Ancient DNA Sheds Light on the Mysterious Origins of the First Scandinavians
During the last ice age some 33,000-20,000 years ago, when a permanent ice sheet covered northern and parts of central Europe, modern humans in southwest Europe were isolated from groups further to the east. When the ice sheet retreated, some of these hunter gatherers eventually colonised Scandinavia from the south about 11,700 years ago, making it one of the last areas of Europe to be inhabited.... Now we have sequenced the genomes of seven hunter gatherers, dated to be 9,500-6,000 years old, to find out....from the Norwegian Atlantic coast and the Baltic islands of Gotland and Stora Karlsö....hunter gatherers from the Norwegian Atlantic coast were genetically more similar to contemporaneous populations from east of the Baltic Sea, while hunter gatherers from what is Sweden today were genetically more similar to those from central and western Europe....
the earliest occurrences of the new stone tool technology in Scandinavia were recorded in Finland, northwest Russia and Norway – dating to about 10,300 years ago....One consequence of the two groups mixing was a surprisingly large number of genetic variants in Scandinavian hunter gatherers. These groups were genetically more diverse than the groups that lived in central, western and southern Europe at the same time. That is in stark contrast to the pattern we see today where more genetic variation is found in southern Europe and less in the north. ...
The two groups that came to Scandinavia were originally genetically quite different, and displayed distinct physical appearances. The people from the south had blue eyes and relatively dark skin. The people from the northeast, on the other hand, had a variation of eye colours and pale skin....genetic variants associated with light skin and eye pigmentation were carried, on average, in greater frequency among Scandinavian hunter gatherers than their ancestors from other parts of Europe.... Modern people of northern Europe trace relatively little genetic ancestry back to the early Scandinavians studied by us. That’s because several later migrations have changed the Scandinavian gene pool over time. We know that migrations during the later stone age, the bronze age and historical times have brought new genetic material as well as novel technologies, cultures and languages....
Scandinavian prehistory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_prehistory
The Scandinavian Peninsula became ice-free around 11,000 BC, at the end of the last ice age. The Nordic Stone Age begins at that time, with the Upper Paleolithic Ahrensburg culture, giving way to Mesolithic hunter-gatherers by the 7th millennium BC (Maglemosian culture c. 7500 BC – 6000 BC, Kongemose culture c. 6000 BC – c. 5200 BC, Ertebølle culture c. 5300 BC – 3950 BC). The Neolithic stage is marked by the Funnelbeaker culture (4000–2700 BC), followed by the Pitted Ware culture (3200 BC – 2300 BC).
In Scandinavia, the time following the ice age begins at circa 9500 BC and is called at first the Yoldia Stage, ...Denmark and Sweden were joined and the "Baltic Sea" of the age was a fresh water lake called the Ancylus Lake. ... during the Ancylus and Litorina ages begins the Nordic Stone Age. ...human inhabitation of Scandinavia before the Weichsel glaciation, at least 50,000 years ago, presumably by Neanderthals.
Scandinavians Are Descended From Stone Age Immigrants, Ancient DNA Reveals
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090924141049.htm
Today's Scandinavians are not descended from the people who came to Scandinavia at the conclusion of the last ice age but, apparently, from a population that arrived later, concurrently with the introduction of agriculture.
The hunter-gatherers who inhabited Scandinavia more than 4,000 years ago had a different gene pool than ours,"..."Our findings show that today's Scandinavians are not the direct descendants of the hunter-gatherers who lived in the region during the Stone Age. This entails the conclusion that some form of migration to Scandinavia took place, probably at the onset of the agricultural Stone Age. The extent of this migration is as of yet impossible to determine."
Sweden (14 videos)
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcroOUap-NymX14gb0AUBoRy6ju_Vw1zv
Winter at the Burial Mounds of Uppsala
Stone Ships and Goddess Cult of Västmanland
Nordic Boats and Indo-European Chariots
Before the Vikings
Why Does Strength Matter?
Swedish Pagan Vårblot (Ostara/Eostre) at Gamla Uppsala
Sigurd the Dragonslayer
Freyr and Ship Burials of Vendel
Valsgärde and Vendel Pagan Ship Burials
Burial Mounds and Medieval Frescoes in Sweden
Freyr's Pagan Temple at Uppsala
Runes 2: Chronological Development of Runic Carving in Sweden
Runes 4: Christian and Pagan
Iron Age Grave Field and Broborg Hill Fort, Sweden
Scandinavian and Turkish People, What is the connection? Odin and his People
https://tarihvearkeoloji.blogspot.com/2016/02/scandinavian-and-turkish-people-what-is.html
Bestla: Odins Mother. Gylfaginning says Buri is first man whose son was Bor. Odins father was Bur son of Buri. Buri - Boru (Boerue) means wolf in Turkish.
Wolf Warrior in Valhalla:
In Old Norse texts, Odin is depicted as one-eyed and long-bearded, frequently wielding a spear named Gungnir, and wearing a cloak and a broad hat. He is often accompanied by his animal companions the wolves Geri and Freki and the ravens Huginn and Muninn, who bring him information from all over Midgard and Odin rides the flying, eight-legged steed Sleipnir across the sky and into the underworld.
Wolves Geri and Freki. Ravens Huginn and Muninn. In Shamanism Wolves are the protectors, Ravens are the messengers, Buri means in Turkish (Börü) Wolf, Adgaard means As city (As Turks), Odin: OD is in Turkish "Fire"; Odin is in Turkish (Odun) "Wood".
And Odin was a Shaman from Tyrkland in Snorri's Edda. Asgaard, Göl (lake in Turkish), Orun, Qöpül, Qömül, Eykin...topographic. Anar, Torkel, Atyl, Qamli (Kamli-like in the word "Kam" + Kamlı means "with Kam"), Yekul, Eqil, Erp, Eyrik, Qangleri (Kangleri - Kang Turks), Buri (Börü), Qunn (Kun Turks), Qunlauq, Eynar, Elli, Aslauq, Asdis....
Odin as a king from Tyrkland to Scandinavia.
"According to ancient authors, nomadic hordes (Large relatives communities (aşiret)/little (kabile) - tribals) Massagetae and Scythians moved across the steppes in carts. Each family had a pair of oxen and a cart ("eight-legged Scythians"), which served as her permanent home. The wagon people were born, lived, worked and died there. The men traveled on horseback, and the women ran the wagon, which were their children and all the family's property was." ...
THESE COMMON information, which was consistent down to the smallest detail, forced Lukman to conclude that the Huns not only traveled north but actually established itself as a ruling elite in Scandinavia even before Attila's time, and they stayed in the area until Attila's son and successor Helleacs (ie Helge) defeat against the Ostrogoths in 455, writes Lotte Hedeager....
Kurum supposes Germanic runes and Gokturk have both stemmed from a common ancestor in a very remote past. ...
Greek myth preserves a memory of the German Heraclides that had moved to the region north of the Crimea after the impact of Typhon. We have seen the social intermeingling at the verge of forest and steppe throught the eyes of Heredotus who described the Germanic peoples, which he called the Budini, along with the Turkich Scythes, and the Sarmatians who comprised Scythian males and Finnish females called Amazons who spoke the language of Scythia, but not well according to Heredotus....
In Norse tradition the Sky-Turks (Gokturks-SB), Scythians, and/or Sarmatians are remembered as the white elves of Alfheim who were skilled metalworkers. The king of the white elves of Alfheim was Freyr. These elves practiced the metalworking skills of relatives called the black dwarves of gnomes of Swartalfheim. These would appear to be the Turkic tribes who lived in Eastern Anatolia in the valleys of the headwaters of the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. It was the same dwarfish forges that produced bronze thousands of years before that would now produce iron. And the Proto-Indo-European root that had produced *Eis meaning "ire" and "irate", would now come to stand for the sacred metal of the Age of Iraon following the cosmic impact of Typhon. When Odin returned from the East he would bring with him smelting and forging methods that involved the use of hardwood charcoal. Od in Turkish means "fire", odun means "firewood". Odin the Ygg was the "good young firewood".
After his return to the West, Odin would also learn things that he had forgotten from his blue-eyed, blond-haired Jotnar cousins who stayed in the Scandinavian highlands. From a Volva, Odin learned how to brew beer again, and he doubtless learned some of the ancient meanings of the runes. The word Yggdrasil, the Nordic Tree of Life, is a cognate with the Turkish words Yigac asil, meaning "noble main tree". This, like Tengri, was likely a contribution from Germanic to Turkic unless it is a case of convergent evolution with the roots coming from a common earlier ancestor in Eurasian. As we have seen Ygg comes from Ing.Yig, like Ing and Ygg, means "young" coming from the Eurasian root *Yeug of *Jeug, which has also given us the Tibetan Nge Jung meaning "to be born again", and the Chinese character Yong meaning "everlastin", "perpetual" and "forever".
The tree of life in Norse legend refers to the first male mortal, Ask, who was fashioned from an ash tree. Two ash trees are actually involved in Norse tradition. The rowan or mountain ash, Sorbus aucuparia, gave us the Norse word runa meaning "charm", Swedish word ronn meaning "red" as in its red berries. Ash as in Asgard refers to the "center post" or "king post" provided by the true ash tree, Fraxinus excelsior. Neither of these ash trees occurs naturally in the East. In the West it would be the oleaginous true-ash-tree that would used to give the highest heat for the purpose of metalworking and would become the "noble main tree" of life for Odin leaving the rowan in the lurch, the icon of a failed religion.
We have proposed that the union of the twenty-two character Futhark symbols occured just before the Germanic sojourn to the East. The runes from Yr to Ing represent the ten runes of the older calender, Ing being Njorth. Njorth is associated with the beginning and the end of the calendar year. The runes from Feu to Jara represent the twelve-month zodiacal calendar, imported from Sumerian tradition. Jara is known as Freyr's rune. In Icelandic Freyr is called the year god and is associated with the beginning and the end of the calendar year. Freyr bore the title of Yngvi or Ingunar so he was Njorth for the new age. Herein we have the basis for the alphabetical symbol set of twenty-two characters. But the modern Futhark set contains twenty-four symbols rather than twenty-two. Turgay Kurum solves this riddle as well.
Turgay Kurum has read the oldest extant Futhark twenty-four character rune row from the ylver stone in stanga, Gotland. This is the order of the runes that we have shown above. He point sout the characters 22,23 and 24 if read from right to left - Ogal, Dag and Ing - give us Oding or Odin. Turgay Kurum suggests that the last two last characters, Ogal and Dag, were added at the beginning of the Iron Age with the return of Odin's people to the West. In other words, the modern Futhark set is Odin's signed and sealed symbol set that he and his people brought back to the West. Odin's Germanic Futhark also carried with it the rustic sibilance of the steppes peoples of Central Asia reflected in endings such as Uruz, Thurisaz, Tiwaz and Ingwaz that many modern renditions of Futhark still give them.
A Brief History of Scandinavia from the Ice Age to the Viking Age
*** THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZES PIGMENTS, AND OTHER PHYSICAL TRAITS FOR THE EUROPEAN GROUPS ***
VILLABRUNA MAN LIKELY HAD BLUE EYES AND DARK SKIN. THE SAMARANS (EHG) HAD LIGHT SKIN PIGMENT. LIGHT SKIN DEVELOPED AT LEAST 22,000 TO 28,000 YBP SPREADING WEST FROM THE EHG. BLUE EYES FROM AN ANCESTRAL H-1 AT LEAST 42,000 YBP IS PRE-WHG. WHG CAME FROM NEAR EAST AND WERE NEARLY ABSENT OF BOTH LIGHT PIGMENTS. SO MY OPINION IS WHG PICKED UP HIS BLUE EYE GENE FROM THE PURE EUROPEANS ALREADY PRESENT BECAUSE THE WHG BEFORE HE MIGRATED TO WEST EUROPE WAS NEAR EASTERN HAVING BROWN EYES EXCEPT FOR THE ANATOLIAN WHO WAS THE ONLY FARMER THERE WHO HAD BLUE EYES.
THUS BLUE EYE CAME FROM THE FIRST EUROPEANS OF NEANDERTHAL, OR CAME WITH THE FIRST PEOPLES WHO MIGRATED TO EUROPE AT LEAST 42,000 YEARS AGO...
Genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia reveal migration routes and high-latitude adaptation
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/suppl/2017/07/30/164400.DC2/164400-1.pdf
SCANDINAVIA IS A YOUNG 12000BC, AND SWEDEN IS YOUNGER YET AT END OF 1ST MILLENIUM. SCANDINAVIA BEING CUTOFF UNTIL LATE NEOLITHIC TO MESOLITHIC TIMES. MALE R1 LINEAGE ARE NATIVE EUROPEANS DURING PALEOLITHIC IN ALL EUROPE TO SIBERIA AS FAR NORTH AS ICE AGE ALLOWED. DURING PALEOLITHIC THE I HG IS IN BALKANS UNTIL MESOLITHIC WHEN THE I HG BEGINS TO EXPAND. THE I HG GET INTO SCANDINAVIA SOMETIME AROUND 12000BC TO 10000BC CUTTING THRU R1 TERRITORIES. AT ABOUT SAME TIME OTHER PEOPLES MOVE AROUND COMING INTO SCANDINAVIA SUCH AS THE SAAMI PEOPLE(R1b/U5_) WERE AMONG FIRST PEOPLE FROM THE IBERIAN REFUGIA. R1b AND R1a COMING INTO SCANDINAVIA FROM THEIR NATIVE LANDS THROUGHOUT EURO/EURASIA ALSO AMONG THE FIRST PEOPLE. N1 COMING RECENTLY FROM EAST ASIA ABOUT 1000BC TO 6000BC. THE MOST RECENT 20TH CENTURY MIGRATIONS HAS COMBINED AN EXTREMELY FOREIGN MIX FROM ALL OVER THE GLOBE. FEMALE HG's FROM THE PALEOLITHIC ARE THE U HG"s SUCH AS THE SAAMI U5. THE H HG's ARE FROM MID EAST MIGRATE INTO EUROPE IN NEOLITHIC AND MESOLITHIC. THE OTHER HG'S REPRESENT MORE RECENT MIGRATIONS INVADING INDIGENOUS NATIVE EUROPEAN LANDS R1 MALE/U FEMALE TERRITORY...
Population Structure in Contemporary Sweden—A Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis
A population sample representing the current Swedish population was analysed for maternally and paternally inherited markers with the aim of characterizing genetic variation and population structure....formation of the Swedish nation during the past millennium...
recent immigration waves of the 20th century are visible in haplogroup frequencies, and have led to increased diversity and divergence of the major cities...
Sweden is a good example of a modern European nation, where historical and recent immigration has led to a population representing a myriad of ethnic backgrounds.
According to archaeological data, Sweden was inhabited soon after the Ice Age about 12000 BC, primarily via a land bridge from Central Europe but also from northern Norway.
Both cultural diffusion and migration probably contributed to the arrival of Neolithic cultures from Central Europe. The Bronze Age (1800–550 BC) brought a common pre-proto-Germanic language and strengthened contacts between Scandinavia and Northern Germany that prevailed well into the Iron and Middle Ages. The Viking Age, beginning in the late 8th century AD, brought Scandinavian influence to Europe. The formation of the Swedish nation began at the end of the first millennium, when the country was christianised and the first true kings emerged in Scandinavia.... Ever since the Mesolithic period, the culture in Norrland, the northernmost part of Sweden, has been different from the rest of the country, with strong contacts with Northern Finland and a possible ethnic association to the indigenous Saami people....
Mitochondrial DNA Data: Five haplogroup frequencies (Table 2) had a statistically significant correlation with latitude: U5b, I, U*(xU2–7,K), and U5a were more abundant in the north, and X had a higher frequency in the south.... None of the haplogroups had a statistically significant correlation with the proportion of immigrants, although H6 and L*(xM,N) were nominally significant....
Y-chromosomal Data: Four haplogroups had a positive correlation with the proportion of immigrants: I1b, R1b, F*, and K*, whereas for I1a the correlation was strongly negative. The empirical probability of obtaining these five r’s by chance was <0.0001. Furthermore, R1a1 had high frequencies in some western counties, and N3 was common in the eastern parts of northern and central Sweden. The confidence intervals for the above mentioned haplogroup frequencies are shown in Supporting Figure 3. None of the haplogroups showed a statistically significant north-south cline, although for I1c and R1b the correlation was nominally significant....
The mtDNA haplogroup with the strongest geographical cline, U5b, is known to have high frequencies among the northern Saami population, consistent with our results. The high frequency of the Y-chromosomal R1b in the south, observed also by Karlsson et al. 2006; is consistent with its abundance in Central Europe and Denmark. Haplogroup R1a1 is more common in Norway than in Sweden, and its high frequency in V¨armland/Dalarna and Halland supports the historically plausible connection to Norway.
Y-chromosomal haplogroup N3 and mtDNA haplogroup H1f; Lappalainen are common in Finland, and had increased frequencies in several Swedish counties with historical ties to Finland: Eastern Svealand was the most important destination of the Finnish immigration wave in the 1970’s; in Norrland the Finnish influences date back to ancient times and in Dalarna to the 17th century....
the frequencies of several haplogroups showed effects of 20th century immigration from more distant countries. The Y-chromosomal I1a had decreased frequencies in Malm¨o and Gothenburg most probably due to replacement by haplogroups that are common among immigrants. African immigration contributes to the frequencies of mtDNA haplogroups L3*(xN,M) and L* (xL3), and Y-chromosomal haplogroup A; while Near Eastern influence can be seen in mtDNA haplogroup U7 and possibly J. Asian and American immigration can be observed in the slightly elevated frequencies of mtDNA haplogroups M, A, C, D and G and the Y chromosomal O, K* and P*. The frequency of the Y-chromosomal haplogroup I1b may associate to immigrants from Balkan and Eastern Europe....
Conclusions: The current Swedish population has no strong internal genetic borders – if such borders have ever existed, they have been erased by immigration and migrations within the country....much of the variation within Sweden appeared clinal by its nature. The influence of neighboring populations of the Saami, Norwegians, Finns and Danes could be observed in different parts of the country, and the biggest cities harbored clear traces of immigration from all over the world. Several of the subpopulations have been shaped by genetic drift, in southern and central Sweden as well as in the north.
A traditional sample set collected according to familial background may capture ancient events effectively but may fail to reflect the current population structure. Furthermore, the differentiation into ‘original’ and ‘immigrant’ populations is becoming less meaningful, practically difficult, and also politically controversial. Thus far, many of the population genetic studies have focused on the past rather than the present, and it will be interesting to follow the changing genetic patterns that contemporary migrations are bringing to the world’s populations.
THIS REGION REPOPULATES AFTER 12KYA AT VARIOUS TIMES MOSTLY BY Y-DNA HG's I1a, I1b, N3, R1a, AND R1b. AND BY mt-DNA HG's H, H1, U4, U5b, AND U5b1b1. R1/U LINEAGES WERE PALEOLITHIC THROUGHOUT ALL EUROPE AND EURASIA. I1 WAS ONLY IN THE BALKANS DURING PALEOLITHIC AND EXPANDED IN THE NEOLITHIC TO THE R1b IBERIAN ICE AGE REFUGIA TO THE WEST AND TO THE VOLGA AREA TO THE EAST, AND NORTH INTO CENTRAL EUROPE CUTTING THRU R1 TERRITORY AS NORTH AS SCANDINAVIA. FROM THE WEST AND EAST REFUGIAS I1 MIX AND MIGRATE WITH THE OTHER HG's IN THE WEST AND EAST REFUGIA'S AS THE ICE AGE MELTS. N3 MIGRATES IN FROM THE EAST AND MIXES IN THE AREA MORE RECENTLY ABOUT 8KYA. AMONG THE FEMALE HG's U FEMALES WERE PALEOLITHIC EUROPEANS AND EURASIANS 68KYA WITH TODAYS SAAMI SPECIFIC U5b1b1 FROM IBERIAN REFUGIA WHERE SHE BEGAN AS U5 THEN U5b. THE H FEMALES WERE FROM MID EAST WHO MIGRATED TO IBERIAN REFUGIA IN THE NEOLITHIC THEN MIGRATE WITH THE OTHER HG's AS ICE AGE MELTS FROM VARIOUS REGIONS....
Migration Waves to the Baltic Sea Region
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18294359/
Over 1200 samples from Finland, Sweden, Karelia, Estonia, Setoland, Latvia and Lithuania...populations surrounding the Baltic Sea are genetically similar,...Throughout their history, the populations of the Baltic Sea region have been affected by migrations from both Western and Central Europe and from the east. The region was first settled both from the south-east and from the south soon after the retreat of the continental ice sheet some 12000 years ago....These early Neolithic cultures were followed by the Corded Ware and Bronze Age cultures that affected Northern Germany, Scandinavia, the Baltic countries and coastal Finland...At present, the linguistic variation in the Baltic Sea region is substantial, with four major language groups: Finno-Ugric, and the Indo-European branches Baltic, Germanic, and Slavic....
We performed phylogeographic analysis for Y chromosomal haplogroups N3, I1a and R1a1, and mtDNA haplogroups H and U, since these haplogroups had a sufficient number of samples for the analysis of patterns of intrahaplogroup variation. In these mtDNA analyses all the Finnish samples sequenced belonging to the haplogroups H and U were used....
The populations in the Baltic states had a very high haplotype diversity up to 0.998, while the diversity was lower in the northeastern populations. In the admixture analysis of the Estonians, the parental populations of Latvians+Lithuanians and Eastern+Western Finns had respective admixture coefficient 0.81±0.20 and 0.19±0.20. For the other populations the definition of parental populations was too complex and the results too weak to yield good estimates of admixture coefficients.
Y-chromosomal Haplogroups
Haplogroup N3 was much more common on the eastern side of the Baltic Sea than in Sweden...The Estonians harbor both Baltic and Finnic haplotypes, and they had the highest haplotype diversity. The age of the haplogroup was 8,800 years.
Haplogroup I1a had a high frequency of up to 40% in Sweden and Western Finland and intermediate frequencies in the other Finno-Ugric populations, while it was almost absent among Latvians and Lithuanians. In the network the Finnish and Swedish haplotypes appear to be separate, which is supported by the SAMOVA analysis that separated the Swedes/Balts from the others with a moderate 6.9% of variation among these groups. The highest diversities were in Eastern Finland, the Baltic states, and Sweden. The age of the haplogroup was 7,700 years.
Haplogroup R1a1 had high frequencies up to 39% among all the populations with the exception of the Finns. In the very starlike network, the Karelians exhibited a limited diversity of haplotypes...The age of the haplogroup was as high as 10,700 years...
R1b was common in Sweden and in Western Finland, whereas I1b was more abundant in the Baltic states and Karelia....
Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups
Haplogroup H was very common among all the populations, but with considerable variation in the subhaplogroup frequencies. H1* was common among the Karelians, Swedes, and some Baltic populations with frequencies up to 18%, and rare especially in Finland and Estonia, while H1f was very specific to the Finns and Karelians. H3 was relatively rare, with frequencies of a few percent. The mean pairwise differences were again lower among the Karelians and Russians and, surprisingly, the highest among the Seto....The coalescence age of haplogroup H in our dataset was 36,700 years.
Of the U subhaplogroups, U4 was the most frequent among the Latvians, Seto, and Tver Karelians (7.1–8.8%). U5b and U5b1b1 were common in Karelia and especially among the Viena Karelians...The coalescence age was as high as 68,400 years.
Haplogroup Z was observed among the Finns, some Karelian populations, Russians and Swedes with a low frequency. Asian haplogroups A, C, G and D were rare in the Baltic Sea region with the exception of D5 that reached a high frequency of 11.5% in Viena Karelia....
The Y-chromosomal Haplogroups
It seems evident that the Finns and Karelians share a history regarding haplogroup N3. In the database comparisons, we also observed that N3 may mark a westward diffusion in the north from Finland to Sweden and in the south from the Baltic countries to Poland and Germany....the differences in the haplotype structure of Baltic speaking Latvians and Lithuanians and Finno-Ugric populations, also observed in our N3 data, imply that the migrations introducing N3 to the region followed a bifurcating pattern,...our data supports the idea of two migrations that introduced N3 to the Baltic Sea region. The haplotype variation in Estonia suggests an admixture of Baltic and Finno-Ugric haplotypes. Furthermore, a bifurcating migration pattern can contribute to the relatively high age of the haplogroup in the Baltic region, since the coalescence age represents the common root of the total variation in the region.
Haplogroup I1a is suggested to have its origins in the Iberian refugium, from where it spread northward and now has its highest frequencies in Northern Europe. The haplotype matches to Germany and Poland imply that I1a has arrived to the Nordic countries from the Southern Baltic Sea region, which is historically plausible. The coalescense age of the haplogroup is about 5000 years lower than the age of the earliest archaeological findings from the Northern Baltic Sea region, which suggests a Neolithic arrival. There are two possible migration routes from Central Europe to the Northern Baltic Sea region: an exclusive western route via Sweden, an eastern route via the Baltic states, or via both to Eastern Finland and Karelia....I1a has been involved in bifurcating migrations both via Sweden and the Baltic states, and that the presence of the haplogroup in Finland and Karelia is not merely due to Swedish influence. The low frequency of I1a among the Baltic populations may be due to later effects of genetic drift or replacement.
Haplogroup R1a1 is known to be most prevalent in Eastern Europe, and has possibly expanded alongside the Kurgan culture and/or the Indo-European language. The Baltic and Swedish haplotypes had affinities mainly with Germany and Poland in database comparisons, which suggests gene flow from that region to the Western and Eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea. It is plausible that both R1a1 and I1a were carried to the Baltic Sea region via the same Neolithic migrations from Germany/Poland.... It is an important observation that in the Baltic Sea region R1a1 is mainly associated to Central European rather than eastern or Russian influence. However, haplotype frequency comparisons give some indication of Russian gene flow as a partial source of R1a1 in Karelia, which would be plausible given the long period of admixture with Slavs....
Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups
The specificity of H1f for the Finnish population has been associated with drift within Finland... The high frequency of haplogroup H2 among the Swedes may be due to sampling bias or local genetic drift, since most of the Swedish H2 samples belong to a single haplotype. Haplogroups H1, H3, U5b and V have been associated with the expansion from the Iberian refugia after the Ice Age. Interestingly, H1 and U5b have frequency peaks in Northern Europe in addition to the Iberian peninsula, and our Karelian sample even had a higher H1 frequency than that of the Basques.... three possible scenarios to explain this pattern....genetic drift...migration from Southern to Northern Europe, possibly via the Atlantic and Baltic coasts,...The third alternative scenario would be initially high H1 and U5b frequencies in the entirety of Europe that were partly replaced by other haplogroups in Central Europe due to subsequent migrations that did not affect the north and the southwest.... Haplogroups H3 and V, despite their similar origin in the Iberian refugia, do not follow the same frequency pattern as H1 and U5b, as their frequencies in the Baltic Sea region are barely any higher than in Central Europe. However, the low frequencies of these haplogroups across Europe make reliable comparisons difficult...
Haplogroup U is an ancient European haplogroup with an age as great as 55,000 years, and it had a very old coalescense of age also in our analysis. U5b1b1, the so-called “Saami motif ”, was very common among the Karelian populations especially in Viena, which, together with the high frequency of D5 and the presence of Z, is a clear sign of shared population history for the Saami and Karelians... The eastern elements in the mtDNA variation of the Baltic Sea region are intertwined with the Saami influence. Recent studies of the mtDNA variation among the Saami show a link to the Volga-Ural region....U4 in the Eastern Baltic Sea populations may represent eastern influence, since it is typical for the Volga-Ural region....
Conclusions
The populations of the Baltic Sea region have their strongest roots in Central Europe,... Additionally, the populations from the eastern side of the Baltic Sea region carry signs of migrations rooted in the east that may be associated to the Finno-Ugric language... An interesting phenomenon our data has confirmed is the common features between the Iberian peninsula and Northern Europe, observed especially in mtDNA variation,... several Y-chromosomal and mtDNA haplogroups in the Baltic Sea region are of paleolithic origin in Europe....
Floki and the Viking Discovery of Iceland
https://www.ancient-origins.net/opinion-guest-authors/floki-discovery-iceland-006657
Medieval Icelanders were fascinated by genealogy, not only because, as emigrants, they wanted to know where their families came from, but because such knowledge was essential when it came to establishing property rights.... the two earliest works of Icelandic history, Landnámabók and Íslendingabók, both of which were written in the Old Norse language. Íslendingabók (‘The Book of the Icelanders’), a short chronicle of Icelandic history from the discovery of Iceland to 1118, was written between 1122 and 1132 by Ari Thorgilsson, a priest from Snæfellsness....
The first Viking to visit Iceland was Gardar the Swede, who in c . 860 set out on a voyage from Denmark, where he had made his home, to the Hebrides, to claim some land his wife had inherited. While passing through the Pentland Firth, the straits that separate the Orkney Islands from the Scottish mainland, Gardar’s ship was caught in a storm and blown far out into the Atlantic. Gardar eventually sighted the mountainous coast of an unknown land.... Another accidental visitor to Iceland around this time was Naddod the Viking. He was sailing from Norway to the Faeroe Islands when he was blown off course and made landfall in Iceland’s Eastern Fjords....
two Norwegian foster-brothers, Ingolf and Hjorleif, made a reconnaissance trip to the Eastern Fjords in the late 860’s... In Ireland, Hjorleif plundered a hoard of treasure from a souterrain and captured ten Irish slaves to take with him to Iceland.... , Hjorleif wanted to sow crops. He had only brought one ox, so he made his slaves drag the plough. It wasn’t long before the slaves had had enough of this: they murdered Hjorleif and the other men in his party, and sailed off with his possessions and the women, to a group of islands off Iceland’s south-west coast. These became known after them as the Vestmannaeyjar (‘isles of the Irish’). ... Ingolf guessed that the Irish had fled to the Vestmannaeyjar and went after them. Surprising the Irish while they were eating a meal, Ingolf slew some of them. The others died leaping off a cliff in their panic to escape.... After spending a third winter in Iceland, Ingolf finally found his high-seat pillars. Ingolf named the place Reykjavik, the ‘bay of smoke’...
Most of the named settlers came from western Norway but there were also a few Swedes and Danes, as well as a significant number who came from the Norse colonies in the Hebrides. Many of this last group were second-generation emigrants.... Some of this group were the product of mixed Norse-Celtic marriages and two of the leading settlers, Dufthakr and Helgi the Lean, claimed descent from the Irish king Cerball mac Dúnlainge (r. 842–88). Many settlers, like Hjorleif, also took with them significant numbers of British and Irish slaves....
THE TITLE IS MISLEADING AS THIS ARTICLE PERTAINS TO SCANDINAVIA, AND THE EASTERN BALTIC.
THIS RESEARCH BEGINS AT THE MESOLITHIC WHEN THE ICE AGE ALLOWED MIGRATION INTO THE EARLIER UNINHABITABLE NORTH CENTRAL EUROPE. BY THEN THE I MALE HAPLOGROUP SUBCLADES HAD EXPANDED FROM THEIR REFUGIA OF BALKENS TO WEST EUROPE ABOUT 19KYA-14KYA AND EASTWARD INTO THE VOLGA, AND UP INTO SCANDINAVIA ABOUT 10KYA. THESE I PEOPLE HAD SPLIT A WEDGE INTO THE PALEOLITHIC R MALE TERRITORY WHICH RANGED FROM WEST EUROPE TO SIBERIA. THE I MALE FOLK WERE FROM THE MID EAST BEFORE ENTERING THE BALKENS IN THE PALEOLITHIC.
THIS ARTICLE PROCEEDS TO PICKUP IN THE MESOLITHIC WHEN THE WESTERN REFUGIAS COMPRISED OF THE R1b PALEOLITHIC PEOPLE PLUS THE I MESOLITHIC PEOPLE BEGAN EXPANDING NORTH AND EAST SOME GOING TO NORTH CENTRAL EUROPE MIXING IN WITH MORE I HG'S FROM THE BALKEN REFUGIA. THE EASTERN REFUGIA EXCLUSIVELY R1b YAMNAYA EXPAND WESTWARD MIXING IN. R1a BEING THE IRANIAN AND VOLGA PEOPLE MIX AS WELL. THE I HG WERE ALSO MIXED IN WITH THE VOLGA. FOLLOWED BY THE EAST ASIAN N HAPLOGROUP WHO WAS ORIGINALLY A SE ASIAN WHO MIGRATED NORTH INTO SIBERIA AND THEN LATER EXPANDS WESTWARD. WHAT IS CLEAR IS HOW THE FARMERS HAVE TAKEN OVER WORLDWIDE FORCING ITS AGENDAS ONTO THE WORLD IN THE NAME OF FOOD CLAIMING THE ENTIRE EARTH AS THEIRS. I AM NOT CONTESTING FEEDING THE WORLD BUT ITS THEIR TACTICS THEY USE AS TAKEOVER. THEY MAKE LAWS THEY CORRUPT AND USE TO ENSLAVE OTHERS WHILE MISINTERPRETTING TO THEIR OWN GAIN AND PROFITS, AND CALL THEIR THEFTS AND MURDERS LEGAL. THEN AFTER TIME PASSES THE LANDS THEY STOLE FROM THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES THEY THEN CLAIM THEY ARE THE NATIVES...
The Genetic History of Northern Europe
http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/113241
genome-wide DNA data from 24 ancient North Europeans ranging from ~7,500 to 200 calBCE...the first Scandinavian Neolithic farmers derive their ancestry from Anatolia 1000 years earlier than previously demonstrated. The range of Western European Mesolithic hunter-gatherers extended to the east of the Baltic Sea, where these populations persisted without gene-flow from Central European farmers until around 2,900 calBCE when the arrival of steppe pastoralists introduced a major shift in economy and established wide-reaching networks of contact within the Corded Ware Complex.
Recent genetic studies of ancient human genomes have revealed a complex population history of modern Europeans involving at least three major prehistoric migrations that were influenced by climatic conditions and availability of resources as well as the spread of technological and cultural innovations and possibly diseases....
The archeological record of the eastern Baltic and Scandinavia shows that settlement by mobile foragers started only after retreat of the glacial ice sheets around 11,000 years before present. To the west and south, hunter-gatherers (Western Hunter- Gatherers or WHG) sharing a common genetic signature already occupied wide ranges of Europe from Iberia to Hungary for several millennia. They were shown to be descended from foragers appearing in Europe after around 14,000 years ago in a population turnover coinciding with the warming period of the Bølling-Allerød interstadial, possibly emerging from a southern refugium they inhabited since the Glacial Maximum and replacing preceding foraging populations. From further to the east in the territory of today’s Russia, remains of Mesolithic foragers (Eastern Hunter-gatherers or EHG) have been studied. They derived the majority of their ancestry, referred to as Ancient North Eurasian ancestry (ANE), from a population related to the Upper Paleolithic Mal’ta boy found in Siberia (MA1). Late Mesolithic foragers excavated in central Sweden, called Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers (SHG), were modeled as admixed between WHG and EHG....
The following Early Neolithic period, starting around 6,000 calibrated radiocarbon years before Common Era (calBCE), saw the transition from foraging to a sedentary agricultural lifestyle with the expansion of farmers out of Anatolia following the Danube and Mediterranean coast into Central and Southern Europe where they existed in parallel and admixed with local foragers for the following two millennia. This development reached South Scandinavia at around 4,000 calBCE with the farmers of the Funnel Beaker Culture (TRB; from German Trichterbecher) who gradually introduced cultivation of cereals and cattle rearing. At the transition to the northern Middle Neolithic, around 3,300 calBCE, an intensification of agriculture is seen in Denmark and western Central Sweden accompanied by the erection of megaliths and changes in pottery and lithic technology, while settlements in eastern Central Sweden increasingly concentrated along the coast and economy shifted toward marine resources such as fish and seal....
The Late Neolithic is seen as a major transformative period in European prehistory, accompanied by changes in burial customs, technology and mode of subsistence as well as the creation of new cross-continental networks of contact seen in the emergence of the pan-European Corded Ware Complex (CWC, ca. 2,900 to 2,300calBCE) in Central and northeastern Europe. Studies of ancient genomes have shown that CWC were genetically closely related to the pastoralist Yamnaya Culture from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, bringing with them a genetic component that was not present in Europe previously. Genomes from the CWC of Central Germany suggest that this new genetic component replaced around 75% of the local Middle Neolithic genetic substrate. Presumably this ‘steppe’ genetic component spread in the subsequent millennia of the Final Neolithic and Bronze Age throughout Europe and can be seen in today’s European populations in a decreasing northeast to southwest gradient. Intriguingly, modern eastern Baltics carry the most WHG ancestry of all Europeans, supporting the theory of a remnant Mesolithic hunter-gatherer population in this region that left a lasting genetic impact on subsequent populations....
we present novel genome-wide data from 24 ancient individuals spanning 7,000 years of prehistory from the Baltics, Russia and Sweden. We show that the settlement of Scandinavia by hunter-gatherers likely took place via two different routes, and that the first introduction of farming was brought about by migration of Central European farmers around 4,000 calBCE. In the eastern Baltics, foraging remained the dominant economy, corresponding with a genetic continuity of the population up until around 3,000 calBCE, when we see the first major shift towards agro-pastoralism brought on by migrations from the Pontic steppe as opposed to Central Europe....
The two samples from Karelia cluster with previously published Mesolithic EHG, exhibit similar composition of their genetic makeup and share most genetic drift since divergence from Africa with EHG... EHG carry a genetic component that is maximized in hunter-gatherers from the Caucasus (CHG) and shared with Neolithic farmers from Iran and Steppe populations from the Bronze Age, suggesting some common ancestry for these populations, consistent with previous results. Despite its geographically vicinity to EHG, the eastern Baltic individual associated with the Mesolithic Kunda culture shows a very close affinity to WHG in all our analyses, with a small but significant contribution from EHG or SHG.... SHG appear intermediate between WHG/Kunda and EHG... Neither the Kunda individual nor SHG exhibit the major ADMIXTURE component shared between EHG and CHG... previously published result of SHG being formed by admixture of WHG and EHG (58±2% WHG with 42±2% EHG)...
R1b in UzOO77was previously found in the Palaeolithic Siberian AG35 and a haplogroup related to branches within the C1 clade, which appears today in highest frequencies in northeast Asia and the Americas,...
In contrast to EHG and SHG, Kunda can be modelled as directly derived from WHG. The almost complete absence of the additional ancestry shared by SHG and EHG to the south of the Baltic Sea suggests that it was brought into Scandinavia via a northern route through Finland and admixed in Scandinavia with a WHG-like population that derived from a migration northward over the land-bridge that connected Denmark and southern Sweden at the time, a scenario that is in concordance with the archeological record....
Narva individuals derive directly from Kunda without additional admixture cannot be rejected, however it can also be accounted for by admixture of Kunda with either EHG, SHG or WHG....
Similar to the other Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, all our Baltic foragers carry the derived HERC2 allele which codes for light iris color, and like SHG and EHG they already possess an increased frequency of the derived alleles for SLC45A2 and SLC24A5, coding for lighter skin color. The two male Narva individuals carry Y-chromosomal haplogroups of the I2a1 clade and Y-haplogroup I has been most commonly found among WHG and SHG...
In contrast to the Eastern Baltic, we see clear evidence of a movement of agriculturalists into Southern Sweden already around 4,000 calBCE. The individuals associated with the Early Neolithic TRB culture (EN TRB) cluster with Middle and Early Neolithic farmers from Europe on the PCA and in the ADMIXTURE analysis exhibit the component maximized in Levantine early farmers....
Previous studies have shown a resurgence of WHG ancestry during the European Middle Neolithic coinciding with the expansion of farming to regions previously inhabited by hunter-gatherers. We demonstrate here that early Swedish farmers, similarly, derive from a mix between Early Farmers and WHG, without additional gene-flow from foraging groups represented by SHG from Central Sweden. However, as no forager samples from South Sweden, Denmark or Northern Germany have been studied as of yet we cannot say if the genetic substrate was more WHG-like in these regions and if local admixture might have played a greater role in the TRB culture. Nevertheless, our results suggest that the first introduction of agriculture into South Sweden was mainly facilitated by demic diffusion from Central Europe.
The previously published succeeding farmers of the Middle Neolithic (MN) TRB culture in West Sweden appear as directly descended from the EN TRB,... The PWC individuals, who were contemporaneous to the MN TRB but relied mainly on marine resources, appear intermediate between SHG and Middle Neolithic farming cultures on the PCA...a two-way admixture between SHG and EN TRB (91±3% SHG and 9±4% EN TRB)...
All Baltic Late Neolithic (LN) individuals (ca. 3,200 to 1,750 calBCE) fall in PCA space in the diffuse European LNBA cluster formed by individuals admixed between Early and Middle Bronze Age (EMBA) pastoralists from the Yamnaya culture of the eastern Pontic Steppe and Middle Neolithic European farmers and carry the genetic component that was introduced into Europe with this pastoralist migration. This impact is also reflected in the uniparental markers where we see novel mitochondrial haplogroups (I, J, T2, W), not found in the preceding foragers, in half of our samples, and I2a Y-chomosomal haplogroups replaced by R1a types.
the Baltic LN samples, when analysed as a population, are consistent with being derived from the same source as Central European CWC samples and no significant positive hits appear for the statistic D(Baltic_LN, CordedWare_Central; X, Mbuti). Analysed individually, however, this model is rejected for three LN samples: Gyvakarai1 and Plinkaigalis242, which is dated to the very beginning of the LN, are instead consistent
with being derived from the same source as EMBA Steppe pastoralists, which corresponds with their ADMIXTURE profiles that lack the early farmer component also missing in EMBA Steppe samples. Coinciding with this steppe like genetic influx is the first evidence of animal husbandry in the eastern Baltic, suggesting import of this technology by an incoming steppe-like pastoralist population independent of the agricultural societies that were already established to the south and west....
Despite the close clustering of modern eastern Baltic populations with Baltic BA on the PCA plot and Lithuanians and Estonians exhibiting the highest allele sharing for ancient Baltic populations with any modern population, Baltic BA as a single source for either modern Lithuanians or Estonians is rejected. The statistic D(Lithuanian, Baltic_BA; X, Mbuti) reveals significant positive results for many modern Near Eastern and Southern European populations which can be caused by Lithuanians having received more genetic input from populations with higher farmer ancestry after the Bronze Age...
In contrast, the statistic D(Estonian, BA_Baltic; X, Mbuti) gives the most significant positive hits for East Asian and Siberian populations as previously suggested. This might be connected to the introduction of the Y-chromosomal haplogroup N that in Europe is found in highest frequencies in Finland and the eastern Baltic states, and in similar high frequencies in the Uralic speaking populations of the Volga-Ural region. The spread of N into north-eastern Europe was proposed to have happened with speakers of Uralic languages from the east who contributed to the male gene pool of eastern Baltic populations and left linguistic descendants in the Finno-Ugric languages Finnish and Estonian. As we do not see Y-haplogroup N in any of the male samples from Lithuania and Latvia dated as late as 230 calBCE we propose that this element was brought into the gene pool of the more southern region of the Baltic coast after the Late Bronze Age.
Conclusion: With our analyses we support the pattern seen in the archeological record of continuity between the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic hunter-gatherer populations in the territory of modern Lithuania who appear genetically similar to Western hunter gatherers. In contrast, contemporaneous hunter-gatherers from the more northern Latvia and Estonia were closer to Eastern hunter-gatherers... The situation appears differently in Scandinavia where a transition from foraging to agriculture in the Early Neolithic is carried by a demic diffusion from the south. Both the eastern Baltic and Scandinavia saw persistence of foraging throughout the Middle and Late Neolithic in populations that genetically largely descended from hunter gatherer ancestors...We see a population movement into the regions surrounding the Baltic Sea with the Corded Ware Complex in the Late Neolithic that introduced animal husbandry to the eastern Baltic regions but did not completely replace local foraging societies. The presence of ancestry from the Pontic Steppe among Baltic CWC individuals without the Anatolian farming component must be due to a direct migration of steppe pastoralists that did not pick up this ancestry in Central Europe....
DNA was extracted from a total of 80 ancient samples (teeth and bones) from the eastern Baltic region, ranging from the Mesolithic Kunda culture to the Late Bronze Age. From the Scandinavia (Sweden) we sampled 21 human remains from Mesolithic and early Funnel beaker (TRB) contexts...
Figure 2. PCA and ADMIXTURE analysis reflecting three time periods in Northern European prehistory.
[FIG2 SHOWS HOW NORTH CENTRAL EUROPE BECAME POPULATED BY MESOLITHIC PEOPLE FROM WEST, CENTRAL, AND EAST EUROPEAN HUNTER GATHERERS. ALSO PEOPLE FROM ANATOLIA/CAUCASUS/IRAN, AND THE LEVANT MIX IN. EARLY/MID NEOLITHIC MORE ADMIXTURE OCCURS FROM THE NEAR EAST FARMERS. LATE NEOLITHIC TO THE BRONZE AGE A STEPPE YAMNAYA PEOPLE MIX IN. POST BRONZE AGE AN N-YDNA MALE MIXES IN. THUS NORTH CENTRAL EUROPE IS COMPOSED OF HUNTER GATHERERS, CAUCASIAN IRANIAN FARMERS, STEPPE PEOPLES FROM URAL-VOLGA-YAMNAYA, AND A FAR EAST ASIAN.]
Extended Data Figure 5. Shift of mtDNA haplogroup frequencies at the onset of the Late Neolithic in the eastern Baltic region.
[FIG5 SHOWS THE REPLACEMENT OF PALEOLITHIC FEMALES BY MESOLITHIC AND NEOLITHIC NEAR EAST FEMALE HAPLOGROUPS.]
Eastern Baltic hunter-gatherers fall within the ‘Villabruna’ cluster (including WHG) of European hunter-gatherers dating after ca. 14,000 BP. PWC and SHG cluster together and share more genetic drift with ‘Villabruna’ hunter-gatherers that with EHG....
Extended Data Table 1. Information on ancient samples for which we report nuclear data in this study.
[EXTENDED DATA TABLE 1 SHOWS AN OBVIOUS ERROR: Uz0077 MUST NOT BE A MALE NOT FEMALE SINCE R1b IS MALE HAPLOGROUP. INTERESTING THAT R1b IS CALLED AN EAST HUNTER GATHERER IN THIS ARTICLE. R1b RANGED FROM ATLANTIS AND WEST COAST EUROPE TO SIBERIA.]