might have happened at the beginning of Peribsen's rule or shortly before. Because Peribsen chose the deity Seth as his new throne patron, Egyptologists are of the view that Peribsen was a chieftain from Thinis or a prince of the Thinite royal house. This theory is based on Seth being a deity of Thinite origin, which would explain Peribsen's choice. Peribsen is thought to have gained the Thinite throne and ruled only Upper Egypt, whilst other rulers held the Memphite throne and ruled Lower Egypt. Nynetjer decided to split Egypt to leave it to two chosen successors who would rule two separate kingdoms. Peribsen ruled only in Upper Egypt. Annal stone of Fifth dynasty, a black olivin-basalt slabstone displaying a very detailed king list, argues against the division of the realm. An administrative reorganization or split in the priesthood sects is more likely. inscriptions mention the gods Ash, Horus, Nekhbet, Min, Bastet and Kherty.
Sekhemib-Perenmaat 2720 BC Could be the same person as Seth-Peribsen.
Sekhemib used both name forms, the single horus name and the double name, at the same time. think that the double name of Sekhemib came in use when the Egyptian state was split into two independent realms. This king also used a double name and even placed Horus and Seth together as protective deities atop his serekh. Egyptologists believe that Sekhemib was the same person as king Peribsen, a ruler who had connected his name with the deity Seth, others believe that Sekhemib was a different ruler to Peribsen...could have been related.
Neferkara I think that Neferkasokar ruled only in Lower Egypt, since his name appeared in the Sakkara king list, but is missing from the Abydos king list while the Sakkara king lists reflect Memphite traditions. Neferkasokar is also thought to have ruled in Lower Egypt around the same time that kings such as Peribsen and Sekhemib-Perenmaat ruled in Upper Egypt. This assumption would be consistent with the view of a number of Egyptologists that at that time Egypt was divided into two parts.
Neferkasokar The theory of a divided realm since the end of king Nynetjer's reign is based on a study of the name of king Peribsen, whose name is connected to the Ombite deity Seth to show that he came from Ombos and ruled an area that included Ombos. Peribsen himself is contemporaneously documented in materials found in the Thinite region, but was excluded from documentation associated with the Memphites. His case therefore corresponds to Neferkasokar's case, but for Lower Egypt.
Old Kingdom legends claim that this ruler saved Egypt from a long lasting drought.
Hudjefa I Hudjefa means "erased" and might reveal that the original king's name, originally listed in a document or inscribed on some object, was unreadable when the scribe tried to compile the king list. It is thought that a scribe simply noted "erased", but then erroneously put the word into a cartouche, thus making it look like a personal name. Later scribes and students of Egyptian history misinterpreted the arrangement and adopted it into their documents as a king's name.
Khasekhem(wy) 2690 BC Consort: Nimaethap. Children: Djoser, Hetephernebti, Sekhemkhet ?, Sanakht ? Died: 2686 BC
the last Pharaoh of the Second Dynasty of Egypt. Little is known about him, other than that he led several significant military campaigns and built the mudbrick fort known as Shunet El Zebib. The exact date of his reign in Egyptian chronology is unclear but would fall roughly in between 2690–2670 BC. Khasekhem may have changed his name to Khasekhemwy after he reunited Upper and Lower Egypt after a civil war between the followers of the gods Horus and Set. Others believe he defeated the reigning king, Seth-Peribsen, after returning to Egypt from putting down a revolt in Nubia. Either way he ended the infighting of the Second dynasty and reunited Egypt. having both the symbols of Horus and Set on his serekh. but after his death, Set was dropped from the serekh permanently.
THE 3RD DYNASTY BEGINS WITH THE CHILDREN OF KHASEKHEMWY OF THE 2ND DYNASTY. ASSUMING A DYNASTY MEANS SAME FAMILY LINE THEN 2ND AND 3RD DYNASTY ARE THE SAME FAMILY.
***Third Dynasty 2686 to 2613 BC.
Djoser ~2650 BC Consort Hetephernebti. Children Inetkawes, Sekhemkhet?
Father Khasekhemwy. Mother Nimaethap. Netjerikhet and Djoser are the same person. The lands of Upper and Lower Egypt were united into a single kingdom sometime around 2686 BC. The period following the unification of the crowns was one of prosperity, marked by the start of the Third Dynasty and the Old Kingdom of Egypt.
Sekhemkhet 2649–2643 BC Consort Djeseretnebti?
Father Khasekhemwy? Mother Nimaathap? Sekhemkhet was probably the brother or eldest son of king Djoser. Little is known about this king. He is also known under his later traditioned birth name Djoser-tety and under his Hellenized name Tyreis. The only preserved documents showing Sekhemkhet are two rock inscriptions at Wadi Maghareh in the Sinai peninsula. The first one shows Sekhemkhet twice: once wearing the Hedjet crown, another wearing the Deshret crown. The second inscription depicts a scene known as "smiting the enemy": Sekhemkhet has grabbed a foe by its hair and raises his arm in an attempt to club the enemy to death with a ceremonial sceptre....
Sanakht 2650 BC Father Khasekhemwy? Mother Nimaathap?
Likely to be identified with the throne name Nebka; (6 ft 1 1⁄2 in) tall, considerably taller than the 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in) average of prehistoric and later Egyptians. The specimen's skull was very large and capacious. Although his cranial index was unusually broad and almost brachycephalic.
Khaba 2643–2637 BC could be identical with Huni. Other seals show the depiction of the goddess Bastet. The Hierakonpolis seal was found in early dynastic ruins of a local Horus temple. It shows traces of the image of a god, possibly Ash.
Huni 2637–2613 BC Could be the same as Qahedjet or Khaba.
Consort Djefatnebti(?), Meresankh I(?). Children Hetepheres I(?), Sneferu(?)
Many Egyptologists believe that Huni was the father and direct predecessor of king Sneferu, but this is questioned by other scholars. Huni is seen by scholars as a confusing figure in Egyptian history, because he was long remembered in Egyptian traditions, but only very few documents, objects or monuments have endured. Huni is not a well attested pharaoh; most of the attestations only point indirectly to him. There are only two contemporary objects with his name. The genealogical position of Huni in the family line of ruling kings, during the time when the 3rd dynasty ended and the 4th started, is highly disputed. Contemporary and later documents often mention Huni and his follower Snefru in the same sentence, always in direct succession. Therefore, Egyptologists and historians believe that Huni might have even been related to Snefru. Today most scholars prefer to believe the historian Manetho, who claims in his Aegyptiacae that with the enthronement of Snefru a different royal house gained power over Egypt and a new dynasty had begun. Until today, no child or other relative of Huni can be identified and connected to him with certainty. Ramesside graffiti ...robbed during the New Kingdom period and the Roman period....Arabs in the 12th century AD.
***Fourth Dynasty The Fourth Dynasty ruled from 2613 to 2496 BC.
Sneferu 2613–2589 BC Consort Hetepheres I
Children Khufu, Ankhhaf, Kanefer, Nefermaat, Netjeraperef, Rahotep, Ranefer, Iynefer I, Hetepheres A, Nefertkau I, Nefertnesu, Meritites I, Henutsen
Mother Meresankh I. Ancient Egyptian documents describe Sneferu as a pious, generous and even accostable ruler. The Papyrus Prisse, a Middle Kingdom source, supports the fact that King Huni was indeed Sneferu's predecessor. It states that "the majesty of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Huni, came to the landing place (i.e., died), and the majesty of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Sneferu, was raised up as a beneficent king in this entire land..." Sneferu's conquests into Libya and Nubia served two purposes: the first goal was to establish an extensive labour force, and the second goal was to gain access to the raw materials and special products that were available in these countries. This is alluded to in the Palermo Stone: "[Reign of] Sneferu. Year ... The building of Tuataua ships of mer wood of a hundred capacity, and 60 royal boats of sixteen capacity. Raid in the Land of the Blacks, and the bringing in of seven thousand prisoners, men and women, and twenty thousand cattle, sheep, and goats... The bringing of forty ships of cedar wood (or perhaps "laden with cedar wood")..."
Khufu 2589–2566 BC Consort Meritites I, Henutsen.
Children Kawab, Djedefhor, Hetepheres II, Meritites II, Meresankh II, Baufra, Djedefra, Minkhaf I, Khafre, Khufukhaf I, Babaef I, Horbaef, Nefertiabet, possibly Khamerernebty I, possibly Nefermaat II
Father Pharaoh Sneferu. Mother Queen Hetepheres I.
Khufu's name was dedicated to the god Khnum. At Saqqara two terracotta figures of the goddess Bastet were found, on which, at their bases, the horus name of Khufu is incised. At Wadi Maghareh in the Sinai a rock inscription depicts Khufu with the double crown. Khufu also entertained contacts with Byblos. He sent several expeditions to Byblos in an attempt to trade copper tools and weapons for precious Lebanon cedar wood. This kind of wood was essential for building large and stable funerary boats. At the Wadi Maghareh in Sinai a rock inscription contains Khufu's names and titles and reports: "Hor-Medjedu, Khnum-Khuf, Bikuj-Nebu, the great god and smiter of the troglodytes, all protection and life are with him". The work-off of the relief is similar to that of king Snefru. In one scene king Khufu wears the double-crown; nearby, the depiction of the god Thoth is visible. In another scene, close by, Khufu wears the Atef-crown while smiting an enemy. In this scene the god Wepwawet is present. [In Josephus: Flavius Josephus alludes to a place he calls Troglodytis while discussing the account in Genesis, that after the death of Sarah, Abraham married Keturah and fathered six sons who in turn fathered many more. "Now, for all these sons and grandsons, Abraham contrived to settle them in colonies; and they took possession of Troglodytis, and the country of Arabia Felix..." The Troglodytis Josephus refers to here is generally taken to mean both coasts of the Red Sea. However, Josephus goes on to state that the descendants of one of these grandsons, Epher, invaded Libya, and that the name of Africa was thus derived from that of Epher. The dominant modern hypothesis is that Africa stems from the Berber word ifri (plural ifran), meaning "cave", in reference to cave dwellers.] In 642 A.D. the Arabs conquered Egypt. Upon arriving at the Giza pyramids, they searched for explanations as to who could have built these monuments. By this time, no inhabitant of Egypt was able to tell and no one could translate the Egyptian hieroglyphs anymore. As a consequence, the Arab historians wrote down their own theories and stories. many Arab writers were convinced that the Great Pyramid (and the others, too) were built by the god Hermes (named Idris by the Arabs).
Djedefre 2566–2558 BC Consort Hetepheres II, Khentetka
ChildrenSetka, Baka, Hernet, Neferhetepes, Hetepheres ?, Nikaudjedefre ?
Father Khufu. He is the king who introduced the royal title Sa-Rך (meaning “Son of Ra”) and the first to connect his cartouche name with the sun god Ra.
Khafre 2558–2532 BC Consort Meresankh III, Khamerernebty I, Persenet, Hekenuhedjet. Children Nebemakhet, Duaenre, Niuserre, Khentetka, Shepsetkau, Menkaure, Khamerernebty II, Sekhemkare, Nikaure, Ankhmare, Akhre, Iunmin, Iunre, Rekhetre, and Hemetre.
Father Khufu. Mother Meritites I or Henutsen. Khafre was a son of king Khufu and the brother and successor of Djedefre.
Baka/Bauefrך Around 2570 BC Father Djedefra (?) Next to nothing is known about this ruler and some Egyptologists even believe him to be fictitious.
Menkaure 2532–2503 BC Consort Khamerernebty II, Rekhetre ?
Children Khuenre, Shepseskaf, Khentkaus I ?, Sekhemre
Father Khafre. Mother Khamerernebty I. Menkaure was the son of Khafre and the grandson of Khufu.
Shepseskaf 2503–2498 BC Consort Khentkaus I? Bunefer ?
Children Djedefptah ? Bunefer ?
Father Menkaure. Mother Khamerernebty II ? Rekhetre ?
Thamphthis ~2500 BC According to Manetho the last king of the 4th dynasty. He is not archaeologically attested and thus possibly fictional.
***Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2496 to 2345 BC.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs#Fifth_Dynasty
Userkaf 2496–2491 BC Consort Neferhetepes (most likely) or Khentkaus I
Children Sahure ♂, Khamaat ♀
Father unknown, but probably belonged to a branch of the Fourth Dynasty royal family
Mother Khentkaus I? Buried in a pyramid in Saqqara. Built the first solar temple at Abusir. Son Sahure succeeded him as pharaoh. His reign heralded the ascendancy of the cult of Ra, who effectively became Egypt's state god during the Fifth Dynasty.
By the end of Userkaf's rule, the sun temple did not yet house the large granite obelisk on a pedestal that it would subsequently acquire. Instead its main temple seems to have comprised a rectangular enclosure wall with a high mast set on a mound in its center, possibly as a perch for the sun god's falcon.
Sahure 2490–2477 BC Consort Meretnebty. Children Ranefer ♂ (ascended the throne as Neferirkare Kakai), Netjerirenre ♂ (possibly the same person as Shepseskare), Horemsaf ♂, Raemsaf ♂, Khakare ♂ and Nebankhre ♂
Father Userkaf. Mother Neferhetepes II. Sahure (also Sahura, meaning "He who is close to Re"). During Sahure's rule, Egypt had important trade relations with the Levantine coast. Sahure launched several naval expeditions to modern-day Lebanon to procure cedar trees, slaves and exotic items. His reign may have witnessed the flourishing of the Egyptian navy, which included a high-seas fleet as well as specialized racing boats. He also ordered military campaigns against Libyan chieftains in the Western Desert, bringing back livestock to Egypt. During the New Kingdom, Sahure was equated with a form of the goddess Sekhmet for unknown reasons. The cult of "Sekhmet of Sahure" had priests and attracted visitors from all over Egypt to Sahure's temple. This unusual cult, which was celebrated well beyond Abusir, persisted up until the end of the Ptolemaic period nearly 2500 years after Sahure's death. Sahure is known to have been succeeded by Neferirkare Kakai, ... Ranefer was Sahure's son and had assumed the throne under the name "Neferirkare Kakai" at the death of his father. Trade contacts with Byblos, Lebanon, Syria, Somalian coast, At the same time, Sahure's mortuary temple presents the earliest known mention of pirates raiding the Nile Delta, possibly from the coast of Epirus. the god Ash telling the king "I will give you all that is in this [Libya] land". daily offerings of bread and beer to Ra. Sahure's reign is also the earliest during which the ceremony of the "driving of the calves" is known to have taken place....the cult of Osiris throughout the Fifth Dynasty, as this ceremony subsequently became an integral part of the Osiris myth. In subsequent times, the ceremony corresponded to Seth's threshing of Osiris by driving calves trampling fields of barley.
Neferirkare Kakai 2477–2467 BC Son of Sahure, born with the name Ranefer.
Consort Khentkaus II. Children Neferefre ♂, Nyuserre Ini ♂ likely: Iryenre ♂
uncertain: Khentkaus III ♀. Father Sahure. Mother Meretnebty (also known as Neferetnebty). mastabas, where they recorded their biographies for the first time. From his reign onwards, the former was written in a cartouche preceded by the "Son of Ra" epithet. continuing trade relations with Nubia to the south and possibly with Byblos on the Levantine coast to the north. The fact that the Palermo stone terminates around Neferirkare's rule led some scholars, such as Grimal, to propose that they might have been compiled during his reign. From Neferirkare's time onwards, the nomen, or birth name, was also written in a cartouche systematically preceded by the glyphs for "Son of Ra". the pharaoh was viewed as a living god in Old Kingdom mythology.
Neferefre 2460–2458 BC Son of Neferirkare. Consort likely Khentkaus III.
Children uncertain, either Menkauhor Kaiu ♂ or Shepseskare ♂ Nakhtsare ♂ Conjectural: Kakaibaef ♂. Father Neferirkare Kakai. Mother Khentkaus II.
Neferirkare and Khentkaus had at least another son, the future king Nyuserre Ini. In addition, since the relation between Shepseskare and Neferefre remains uncertain, it is possible that the two were brothers too, as suggested by the Egyptologist Silke Roth,[40] although other hypotheses on the matter have been proposed: Verner sees Shepseskare as a son of Sahure and hence Neferefre's uncle, while Jaromír Krejčí believes Shepseskare was Neferefre's son. Since Neferefre's second successor Nyuserre Ini is known to have been his brother rather than his son. Like other pharaohs of the Old Kingdom period, Neferefre benefited from a funerary cult established at his death. A 10-day yearly festival was held in honor of the deceased ruler.
Shepseskare Father highly uncertain and conjectural: Sahure, Neferirkare Kakai or Neferefre. Mother uncertain, possibly Meretnebty. Reigned most likely after Neferefre and for only a few months, possibly a son of Sahure. Egypt was unified at the time, with its capital located at Memphis.
Nyuserre Ini 2445–2422 BC Brother to Neferefre, built extensively in the Abusir necropolis. Consort Reptynub. Children Khamerernebty ♀, Reputnebty ♀, Sheretnebty ♀, Khentykauhor ♂ Unlikely: Menkauhor Kaiu ♂
Father Neferirkare Kakai. Mother Khentkaus II. brother of the short-lived king Neferefre. He may have succeeded his brother directly, as indicated by much later historical sources. continued to maintain trade relations with Byblos on the Levantine coast and to send mining and quarrying expeditions to Sinai and Lower Nubia. As with other Old Kingdom pharaohs, Nyuserre benefited from a funerary cult established at his death. In Nyuserre's case, this official state-sponsored cult existed for centuries, surviving the chaotic First Intermediate Period and lasting until the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. In parallel, a spontaneous popular cult appeared, with people venerating Nyuserre under his birth name "Iny". In this cult, Nyuserre played a role similar to that of a saint, being invoked as an intercessor between the believer and the gods. It left little archaeological evidence and seems to have continued until the New Kingdom, nearly 1000 years after his death. During the Old Kingdom, the Egyptian state was divided administratively into provinces, called nomes. These provinces were recognised as such since the time of Djoser, founder of the Third Dynasty, and probably harked back to the predynastic kingdoms of the Nile valley. The earliest topographical lists of the nomes of Upper and Lower Egypt date back to the reign of Nyuserre, a procession of personified nomes being depicted on reliefs from Nyuserre's sun temple. Wadi Maghareh in Sinai,... shows Nyuserre "smiting the Bedouins of all foreign lands, the great god, lord of the two lands". At the right of Nyuserre is a dedication to "Thoth, lord of the foreign lands, who has made pure libations". Nyuserre was the penultimate Egyptian pharaoh to build a sun temple. In doing so, he was following a tradition established by Userkaf that reflects the paramount importance of the cult of Ra during the Fifth Dynasty. Sun temples built during this period were meant to play for Ra the same role that the pyramid played for the king: they were funerary temples for the sun god, where his renewal and rejuvenation necessary to maintain the order of the world could take place. Cults performed in the temple were thus primarily concerned with Ra's creator function as well as his role as father of the king. During his lifetime, the king would appoint his closest officials to the running of the temple, allowing them to benefit from the temple's income and thus ensuring their loyalty. After the pharaoh's death, the sun temple's income would be associated with the pyramid complex, supporting Nyuserre's funerary cult. The precise relationship between Nyuserre and Menkauhor remains uncertain but indirect evidence from the mastaba of Khentkaus III, discovered in 2015, favors the hypothesis that Menkauhor was a son of Neferefre and thus a nephew of Nyuserre rather than his own son.
Menkauhor Kaiu 2422–2414 BC Last pharaoh to build a sun temple called the "Akhet-Ra", meaning "The Horizon of Ra". Consort Uncertain: Khuit I, Meresankh IV. Children Conjectural: Raemka ♂, Khaemtjenent ♂. Father Uncertain, possibly Neferefre or, less likely, Nyuserre Ini. Mother Possibly Khentkaus III. The cult of a deified Menkauhor, then known by the titles "Strong Lord of the Two Lands, Menkauhor the Justified" reappeared during the New Kingdom period (c. 1550 – c. 1077 BC), and lasted until at least the Nineteenth Dynasty (c. 1292 – c. 1077 BC), some 1200 years after his death. The name of Menkauhor is a departure from those of other kings of the Fifth Dynasty. Menkauhor, whose name means "Eternal are the Kas of Horus", is the first pharaoh in 80 years whose name does not refer to the sun god Ra. The name of Menkauhor instead finds its peers among the princes of the Fifth Dynasty with, for example, prince Khentykauhor "The forces of Horus are at the fore", a son of Nyuserre Ini, and prince Neserkauhor, a son of Djedkare Isesi. There is no evidence either for or against the hypothesis that Menkauhor's successor Djedkare Isesi was his son. Two sons have been suggested for Menkauhor based on the dating and general location of their tombs in Saqqara: princes Raemka and Kaemtjenent, both believed to be children of Meresankh IV. By the same reasoning, they could instead be sons of Djedkare Isesi.
Following a tradition which started with Userkaf, the founder of the Fifth Dynasty, Menkauhor built a temple to the sun god Ra. He was the last pharaoh to do so. His successors, Djedkare Isesi and Unas, abandoned this practice as the cult of Ra declined at the expense of that of Osiris.
Djedkare Isesi 2414–2375 BC Consort Setibhor. ChildrenNeserkauhor♂, Kekheretnebti♀, Meret-Isesi♀, Hedjetnebu♀, Nebtyemneferes♀
Uncertain: Raemka♂, Kaemtjenent♂, Isesi-ankh♂. Conjectural: Unas♂. often conjectured that Unas was Djedkare's son. Djedkare did not build a temple to the sun god Ra, possibly reflecting the rise of Osiris in the Egyptian pantheon. Under his rule, Egypt also entertained continuing trade relations with the Levantine coast and made punitive raids in Canaan. Archaeological evidence suggests the continuing existence of this funerary cult throughout the much later New Kingdom (c. 1550–1077 BC). Djedkare's parentage is unknown; in particular his relation with his predecessors Menkauhor Kaiu and Nyuserre Ini cannot be ascertained. Djedkare is generally thought to have been the son of Menkauhor Kaiu, but the two might instead have been brothers and sons of Nyuserre Ini. Another hypothesis suggests that Djedkare and Menkauhor could have been cousins, being sons of Nyuserre and Neferefre respectively. The identity of Djedkare's mother is similarly unknown. Only one son of Djedkare has been identified for certain, Neserkauhor,[49] who bore the title of "eldest beloved king's son of his body". Neserkauhor also bore the title of Iry-pat. Several daughters of Djedkare have been identified. The rise of Osiris corresponds to changes in the role of the king with respect to the wider Egyptian society. In particular, the king loses his role as the sole guarantor of the afterlife, which now becomes available beyond the immediate royal circle. These changes demythologise the king's position and, as the Egyptologist Hans Goedicke writes, make him fully human yet still socially dominant. The importance of the cult of Osiris becomes manifest when the Pyramid Texts of the pyramid of Unas are inscribed a few decades later.
Unas 2375–2345 BC The Pyramid of Unas is inscribed with the earliest instance of the pyramid texts. Consort Nebet, Khenut. Children Hemetre Hemi ♀, Khentkaues ♀, Neferut ♀, Nefertkaues Iku ♀, Sesheshet Idut ♀. Uncertain: Unas-ankh ♂, Iput ♀.
Conjectured: Nebkauhor ♂, Shepsespuptah ♂.
Father possibly Djedkare Isesi. Mother possibly Setibhor.
Manetho claims that with Unas' death the Fifth Dynasty came to an end. However, the archaeological evidence suggests that the Egyptians at the time made no conscious break with the preceding dynasty and the distinction between the Fifth and Sixth dynasties might be illusory. Existing trade relations with foreign countries and cities, in particular Byblos, seem to have continued during Unas' time on the throne. Reliefs from the causeway of his pyramid complex show two large seagoing ships coming back from an expedition to the Levantine coast with Syro-Canaanite men, who were either the boat crews or slaves. Another relief depicts a military campaign, Egyptians armed with bows and daggers attacking Canaanite nomads called the Shasu. In addition to Manetho's statement, the Turin king list presents a special break point between Unas and his successor Teti. Although the king list is not organized in dynasties–which were invented by Manetho–the Egyptologist Jaromir Malek explains that "the criterion for such divisions in the Turin Canon invariably was the change of location of the capital and royal residence." Malek thus suggests that the capital of Egypt, then known as Inbu-Hedj, was indeed supplanted at the time by settlements located to the South, East of South Saqqara, where Unas' palace may have been located. In the second millennium BC these cities finally merged and gave rise to Memphis. Whatever the basis for Manetho's choice to end the Fifth Dynasty with Unas, Egyptians living at the time probably perceived no particular change from one dynasty to the next. The administration of the state shows no evidence of disturbances, with many officials continuing their careers from Unas' onto Teti's reign. The main innovation of the pyramid of Unas is the first appearance of the Pyramid Texts, one of the oldest religious texts in Egypt to have survived to this day. In doing so, Unas initiated a tradition that would be followed in the pyramid of the kings and queens of the Sixth to Eighth Dynasties, until the end of the Old Kingdom circa 200 years later. The popular cult of the deified Unas continued for nearly 2,000 years as shown by the numerous scarabs bearing Unas' name found in Saqqara and dated from the New Kingdom (c.1550–c.1077 BC) until the Late Period (664–332 BC).
Crowns of Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowns_of_Egypt
Atef hedjet with ostrich feathers. Osiris.
Deshret (red crown) uraeus (rearing cobra) pharaohs of Lower Egypt and the desert Red Land; the deities Horus, Wadjet and Neith Lionslayer, New Kingdom (dynasties 19–20), ostracon.
Hedjet (white crown) vulture pharaohs of Upper Egypt; the deities Horus and Nekhbet Ahmose I or Amunhotep I (Dynasty 18, 1539–1493 BC).
Khepresh (blue crown or war crown) uraeus New Kingdom pharaohs in battle and ceremonies Tutanhkamun.
Pschent, Greek רקוםפ, Egyptian sḫm.tỉ, sekhemti (double crown) deshret and hedjet;
uraeus and vulture pharaohs, and their Horus Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE).
Cap crown skullcap, band, streamers or bow, uraeus Egyptian kings, typically.
Hedjet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedjet
Hedjet (Ancient Egyptian: ḥḏt "White One") is the formal name for the White Crown of pharaonic Upper Egypt.... The symbol sometimes used for the White Crown was the vulture goddess Nekhbet shown next to the head of the cobra goddess Wadjet, the uraeus on the Pschent. The white crown, along with the red crown, has a long history with each of their respective representations going back into the Predynastic Period..."New evidence from Abydos, however, particularly the excavation of Cemetery U and the tomb U-j, dating to Naqada IIIA has shown that this iconography appears earlier in Egypt.
Nekhbet, the tutelary goddess of Nekhebet (modern el Kab) near Hierakonpolis, was depicted as a woman, sometimes with the head of a vulture, wearing the white crown. The falcon god Horus of Hierakonpolis (Egyptian: Nekhen) was generally shown wearing a white crown. A famous depiction of the white crown is on the Narmer palette found at Hierakonpolis in which the king of the South wearing the hedjet is shown triumphing over his northern enemies. The kings of the united Egypt saw themselves as successors of Horus. Vases from the reign of Khasekhemwy show the king as Horus wearing the white crown....
Deshret
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deshret
Deshret, from Ancient Egyptian, was the formal name for the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and for the desert Red Land on either side of Kemet (Black Land), the fertile Nile river basin. When combined with the Hedjet (White Crown) of Upper Egypt, it forms the Pschent (Double Crown), in ancient Egyptian called the sekhemti. The Red Crown in Egyptian language hieroglyphs eventually was used as the vertical letter "n" . The original "n" hieroglyph from the Predynastic Period, and the Old Kingdom was the sign depicting ripples of water.
In mythology, the earth deity Geb, original ruler of Egypt, invested Horus with the rule over Lower Egypt. The Egyptian pharaohs, who saw themselves as successors of Horus, wore the deshret to symbolize their authority over Lower Egypt. Other deities wore the deshret too, or were identified with it, such as the protective serpent goddess Wadjet and the creator-goddess of Sais, Neith, who often is shown wearing the Red Crown....
As concerns deshret, the Red Land which comprised the deserts and foreign lands surrounding Egypt, Seth was its lord. It was considered a region of chaos, without law and full of dangers....
Nemes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemes
Nemes were pieces of striped headcloth worn by pharaohs in ancient Egypt. It covered the whole crown and back of the head and nape of the neck (sometimes also extending a little way down the back) and had lappets, two large flaps which hung down behind the ears and in front of both shoulders. It was sometimes combined with the double crown...The earliest depiction of the nemes, along with a uraeus, is the ivory label of Den from the 1st Dynasty. It is not a crown in itself, but still symbolizes the pharaoh's power. ...