Ireland
More articles on Irland in Celtic, Religions, Genetics, and other sections under Home Tab at left.
‘The Invaders of Ireland’
https://stairnaheireann.net/2020/09/22/the-invaders-of-ireland-3/
Should any enquire about Eirinn,
It is I who can tell him the truth,
Concerning the deeds of each daring
Invader, since Time was a youth.
First Cassir, Bith’s venturesome daughter,
Came here o’er the Eastern Sea;
And fifty fair damsels she brought her—
To solace her warriors three.
Bith died at the foot of his mountain,
And Ladra on top of his height;
And Cassir by Boyle’s limpid fountain,
Ere rushed down the Flood in its might.
For a year, while the waters encumber
The Earth, at Tul-Tunna of strength,
I slept, none enjoyed such sweet slumber
As that which I woke from at length.
When Partholan came to the island,
From Greece, in the Eastern land,
I welcomed him gaily to my land,
And feasted the whole of his band.
Again, when Death seized on the strangers,
I roamed the land, merry and free,
Both careless and fearless of dangers,
Till blithe Nemid came o’er the sea.
The Firbolgs and roving Fir-Gallians,
Came next like the waves in their flow;
The Fir-Dennans arrived in battalions,
And landed in Erris—Mayo.
Then came the wise Tuatha de Danann,
Concealed in black clouds from their foe;
I feasted with them near the Shannon,
Though that was a long time ago.
After them came the Children of Milé,
From Spain, o’er the Southern waves:
I lived with the tribes as their Filea
And chanted the deeds of their braves.
Time ne’er my existence could wither,
From Death’s grasp I always was freed:
Till Patrick, the Christian, came hither
To spread the Redeemer’s pure creed.
My name it is Fintan, the Fair-man,
Of Bochra, the son, you must know it;
I lived through the Flood in my lair, man,
I am now an illustrious poet.
ACCORDING TO MYTH CASSIR IS THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF IRLAND COMING FROM O'ER THE EAST SEA. WHERE AND WHAT IS THE EAST SEA? IF EAST SEA REFERS TO THE IRISH SEA, OR CELTIC SEA THEN CASSIR CAME FROM WALES, OR ALBION.
A SOURCE I READ SAY CASSIR CAME FROM THE BLACK SEA, WHILE ANOTHER SOURCE SAY SHE WAS FROM EGYPT. ANOTHER SOURCE SAYS FOMORIANS ARE FROM ATLANTIS. BANBA AND FINTAN MAY HAVE BEEN THE FIRST PARENTS OF THE FOMORIANS IN IRLAND. THERE WERE 3 SHIPS THAT BEGAN WITH ONLY ONE SHIP THAT SURVIVED AND THAT SHIP CONTAINED 50 WOMEN AND 3 MEN. SO IT IS POSSIBLE SOME OF THE PEOPLE MAY HAVE BEEN NORTH AFRICAN BERBER MAZIGH WOMEN, AND THE 3 MEN MAY HAVE BEEN TURANIAN FROM NORTH BLACK SEA, OR THEY WERE IN PART ATLANTEANS, OR ANY COMBINATION OF MUTUAL PEOPLES. THE ONLY SURVIVORS AFTER THE FLOOD WERE BANBA AND FINTAN. FOMORIANS MAY HAVE DESCENDED FROM THIS PAIR. BANBA's MAIDEN NAME WAS ERNI, OR BERBA. DOES BERBA MEAN BERBER?
FROM GENETIC RESEARCH IT IS POSSIBLE THAT R1b-L21 IS THE FOUNDER OF IRLAND BRIT OF AROUND THE 2500BC TIME FRAME WHICH CORRESPONDS TO THE TIME OF THIS CASSIR STORY. I ALSO THINK CASSIR MAY BE OF THE CASSI TRIBE WHICH I THINK MAY BE ALSO R1b-L21. THUS, FINTAN MAY HAVE BEEN AN R1B-L21 SEA PEOPLE FROM ATLANTIS, AND BANBA COULD HAVE BEEN NORTH AFRICAN BERBER MAZIGH U6 mt, OR U5 mt SAAMI. BECAUSE THE R1b-L21 WERE SEA TRADERS WITH ROUTES FROM ATLANTIS TO IRLAND/BRIT, IBERIA AND ALL THE WAY INTO MEDITERANEAN PORTS AS FAR EAST AS CANAAN AND UP TO THE BLACK SEA AND POSSIBLY BEYOND. I HAVE PROBLEM WITH THE DATE OF 2500BC BECUZ R1b HAS BEEN IN PALEOLITHIC WEST EUROPE AND AS FAR NORTH IN IRLAND/BRIT AT LEAST 16000YA. WITH R1 LINEAGE IN WEST EUROPE 30KYA TO 40KYA. THE OLDEST SHIP YARD FOUND IN DOGGERLAND DATES TO 6000BC. THUS, R1b-L21 MUST DESCEND FROM THE R1b FATHERS WHO WOULD BE EARLIER INHABITANTS LONG BEFORE THE CASSIR STORY. THIS DOES NOT EVEN INCLUDE EARLIER NEANDERTHALS. WHICH MEANS EITHER CASSIR WERE NOT THE FIRST IN IRLAND/BRIT, OR THE DATES ARE WRONG, OR CASSIR ARE DESCENDANTS OF THE FIRST R1b PEOPLES ....
Cessair (Cassir)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessair
Pronounced KAH-seer According to the Lebor Gabála, Cessair was the leader of the first inhabitants of Ireland, arriving before the biblical flood. The tale may have been an attempt to Christianize an earlier pagan myth, but may also have been the product of post-conversion pseudohistory. According to the Lebor Gabála, Cessair was the daughter of Noah's non-Biblical son Bith and his wife Birren. Cessair's father's name, Bith, is derived from the Proto-Celtic Bitu- ...
In some versions of the tale, Noah tells them to go to the western edge of the world to escape the coming flood. In other versions, after being denied a place on Noah's Ark, Cessair tells her people to create an idol to advise them. This idol tells them to escape the flood by sailing to Ireland. They set out in three ships and reach Ireland after a long journey. However, when they attempt to land, two of the ships are lost. The only survivors are Cessair, forty-nine other women, and three men: Fintan mac Bóchra, Bith, and Ladra.
According to the Annals of the Four Masters, they landed in Ireland at Dún na mBarc (on Bantry Bay) forty days before the flood in Age of the World 2242. According to Seathrún Céitinn's chronology, they arrived in 2361 BC.
The tale continues with the women being shared evenly among the men. Each man had one woman as his primary wife: Fintán with Cessair, Bith with Bairrfhind, Ladra with Alba. Bith and Ladra soon die, and Fintán is left with all of the women. However, he is unable to cope and flees. Fintán is the only survivor when the Flood eventually comes. He becomes a salmon, then an eagle, and then finally a hawk. He lives for another 5500 years after the flood, becomes a man again, and recounts Ireland's history.
According to legend, Cessair died at Cúil Ceasra(ch) in Connacht and a cairn, Carn Ceasra(ch), was raised over her body. It has been speculated that this cairn is near Boyle in County Roscommon, or that it is Cnoc Meadha in County Galway....
An earlier version of the tale, allegedly found in the Cín Dromma Snechtai, says that the first woman in Ireland was Banba. She arrived with her two sisters, Fódla and Ériu, three men, and fifty women. Banba, Fódla, and Ériu were a trio of Irish land goddesses. Their husbands were Mac Cuill (son of hazel), Mac Cecht (son of the plow), and Mac Gréine (son of the Sun), respectively. It is likely that Cessair, Bairrfhind, and Alba are Christianized replacements for the three goddesses and that Fintán, Bith, and Ladra are replacements for the three gods. Fintán/Mac Cuill may also be linked to the Salmon of Knowledge, which gains all the world's knowledge after eating nine hazelnuts that fell into a well. The women who accompany Cessair appear by their names to represent the world's ancestral mothers. They included German (Germans), Espa (Spanish), Alba (British), Triage (Thracians), Gothiam (Goths), and so forth. Thus "their arrival can be read as creating a microcosm of the whole world's population in Ireland". Several other companions echo the names of ancient Irish goddesses.
Seathrún Céitinn also refers to a legend in which three fishermen from Iberia—Capa, Lavigne, and Luasad—were driven to Ireland by a storm a year before the flood. They liked Ireland and returned home to collect their wives. They returned shortly before the flood and were drowned.
Cesair
https://bardmythologies.com/cesair/
When she was ten years old her foster father, a priest in Egypt, told her to gather together a group and set out in order to escape the flood. She built a fleet of three ships... She set sail for Inis Fáil (Land of destiny, or Ireland), reasoning that as Ireland had as yet been unpopulated by man... The rest of the women died in the flood, apart from Banba. Fintan, in the form of a salmon, also survived. It is thought that the Formorians were descended from this pair.
ANOTHER CLUE TO THE CASSIR BEING THE FOUNDERS, AND PROBABLY WERE R1b-L21 SEA PEOPLE FROM ATLANTIS, AND BEING THE PRE PHOENICIANS OR THE ORIGINAL PHOENIXIAN BEFORE THE SEMITE TAKEOVER, OR THEY JUST TRADED WITH THE PHOENICIANS. AND FURTHER PROBABILITY THE CASSIR ARE THE CASSI TRIBE.
TO THIS DAY THE EXACT IDENTIFICATION OF THE ORIGINAL CASSITERIDES IS UNKNOWN OTHER THAN THE ISLANDS NORTHWEST OF IBERIA. AND THESE CASSI PEOPLE TRADED THE TIN WITH THE PHOENICIANS IN NORTH AFRICA AND CANAAN AND BLACK SEA AND ELSEWHERE....
CASSITERIDES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassiterides
The Cassiterides (“Tin Islands”, from Greek κασσίτερος, kassíteros “tin”), are an ancient geographical name of islands that were regarded as situated somewhere near the west coasts of Europe. Herodotus (430 BC) had only vaguely heard of the Cassiterides, "from which we are said to have our tin," but did not discount the islands as legendary. Later writers — Posidonius, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo and others – call them smallish islands off ("some way off," Strabo says) the northwest coast of the Iberian Peninsula, which contained tin mines or, according to Strabo, tin and lead mines. A passage in Diodorus derives the name rather from their nearness to the tin districts of Northwest Iberia. Ptolemy and Dionysios Periegetes mentioned them – the former as ten small islands in northwest Iberia far off the coast and arranged symbolically as a ring, and the latter in connection with the mythical Hesperides. The islands are described by Pomponius Mela as rich in lead; they are mentioned last in the same paragraph he wrote about Cadiz and the islands of Lusitania, and placed in Celtici. Following paragraphs describe the Île de Sein and Britain.
Probably written in the first century BC, the verse Circumnavigation of the World, whose anonymous author is called the "Pseudo-Scymnus," places two tin islands in the upper part of the Adriatic Sea and mentioned the market place Osor on the island of Cres, where extraordinarily high quality tin could be bought. Pliny the Elder, on the other hand, represents the Cassiterides as fronting Celtiberia.
At a time when geographical knowledge of the West was still scanty, and when the secrets of the tin trade were still successfully guarded by the seamen of Gades (modern Cadiz) and others who dealt in the metal, the Greeks knew only that tin came to them by sea from the far West, and the idea of tin-producing islands easily arose. Later, when the West was better explored, it was found that tin actually came from two regions: Galicia, in the northwest of the Iberia, and Devon and Cornwall in southwest Britain. Diodorus reports: "For there are many mines of tin in the country above Lusitania and on the islets which lie off Iberia out in the ocean and are called because of that fact the Cassiterides." According to Diodorus tin also came from Britannia to Gaul and thence was brought overland to Massilia and Narbo. Neither of these could be called small islands or accurately described as off the northwest coast of Iberia, and so the Greek and Roman geographers did not identify either as the Cassiterides. Instead, they became a third, ill-understood source of tin, conceived of as distinct from Iberia or Britain.
Modern writers have made many attempts to identify them. Small islands off the northwest coast of the Iberian Peninsula, the headlands of that same coast, the Isles of Scilly, Cornwall, and the British Isles as a whole, have all in turn been suggested, but none suits the conditions. Neither the Iberian islands nor the Isles of Scilly contain tin, at least in significant quantities. It seems most probable, therefore, that the name Cassiterides represents the first vague knowledge of the Greeks that tin was found overseas, somewhere in, off, or near Western Europe....
Avienus' late poem Ora maritima, which is based on early sources: the tin isles were in an arm of the sea within sight of wide plains and rich mines of tin and lead, and opposite two islands — a further one, Hibernia, and a nearer one, Britannia.... De Beer confirms the location from Strabo: the Cassiterides are ten islands in the sea, north of the land of the Artabrians in the northwest corner of Hispania....
LEARN MORE ABOUT THE CASSI (KASSI) TRIBES ON BRITAIN TAB, INDIA, EURASIA, RELIGIONS TABS ON LEFT. THE CASSI DID NOT SPEAK INDO EUROPEAN AND THEIR LANGUAGE IS NOT FROM ANY KNOWN LANGUAGE. THE ORIGINS OF CASSI IS ALSO UNKNOWN. WE SEE THEIR TRAVELS IN INDIA, ALL OVER EURASIAN NORTH AND SOUTH, IN THE MIDEAST RULERS OF BABYLON, WE SEE THEM AS SEA PEOPLE TRADING IN BLACK SEA MEDITERANEAN AND ATLANTIC AS FAR BEYOND ATLANTIS TO THE AMERICAS.
WRITTEN SOURCES ONLY GO BACK AS FAR AS 9TH CENTURY. THERE IS ALSO THE 11TH CENTURY MIDEVIL SOURCE, AND MORE RECENT ACCOUNTS. ARCHAEOLOGY AND GENETICS OFFER BETTER EVIDENCE WHICH CLAIM THE R1b BASQUE RELATED PEOPLE WHOM DESCENDS FROM THE PALEOLITHIC R1 LINEAGE WERE FROM SPAIN BECAME THE IRISH ABOUT 16,000YA.: Geneticist Stephen Oppenheimer of the University of Oxford used genetic evidence to disprove the traditional historical narrative that the Irish people are mainly Celts and that they're very distinct from Englishmen. Oppenheimer suggested, rather, that most of the ancestors of Irish, Scottish, Welsh, and English people came from Spain about 16,000 years ago and that their original language was related to Basque....
FROM THE ONLY WRITTEN HISTORICAL EVIDENCE WE HAVE THE DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF PARTHOLON: 1) FIRST FROM IBERIA BUT ALL DIED OUT BY PLAGUE. 2) CAME SECOND FROM GREECE ALL DIED OF PLAGUE. 3) FROM GREECE DEFEATING THE FOMORIANS....
Partholón
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthol%C3%B3n
Historia Brittonum: The earliest surviving reference to Partholón is in the Historia Brittonum, a 9th-century British Latin compilation attributed to Nennius. It says that Ireland was settled three times by three different groups, with 'Partholomus' and his followers arriving first from Iberia with a thousand followers who multiplied until they numbered four thousand before succumbing to the plague in a single week.
Lebor Gabála Érenn: The Lebor Gabála Érenn, an 11th-century Christian pseudo-history of Ireland, states that Ireland was settled six times, with Partholón and his followers forming the second group.... According to the Lebor Gabála, Ireland was uninhabited following the deaths of Cessair and her companions in the Flood. It says that Partholón came from Greece and was the son of Sera, son of Sru, who was himself a descendant of Magog, son of Japheth, who was the son of Noah. Partholón and his people sailed to Ireland via Sicily and Iberia, arriving 300 or 312 years after the flood and landing at Inber Scéne (Kenmare in County Kerry). With Partholón were his wife (Delgnat), their three sons (Slanga, Rudraige and Laiglinne), the sons' wives (Nerba, Cichba and Cerbnad), and a thousand followers. Partholón and all of his people—five thousand men and four thousand women—died of the plague in a single week, on Senmag (the "old plain"), near modern Tallaght.
Foras Feasa ar Érinn: Seathrún Céitinn's 17th-century compilation Foras Feasa ar Érinn says they arrived in 2061 BC. It claims that Partholón was the son of Sera, the king of Greece, and fled his homeland after murdering his father and mother. He lost his left eye in the attack on his parents. He and his followers set off from Greece, sailed via Sicily and arrived in Ireland from the west, having traveled for two and a half months.... Named figures are credited with having introduced cattle husbandry, ploughing, cooking, dwellings, trade and dividing the island into four parts.
In Céitinn's version of the story, at the Battle of Mag Itha, the first battle fought in Ireland, the Partholóin battled and defeated the Fomorians, who were led by Cichol Gricenchos....
Annals of the Four Masters: The Annals of the Four Masters says they arrived in 2520 Anno Mundi (after the "creation of the world"). This work states that the plague came 300 years after their arrival, in May and that one man survived: Tuan, son of Partholón's brother Starn. Known as a legendary 'Seer', Tuan was said to be a storehouse of knowledge of Irish history because he lived across the generations in different forms of incarnations....
Others: In Keating's History of Ireland' Partholon divides Ireland into four parts for his four sons named Er, Orba, Fearon, and Feargna. Other accounts differ in the timing of Partholón's arrival in Ireland. Later sources say Partholón died there after thirty years in Ireland, and the rest of his people also died there of plague. Other medieval texts say they arrived in the 60th year of Abraham. Partholon's brother Tait was the great-grandfather of Nemed.
Tuatha Dé Danann
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann
The Tuath(a) Dé Danann (usually translated as "people(s)/tribe(s) of the goddess Danu"), also known by the earlier name Tuath Dé ("tribe of the gods"), are a supernatural race in Irish mythology. They are thought to represent the main deities of pre-Christian Gaelic Ireland.
The Tuath Dé dwell in the Otherworld but interact with humans and the human world. Their traditional rivals are the Fomorians (Fomoire), who seem to represent the harmful or destructive powers of nature.
Much of Irish mythology was recorded by Christian monks, who modified it to an extent...
The Tuath Dé eventually became the Aos Sí or "fairies" of later folklore.
The name is also found as Donann and Domnann, which may point to the origin being proto-Celtic *don, meaning "earth"....
The Tuatha Dé Danann were descended from Nemed, leader of a previous wave of inhabitants of Ireland. They came from four cities to the north of Ireland...
Lebor Gabála Érenn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn
Lebor Gabála Érenn (The Book of the Taking of Ireland) is a collection of poems and prose narratives that purports to be a history of Ireland and the Irish from the creation of the world to the Middle Ages. There are a number of versions, the earliest of which was compiled by an anonymous writer in the 11th century. It synthesized narratives that had been developing over the foregoing centuries. The Lebor Gabála tells of Ireland being settled (or 'taken') six times by six groups of people: the people of Cessair, the people of Partholón, the people of Nemed, the Fir Bolg, the Tuatha Dé Danann, and the Milesians. The first four groups are wiped out or forced to abandon the island, the fifth group represent Ireland's pagan gods, while the final group represent the Irish people (the Gaels).
Today, most scholars regard the Lebor Gabála as primarily myth rather than history. It appears to be mostly based on medieval Christian pseudo-histories, but it also incorporates some of Ireland's native pagan mythology.
For many centuries LGE was accepted without question as an accurate and reliable account of the history of Ireland. Recently, however, the work has been subjected to greater critical scrutiny.
The Book of Invasions – Part 4: The First Battle of Moy Tura
http://bardmythologies.com/the-book-of-invasions-part-4-the-first-battle-of-moy-tura/
On a day thirty-seven years after they defeated the Formorians, a great mist descended, and in this mist, boats landed, and a wonderful race of tall, blond, beautiful people came to the land. These were the Tuatha de Dannan. They were the descendants of the Nemedians who had gone North....
The Book of Invasions of Ireland – Leabhar Gabhala Eireann
http://our-ireland.com/the-book-of-invasions-of-ireland-leabhar-gabhala-eireann/
The Nemedians: Now Nemed was married to Macha, a red-haired goddess of war and the land and she was a match for any man. She was like a contradiction in terms. On one side she was a fiery war-goddess and on the other she was warm and gentle just like the land of Ireland.
Macha https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macha Macha, wife of Nemed: Various sources record a second Macha as the wife of Nemed, leader of the second settlement of Ireland after the flood. She was the first of Nemed's people to die in Ireland... the Muintir Nemid set sail from the Caspian Sea in 44 ships, but after a year and a half of sailing, the only ship to reach Ireland is Nemed's. Also on board are his wife Macha, his four chieftain sons (Starn, Iarbonel, Annind, and Fergus 'Red-Side'), and others.
daughter of Partholón: A poem in the Lebor Gabála Érenn mentions Macha as one of the daughters of Partholón, leader of the first settlement of Ireland after the flood, although it records nothing about her.
Macha
https://stairnaheireann.net/2021/12/08/macha/
Macha was an Irish war goddesss, strongly linked to the land. Macha was the wife of Crunniuc. She, was thought to be one aspect of the triple death-goddess, the Morrigán (the “Great Queen” or “Phantom Queen”), consisting of Macha “Raven”, Badb “Scald Crow” or “Coiling”, and Nemain “Battle Furey” Macha is associated with both horses and crows....
Fomorians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomorians
The Fomorians are a supernatural race in Irish mythology. They are often portrayed as hostile and monstrous beings who come from the sea or underground. Later, they were portrayed as giants and sea raiders. They are enemies of Ireland's first settlers and opponents of the Tuatha Dé Danann, the other supernatural race in Irish mythology. However, their relationship with the Tuath Dé is complex and some of their members intermarry and have children. ...It has also been suggested that the Fomorians derive from an older group of gods who were displaced by a newer group. ...The first part is now generally agreed to be the Old Irish fo, meaning under, below, lower, beneath, nether, etc. The meaning of the second part is unclear. ("the undersea ones"..."the great under(world) ones", "the under(world) giants" or "the nether giants".
They are sometimes said to have had the body of a man and the head of a goat, according to an 11th-century text in Lebor na hUidre (the Book of the Dun Cow), or to have had one eye, one arm and one leg, but some, for example Elatha, the father of Bres, were very beautiful. ...
The medieval myth of Partholón says that his followers were the first to invade Ireland after the flood, but the Fomorians were already there:
Tuatha Dé Danann their first king in Ireland was the half-Fomorian Bres. He was the result of a union between Ériu of the Tuatha Dé Danann and the Fomorian prince Elatha.
The Tuatha Dé Danann and the Fomorians are closely related. Neit, a war god, is an ancestor of both.
Ancient Warriors - Episode 13: Irish Warriors (History Documentary)
BBC's: The Story of Ireland 1of5 Age of Invasions
The Mythic History of Ireland
Popular Videos - Neil Oliver & Documentary Movies 25 videos
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLebKgImsBNFI6l7RBQech9nI-NFM57j4C
How Patrick Christianized Ireland, and it spread to Scotland, then back to Britain
How the Celts Saved Britain - HD - 1of2 (BBC) - A New Civilisation (2009)
(part 2of2) Dark ages and the Celts - BBC 2009
On This Day 6.1.1839 – The Night Of The Big Wind (Ireland)
https://mylesdungan.com/2017/01/06/on-this-day-6-1-1839-the-night-of-the-big-wind/
The indigenous western hunter gatherer was U5 and U6 mtDNA hg's in whole, or in part. U5 are Saami, and U6 are Imazighen. And if U-mtdna hg was the female companion of the R-Ydna hg then it stands to reason that the R1b were the decendants, and were in Britain at least 10,000 to 15,000 years ago just based on the Goughs cave, and Cheddar man finds. Malta boy found in Siberia was R Ydna dated to 24,000 ybp along with Venus figurines similar to ones found in Europe. U, U2, and U6 mtdna in Europe 43,000 ybp, and her ancestor mother N mtdna in Europe 47,000 ybp. U5 in Europe at least 31,000 ybp. Summing just this little bit of evidence tells that west Europe and Siberia were connected throughout the last 47,000 years at least.
Genetic history of the British and the Irish
http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/britain_ireland_dna.shtml
This page attempts to retrace the origins of the British and Irish people through the analyses of their genetic markers using Y-chromosomal (Y-DNA) haplogroups, which are passed on nearly unaltered from father to son, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is inherited only from one's mother, and complete genomic studies looking at all the chromosomes.
During the Paleolithic period, the British Isles were covered by a thick sheet of ice, which made them all but uninhabitable. Europe had been originally inhabited by Neanderthals, a close relative of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens). Neanderthals had been living in Ice Age Europe for over 250,000 years when Homo sapiens started to advanced into Europe from the Middle East from 45,000 years ago, reaching western Europe approximately 35,000 years ago. The last pure Neanderthals may have survived until 24,000 years ago around Gibraltar....
The Indo-European speakers from central Europe, and caused them to invade western Europe and destroy the Megalithic cultures that had lasted for several millennia. Equipped with bronze weapons and horses, these Indo-Europeans were not cereal farmers but cattle herders from the Pontic Steppe, north of the Black Sea. ...reaching Britain and western France by 2,200 BCE and Ireland by 2,000 BCE....
It is likely that these Proto-Celts who invaded the British Isles belonged to a great majority to the L21 subclade of R1b, as this haplogroup now makes up over two thirds of paternal lineages in Wales, Ireland and Highland Scotland....A latter Celtic migration took place around 500 BCE, when Central European Celts from the Hallstatt culture expanded over a large swathe of western Europe...the Celts colonised most of France, Belgium and the south-east of England. ...
In 43 CE, under the reign of Emperor Claudius, the Romans invaded Great Britain. Within two decades most of England and Wales had been conquered and would remain a province of the Roman Empire for over three centuries. For most of the second century Lowland Scotland was also Romanised....
It is very difficult to assess the genetic impact of Romanisation on the British population as the Roman citizens, soldiers and slaves who settled in Britannia were not merely people from the Latium or Italy, but could have come from anywhere in the empire....
Overall, the majority of immigrants to Roman Britain came from the Mediterranean region, with higher percentages from Italy and the Balkans ...
The analysis of the Hinxton genomes revealed that pre-Roman Celtic Britons did not have any West Asian or Southwest Asian genetic admixture in them. ...This suggests that the West Asian or Southwest Asian admixtures entered the British gene pool during the Roman and/or Norman period, since neither the Anglo-Saxons nor the Vikings could have contributed to such levels. ...The Italians have considerably higher levels of West Asian or Southwest Asian admixtures....
Using Central Italians as a proxy, and hoping that the Hinxton samples are representative of pre-Roman Britons, it is possible that approximately one third of the autosomal genes in the British population comes from Mediterranean people who settled in Britain during the Roman period....
this results in a maximum roughly 15% of male lineages of "Roman" origin for England, 10% for Wales, and 7% for Scotland. However, it would be reasonable to assume that at least half of these come from Alpine Celts and Normans. ...
from 410 to the middle of the 6th century, the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons, Germanic tribes from Denmark and north-west Germany, left their homeland and migrated to what would become England....from around 800, Danish Vikings started raiding the coastlines of the British Isles. ...Germanic people brought a whole new set of paternal lineages with them.... Those haplogroups now make up over half of all male lineages in England and Lowland Scotland. ...Nowadays, most English counties have between 55% and 65% of Germanic Y-DNA haplogroups, while Cornwall has 45% and Wales has much as 25%. ...
If we exclude Germanic lineages, Ireland is almost purely Insular Celtic...
Normans: a Viking contingent made up of Danes and Norwegians, Norse–Gaels and Anglo-Danes became Duchy of Normandy in France... Normandy conquered England...Norman noblemen left a greater number of offspring than the commoners, and as a result managed to leave a noticeable genetic impact....In Scotland, the Nomans founded several clans,...
Irish Genetics: Abstracts and Summaries
http://www.khazaria.com/genetics/irish.html
Scientists sequence first ancient Irish human genomes
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/151228161249.htm
The team sequenced the genome of an early farmer woman, who lived near Belfast some 5,200 years ago, and those of three men from a later period, around 4,000 years ago in the Bronze Age... These ancient Irish genomes each show unequivocal evidence for massive migration. The early farmer has a majority ancestry originating ultimately in the Middle East, where agriculture was invented. The Bronze Age genomes are different again with about a third of their ancestry coming from ancient sources in the Pontic Steppe.
"There was a great wave of genome change that swept into Europe from above the Black Sea into Bronze Age Europe and we now know it washed all the way to the shores of its most westerly island,"...
Whereas the early farmer had black hair, brown eyes and more resembled southern Europeans, the genetic variants circulating in the three Bronze Age men from Rathlin Island had the most common Irish Y chromosome type, blue eye alleles and the most important variant for the genetic disease, haemochromatosis. The latter C282Y mutation is so frequent in people of Irish descent that it is sometimes referred to as a Celtic disease.
"Genetic affinity is strongest between the Bronze Age genomes and modern Irish, Scottish and Welsh, suggesting establishment of central attributes of the insular Celtic genome some 4,000 years ago,"
DNA shows Irish people have more complex origins than previously thought
The earliest settlers came to Ireland around 10,000 years ago, in Stone Age times. ...The latest research into Irish DNA has confirmed that the early inhabitants of Ireland were not directly descended from the Keltoi of central Europe. In fact the closest genetic relatives of the Irish in Europe are to be found in the north of Spain in the region known as the Basque Country. These same ancestors are shared to an extent with the people of Britain - especially the Scottish. ...Men with Gaelic surnames, showed the highest incidences of Haplogroup 1 (or Rb1) gene. This means that those Irish whose ancestors pre-date English conquest of the island are direct descendants of early stone age settlers ... Parts of Ireland (most notably the western seaboard) have been almost untouched by outside genetic influence since hunter-gatherer times. Men there with traditional Irish surnames have the highest incidence of the Haplogroup 1 gene - over 99%. ...
DNA blueprint of the Irish revealed
http://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/dna-blueprint-of-the-irish-revealed-26679727.html
Ireland's geography has had a huge part to play in shaping the nature of our society and our closest family ties. According to Loftus: "The geographic isolation of Ireland over generations would affect the size of the gene pool by limiting the type and number of potential mating partners."
Major genetic surveys of Ireland and Britain have established that the gene pool of both islands is amongst the least diluted in Europe. The genetic evidence shows that three quarters of the ancestors of the Irish and British people were the pioneering settlers who arrived at the end of the last ice age between 17,000 and 8,000 years ago. The inescapable upshot of this is that the Irish are not Celts, any more than the English are Anglo-Saxons.
In fact, both the Irish and the British are Basques, with the Irish significantly more Basque than our neighbours across the pond, who've absorbed more migrations from Europe over the centuries.
Scientists estimate that Ireland's gene pool has changed remarkably little since the first hunter-gatherers from Iberia followed the retreating ice cap, beachcombing northwards and settling this newly exposed and empty land. The dilution rate for Ireland is estimated at a tiny 12%, against 20% for Wales and Cornwall, 30% for Scotland and 33% for England.
The genetics suggest that, with sea levels low, the Basques simply walked to Ireland, becoming cut off generations later when rising seas created the island we know. Ancient Irish legends say that there were six invasions or migrations from the south many generations before the Celts arrived around 300BC.
The evidence suggests that the Celtic language, fashions and technologies which are supposed to define our Irish heritage, were acquired as cultural accessories in the way that today's Irish schoolkids flounce about under the impression that they're gangsta rappers straight out of Compton or Beverly Hills brat-packers.
The Irish and Basques share by far the highest incidence of the R1b gene in Europe, which has a frequency of over 90% in Basque country and almost 100% along parts of Ireland's western seaboard.
If further proof were needed, there's the physical fact that the Basques are distinguished by a very high incidence of fair (and some reddish) hair, pale skin, blue eyes
Are you confused yet? R1b originated in western Europe says some while others say R1b originated in pontic steppes. Did the R1b of Ireland come from the same migration of steppe people? Or did the Irish R1b come from an earlier migration
thru central Europe, into Spain then up into the Isles? Or was there several migrations over hundreds and/or thousands of years by the R1b? Or did R1b inhabit the entire area from west Europe all the way east to the steppes and beyond and/or was R1b already present as the original indigenous peoples of the Isles after Neanderthal? Seems to be some controversy to the real origins of the R1b people. How can certainty say that R1b was the original indigenous of Ireland? Perhaps the mass migrations of R1b displaced another or similar Ydna already present, or some epidemic which caused a previous people to die off being replaced with R1b. So many possibilities.
Irish Genetics - DNA of the people of Ireland
http://www.khazaria.com/genetics/irish.html
R1b, which originated in western Europe, is the most common Y-DNA haplogroup among Irish men, at a frequency of about 81.5%. I1 is the second most common with 6%, followed by I2b at 5%, R1a at 2.5%, and E1b1b at 2%. G2a is found in only about 1%. Also rare are I2a (1%) and J2 (1%). ...
The results showed that the population of Ireland has been relatively isolated throughout the millennia....British and Irish people are predominantly "Northwestern" European in origin ...
The genetic evidence shows that three quarters of the ancestors of the Irish and British people were the pioneering settlers who arrived at the end of the last ice age between 17,000 and 8,000 years ago. The inescapable upshot of this is that the Irish are not Celts, any more than the English are Anglo-Saxons. In fact, both the Irish and the British are Basques, with the Irish significantly more Basque than our neighbours across the pond, who've absorbed more migrations from Europe over the centuries. ...The dilution rate for Ireland is estimated at a tiny 12%, against 20% for Wales and Cornwall, 30% for Scotland and 33% for England....
Geneticist Stephen Oppenheimer of the University of Oxford used genetic evidence to disprove the traditional historical narrative that the Irish people are mainly Celts and that they're very distinct from Englishmen. Oppenheimer suggested, rather, that most of the ancestors of Irish, Scottish, Welsh, and English people came from Spain about 16,000 years ago and that their original language was related to Basque....
Saint Patrick's Day
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick's_Day
17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick (c. AD 385–461), the foremost patron saint of Ireland.... Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century... The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland, and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general.... Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland,[10] Northern Ireland, the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat.
Saint Patrick: Patrick was a 5th-century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration, which was allegedly written by Patrick himself. It is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church. According to the Declaration, at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland. It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he "found God". The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest.
According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity. The Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and converted "thousands". Patrick's efforts against the druids were eventually turned into an allegory in which he drove "snakes" out of Ireland (Ireland never had any snakes).
Tradition holds that he died on 17 March and was buried at Downpatrick. Over the following centuries, many legends grew up around Patrick and he became Ireland's foremost saint.
Saint Patrick
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick
DNA Ireland
http://www.dnaireland.ie/dna-origins/
Genetics of the British and Irish people
http://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/24907-Genetics-of-the-British-and-Irish-people
England:
In summary, the population of England could be composed of :
- 31.5% of Ancient Briton paternal lineages
- 11% of Near-Eastern paternal lineages
- 26.5% of Anglo-Saxon/Frisian paternal lineages (19.5% R1b + 4% I1 + 3% I2b1)
- 31% of Danish Viking paternal lineages (15% R1b + 4.5% of R1a + 10% I1 + 1.5% I2b1)
Because a low percentage of R1a in fact probably came with the Anglo-Saxons, it is likely that the above calculations overestimated the proportion of Vikings and underestimated that of the Anglo-Saxons.
Scotland:
The case of Scotland should be easier than England. The proportion of R1a and I1 are almost equal, which would mean that almost all the Germanic blood there came from Norway, accounting for about 28% of the Scottish male lineages. There are under 6% of Near-Eastern lineages, and about 66% of Celtic lineages, with a high proportion of R1b-M222+.
Ireland:
Germanic haplogroups account for about 25% of the male lineages.... R1a makes up some 3% of the Irish population. With the same reasoning as for England above, Norwegian Vikings lineages should account for about 9% (with 3% of R1b and 3% of I1).
Who do you think you really are? A genetic map of the British Isles
University of Oxford
http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2015-03-19-who-do-you-think-you-really-are-genetic-map-british-isles
There was no single 'Celtic' genetic group. In fact the Celtic parts of the UK (Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales and Cornwall) are among the most different from each other genetically....
The majority of eastern, central and southern England is made up of a single, relatively homogeneous, genetic group with a significant DNA contribution from Anglo-Saxon migrations (10-40% of total ancestry). This settles a historical controversy in showing that the Anglo-Saxons intermarried with, rather than replaced, the existing populations.
The Welsh appear more similar to the earliest settlers of Britain after the last ice age than do other people in the UK....
Many of the genetic clusters show similar locations to the tribal groupings and kingdoms around end of the 6th century, after the settlement of the Anglo-Saxons, suggesting these tribes and kingdoms may have maintained a regional identity for many centuries....
By comparing this information with DNA samples from over 6,000 Europeans, the team identified clear traces of population movements into the UK over the past 10,000 years. ...
UK mapped out by genetic ancestry
http://www.nature.com/news/uk-mapped-out-by-genetic-ancestry-1.17136
“The genetic effects we’re looking at are the result of, probably, thousands of years of history.”...
Now that DNA signatures linked to historical local settlement are known, Donnelly says that Britons or people with British heritage could conceivably use their genomes to trace the homelands of their ancestors.
The fine-scale genetic structure of the British population
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v519/n7543/full/nature14230.html
Genetic map reveals how British, Irish and European we really are
In Northern Ireland the results of a test of two million people around the UK, carried out by genealogy website Ancestry, showed that on average people here are 48.49% Irish (Celtic) and 23.64% British (Anglo-Saxon).
Added to our gene pool is a French and German mix (Europe west) of 12.11%, 6.19% Scandinavian, 2.07% Spanish and Portuguese (the Iberian Peninsula), 1.24% Italian-Greek and 1.1% eastern European....
In England, the average citizen is 37% British, with a smaller Irish heritage of 20%. English people have the largest French and German influence at 20.45%, and they are also 9.39% Scandinavian.
Scots are significantly closer to the Irish, with a 43.84% Celtic share mixed with 26.18% British, 13.05% from Europe west, as well as a Scandinavian element of 7.19% ... Finnish-northwest Russian heritage at 1.31%.
The Welsh have a more even combination, with an average British stock of 36.15%, compared to 31.99% Irish. Wales also shows the highest Spanish and Portuguese influence than anywhere else in the UK, with a 3.21% share.
STORY OF IRELAND
http://www.libraryireland.com/Atlas/Irish-History-Contents.php
The Ancient Irish World.
http://www.shee-eire.com/Sheehome.htm
Milesians (Irish)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milesians_(Irish)
In the Lebor Gabála Érenn, a medieval Irish Christian pseudo-history, the Milesians (Irish: gairthear Mílidh Easpáinne) are the final race to settle in Ireland. They represent the Irish people. The Milesians are Gaels who sail to Ireland from Hispania after spending hundreds of years travelling the earth. When they land in Ireland they contend with the Tuatha Dé Danann, who represent the pagan gods. The two groups agree to divide Ireland between them: the Milesians take the world above, while the Tuath Dé take the world below (i.e. the Otherworld). They are named after the character Míl Espáine, which is the Irish form of the Latin Miles Hispaniae ("Soldier of Hispania"). Scholars believe that the tale is mostly an invention of medieval Christian writers....
The Historia Brittonum—which was written before the Lebor Gabála—gives another account of the Milesians. It says that "three sons of a Spanish soldier" sailed from Iberia to Ireland...
THE SPANISH MILESIAN INVASION
http://www.hispano-irish.es/en/Common-History-8/1/THE-SPANISH-MILESIAN-INVASION-13
The Milesians are considered the last invading mythological tribe of Ireland. ... Eber Finn and Eremon, divided Ireland in four parts: the northern part was given to Eremon, the southern part to Eber, the north-east to the descendants of their lost brother Ir and the south-west to Lughaid, their cousin and son of Ith....
It is commonly accepted that legendary Milesians and the historical Gaels, a name derived from Gaedhael, are the same tribe. It is known that the Gaels originated from the south of modern France and the north of Spain. ...The Gaels were the last of the Celtic tribes to arrive on Ireland.
Milesians in Ireland
http://www.libraryireland.com/Atlas/I-Milesians.php
Those first settlers are severally known in history as the Partholanians, the Nemedians, the Firbolgs, and the Tuatha de Danaans. These latter, the Tuatha de Danaans, who immediately preceded the Milesians, possessed a civilization and a knowledge of "arts and sciences" which, limited as we may be sure it was, greatly amazed the earlier settlers (whom they had subjected) by the results it produced. To the Firbolgs (the earlier settlers) the wonderful things done by the conquering newcomers, and the wonderful knowledge they displayed, could only be the results of supernatural power. Accordingly, they set down the Tuatha de Danaans as "magicians," an idea which the Milesians, as we shall presently see, also adopted.” .
The Firbolgs seem to have been a pastoral race; the Tuatha de Danaans were more of a manufacturing and commercial people. The soldier Milesian came, and he ruled over all. The Milesian colony reached Ireland from Spain, but they were not Spaniards. They were an eastern people who had tarried in that country on their way westward, ...they had passed from land to land, from the shores of Asia across the wide expanse of southern Europe, ...
When the Milesians could not discover land where they thought to sight it, they simply agreed that the Tuatha de Danaans had by their black arts rendered it invisible. ...
Milesian Genealogies
www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~fianna/history/milesian.html
Chapter IV: The Early Milesian Kings
http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/mlcr/mlcr04.htm
Did the Irish Come from Spain?
http://www.historyireland.com/pre-history-archaeology/did-the-irish-come-from-spain/
The Milesians
http://www.shee-eire.com/magic%26mythology/races/Milesians/Page1.htm
The Milesians landed in the South-West of Ireland on the feast of Bealtaine...
Writer bias as Lebor was written by monks...
Did the Irish Come from Spain?
http://www.historyireland.com/pre-history-archaeology/did-the-irish-come-from-spain/
‘Milesians’. Archaeologists have found no convincing evidence for any such ancient migration...
There are many versions of Lebor Gabála, all of which seem to derive from an original text written in the second half of the eleventh century. In spite of several significant differences between these versions, there is broad agreement concerning the underlying story. The Gaelic people of Ireland originated in the ancient region of Scythia—roughly corresponding with southern Russia—and perhaps imagined by medieval scholars to have some connection with Scoti, a Latin term for the Irish. They dwelt for a time in Egypt, then wandered for many years, and at last conquered Spain....
the author of the History tells us had been passed on to him by ‘Irish scholars’. It seems that a ‘nobleman from Scythia’ was living in Egypt at the time of Moses, but was expelled from that country after the drowning of the Egyptian army in the Red Sea because it was feared that he might seize the kingship. We are given a very precise description of his people’s subsequent journey through north Africa: they came to the Altars of the Philistines and across the Salt Lake, and they went between Rusicada and the mountains of Azaria, and they came by the river Malva, and they crossed through Mauretania and the Pillars of Hercules, and they sailed the Tyrrhene Sea, and they arrived in Spain, and lived there for many years. From Spain they eventually set sail for Ireland....
The real ‘tower of Bregon’
Clearly, this parade of exotic learning has nothing to do with native tradition. In fact we can identify the source of this list of African landmarks: it comes from a summary account of world geography at the beginning of the Seven Books of History against the Pagans, written early in the fifth century by the Spanish cleric Orosius. The knowledge that Orosius was one of the authorities used by the Irish scholars who were engaged in elaborating their country’s legendary history can help us to understand even more about the background of the stories which they handed on. Speaking specifically of Ireland, Orosius says:
The island of Ireland is located between Britain and Spain…Its nearer regions, facing the Cantabric ocean, look across a great distance toward the Galician city of Brigantia…
Speaking of this same city of Brigantia a little earlier in the same book, Orosius described it as containing a ‘most high tower’, erected ‘to keep watch on Britain’.
Orosius was himself a native of Galicia, and his account of the tower in Brigantia or Brigantium (modern Coruña) probably reflects first-hand knowledge. At any rate, there can be no doubt that this is the source of the ‘tower of Bregon’ in Lebor Gabála: not a monument erected by the ancestors of the Gaels in prehistoric times, but a Roman lighthouse—still standing—for whose existence there is no evidence earlier than the third century AD. Orosius does not actually make the claim that Ireland is visible from the tower’s summit; but it would not have taken too much imagination to extract this idea from his statements that the nearer parts of Ireland ‘look toward it’ across the sea, and that it was built as a look-out point for keeping watch in the direction of Britain.
There is at least one more unmistakable indication of the dependence of the Irish sources on Orosius: the repeated statements in Lebor Gabála that various groups of settlers first landed in the mysterious ‘Scéne estuary’ goes back to Orosius’s assertion, a little further along in the passage cited above, that ‘the mouth of the river Scena’ is the part of Ireland which is nearest to Spain.
In several ways, then, the story of Ireland’s settlement from Spain can be shown to have been based not on native tradition but on scholarly speculation, drawing on Latin learning and especially on the writings of Orosius. But is that necessarily the end of story? Might it not be possible to argue that the artificial accounts in Lebor Gabála and the History of the Britons have replaced older, indigenous, legends of a Spanish origin? If there wasn’t ‘something in it’ in the first place, why should such stories exist at all?
Did the Legendary Irish Milesians Come from Spanish Galicia?
http://www.ancient-origins.net/history/did-legendary-irish-milesians-come-spanish-galicia-006211
The story of Milesius is also related to Egypt. Legends say that he served as a soldier in Egypt and Scythia. He allegedly traveled through Europe and became a famous warrior known in many parts of the world.
Moreover, according to some resources, it seems that he could have been the husband of the legendary Scota - making this story even more incredible. It is unknown if he really made it to Ireland. ... Some resources suggest that Milesius died in Iberia, and Scota went to Ireland with a company of their eight sons. Another story says that... Celts had penetrated lands over the Rhine, including many areas such as the Pyrenees, Iberian Peninsula, England, Scotland, Ireland, etc. This happened long before the books about their history were created....
Any connections of the Milesians to the city of Miletus?
Miletus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletus
Miletus (; Ancient Greek: Μίλητος, translit. Milētos; Hittite transcription Millawanda or Milawata (exonyms); Latin: Miletus; Turkish: Milet) was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia, near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria. Its ruins are located near the modern village of Balat in Aydın Province, Turkey. Before the Persian invasion in the middle of the 6th century BC, Miletus was considered the greatest and wealthiest of Greek cities....
Blood of the Irish: What DNA Tells Us About the Ancestry of People in Ireland
https://owlcation.com/stem/Irish-Blood-Genetic-Identity
The earliest settlers came to Ireland during the Stone Age, around 10,000 years ago. There are still remnants of their presence scattered across the island. Mountsandel in Coleraine in the North of Ireland is the oldest known site of settlement in Ireland...
Recent research into Irish DNA at the beginning of the twenty-first century suggests that the early inhabitants of Ireland were not directly descended from the Keltoi of central Europe....
Modern DNA research has actually suggested that the Irish are close genetic relatives of the people of northern Spain. What we do know is that the modern Irish are descended from a number of waves of migration with some ancestors coming from as far away as the Middle East and the Russian Steppes. Although it might seem surprising, it is worth remembering that in ancient times the sea was one of the fastest and easiest ways to travel. When the land was covered in thick forest, coastal settlements were common and people travelleled around the seaboard of Europe quite freely....
Irish males have the highest incidence of the haplogroup 1 (or Rb1) gene in Europe. While other parts of Europe have integrated continuous waves of new settlers from Asia, Ireland's remote geographical position has meant that the Irish gene-pool has been less susceptible to change. The same genes have been passed down from parents to children for thousands of years. The other region with very high levels of this male chromosome is the Basque region.
Fig.1 Ancient Irish Genetic Profile (west, central European, steppe, siberian)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4720318/figure/fig01/
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4720318/
Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4720318/
The Neolithic and Bronze Age transitions were profound cultural shifts catalyzed in parts of Europe by migrations, first of early farmers from the Near East and then Bronze Age herders from the Pontic Steppe. However, a decades-long, unresolved controversy is whether population change or cultural adoption occurred at the Atlantic edge, within the British Isles. We address this issue by using the first whole genome data from prehistoric Irish individuals. A Neolithic woman (3343–3020 cal BC) from a megalithic burial (10.3× coverage) possessed a genome of predominantly Near Eastern origin. She had some hunter–gatherer ancestry but belonged to a population of large effective size, suggesting a substantial influx of early farmers to the island. Three Bronze Age individuals from Rathlin Island (2026–1534 cal BC), including one high coverage (10.5×) genome, showed substantial Steppe genetic heritage indicating that the European population upheavals of the third millennium manifested all of the way from southern Siberia to the western ocean. This turnover invites the possibility of accompanying introduction of Indo-European, perhaps early Celtic, language. Irish Bronze Age haplotypic similarity is strongest within modern Irish, Scottish, and Welsh populations, and several important genetic variants that today show maximal or very high frequencies in Ireland appear at this horizon. These include those coding for lactase persistence, blue eye color, Y chromosome R1b haplotypes, and the hemochromatosis C282Y allele; to our knowledge, the first detection of a known Mendelian disease variant in prehistory. These findings together suggest the establishment of central attributes of the Irish genome 4,000 y ago.
Fig.1 Genetic affinities of ancient Irish individuals. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4720318/figure/fig01/
(Indigenous Western Hunter-Gatherer. Neolithic migrations of near east farmer. Bronze Age migrations originating with Steppe herders linked to cultures such as the Yamnaya.) ∼32% Yamnaya ancestry.
The Irish MN female farmer (3343–3020 cal. BC) from a Megalithic tomb in Ballynahatty near Belfast: She shares higher levels of genetic drift with Early and MN samples from Spain rather than those from Germany, supporting a link between the early farming cultures of Atlantic Europe and arguing for the possible passage of farming to Ireland via a southern coastal route rather than via the migrations through central Europe...and by her haplotypic affinity with modern southern Mediterranean populations such as Sardinians. ...Ballynahatty shows some elevation of hunter–gatherer ancestry relative to earlier Neolithic samples, suggesting admixture with surviving Mesolithic populations somewhere within the temporal and spatial trajectory between the Neolithic heartland and north east Ireland ∼3300 BC ...Luxembourger Mesolithic genome ...
Rathlin genomes: each Bronze Age sample (all male) exhibits the Bronze Age-associated Y chromosome lineage R1b-M269, the appearance of which has been strongly linked with Steppe incursion into Central Europe ...we estimate at roughly a third of Irish Bronze Age ancestry ...
Ballynahatty shows closest affinity with the southwest Mediterranean, Rathlin1 has highest sharing with the geographically closest modern populations... This affinity with Irish, Scottish, and Welsh (a weaker signal from modern English populations is undoubtedly due to the effects of Anglo-Saxon migrations;... suggests a degree of continuity stretching over 4,000 y at the insular Celtic edge of Europe.
Genocide of The Original Indigenous Irish People during the Neolithic committed by the invasion of the Near East Farmers:
Let's re-emphasize the fact that this is controversial, and debateable on several fronts.
First it is based solely on these 3 bronze age males, and 1 mid/late Neolithic female. Comparisons are made with a few other ancient samples. Interpretations can only be made with exact certainty only on those samples, and is only speculation to say those samples represent the entire population at that exact time in history.
Considering the fact that Irland has had inhabitants for thousands of years, and has had several eventful migrations over time, and the fact Irland was tribal where the people's lived separate from other tribes.
These facts alone indicate one sample is not representative of the entire Irish people. At best a few samples may only indicate that particular tribe, or that sample may not even be an original Irish inhabitant. That one sample may have been a visitor from another land, or captured in war, business trip, etc..
A second very debateable topic is the origin of the R1b haplogroup. Some studies hypothesize a pontic steppe origin, while other studies suggest a western European origin even as far west as Atlantis. This study says the Irish have an overlapping estimate of 32% Yamnaya ancestry, and this might be the origin of the R1b, and many other physical traits found in the Irish.
R1b is as high as 94% among the Irish. It is hard to imagine the Irish population is 94% R1b from only a 32% Steppe lineage source origin unless the remaining 68% of the Irish genome was also R1b.
If R1b originated in the steppes why is R1b at its highest frequency in the west and lower frequency to the east, even at its claimed steppe origin?
If Ireland was the only area high with R1b one may assume a mass genocide of racial proportion shifted an entire haplogroup by interbreeding. But, R1b is highest along the entire western European region with R1b highest where dilution was lowest such as Ireland, the Basque, and other areas along weste Europe.
I can go on with many other debateable issues but, to end by saying reader beware. Many more possibilities may exist. That the research is only as exact as to the sample studied, and may or may not be representative of the whole. ANd the interpreations made by the researchers are only opinions, and theories among many more that are not included in the report. Using each study cumulatively with others broadens the possibilities , and helps to shape and reshape the continually changing understanding of history.
Neolithic Genocide of the Indigenous western hunter-gatherer committed by the Near East Farmers in Irland. And a mass migration in the Bronze Age shifted genetics most probably by interbreeding.
One sees in this report is how the near east migration into Irland practically wipes out the original western hunter gatherer in the early Neolithic but, then the western hunter gatherer population rebounds during the middle Neolithic and chalcolithic indicates that the original western hunter gatherer was still in Ireland living separably enough to eventually interbreed back with the other tribes living in Ireland, or the western hunter gather migrated back into Irland from other areas outside of Irland.
Then in the late neolithic, and bronze age the evident migration from the steppe yamna culture shows the introduction of the steppe Hunter gatherer and ancient siberian lineages into Irland.
The Genographic Project Returns to Ireland to Reveal DNA Results
The maternal DNA results showed great genetic diversity, including lineages that dated back to some of the island’s earliest settlers (haplogroups U4.U5.U8), and some others that arrived more recently (haplogroups I, T1). The paternal DNA lineages were less diverse (88% of participants were haplogroup R1b)...
Irish Myths and Legends
https://theceltictimes.com/index.php/irish-stories-main-menu/irish-stories-may-2014
Dagda
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dagda
The Dagda (modern spelling: Daghdha) is an important god of Irish mythology. One of the Tuatha Dé Danann, the Dagda is portrayed as a father-figure, chieftain, and druid....He is said to have control over life and death, the weather and crops, as well as time and the seasons.... He owns a magic staff or club which can kill with one end and bring to life with the other, a cauldron (the coire ansic) which never runs empty, and a magic harp (uaithne) which can control men's emotions and change the seasons. The Dagda mates with many goddesses, ... The name Dagda is believed to come from Proto-Celtic: *Dagodeiwos, "the good god". He is also known by the epithets Eochu or Eochaid Ollathair ("horseman, great father" or "all-father"), Ruad Rofhessa ("mighty one/lord of great knowledge"),...The Dagda has been likened to the Germanic god Odin and the pan-Celtic god Sucellos....
The name Dagda may ultimately be derived from the Proto-Indo-European *Dhagho-deiwos "shining divinity", the first element being cognate with the English word "day", and possibly a byword for a deification of a notion such as "splendour". This etymology would tie in well with Dagda's mythic association with the sun and the earth, with kingship and excellence in general. *Dhago-deiwos would have been inherited into Proto-Celtic as *Dago-deiwos, thereby punning with the Proto-Celtic word *dago-s "good"....
Dagda
https://www.adf.org/articles/gods-and-spirits/celtic/dagda.html
In Dagda is the eldest, wisest and mightiest of the Tuatha De, for his is every power of all powers. He is called the Excellent God, the Lord of Perfect Knowledge and all Father. His central attribute is the Sacred Fire and, like it, he is always hungry, ready to consume the offerings; he is also a red god. The Dagda is also a phallic deity, his lust matching his hunger. He is the father of many of the Tuatha De but his key function is as Druid of the Gods.
It is proper to offer to the Dagda for wisdom, for bounty and for victory in law or judgement. His favorite offerings are oat bannocks or porridge, ale in quantity and butter offered to the fire.
Dagda
http://www.pantheon.org/articles/d/dagda.html
Dagda is a son of the goddess Danu, and father of the goddess Brigid and the god Aengus mac Oc. The Morrigan is his wife, with whom he mates on New Years Day.... One of his epithets is Ollathir, which means "All-father". He is identified with the Welsh Gwydion and the Gallic Sucellos.
THE DAGDA'S HARP (an Irish legend), Tell Me a Story
http://www.uexpress.com/tell-me-a-story/2011/3/20/the-dagdas-harp-an-irish-legend
Long ago, the Tuatha de Danaan, supernatural beings, blond and blue-eyed and carrying heavy spears, came from the north to the land known as Ireland. When their king, Nuada, was injured in battle, a man called the Dagda became their new leader.
Like his people, the Dagda possessed magical gifts learned in the northern lands,...
Among the enemies of the Tuatha de Danaan were the Fomorians -- a people far different in every way. They had settled in Ireland before the coming of the Tuatha, and they had dark hair and dark eyes and carried spears of golden bronze. The Tuatha de Danaan and the Fomorians naturally went to war....
The Dagda Part One
http://www.tairis.co.uk/an-tri-naomh/the-dagda-part-one/
the tales and the mythology contained therein are not solely pre-Christian in origin, but a mixture of pre-Christian, Christian and even Classical ideals, with a good few glosses and misinterpretations thrown in. In studying the tales it should therefore be remembered that elements that may seem inherently Irish or pagan may not necessarily be so. ... he is “Lord of the Otherworld Feast”, as well as In Ruad Rofhessa...
Fomorians – the shadow gods
https://paganlayman.wordpress.com/2013/03/24/fomorians-the-shadow-gods/
“Both Lugh and Bres are half Fomoire, but whereas the former (Lugh) has a Fomorian mother and a Tuatha father, the latter (Bres) has a Fomorian father and a Tuatha mother. Each in the event supports his father’s side against his mother’s. Whereas Lugh’s inferior connections are with crafts, those with Bres are of agriculture (…). But his niggardly behaviour is as discordant with the generosity of the third function as it is with the magnanimity of the king. In him, the negative, Formorian side is dormant.
(Lugh's father is Cian of the Tuatha Dé Danann, and his mother is Ethniu, daughter of Balor, of the Fomorians).
(Bres parents were Prince Elatha of the Fomorians and Eri, daughter of Delbaith. Brigid was the wife of Bres. Brigit was daughter of Dagda of the Tuatha Dé Danann, and Morrigan. Dagda is a son of the goddess Danu.)
Christian scribes influenced the telling of history...
Chapter IV. The Irish Mythological Cycle
http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/rac/rac07.htm
As the new Achæan religion in Greece and the Vedic sacred books of India regarded the aboriginal gods and heroes as demons and goblins, so did Christianity in Ireland sometimes speak of the older gods there. On the other hand, it was mainly Christian scribes who changed the old mythology into history, and made the gods and heroes kings. Doubtless myths already existed, telling of the descent of rulers and people from divinities... Christian chroniclers to transmute myth into history ... Christianity began to be felt. 1 Their passion, however, was to show the descent of the Irish and the older peoples from the old Biblical personages, a process dear to the modern Anglo-Israelite, ...
Various stories were told of the first peopling of Ireland. Banba, with two other daughters of Cain, arrived with fifty women and three men, only to die of the plague. Three fishermen next discovered Ireland, and "of the island of Banba of Fair Women with hardihood they took possession." Having gone to fetch their wives, they perished in the deluge at Tuath Inba. A more popular account was that of the coming of Cessair, Noah's granddaughter, with her father, husband, a third man, Ladru, "the first dead man of Erin," and fifty damsels. Her coming was the result of the advice of a laimh-dhia, or "hand-god," but their ship was wrecked, and all save her husband, Finntain, who survived for centuries, perished in the flood....
Two hundred years before Partholan's coming, the Fomorians had arrived,... They were demons, according to the chroniclers, and descendants of the luckless Ham. Nennius makes Partholan and his men the first Scots who came from Spain to Ireland. The next arrivals were the people of Nemed who returned to Spain, whence they came ... They also were descendants of the inevitable Noah, and their sojourn in Ireland was much disturbed by the Fomorians who had recovered from their defeat, and finally overpowered the Nemedians after the death of Nemed. From Tory Island the Fomorians ruled Ireland, ...The Fomorians had a tower of glass in Tory Island. This was one day seen by the Milesians, to whom appeared on its battlements what seemed to be men. A year after they attacked the tower and were overwhelmed in the sea. From the survivors of a previously wrecked vessel of their fleet are descended the Irish. Another version makes the Nemedians the assailants. Thirty of them survived their defeat, some of them going to Scotland or Man (the Britons), some to Greece (to return as the Firbolgs), some to the north, where they learned magic and returned as the Tuatha Dé Danann. The Firbolgs, "men of bags," resenting their ignominious treatment by the Greeks, escaped to Ireland. They included the Firbolgs proper, the Fir-Domnann, and the Galioin. The Fomorians are called their gods, and this, with the contemptuous epithets bestowed on them, may point to the fact that the Firbolgs were the pre-Celtic folk of Ireland and the Fomorians their divinities, hostile to the gods of the Celts or regarded as dark deities. The Firbolgs are vassals of Ailill and Medb, and with the Fir Domnann and Galioin are hostile to Cúchulainn and his men, just as Fomorians were to the Tuatha Dé Danann. The strifes of races and of their gods are inextricably confused. ...
The Tuatha Dé Danann remained masters of Ireland until the coming of the Milesians, so named from an eponymous Mile, son of Bile. Ith, having been sent to reconnoitre, was slain, and the Milesians now invaded Ireland in force. In spite of a mist raised by the Druids... After their defeat the survivors of the Tuatha Dé Danann retired into the hills to become a fairy folk, and the Milesians (the Goidels or Scots) became ancestors of the Irish....
(NOTE: The Fomorians may have been related to, or be the same or similar Amazigh people of NW Africa from 10,000 ya, or maybe WHG? https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/miscellaneous/Amazigh.rtf )
From the annalistic point of view the Fomorians are sea demons or pirates, their name being derived from muir, "sea," while they are descended along with other monstrous beings from them. Professor Rhŷs, while connecting the name with Welsh foawr, "giant" (Gaelic famhair), derives the name from fo, "under," and muir, and regards them as submarine beings. Dr. MacBain connected them with the fierce powers of the western sea personified, like the Muireartach, a kind of sea hag, of a Fionn ballad. But this association of the Fomorians with the ocean may be the result of a late folk-etymology, which wrongly derived their name from muir. The Celtic experience of the Lochlanners or Norsemen, with whom the Fomorians are associated, would aid the conception of them as sea-pirates of a more or less demoniacal character. Dr. Stokes connects the second syllable mor with mare in "nightmare," from moro, and regards them as subterranean as well as submarine. But the more probable derivation is that of Zimmer and D'Arbois, from fo and morio (mor, "great "), which would thus agree with the tradition which regarded them as giants. They were probably beneficent gods of the aborigines, whom the Celtic conquerors regarded as generally evil, perhaps equating them with the dark powers already known to them. ...
Tribute was also paid to them on Samhain, the time when the powers of blight feared by men are in the ascendant. Again, the kingdom of Balor, their chief, is still described as the kingdom of cold. ... Fomorians must have been aboriginal gods of fertility whom the conquering Celts regarded as hostile to them and their gods. ... What makes it certain that the Fomorians were aboriginal gods is that they are found in Ireland before the coming of the early colonist Partholan. They were the gods of the pre-Celtic folk--Firbolgs, Fir Domnann, and Galioin 4--all of them in Ireland before the Tuatha Dé Danann arrived, and all of them regarded as slaves, spoken of with the utmost contempt. ...
Balor had a consort Cethlenn, whose venom killed Dagda. His one eye had become evil by contact with the poisonous fumes of a concoction which his father's Druids were preparing....Lug, a beneficent god, destroys Balor's maleficence....Tethra, with Balor and Elatha, ruled over Erin at the coming of the Tuatha Dé Danann. ...
After their conversion, the Celts, sons of Milesius, thought that the gods still existed in the hollow hills, their former dwellings and sanctuaries, or in far-off islands, still caring for their former worshippers. ...The Tuatha Dé Danann became the Daoine-sidhe, a fairy folk ...The euhemerists gave the Fomorians a monstrous and demoniac character, which they did not always give to the Tuatha Dé Danann; in this continuing the old tradition that Fomorians were hostile and the Tuatha Dé Danann beneficent and mild....
The Fomorians Archives
http://www.technogypsie.com/faerie/?cat=255
According to the myths and legends of early Ireland, the very first human-like inhabitants of the Green Island of Eire were the Fomorians. The Fomorians are believed to be beings who preceded the Gods, similar to the Greek Titans representing Gods of Chaos and wild nature. They were also depicted as the supernatural undead and magical beings of the Underworld or Otherworld. They were seen as a giant demonic race of beings who lived in boats off the coast of Ireland, often coming ashore to plunder and pillage all that existed on this grand Green Isle....sea pirates or under-sea phantoms....
Some legends suggest that the Fomorians originally came from Asia or Northern Africa...They left Africa as seafarers who were often depicted as having dark skin, black haired with the body of a man and the head of a goat according to the Eleventh century text called the Book of the Dun Cow or the Lebor na hUidre. In some manners, they have similarities to the descriptions of Ancient Egyptian and Nubian Gods, Goddesses, and half-human/half-animal creatures. ...the rumor was that their fleet stretched far and wide from the Northeastern coast of Ireland all the way to Norway.
(NOTE: In Norse Mythology there is mention of dark elves. Could the Fomorians be the dark elves? The early indigenous western European was a dark skin (not black negroid), and had blue eyes according to interpretations made of the ancient remains found in Portugal/Spain. The brown eyes came later from the eastern invaders according to the same interpretters. Although I have read several other theories of different claims.)
The first Fomorian King to have settled in Ireland was Conaing taking root on all the Northern Islands along the coasts of Ireland, Scotland, and Norway. In some respects, they had a under the seas glamour about them having lived beneath the waves giving some affiliation with mer-folk , selchies, and mermen or mermaids . They were then reputed to have split themselves up into different tribes, residing in the Underworld, which was later ruled by Tethra the Fomorian Faerie King. Often described to have the color and composure that is common-place for a Nubian with the darkest of black skin and hair, oddly though Elatha the father of Bres was depicted as having the most golden hair and the handsomest man in sight....
(NOTE: Several references to the term "black" people does not refer to negroid types but, rather people who had black hair, and/or dark complexion, and also used to describe bad character such as the Vikings were often referred to as the "dark invaders" or "black foreigners." https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/who-were-the-black-irish-92376439-237784721 Although some Irish may have a couple tenths of a percent subsaharan Africa from the Spanish Armada of 1588 but, it would be so negligible as to have any darkening effect of skin or hair. And the fact that the Fomorians had intermixed with the invading people indicates modern Irish peoples would have a significant amount of Fomorian DNA which does not contain any negroid DNA aside from more modern slavery days, or current intermixing and modern migrations. Thus, black as used did not refer to negroids but rather a sinister people of bad character, or from the dark underworld demons, and also used to describe the dark haired and dark complexion peoples most probably related to the more southern tribes like the Phoenicians, and/or Amazigh peoples.)
By right of the myths and legends, the Fomorians were unique in their DNA, racial, and family lineage with their own customs and language dialects than the other invading inhabitants of Ireland. Whereas the Nemedians, the Fir-Bolg, and the Tuatha de Danann were believed to have shared the same DNA, family lines, languages, and were considered to be of the same races.
They came to be defeated by the first invaders of Ireland from Greece known as the Partholon by 2680 or 2061 B.C.E. (dates differ to scholar s theories). Shortly after defeat by the Partholon, they took back the land by instilling a plague that killed off the Partholon, laying them waste in the fields. They battled again with the Nemeds and then finally defeated and vanquished by the Tuatha de Danann. Ever since, any settled pirates or sea-based raiders were labeled Fomorians.
Were the Fomorians sea roving Phoenicians?
Ireland in prehistory
http://www.knowth.com/ireland-prehistory.htm
Fomorians : Having now "disposed of " the Fomorians it is a good time to review their influence on Ireland. Chronologically they do not fit easily into our picture. They appear first in the antique period of Partholon and continue to reappear until their ultimate defeat by the Tuatha de Danann. Long as their tenure was they are not represented as the "aboriginal" Irish race but as a sea-roving people who established themselves on a base in Tory Island, off the Donegal coast. Their influence seems over the years to have extended over a large part of the country. Sheep-farmers in life-style, they are given a "bad press" by their more civilized (?) rivals. Thus we hear they were associated with evil - night - death. They are described as grotesque -- sometimes with one arm, one eye, one leg. Interestingly there are drawings of the" unusual" people found in the West Indies and in America after Columbus which have many points in common with the Fomorians! (Psychological reaction to the new - unfamiliar - and therefore terrifying) .They were also stated to practise child sacrifice, not unknown among many ancient peoples, and certainly attributed to the Phoenicians/Carthaginians -- another seafaring race and avid colonists. The name of one of their leaders -- Balor -- has been suggested as being derived from the Phoenician/Carthaginian god Baal (also spelt Bealiah). As sea-rovers they are also suggested to have a Scandinavian origin. (Rock scribings in Norway indicate the use of quite large ships from the Bronze Age at least).
Fomorians - Demon-Snakes from Irish and Welsh legends, Equal in Magic to Tuatha de Danann
http://earthbeforeflood.com/fomorians.html
Fomorians are considered by the most ancient, native inhabitants of Ireland. As legends narrate, all invaders invariably met them on the island (up to 1700-700 BC). They gave to know about themselves at the time of Partolon which settled down in Ireland together with his companions after the Great Flood (about 12 thousand years ago). ...
Generally Fomorians were huge and ugly creatures. In the "The Book of Invasions" of Ireland (" The Book of Conquests", Leabhar Gabhala Eireann) they are described as "crowds of abominable giants and monsters" - one-eyed, one-armed and one-legged giants, or as giants with a shapeless monstrous appearance and a different number of eyes and extremities....Some fomorians had on their shoulders heads of goats, horses and buffalos.
the leader of Fomorians Balor. His father was Buarayneh, that is "buffalo-headed". One eye of Balor has been always shut, because it was so poisonous (venomous) that slayed everyone on whom its gaze dropped...
They were the only beings comparable to Tuatha de Danann in the art of magic. They could clear away a fog, withdraw (take back) waters, stop a storm called by magicians of the people of Danu. Imitating them, druids sometimes conjured, standing on one leg and having folded one eye...Fomorians were rather tempted in a military science and fighted almost against all who arrived to Ireland...
In 1700-700 BC fomorians together with the People of Danu had withstanded three or five fights with the Sons of Mile Spanish while those could not prevail against them. ... Irish legends definitely indicate that Fomorians were perfect breeders and farmers. Bres, appealing for mercy to Tuatha då Danann, promised that "milk at cows of Ireland" will not run out for ever". ...
So, whom Fomorians were? More often they are considered by dark demons or gods and opposed to light demons or gods - Tuatha då Danann. Their progenitress was the goddess Domnu, the name of which means "abyss", "a marine abyss", and the word "fomorians" means "living under sea". The sovereign of Fomorians Indech was the son of Domnu.
There is an opinion that the word "Fomorian" means virgin antiquity or chaos to which Celts traditionally related the immense ocean populated by any monstrous monsters. It was opposite to such concepts, as heaven and the sun. Fomorians themselves considered as beings more ancient than gods, from ams of which they, in long run, should be perished.
In the late mediaeval texts the word "Fomorian" acquires meanings "giant", and in church tradition they are imaged in the same row with elves, horseheaded and other ugly beings.
Ireland’s Wars: The Mythic Conflicts Of The Fomorians, Tuatha De Danann And Milesians
Who were the Black Irish, and what is their story?
https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/who-were-the-black-irish-92376439-237784721
There are a number of different claims as to the origin of the term, none of which are possible to entirely prove or disprove....A quick review of Irish history reveals that the island was subject to a number of influxes of foreign cultures. The Celts arrived on the island about the year 500 B.C....
The next great influx came from Northern Europe, with Viking raids occurring as early as 795 A.D. The defeat of the Vikings at the Battle of Clontarf in the year 1014 by Brian Boru marked the end of the struggle with the invaders and saw the subsequent integration of the Vikings into Irish society....
The Norman invasions of 1170 and 1172 led by Strongbow saw yet another wave of immigrants settle in the country, many of whom fiercely resisted English dominance of the island in the centuries that followed. The Plantation of Ulster in the seventeenth century saw the arrival of English and Scottish colonists in Ulster after the Flight of the Earls....
The Vikings were often referred to as the "dark invaders" or "black foreigners." The Gaelic word for foreigner is "gall" and for black (or dark) is "dubh."..."O'Dubhghaill" which literally means "dark foreigner" which reveals their heritage as an invading force with dark intentions....The traditional image of Vikings is of pale-skinned blond-haired invaders but their description as "dark foreigners" may lead us to conclude that their memory in folklore does not necessarily reflect their physical description....
Many families, however, integrated into Gaelic society and changed their Norman name to Gaelic and then Anglo equivalents...
It is possible that the term "Black Irish" may have referred to some of these immigrant groups as a way of distinguishing them from the "Gaels," the people of ultimately Celtic origin.
Another theory of the origin of the term "Black Irish" is that these people were descendants of Spanish traders who settled in Ireland and even descendants of the few Spanish sailors who were washed up on the west coast of Ireland after the disaster of the Spanish Armada of 1588....It is striking, though, how this tale is very similar to the ancient Irish legend of the Milesians who settled in Ireland having traveled from Spain...
Irish peasants who emigrated to America after the Great Famine of 1845 to 1849. 1847 was known as "black 47." The potato blight which destroyed the main source of sustenance turned the vital food black...
It remains, therefore, a descriptive term used for many purposes, rather than a reference to an actual class of people who may have survived the centuries.
Cú Chulainn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BA_Chulainn
Irish for "Culann's Hound" and sometimes known in English as Cuhullin , is an Irish mythological hero who appears in the stories of the Ulster Cycle, as well as in Scottish and Manx folklore. He is believed to be an incarnation of the god Lugh, who is also his father. His mother is the mortal Deichtine, sister of Conchobar mac Nessa.
Born Sétanta, he gained his better-known name as a child, after killing Culann's fierce guard-dog in self-defence and offered to take its place until a replacement could be reared. At the age of seventeen he defended Ulster single-handedly against the armies of queen Medb of Connacht in the famous Táin Bó Cúailnge ("Cattle Raid of Cooley"). It was prophesied that his great deeds would give him everlasting fame, but his life would be a short one. He is known for his terrifying battle frenzy, or ríastrad ... in which he becomes an unrecognisable monster who knows neither friend nor foe. He fights from his chariot, driven by his loyal charioteer Láeg and drawn by his horses, Liath Macha and Dub Sainglend. In more modern times, Cú Chulainn is often referred to as the "Hound of Ulster".
Cú Chulainn shows striking similarities to the legendary Persian hero Rostam, as well as to the Germanic Lay of Hildebrand and the labours of the Greek epic hero Heracles, suggesting a common Indo-European origin, but lacking in linguistic, anthropological and archaeological material.
Birth: There are a number of versions of the story of Cú Chulainn's miraculous birth. In the earliest version of Compert C(h)on Culainn ("The Conception of Cú Chulainn"), his mother Deichtine is the daughter and charioteer of Conchobar mac Nessa, king of Ulster, and accompanies him as he and the nobles of Ulster hunt a flock of magical birds. As snow begins to fall, Ulstermen seek shelter in a nearby house. As the host's wife goes into labour, Deichtine assists in the birth of a baby boy, while a mare gives birth to twin colts. The next morning, the Ulstermen find themselves at the Brug na Bóinde (the Neolithic mound at Newgrange)—the house and its occupants have disappeared, but the child and the colts remain. Deichtine takes the boy home and begins raising him as her own, but the boy falls ill and dies. The god Lug appears to her and tells her he was their host that night, and that he has put his child in her womb, who is to be called Sétanta. Her pregnancy turns into a scandal as she is betrothed to Sualtam mac Róich, and the Ulstermen suspect Conchobar of being the father, so she aborts the child and goes to her husband's bed "virgin-whole". She then conceives a son whom she names Sétanta....
They search all over Ireland for a suitable wife for him, but he will have none but Emer, daughter of Forgall Monach. However, Forgall is opposed to the match. He suggests that Cú Chulainn should train in arms with the renowned warrior-woman Scáthach in the land of Alba (Scotland), ...Scáthach teaches Cú Chulainn all the arts of war, including the use of the Gáe Bulg, a terrible barbed spear, thrown with the foot, that has to be cut out of its victim....
Leaving Aífe pregnant, Cú Chulainn returns from Scotland fully trained, but Forgall still refuses to let him marry Emer. Cú Chulainn storms Forgall's fortress, killing twenty-four of Forgall's men, abducts Emer and steals Forgall's treasure. Forgall himself falls from the ramparts to his death. ...
Eight years later, Connla, Cú Chulainn's son by Aífe, comes to Ireland in search of his father, but Cú Chulainn takes him as an intruder and kills him when he refuses to identify himself. Connla's last words to his father as he dies are that they would have "carried the flag of Ulster to the gates of Rome and beyond", leaving Cú Chulainn grief-stricken....
During his time abroad, Cú Chulainn had rescued Derbforgaill, a Scandinavian princess, from being sacrificed to the Fomorians. She falls in love with him, and she and her handmaid come to Ireland in search of him in the form of a pair of swans. Cú Chulainn, not realising who she is, shoots her down with his sling, and then saves her life by sucking the stone from her side. Having tasted her blood, he cannot marry her, and gives her to his foster-son Lugaid Riab nDerg. Lugaid goes on to become High King of Ireland, but the Lia Fáil (stone of destiny), fails to cry out when he stands on it, so Cú Chulainn splits it in two with his sword. When Derbforgaill is mutilated by the women of Ulster out of jealousy for her sexual desirability and dies of her wounds, Lugaid dies of grief, and Cú Chulainn avenges them by demolishing the house the women are inside, killing 150 of them....
The Cattle Raid of Cooley: At the age of seventeen, Cú Chulainn single-handedly defends Ulster from the army of Connacht in the Táin Bó Cúailnge. Medb, queen of Connacht, has mounted the invasion to steal the stud bull Donn Cúailnge,...
Before one combat a beautiful young woman comes to him, claiming to be the daughter of a king, and offers him her love, but he refuses her. The woman reveals herself as the Morrígan, and in revenge for this slight, she attacks him in various animal forms... After Cú Chulainn finally defeats Lóch, the Morrígan appears to him as an old woman milking a cow, with the same injuries he had given her in her animal forms. She gives him three drinks of milk, and with each drink he blesses her, healing her wounds....
After one particularly arduous combat, Cú Chulainn lies severely wounded but is visited by Lug, who tells him he is his father and heals his wounds....
Cú Chulainn's death: Medb conspires with Lugaid, son of Cú Roí, Erc, son of Cairbre Nia Fer, and the sons of others Cú Chulainn had killed, to draw him out to his death. His fate is sealed by his breaking of the geasa (taboos) upon him.... Lugaid has three magical spears made, and it is prophesied that a king will fall by each of them. With the first he kills Cú Chulainn's charioteer Láeg, king of chariot drivers. With the second he kills Cú Chulainn's horse, Liath Macha, king of horses. With the third he hits Cú Chulainn, mortally wounding him. Cú Chulainn ties himself to a standing stone to die on his feet, facing his enemies. This stone is traditionally identified as Clochafarmore, located near Dundalk. Due to his ferocity even when so near death, it is only when a raven lands on his shoulder that his enemies believe he is dead. Lugaid approaches and cuts off his head, but as he does so the "hero-light" burns around Cú Chulainn and his sword falls from his hand and cuts Lugaid's hand off. The light disappears only after his right hand, his sword arm, is cut from his body....
Cu Chulainn
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cu-Chulainn
in medieval Irish literature, the central character of the Ulster (Ulaid) cycle. He was the greatest of the Knights of the Red Branch—i.e., the warriors loyal to Conor (Conchobar mac Nessa), who was reputedly king of the Ulaids of northeast Ireland at about the beginning of the 1st century bce. Cú Chulainn, born as Sétante, the son of the god Lug (Lugh) of the Long Arm and Dechtire, the sister of Conor, was of great size and masculine beauty and won distinction for his exploits while still a child.
His prowess was increased by the gift of seven fingers on each hand, seven toes on each foot, and seven pupils in each eye. Favoured by the gods and exempt from the curse of periodic feebleness laid upon the men of Ulster, he performed superhuman exploits and labours comparable to those of the Greek hero Achilles. In times of rage he took on the characteristics of the Scandinavian berserkers and would become monstrously deformed and uncontrollable. The Cattle Raid of Cooley (Táin Bó Cuailnge) records his single-handed defense of Ulster at the age of 17 against the forces of Medb (Maeve), queen of Connaught. According to the best-known legends, he was tricked by his enemies into an unfair fight and slain at the age of 27.
The Legend of Cú Chulainn
https://stairnaheireann.net/2018/03/30/the-legend-of-cu-chulainn-2/
The Legend of Cú Chulainn
https://stairnaheireann.net/2019/03/30/the-legend-of-cu-chulainn-3/
Ulster cycle | Irish Gaelic literature
https://www.britannica.com/art/Ulster-cycle
Ulster cycle, Irish Ulaid Cycle, in ancient Irish literature, a group of legends and tales dealing with the heroic age of the Ulaids, a people of northeast Ireland from whom the modern name Ulster derives. The stories, set in the 1st century bc, were recorded from oral tradition between the 8th and 11th century and are preserved in the 12th-century manuscripts The Book of the Dun Cow (c. 1100) and The Book of Leinster (c. 1160) and also in later compilations, such as The Yellow Book of Lecan (14th century). They reflect the customs of a free pre-Christian aristocracy who fought from chariots, took heads as trophies, were subject to taboo (geis), and were influenced by druids. Mythological elements are freely intermingled with legendary elements that have an air of authenticity. Events centre on the reign of the semi-historical King Conor (Conchobar mac Nessa) at Emain Macha (near modern Armagh) and his Knights of the Red Branch (i.e., the palace building in which the heads and arms of vanquished enemies were stored). A rival court at Connaught is ruled by King Ailill and Queen Medb. The chief hero of the Red Branch is the Achilles-like Cú Chulainn, born of a mortal mother, Dechtire, the sister of King Conor, and a divine father, the god Lug of the Long Arm....
Linguistic form may not always be a deliberate usage for words. It may sometimes be just coincidence, and no link at all. Other times Etymology is key to origins of words. I would be cautious not to make more, or add more interpretation to words that may have similar letters. Although similar is often a trail back to its origins similar may get misinterpreted, and used differently over time, and sometimes have no link at all. And some researchers give different interpretations to the past using whatever is available. Sometimes it is correct, partly correct, and sometimes totally wrong.
Theories are just that, theories. Not necessarily total fact. Just one, or several peoples interpretations.
The following use similarities of words to help understand the past. But be careful because although similar and exact words are used in different civilizations of different regions it does not necessarily equate to the origin of that word, or that people. As for Ireland, history reveals several invasions in its history. DNA also reveals this that the Irish people are Neanderthal, Hunter Gatherer, Near East Farmer, and Ancient Northern Eurasian. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4720318/figure/fig01/
One must keep this in mind that Irish is majority Hunter Gatherer, then some Near East Farmer, then Ancient Eurasian. Thus, reading the following info about Near East culture does not totally represent the Irish nor many Northern Europeans. It only represents that portion of their bloodline. Many of the indigenous peoples were forced to convert to the invading peoples culture even by way of genocide by sword, while other invasions it was genocide by genetic inter-mixing....
The Irish Origins of Civilization Etymology Key to the Past
http://www.irishoriginsofcivilization.com/etymology-key-to-the-past.html
...from 7,000 to 10,000 years before Christ, there lived a people in that region, which, as the bees send off in the spring their successive swarms, poured out its streams if emigration all over Europe, and into India, Bactria, Media and Persia; everywhere conquering the indigenous races, and becoming the Celts of Spain, Britain and Ireland, the Northmen of Sweden, Norway and Denmark, the ancient Goths and modern Germans, the Slavic and Lithuanian races, the Greeks and Romans, the Hindus and the Medians and Persians. You hardly utter a sentence of our English tongue without speaking some word which was spoken in the same sense by that ancient people, ten thousand years ago or more. Albert Pike (Lectures of the Arya) ...
...the ancient name of India was Bharat. This was the name of an ancient goddess worshiped the world over. Another important goddess was known as Ana. When the two goddess names are combined we have Baratana. This is where the name of Britain originated. In fact the symbol of Baratana sitting on a throne is the familiar emblem for Britain. In Sweden, the goddess Svea (after whom the country is named) is likewise seen seated with a lion beside her throne. ...
Speaking of the Ari or Aryans, we find this root (and its derivatives) in place names such as Saqqara, Benares and Lohara. This word root has the common meaning "area," although this term itself comes from the name of the ancient goddess worshiped by the Arya, namely Eri or Ari. ...
ben, meaning "hill" or "high place." ... Gal indicates the Gaels ...
The Irish Origins of Civilization Laurence Austine Waddell
http://www.irishoriginsofcivilization.com/l-a-waddell.html
Prydain The Welsh name for Britain. (Also see Pretan.) ... Ash This term meant king. In Nordic languages As means "gods" (see Asgard). ... Eden The Indus Valley. Location 30-35 latitude, 70-75 longitude.... Saint George Was the same as the first Sumerian king Induru (Indara), also called Gaur, Gaor or George. This word meant “Gardener” or “Cultivator.” ...
Conn (and Gawain) From Kan, Can, Gan, the second Sumerian king. He was also entitled Michael. ... Enoch Was the third Sumerian King Januk? ... The Puranas The ancient Vedic texts. The word means “Ancient Heroes.” ... Cappadocia The "Land of Beautiful Horses." In modern Turkey (Anatolia). Earlier known as Hatti, this land was the home of the Hittites. West of the Euphrates river. The earliest settlement of the Aryan kings, who may have come there from the Danube Valley. From here the kings established the Sumerian civilization. Mount Taurus stands to the south. ... Zeus From Sumerian or Aryan Zax. ... Gothic Goth was a Roman term for the Gotts or “Men of the Goats,” namely, the Aryans. ... King Tor Dar or Dur: an early Sumerian-Aryan king in Sumeria. ... Celt True meaning - from Khata, or Khalti, or Kheta, signifying white Syrians, or Babylonians, Sumerians, etc. The Catti. The term was misused and misapplied. ...
Niall of the Nine Hostages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_of_the_Nine_Hostages
was a prehistoric Irish king, the ancestor of the Uí Néill dynasties that dominated the northern half of Ireland from the 6th to the 10th century. Irish annalistic and chronicle sources place his reign in the late 4th and early 5th centuries, although modern scholars, through critical study of the annals, date him about half a century later....
The Annals of Inisfallen date his death before 382, and the Chronicon Scotorum to 411. The later Annals of the Four Masters dates his reign to 379–405, and the chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn to 368–395....
A legendary account of Niall's birth and early life is given in the possibly-11th-century tale Echtra mac nEchach Muimedóin ("The adventure of the sons of Eochaid Mugmedón"). In it, Eochaid Mugmedón, the High King of Ireland, has five sons, four, Brión, Ailill, Fiachrae and Fergus, by his first wife Mongfind, sister of the king of Munster, Crimthann mac Fidaig, and a fifth, Niall, by his second wife Cairenn Chasdub, daughter of Sachell Balb, king of the Saxons. While Cairenn is pregnant with Niall, the jealous Mongfind forces her to do heavy work, hoping to make her miscarry. She gives birth as she is drawing water, but out of fear of Mongfind, she leaves the child on the ground, exposed to the birds. The baby is rescued and brought up by a poet called Torna. When Niall grows up he returns to Tara and rescues his mother from her labour.
Although it is anachronistic for Niall's mother to have been a Saxon, O'Rahilly argues that the name Cairenn is derived from the Latin name Carina, and that it is plausible that she might have been a Romano-Briton. Keating describes her not as a Saxon but as the "daughter of the king of Britain". Mongfind appears to have been a supernatural personage: the saga "The Death of Crimthann mac Fidaig" says the festival of Samhain was commonly called the "Festival of Mongfind", and prayers were offered to her on Samhain eve....
The Lebor Gabála Érenn says there was war between Niall and Énnae Cennsalach, king of Leinster, over the bórama or cow-tribute first imposed on Leinster by Tuathal Techtmar. Énna's son Eochaid is named as Niall's killer in all sources, although the circumstances vary. All sources agree he died outside Ireland. The earliest version of the Lebor Gabála says Eochaid killed him on the English Channel, later versions adding that Niall was invading Brittany when this happened. Keating, quoting a Latin Life of Saint Patrick, says that Niall led Irish raids on Roman Britain, and in one of those raids Patrick and his sisters were abducted. Keating associates these raids with those mentioned by Gildas and Bede, and deduces that, since some Irish sources say Patrick was abducted from Brittany, that Niall's raids must have extended to continental Europe as well.
Uí Néill
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill
Country Ireland Parent house Connachta (Dál Cuinn)
Titles Kings of Tara High Kings of Ireland Kings of Mide Kings of Uisnech Kings of Ailech
Kings of Tyrone Kings of Tyrconnell Kings of Brega (Kings of Scotland) numerous peerages
Founded 5th century AD Founder Niall Noígíallach Current head by sept dynast Cadet branches House of Dunkeld ?
The Uí Néill, descendants of Niall are Irish and Scottish dynasties who claim descent from Niall Noigiallach (Niall of the Nine Hostages), a historical King of Tara who died about 405.
Gaelic nobility of Ireland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland
This article concerns the Gaelic nobility of Ireland from ancient to modern times. It only partly overlaps with Chiefs of the Name because it excludes Scotland and other discussion. It is one of three groups of Irish nobility, the others being those nobles descended from the Hiberno-Normans and those granted titles of nobility in the Peerage of Ireland.... The ancient Gaelic families are divided by race and sept, and by geography.
Why Ireland split into the Republic of Ireland & Northern Ireland
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=4&v=dCJMQgfHXNI
TO MY UNDERSTANDING GAEL IS A LANGUAGE AND CULTURE ORIGINATING IN IRLAND YET IT IS AN INDO EUROPEAN LANGUAGE.
GAELS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH R1b PATERNAL DNA MAINLY OF THE L-21.
THE AREA HAS SUFFERED A FEW INVASIONS SO WE SEE INFLUXES OF CULTURES OF hUNTER gATHERER, fARMER, hORSEMAN & cATTLE, sEA PEOPLE, mESOPOTAMIAN, nORSE, DID I MISS ANYTHING ELSE.
THE FENI, THE FOREST PEOPLE, I GET A FEEL IT DESCRIBED AN EARLY PHOENICIAN PEOPLE. BUT, THEN THE ARTICLE SAY THEY CAME AFTER TUATHA DE DANAAN SO GAELS MUST BE MILESIANS?
THUS, BASED ON THIS ARTICLE I AM LEFT TO CONCLUDE THAT GAEL MUST BE A LANGUAGE AND CULTURE DEVELOPED BY THE MILESIANS WHO SETTLED IN IRLAND MAKING A NEW CULTURE AND LANGUAGE.
THE NAME GAEL ITSELF WAS A BORROWED WORD USED TO DESCRIBE THE EARLIER PEOPLE OF IRLAND BUT, MUST HAVE REMAINED AFTER THE NEW MILESIAN CULTURE?
Gaels
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaels
The Gaels are an ethnolinguistic group native to northwestern Europe. They are associated with the Gaelic languages: a branch of the Celtic languages comprising Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic. ...Gaelic language and culture originated in Ireland, extending to Dál Riata in western Scotland. In antiquity the Gaels traded with the Roman Empire and also raided Roman Britain. In the Middle Ages, Gaelic culture became dominant throughout the rest of Scotland and the Isle of Man. There was also some Gaelic settlement in Wales and Cornwall. In the Viking Age, small numbers of Vikings raided and settled in Gaelic lands, becoming the Norse-Gaels. In the 9th century, the Scots Gaels of Dál Riata merged with Pictland to form the Gaelic Kingdom of Alba....
In the 12th century, Normans conquered parts of Ireland (leading to centuries of conflict), while parts of Scotland became Normanized. However, Gaelic culture remained strong throughout Ireland, the Scottish Highlands and Galloway. In the early 17th century, the last Gaelic kingdoms in Ireland fell under English control. James I sought to subdue the Gaels and wipe out their culture; in Ireland by colonizing Gaelic land with English-speaking British settlers, and in the Scottish Highlands via repressive laws such as the Statutes of Iona. In the following centuries most Gaels were gradually anglicized and Gaelic language mostly supplanted by English...
Gaelic society traditionally centered around the clan, each with its own territory and chieftain, elected through tanistry. The Gaels were originally pagans who worshipped the Tuatha Dé Danann, venerated the ancestors and believed in an Otherworld. Their four yearly festivals – Samhain, Imbolc, Beltane and Lughnasa – continued to be celebrated into modern times. The Gaels have a strong oral tradition, traditionally maintained by shanachies. Inscription in the Gaelic ogham alphabet began in the 1st century. ... In the Middle Ages, most Gaels lived in roundhouses and ringforts. The Gaels had their own style of dress, which (in Scotland) became the belted plaid and kilt....
The name ultimately derives from the Old Irish word Goídel, spelled officially today as Gaedheal, Gael (Irish and Manx) and Gàidheal (Scottish Gaelic). In early modern Irish, the words Gaelic and Gael were spelled respectively Gaoidhealg and Gaoidheal. The more antiquarian term Goidels came to be used by some... Guoidel was borrowed from a Primitive Welsh form that became an Old Welsh term, roughly meaning "forest people", "wild men" or later "warriors". ...This term shared a root with the Old Irish fíad "deer", and was partially cognate with Féni, from the Proto-Indo-European *weidh-n-jo-. This latter word is the origin of Fianna and Fenian....
Irish... The ultimate origin of this word is thought to be from the Old Irish Ériu, which is from Old Celtic *Iveriu, likely associated with the Proto-Indo-European term *pi-wer- meaning "fertile". Ériu is mentioned as a goddess in the Lebor Gabála Érenn as a daughter of Ernmas of the Tuatha Dé Danann. Along with her sisters Banba and Fódla, she is said to have made a deal with the Milesians to name the island after her.
The ancient Greeks; in particular Ptolemy in his 2nd century Geographia, possibly based on earlier sources; located a group known as the Iverni in the south-west of Ireland. This group has been associated with the Érainn of Irish tradition by T. F. O'Rahilly and others. The Érainn; claiming descent from a Milesian eponymous ancestor named Ailill Érann; were the hegemonic power in Ireland prior to the rise of the descendants of Conn of the Hundred Battles and Mug Nuadat. The Érainn included peoples such as the Corcu Loígde and Dál Riata. Ancient Roman writers, such as Caesar, Pliny and Tacitus, derived from "Ivernia" the name Hibernia. Thus the name Hibernian also comes from this root (although the Romans tended to call the Gaels "Scoti").
From the 5th to 10th centuries, early Scotland was home to the following people and cultures: the Picts, Dál Riata also known as Gaels, the Britons, Angles and the Vikings. The Romans began to use the term Scoti to describe the Gaels in Latin from the 4th century onward.... the term "Scots" did not just apply to them, but to Gaels in general. ...The Gaels of northern Britain referred to themselves as Albannaich in their own tongue and their realm as the Kingdom of Alba (founded as a successor state to Pictland and Dál Riata). Germanic groups tended to refer to the Gael as "Scottas"...
In traditional Gaelic society, a patrilineal kinship group is referred to as a clann; this signifies a tribal grouping descended from a common ancestor, much larger than a personal family, ...The Irish Gaels can be grouped into the following major historical clans; Connachta (including Uí Néill, Clan Colla, Uí Maine, etc.), Dál gCais, Eóganachta, Érainn (including Dál Riata, Dál Fiatach, etc.), Laigin and Ulaid (including Dál nAraidi). ...
Gaelic origin... It was found that the overwhelming majority belonged to haplogroup R1b in their Y-chromosome DNA (as with much of Western Europe). The two other peoples who recorded higher than 85% for R1b in a 2009 study published in the scientific journal, PLOS Biology, were the Welsh and the Basques....
"major" Gaelic nations in the modern era are Ireland and Scotland ...Communities where the languages are still spoken natively are restricted largely to the west coast of each country and especially the Hebrides in Scotland....
With the coming of the Viking Age and their slave markets, Gaels were also dispersed in this way across the realms under Viking control; as a legacy, in genetic studies, Icelanders exhibit high levels of Gaelic-derived mDNA....
Origins:
Lebor Gabála Érenn, the Gaels trace the origin of their people to an eponymous ancestor named Goídel Glas. He is described as a Scythian prince (the grandson of Fénius Farsaid), who is credited with creating the Gaelic languages. Goídel's mother is called Scota, described as an Egyptian princess (some modern writers associate her with Meritaten). The Gaels are depicted as wandering from place to place for hundreds of years; they spend time in Egypt, Crete, Scythia, the Caspian Sea and Getulia, before arriving in Iberia, where their king, Breogán, is said to have founded Galicia. The Gaels are then said to have sailed to Ireland via Galicia in the form of the Milesians, sons of Míl Espáine. The Gaels fight a battle of sorcery with the Tuatha Dé Danann, the gods, who inhabited Ireland at the time. Ériu, a goddess of the land, promises the Gaels that Ireland shall be theirs so long as they pay tribute to her.... Gaels (who are associated with paternal R-L21).... After the R-L51 subclade founded the Unetice culture, a derivative R-L21 moved West, arriving in Britain c. 2100 BCE and Ireland c. 2000 BCE, becoming the Gaelic people.
Ancient
At this early point of the Milesian-era, the non-Gaelic Fir Domnann held Leinster and the Fir Ol nEchmacht held what was later known as Connacht (possibly remnants of the Fir Bolg).
There is some evidence that the Gaels may have visited the Faroe Islands and Iceland before the Norse, and that Gaelic monks known as papar lived there before being driven out by the incoming Norsemen....
The late 8th century... Norsemen from Scandinavia, known as the Vikings, began to raid and pillage settlements looking for booty. The earliest recorded raids were on Rathlin and Iona in 795; these hit and run attacks continued for some time until the Norsemen began to settle in the 840s at Dublin (setting up a large slave market), Limerick, Waterford and elsewhere. The Norsemen also took most of the Hebrides and the Isle of Man from the Dál Riata clans and established the Kingdom of the Isles. At the same time, the Picts were becoming Gaelicised, and the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata merged with Pictland to form the Kingdom of Alba....
After a spell when the Norsemen were driven from Dublin by Leinsterman Cerball mac Muirecáin, they returned in the reign of Niall Glúndub, heralding a second Viking period. The Dublin Norse...Gaelicised as the Norse-Gaels were a serious regional power, with territories across Northumbria and York. At the same time, the Uí Néill branches were involved in an internal power struggle for hegemony between the northern or southern branches. ...
The remainder of the Middle Ages was marked by conflict between Gaels and Anglo-Normans. The Norman invasion of Ireland took place in stages during the late 12th century. ...The Norman kings of England claimed sovereignty over this territory, leading to centuries of conflict between the Normans and the native Irish... Scotland also came under Anglo-Norman influence in the 12th century....In 1315, a Scottish army landed in Ireland as part of Scotland's war against England....Irish to ally with the Scots by invoking a shared Gaelic ancestry and culture,...However, the campaign ended three years later with Edward's defeat ...In 1542, Henry VIII of England declared the Lordship of Ireland a Kingdom and himself King of Ireland....Decades of conflict followed in the reign of Elizabeth I, culminating in the Nine Years' War (1594–1603). The war ended in defeat for the Irish Gaelic alliance, and brought an end to the independence of the last Irish Gaelic kingdoms....
In 1603, with the Union of the Crowns, King James of Scotland also became king of England and Ireland. James saw the Gaels as a barbarous and rebellious people in need of civilising, and believed that Gaelic culture should be wiped out. Also, while most of Britain had converted to Protestantism, most Gaels had held on to Catholicism. When the leaders of the Irish Gaelic alliance fled Ireland in 1607, their lands were confiscated. James set about colonising this land with English-speaking Protestant settlers from Britain, in what became known as the Plantation of Ulster. It was meant to establish a loyal British Protestant colony in Ireland's most rebellious region and to sever Gaelic Ulster's links with Gaelic Scotland. In Scotland, James attempted to subdue the Gaelic clans and suppress their culture through laws such as the Statutes of Iona. He also attempted to colonise the Isle of Lewis with settlers from the Lowlands....
The Gaelic languages are part of the Celtic languages and fall under the wider Indo-European language family....Estimates of the emergence of proto-Gaelic in Ireland vary widely from the introduction of agriculture c. 7000–6000 BC to around the first few centuries BC.... Primitive Irish does appear in a specialised written form, using a unique script known as Ogham....
I have found two possible discrepancies for misinterpretations:
1) Feni, Forest People OR Pirate. OR Feni, Forest People AND Pirate:
Guoidel was borrowed from a Primitive Welsh form that became an Old Welsh term, roughly meaning "forest people", "wild men" or later "warriors". ...This term shared a root with the Old Irish fíad "deer", and was partially cognate with Féni, from the Proto-Indo-European weidh-n-jo-. This latter word is the origin of Fianna and Fenian....
The endonyms (Gaeilge and Gaolainn in Irish, Gaelg in Manx and Gàidhlig in Scottish Gaelic) are derived from Old Irish Goídelc, which in turn is derived from Old Welsh Guoidel meaning "pirate, raider"...
2) Scythian Prince OR Greek Prince. OR Scythian Prince AND Greek Prince:
the origin of the Gaels as the descendants of the Scythian prince Fénius Farsaid, ... Goídel Glas was the son of Nel (son of Fénius) and Scota (daughter of a Pharaoh of Egypt)....
In Fordun's version, Gaythelos, as he calls Goídel Glas, is the son of "a certain king of the countries of Greece, Neolus, or Heolaus, by name", who was exiled to Egypt and took service with the Pharaoh, marrying Pharaoh's daughter Scota...
Goidelic languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_languages
"Gaelic languages" redirects here. For the Gaelic language, see Scottish Gaelic
The Goidelic or Gaelic languages form one of the two groups of Insular Celtic languages, the other being the Brittonic languages....
The endonyms (Gaeilge and Gaolainn in Irish, Gaelg in Manx and Gàidhlig in Scottish Gaelic) are derived from Old Irish Goídelc, which in turn is derived from Old Welsh Guoidel meaning "pirate, raider". The medieval mythology of the Lebor Gabála Érenn places its origin in an eponymous ancestor of the Gaels and the inventor of the language, Goídel Glas.
The family tree of the Goidelic languages is as follows:
Primitive Irish: the oldest known form of the Goidelic languages. It is known only from fragments, mostly personal names, inscribed on stone in the ogham alphabet in Ireland and western Great Britain from around the 4th to the 7th or 8th century...similar in morphology and inflections to Gaulish, Latin, Classical Greek and Sanskrit...
Old Irish: It was used from c.600 to c.900....Old Irish was the only member of the Goidelic/Gaelic branch of the Celtic languages, which is, in turn, a subfamily of the wider Indo-European language family that also includes the Slavonic, Italic/Romance, Indo-Aryan and Germanic subfamilies, along with several others. Old Irish is the ancestor of all modern Goidelic languages: Modern Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx.
A still older form of Irish is known as Primitive Irish. Fragments of Primitive Irish, mainly personal names, are known from inscriptions on stone written in the Ogham alphabet. The inscriptions date from about the 4th to the 6th centuries. Primitive Irish appears to have been very close to Common Celtic, the ancestor of all Celtic languages, and it had a lot of the characteristics of other archaic Indo-European languages.
Middle Irish: circa 900-1200 AD; it is therefore a contemporary of late Old English and early Middle English....Middle Irish is a fusional, VSO, nominative-accusative language....
Modern Irish: Irish Gaelic language, is a Goidelic language (Gaelic) of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland ...From the 12th century, Middle Irish began to evolve into modern Irish ...From the 18th century on, the language lost ground in the east of the country. The reasons behind this shift were complex but came down to a number of factors: discouragement of its use by Anglo-British administrations, From the 18th century on, the language lost ground in the east of the country. The reasons behind this shift were complex but came down to a number of factors: discouragement of its use by Anglo-British administrations, the Catholic church supporting the use of English over Irish, the spread of bilingualism from the 1750s, resulting in language shift, the Catholic church supporting the use of English over Irish, the spread of bilingualism from the 1750s, resulting in language shift...
Scottish Gaelic: Gaelic was brought to Scotland, probably in the 4th–5th centuries CE, by settlers from Ireland who founded the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata on Scotland's west coast in present-day Argyll. Gaelic in Scotland was mostly confined to Dál Riata until the 8th century, when it began expanding into Pictish areas north of the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde. By 900, Pictish appears to have become extinct, completely replaced by Gaelic.... The majority of the vocabulary of Scottish Gaelic is native Celtic. There are a large number of borrowings from Latin, ancient Greek, especially in the religious domain, Norse, Hebrew, French, and Scots
There are also many Brythonic influences on Scottish Gaelic. Scottish Gaelic contains a number of apparently P-Celtic loanwords,...
Manx: The earliest known language of the Isle of Man was a form of Brythonic (the language which developed into Welsh, Cornish and Breton); however, like Scottish Gaelic and modern Irish, Manx is descended from Primitive Irish...
Medieval Gaelic literature tells us that the kingdom of Dál Riata emerged in western Scotland during the 6th century....Dál Riata grew in size and influence, and Gaelic language and culture was eventually adopted by the neighbouring Picts (a group of peoples who may have spoken a Brythonic language) who lived throughout Scotland. Manx, the language of the Isle of Man, is closely akin to the Gaelic spoken in the Hebrides and the Irish spoken in northeast and eastern Ireland and the now extinct Galwegian Gaelic of Galloway (in southwest Scotland), with some influence from Old Norse through the Viking invasions and from the previous British inhabitants....
Scotland takes its name from the Latin word for 'Gael', Scotus, plural Scoti (of uncertain etymology). Scotland originally meant Land of the Gaels in a cultural and social sense. Until late in the 15th century, Scottis in Scottish English (or Scots Inglis) was used to refer only to Gaelic, and the speakers of this language who were identified as Scots. As the ruling elite became Scots Inglis/English-speaking, Scottis was gradually associated with the land rather than the people, and the word Erse ('Irish') was gradually used more and more as an act of culturo-political disassociation with an overt implication that the language was not really Scottish...
By the 17th century Gaelic speakers were restricted largely to the Highlands and the Hebrides....
Manx began to decline sharply in the 19th century. The last monolingual Manx speakers are believed to have died around the middle of the 19th century...
Son of a Scythian Prince, or Greek King/Prince and Daughter of Egyptian Pharaoh. Discrepancy, or misunderstanding to the father being Scythian, or Greek. Writers bias clearly shows the Christian influence which integrates biblical stories into the histories at that time. I'm sure the powers of the time also influence history since it is the victors that write history...
Goídel Glas - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%ADdel_Glas
According to an Irish and Scottish medieval tradition, Goídel Glas (Latinised as Gaithelus) is the creator of the Goidelic languages and the eponymous ancestor of the Gaels. The tradition can be traced to the 11th-century Lebor Gabála Érenn (LGE). A Scottish variant is due to John of Fordun (d. 1384).
The narrative in the Lebor Gabála Érenn is a mythological account of the origin of the Gaels as the descendants of the Scythian prince Fénius Farsaid, one of seventy-two chieftains who built the Tower of Babel. Goídel Glas was the son of Nel (son of Fénius) and Scota (daughter of a Pharaoh of Egypt). Goídel Glas is credited with the creation of Gaelic (proto-Irish language) from the original seventy-two languages that arose at the time of the confusion of tongues. His descendants, the Gaels, undergo a series of trials and tribulations... They flourish in Egypt at the time of Moses and leave during the Exodus; they wander the world for 440 years before eventually settling in the Iberian Peninsula. There, Goídel's descendant Breogán founds a city called Brigantia...
In Fordun's version, Gaythelos, as he calls Goídel Glas, is the son of "a certain king of the countries of Greece, Neolus, or Heolaus, by name", who was exiled to Egypt and took service with the Pharaoh, marrying Pharaoh's daughter Scota. Various accounts of how Gaythelos came to be expelled from Egypt... Gaythelos and Scota are exiled together with Greek and Egyptian nobles, and they settle in Hispania after wandering for many years. In the Iberian Peninsula they settle in the land's northwest corner, at a place called Brigancia (the city of A Coruña, that the Romans knew as Brigantium)....
Scota: Mother of the Scottish People – Ancient History et cetera
http://etc.ancient.eu/uncategorized/scota-mother-of-the-scottish-people/
the founding, mythical ancestor of the Scottish people was a woman named Scota, daughter of an Egyptian pharaoh and wife of a Greek prince, ... Before there were written records, oral tradition was the primary means of handing down history. The story of Scota was brought to us through oral history,...
One version of the legend of Scota comes from these works, based on oral traditions and earlier sources that probably no longer exist....
Wolf Land - a history of wolves in Ireland
https://www.irishcentral.com/news/community/history-wolf-wolves-ireland
How Ireland went from a land of wolves to a land plagued by seagulls... in fact Ireland was so well-known for it's packs that it was nicknamed "Wolf Land".
Heatwave reveals the site of a hidden neolithic monument in Ireland
https://twitter.com/i/moments/1017710644043419648
Lebor Gabálá Erenn written by Christian monks thus this may contain Christian writer's bias...
Children of Danu
https://www.timelessmyths.com/celtic/danufamily.html
The Children of Danu were the people of Danu or as the Irish called them – the Tuatha Dé Danann. I have completed several different version on the genealogy of the Tuatha Dé Danann.
The Tuatha Dé Danann, like the other invader of Ireland called the Firbolgs, were actually descendants of Nemed. Nemed had migrated to Ireland with his family and followers, known as the Nemedians, long before the arrival of the Firbolgs and the Tuatha Dé Danann. For this reason, I have included both the Nemedians and the Firbolgs in this page.
As to the last invaders, the Milesians or descendants of Míl, you will find a separate page for the genealogy of the Milesians.
My main sources for these family trees come from: Lebor Gabálá Erenn: The Taking of Ireland & Cath Maige Tuired: The Second Battle of Mag Tuired
Nemedians: https://www.timelessmyths.com/celtic/danufamily.html#Nemedians
Magog settled around the Russian Steppes, the kingdom of the Scythians, where later, Nemed would leave, before migrating to Ireland. Several groups of people were descendants of the Nemedians, including the Firbolgs and the Tuatha Dé Danann.
Fergus Lethderg, Nemed's son, migrated to Alba (Scotland) with his son, Britain Máel, whom the whole island was named after.
Semion, the great-great-grandson of Nemed would migrated to Greece, where they later became known as the Firbolgs. The Firbolgs returned to Ireland after eleven generation after Semion.
Iobath, son of Beothach and the great-grandson of Nemed, had also migrated east to the northern island of Greece, or else to north-east of unknown location. Iobath was ancestor of Tuatha Dé Danann, who later returned to Ireland, shortly after the Firbolg migration.
Firbolgs: https://www.timelessmyths.com/celtic/invasions.html#DanuChildren
https://www.timelessmyths.com/celtic/danufamily.html#Firbolgs The Firbolgs or Fir Bolgs were descendants of the surviving Nemedians who fled from Ireland to Greece. The Firbolgs arrived in Ireland 230 years after Starn departed from Ireland. they only ruled for 37 years, before Tuatha Dé Danann arrived and defeated them.
Tuatha De Danann: https://www.timelessmyths.com/celtic/danann.html
https://www.timelessmyths.com/celtic/danufamily.html#DanannThe genealogy in Irish myths, particularly those of the Irish deities are very confusing. Particularly, if you decided to read from several different sources to construct the family tree.
Not only those genealogy of the Tuatha Dé Danann can be conflicting or contradicting from one source to other sources, but the genealogy can be conflicting within the same material (source). This can be frustrating.
Related Pages:
Book of Invasions https://www.timelessmyths.com/celtic/invasions.html
Tuatha Dé Danann https://www.timelessmyths.com/celtic/danann.html
Firbolgs https://www.timelessmyths.com/celtic/firbolgs.html
Milesians (genealogy) https://www.timelessmyths.com/celtic/milesianhouse.html
Míl, founder and eponym of the Milesian, the true Gaelic people of Ireland. The Milesians were the fifth and last Celtic people to invade and settle in Ireland.
Fomoire (Fomorians) https://www.timelessmyths.com/celtic/fomorians.html
Neit: God of war. Neit was a son of Dagda. Neit was said to have been the father of the Fomorians: Delbaeth, who was the father of Elatha, and of Dót, who was the father of Balor.
Balor: Leader and champion of the Fomorians. Balor was a son of Dot and grandson of Neit. Indech who was king of the Fomoire, while Balor himself was the king of the Hebrides, which is known as Insi Gall. The Hebrides are islands off the west coast of Scotland. In the 2nd battle of Mag Tuired, Balor killed Nuada, his wife Macha, and number of others before Lug confronted him and killed him with stone, flung from Lugh's sling.
Eithne: Mother of Lugh. Eithne was sometimes spelt Ethlinn or Ethniu. Eithne was a daughter of Balor, leader of the Fomorians. Eithne had fallen in love with Cian, one of the Danann leaders. Cian named their son, Lugh, or Lug. Confusedly, Eithne was said to be also the mother of the Dagda, Ogma and Allod (father of Manannan), by Elatha. And in another version in the Book of Invasions, she was not only the mother of Lugh and the Dagda, but also Nuada, Dian Cecht, Goihhniu, Credne and Luchta.
Donn The Dark One (Celtic mythology)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVXuNJGQBAo
Donn, the mysterious Irish Lord of the Dead
https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/donn-the-mysterious-irish-lord-of-the-dead
An Gorta Mór / Diaspóra na Gael
https://stairnaheireann.net/2018/10/22/an-gorta-mor-diaspora-na-gael/
With few exceptions, however, the Irish farmers were tenant farmers and had no rights on the land they farmed. If they grew wheat, barley oats, or raised cattle on their land, that produce was taken by the absentee landlords, most of whom lived in England and placed on English ships for export. The British Empire was maintained by so-called English beef, English wheat and barley, and English pork, all of which was produced in Ireland....
a fungus, the potato blight, which will destroy the entire potato plant... absolutely catastrophic...every Irish farm infected with the blight by 1846...In the states, the Quakers and wealthy Jews from New York collected money and shipped vast numbers of food to the starving Irish. The ships were stopped when they entered Irish ports and were required to be offloaded into English ships, which ended up distributing the food to horses owned by the British Army.
English authorities claim the population of Ireland was 8 million at the time of An Gorta Mór. A number of Irish writers have claimed that the population of Ireland was 11 million. If that was the case, over 5 million people in Ireland starved to death, cutting their population almost in half.
With few exceptions, the response of English society was one of denial and ridicule. Most people in England viewed it as a superb opportunity to cleanse Ireland of their poor, ignorant tenant farmers. Absentee landlords stepped forward with offer to pay passage to any starving Irish who were willing to emigrate....
"The Celtic Druids" CHREESHNA
https://ia601309.us.archive.org/6/items/TheCelticDruids/The_Celtic_Druids.pdf
GODS OF INDIA AND IRELAND THE SAME
Many of the Irish Deities are precisely the Gods of Hindostan.
The Neit corresponds to the Hindoo Naut, and to the Neith of the Egyptians.
Saman to Samanaut. Bud to Bood. Can to Chandra. Omh, i.e. he who is, to Om, or Aum, AndEsar to Eswara.
Chreeshna, the name of the Indian Apollo, is actually an old Irish word for the sun. The Irish had a Deity named Cali. The altars on which they sacrificed to her, are at this day named Leeba Caili, or the bed of Cali. This must have been the Cali of the Hindoos.
Osraige
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osraige
According to tradition, Osraige was founded by Óengus Osrithe in the 1st century and was originally within the province of Leinster.... The ancient Slige Dala road ran southwest through northern Osraige from the Hill of Tara towards Munster; which later gave its name to the medieval Ballaghmore Castle. Another ancient road, the Slighe Cualann cut into southeast Osraige west of present-day Ross, before turning south to present-day Waterford city. ...
The tribal name Osraige means "people of the deer", and is traditionally claimed to be taken from the name of the ruling dynasty's semi-legendary pre-Christian founder, Óengus Osrithe. The Osraige were probably either a southern branch of the Ulaid or Dál Fiatach of Ulster, or close kin to their former Corcu Loígde allies. In either case it would appear they should properly be counted among the Érainn. Some scholars believe that the Ō pedigree of the Osraige is a fabrication, invented to help them achieve their goals in Leinster. Francis John Byrne suggests that it may date from the time of Cerball mac Dúnlainge. The Osraighe themselves claimed to be descended from the Érainn people, although scholars propose that the Ivernic groups included the Osraige. Prior to the coming of Christianity to Ireland, the Osraige and their relatives the Corcu Loígde appear to have been the dominant political groups in Munster, before the rise of the Eóganachta marginalized them both.
Due to inland water access via the Nore, Barrow and Suir rivers, the Osraige may have experienced greater intercourse with Britain and the continent, and there appears to have been some heightened Roman trading activity in and around the region. Such contact with the Roman world may have precipitated wider exposure and later conversion to Early Christianity. ...
Several sources indicate that towards the end of the fifth century the Osraige ceded a swath of southern territory to the displaced and incoming Déisi sometime before 489. The traditional accounts states that the landless, wandering Déisi tribe were seeking a home in Munster, through the marriage of their princess Ethne the Dread to Óengus mac Nad Froích, king of Munster. As part of her dowry, Ethne asked for the Osraige to be cleared off their land, but were repulsed several times by the Osraige in open battle before finally overcoming them through magic, trickery and guile. The account mentions that at this defeat, the Ossorians fled like wild deer ("ossa" in Irish), a pun on their tribal name.
Throughout this period, Ireland and Irish culture was thoroughly Christianized by the arrival of missionaries from Britain and the continent. Osraige appears to have seen a flourish of early Christian activity. Surviving hagiographic works, especially those relating to St. Ciaran of Saighir, attest that Osraige was the first Irish kingdom to receive a Christian episcopacy even before the arrival of St. Patrick; however, some modern scholars dispute this. St. Patrick is believed to have traversed through Osraige, preaching and establishing Christianity there on his way to Munster. An early Irish church was founded in Osraige, perhaps in connection with St. Patrick's arrival in the territory, known as "Domhnach Mór" ("great church", located at what is now St. Patrick's graveyard in Kilkenny)....
Vikings came into conflict with the Irish on the River Suir as early as 812 and a large fleet sailed up the Barrow and Nore rivers, inflicting a devastating rout on the Osraige in 825.... Consequently, Osraige endured much tumult and warfare but subsequently emerged politically dominant, becoming a major force in southern Ireland and even the one of the most militarily active kingdoms on the island by the middle of the ninth century. Originally granted semi-independent status within the province of Munster, the war-like and victorious rule of king Cerball mac Dúnlainge birthed a dramatic rise in Osraige's power and prestige, despite a heavy influx of Viking marauders to Ireland's shores. Under the long reign of Cerball mac Dúnlainge between 843/4 to 888, Osraige was transformed from a relatively unimportant kingdom into one of Ireland's most powerful overlordships, which surpassed that of both Munster and Leinster and even threatened Uí Néill hegemony over southern Ireland....
By the late tenth century, Osraige was brought into conflict with the ambitious Dalcassian king Brian Boruma, who gained supremacy over all Ireland before being killed in the Battle of Clontarf in 1014, in which the Ossorians did not partake. The Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib relates a story that victorious but wounded Dalcassian troops were challenged to battle by the Ossorians as they were returning home through Osraige after the battle of Clontarf, but some authors doubt the validity of this story, as the source is widely considered a later Dalcassian propaganda....
Upper Ossory and Kilkenny (1192–1541) This ironically had the effect of preserving Gaelic culture in Upper Ossory long into the future, since the Crown no longer dealt harshly with the territory....Because they clung to the last fragments of the kingdom, that Ossorian lineage is marked as one of the oldest known or most continuously settled dynasties in Western Europe....
Ossorian clans
In The Book of Rights, the Osraige are labeled as Síl mBresail Bric ("the seed of Bresail Bric") after Bressail Bricc, a remote ancestor of the Ossorians. Bressail Bricc had two sons; Lughaidh, ancestor of the Laigan, and Connla, from whom the Ossorians sprang, through Óengus Osrithe. Thus, the people of Osraige were also sometimes collectively referred to as Clann Connla. Over time as lineages multiplied, surnames were eventually adopted. The following clans were the native land-holders before the arrival of the Normans: ...
Werewolves of Ossory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werewolves_of_Ossory
The legendary werewolves of Ossory, a kingdom of early medieval Ireland, are the subject of a number of accounts in medieval Irish, English and Norse works. The werewolves were said to have been the descendants of a legendary figure named Laignech Fáelad whose line gave rise to the kings of Ossory. The legends may have derived from the activities of warriors in ancient Ireland who were the subject of frequent literary comparisons to wolves, and who may have adopted lupine hairstyles or worn wolf-skins while they "went wolfing" and carried out raids.
In the Irish literary mind, wolves were particularly closely linked with the practices of the fianna, warrior bands of landless young men who lived for much of their time in the wilderness and were thought of as living in close proximity to supernatural forces. ...
The medieval Irish work Cóir Anmann (Fitness of Names), which was probably based on earlier traditions, gives an account of a legendary warrior-werewolf named Laignech Fáelad. He was said to be the ancestor of a tribe of werewolves who were related to the kings of Ossory in eastern Ireland, which covered most of present-day County Kilkenny and County Laois prior to the Norman invasion of Ireland in the 12th century. According to Cóir Anmann,...He was said in medieval genealogies to be the brother of Feradach mac Duach, the king of Ossory, and the ancestor of its subsequent kings who ruled until being deposed by the Normans. The late 14th century Book of Ballymote may refer to this tradition in a passage which speaks of "the descendants of the wolf" in Ossory having the power to change themselves and go forth to devour people....
De Ingantaib Érenn speaks of the werewolves as living in Ossory...St Patrick responded by praying for God to punish the clan, resulting in them suffering "a fitting and severe though very marvelous punishment, for it is told that all the members of that clan are changed into wolves for a period and roam through the woods ...
Iverni
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iverni
The Iverni were a people of early Ireland first mentioned in Ptolemy's 2nd century Geography as living in the extreme south-west of the island...the same name as the island as a whole, Ivernia. The name Iverni has been derived from Proto-Indo-European *PiHwerjoHn, "the fertile land". It was probably once the name given to all the peoples of Ireland, but by Ptolemy's time had a more restricted usage applicable to the inhabitants of the south-west. These Iverni can be identified linguistically with the Érainn (Éraind, Érnai, Érna), a people attested in Munster and elsewhere in the early Middle Ages. The prehistoric Érainn royal dynasties are sometimes referred to as the Dáirine....
In early Irish genealogical tracts the Érainn are regarded as an ethnic group, distinct from the Laigin and Cruthin....The Dál Riata and Dál Fiatach (or Ulaid) in Ulster are also considered Érainn. The Érainn appear to have been a powerful group in the proto-historic period, but in early historical times were largely reduced to politically marginal status, with the notable exception of the enigmatic Osraige....
Another prominent Érainn people of early Munster are believed to have been the Mairtine, who by the early historical period have completely vanished from the Irish landscape, although they may be in part ancestral to the later Déisi Tuisceart and Dál gCais. The Déisi Muman may also have had Érainn origins, but this has long been disputed. ...
Dáire: Darini, Dáirine
It seems likely the Iverni were related to the Darini of eastern Ulster. The name "Darini" implies descent from an ancestor called Dáire, (*Dārios) as claimed by several historical peoples identified as Érainn, including the Dál Riata and Dál Fiatach in eastern Ulster as well as the Érainn of Munster....
Érainn: Clanna Dedad
The genealogies trace the descent of the Érainn from two separate eponymous ancestors, Ailill Érann and Íar mac Dedad. Legendary relatives of the latter include the Cland Dedad (offspring of Deda mac Sin), a Munster people who appear in the Ulster Cycle, led by Cú Roí, son of Dáire mac Dedad, and the legendary High King Conaire Mór, grandson of Iar and ancestor of the Síl Conairi. The historical sept of the Uí Maicc Iair ("grandsons of the son of Iar") and the MAQI IARI of ogham inscriptions also appear to be related. The personal name Iar is simply another variant of the root present in Iverni and Érainn. Finally, the name Íth, given in the genealogies as the ultimate ancestor of the Corcu Loígde (Dáirine) and offering some confusion about their parentage and relation to the Iverni, in fact preserves the same Indo-European root *peiH- ("to be fat, swell"), thus in effect completing a basic picture of the Iverni/Érainn and their kindred in later historical Ireland.
by the proto-historic period, the Iverni were evidently Goidelic-speaking, as ogham inscriptions in Primitive Irish are most abundant in Counties Cork and Kerry.
A Cassi Tribe?...
Dalcassians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalcassians
The Dalcassians (Irish: Dál gCais [d̪ˠaːlˠ gaʃ]) were a Gaelic Irish tribe... In their own genealogies, the Dál gCais traced their line back to their eponymous ancestor and progenitor Cormac Cas, who is said to have lived in the 2nd to 3rd century. They make him a second son of Ailill Aulom from the Deirgtine, a King of Munster and Leath Moga more generally, associated in a story with the goddess Áine of the Tuatha Dé Danann during the Cycles of the Kings of Irish mythology. Cormac Cas himself was purported to be the younger brother of Eógan, founder of the Eóganachta, who would go on to rule Munster for many centuries. While this was taken on face value for a long time, later Irish scholars came to question its validity, regarding it as a politically motivated fabrication....
It is claimed by current scholarship that the Dál gCais were instead a branch of the Déisi Muman. The Déisi Muman held a vassal kingship in Munster under the Eóganachta,...The Déisi Muman themselves are subject of The Expulsion of the Déisi epic in the Cycles of the Kings, which is set during the time that Cormac Ulfada was High King of Ireland. The story describes the expulsion of the Dal Fiachrach Suighe; kinsmen of the Connachta and descendants of Fedlimid Rechtmar; from Tara, coming to settle in Munster after many battles. Upon becoming the Déisi Muman, one branch then sailed across to Britain in the 4th century, coming to rule Dyfed....
Brian's brother Mahon became their first King of Munster, taking the throne from the rival Eóganachta. This influence was greatly extended under Brian who became High King of Ireland, following a series of conflicts with Norse and other Irish tribes, before dying famously at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014....
From the 12th–16th centuries, the Dál gCais contented themselves with being reduced to the Kingdom of Thomond....It wasn't until the 16th century, unable to be defeated militarily, they agreed to surrender and regrant their kingdom to Henry VIII Tudor, joining the nobility of the Kingdom of Ireland. Their realm was renamed County Clare, ...
Hill of Tara
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_of_Tara
County Meath, Ireland. It contains a number of ancient monuments ...
The Hill of Tara is documented in the 11th-century text The Book of Invasions as the seat of the high-kings of Ireland from the times of the mythological Fir Bolg and Tuatha Dé Danann to the text's composition.... Liathdroim was an ancient name of Tara. The Hill of Tara has been in use by people from the Neolithic era, although it is not known whether Tara was continuously used as a sacred and/or a political centre from the Neolithic period to the 12th century. ... Earliest extant written records show that high kings were inaugurated there, and the "Senchas Már" legal text (written some time after 600AD) specified that the king must drink ale and symbolically marry the goddess Maeve (Medb) in order to qualify for high kingship....
Previous scholarly disputes over Tara's initial importance increased when 20th-century archaeologists identified pre-Iron Age monuments and human-built habitable forms from the Neolithic period (roughly 5,000 years ago). One of these forms, the Mound of the Hostages, has a short passage aligned with sunrise on the solar cross-quarter days coinciding with ancient annual festivals celebrated on the midpoint between winter solstice and vernal equinox ("Imbolc" honoring the start of spring and preparations for planting time on about 4 February) and the midpoint between autumn equinox and winter solstice ("Samhain" honoring the start of winter and harvest time on about 8 November).[8] The mound's passage is shorter than the long entryways of monuments like Newgrange, which makes it less precise in providing alignments with the Sun....
During the turn of the 20th century, the Hill of Tara was vandalized by British Israelists who thought that the Irish were part of the Lost Tribes of Israel and that the hill contained the Ark of the Covenant. A contingent of British Israelites, led by a retired Anglo-Indian judge Edward Wheeler Bird, set about excavating the site having previously paid off the local land owner Gustavus Villiers Briscoe. Numerious Irish cultural nationalists organised a mass protest over the destruction of the National heritage site,...
British Prime Minister John Russell inherited the Tara estate during the 19th Century. The southern part of the hill was subsequently bought by the Irish state in 1952, and then later in 1972 the northern section was bought by the Irish government....
The Hill of Tara – Teamhair
https://mythicalireland.com/ancient-sites/the-hill-of-tara-teamhair/
The Hill of Tara, known as Temair in gaeilge, was once the ancient seat of power in Ireland – 142 kings are said to have reigned there in prehistoric and historic times. In ancient Irish religion and mythology Temair was the sacred place of dwelling for the gods, and was the entrance to the otherworld. Saint Patrick is said to have come to Tara to confront the ancient religion of the pagans at its most powerful site.
Early in the 20th century a group of Israelites came to Tara with the conviction that the Arc of the Covenant was buried in on the famous hill. They dug the Mound of the Synods in search of the Arc but found only some Roman coins. Official excavation in the 1950s revealed circles of post holes, indicating the construction of substantial buildings here.... There are a large number of monuments and earthen structures on the Hill of Tara. The earliest settlement at the site was in the Neolithic, and the Mound of the Hostages was constructed in or around 2500BC. ...
The Stone of Destiny Sitting on top of the King's Seat (Forradh) of Temair is the most famous of Tara's monuments - Ireland's ancient coronation stone - the Lia Fail or "Stone of Destiny", which was brought here according to mythology by the godlike people, the Tuatha Dé Danann, as one of their sacred objects. It was said to roar when touched by the rightful king of Tara....
The Mound of the Hostages The "Mound of the Hostages" is a megalithic 'passage tomb' and is the oldest monument on the hill of Tara, dating to about 2,500BC. The name "Mound of the Hostages" derives from the custom of overkings like those at Tara retaining important personages from subject kingdoms to ensure their submission. One of the legendary kings of Tara was named Niall of the Nine Hostages in recognition of the fact that he held hostages from all the provinces of Ireland and from Britain. The passage at the Mound of the Hostages is short, and is aligned on the cross-quarter days of November 8 and February 4, the ancient Celtic festivals of Samhain and Imbolc. Just inside the entrance on the left is a large decorated orthostat....
Ancient Standing Stones In the churchyard at Tara there are two standing stones, which are believed to be ancient – remnants of a time when there were many stone monuments on Tara. The taller of the two stones is thought to feature a figure of the Celtic fertility god Cernunnos, and is similar to many of the 'Sheela na Gig' representations found across Ireland. These stones may date to the Neolithic period, although are more likely to have their origin in the Bronze Age....
Huge temple found under Hill of Tara A HUGE temple, once surrounded by about 300 huge posts made from an entire oak forest, has been discovered directly beneath the Hill of Tara...What they uncovered eventually at the crown of the hill was a huge, oval-shaped monument measuring about 170 metres at its widest point. Around it are 300 post holes measuring two metres wide, indicating a massive human effort involved in the construction. "We think it probably dates from 2500 to 2300BC and still had a big physical presence even after the posts were taken out or rotted," ... "I have absolutely no doubt that they will be destroying dozens of monuments connected to Tara."...
At least 100 new monuments have been discovered on the Hill of Tara, thanks to the deployment of non-invasive exploratory techniques....The earliest monuments at Tara date from around 4000 BC....
Tara Hill: (Sacred 'Heart' of Island).
http://www.ancient-wisdom.com/irelandtarahill.htm
In the News:
The landscape around Tara Hill is currently (2008) being desecrated through the shameful and unimaginative development of the M3 Motorway extension which is being driven through the Tara valley, destroying numerous prehistoric sites in the process, and denying future generations to the chance to make a more informed decision. The development of the M3 Motorway through the Tara-valley has led to its entry into the World Monuments Fund's 2008 Watch List of the 100 Most Endangered Sites in the world....
The passage, 4m in length and 1m wide, was subdivided by sill-stones into three compartments each containing cremated remains. The engraved stone inside the mound of Hostages has been likened to a map of Tara hill itself.
Oisín
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ois%C3%ADn
the greatest poet of Ireland, and is a warrior of the fianna in the Ossianic or Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology. He is the son of Fionn mac Cumhaill and of Sadhbh (daughter of Bodb Dearg), and is the narrator of much of the cycle and composition of the poems are attributed to him.
His name literally means "young deer" or fawn, and the story is told that his mother, Sadhbh, was turned into a deer by a druid, Fear Doirche (or Fer Doirich). When Fionn was hunting he caught her but did not kill her, and she returned to human form....
In Blood of the Isles, Bryan Sykes gives the populations associated with Y-DNA Haplogroup R1b the name "Oisín" for a clan patriarch, much as he did for mitochondrial haplogroups in his work The Seven Daughters of Eve.
WAS SCOTIA REALLY A PHARAOHS DAUGHTER WHO HITCHED UP WITH A SCUT AND WENT TO THE EMERALD ISLE? WAS SCOTLAND NAMED AFTER THE SCUTH, OR SCOTIA?...
Queen Scotia
https://stairnaheireann.net/2022/03/11/queen-scotia-6/
Scota appears in the Irish chronicle Book of Leinster (containing a redaction of the Lebor Gabála Érenn). According to Irish Folklore and Mythology, the battle of Sliabh Mish was fought in this glen above the town of Tralee, where the Celtic Milesians defeated the Tuatha Dé Danann but Scotia, the Queen of the Milesians died in battle while pregnant as she attempted to jump a bank on horseback. The area is now known as Scotia’s Glen and her grave is reputed to be under a huge ancient stone inscribed with Egyptian hieroglyphs. She was said to be a Pharaoh’s daughter and had come to Ireland to avenge the death of her husband, the King of the Milesians who had been wounded in a previous ambush in south Kerry. It is also said that Scotland was named after Queen Scotia.
The book ‘Kingdom of the Ark’ by Lorraine Evans reveals numerous archaeological connections between Egypt and Ireland. Evans argues the remains of an ancient boat in Yorkshire, a type found in the Mediterranean was over 3000 years old from around 1400 to 1350 BC. She tells the story of Scota, the Egyptian princess and daughter of a pharaoh who fled from Egypt with her husband Gaythelos with a large following of people and settling in Scotland. From here they were forced to leave and landed in Ireland, where they formed the Scotti, and their kings became the high kings of Ireland. In later centuries, they returned to Scotland, defeating the Picts, and giving Scotland its name.
In A Folk Register, A History of Ireland in Verse, contemporary historian Patrick J. Twohig moves the legend to about 400 BC but still writes:
The day of poets and iron men
Had dawned, and with a clang…
Long had they coursed, the sons of Mil
From Scythia’s Black Sea shore,
Goidels (Gaels) who journeyed to fulfill
Their destiny of yore…
What emerges from all this is the faint possibility that an Egyptian princess met a Scythian warrior, and became his bride, centuries after the date given in the ancient table. And, since Egypt did fall to invaders in the mid-fourth century BC, it is possible some Egyptians did flee to Spain and – finally – got to Ireland at about that time.
Scotia’s links with reality are, admittedly, quite tenuous. Yet down there in the glen, the legend somehow complements the history and the great stone seems stronger than the ‘facts’ as the Finglas trips by bubbling – almost winking – in the sun.
Quest for the Grave of Scotia, the Pharaoh’s Daughter Who Founded Scotland and Ireland
https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-famous-people/queen-scotias-grave-0011617
SKETCHES OF IRISH HISTORY ANTIQUITIES, RELIGION, CUSTOMS, AND MANNERS,
http://libsysdigi.library.uiuc.edu/OCA/Books2009-12/3754681/3754681.pdf
Irish Druids And Old Irish Religions by James Bonwick [1894] HI-LITES
https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/ireland/Old%20Irish%20Religions.rtf
In the old Celtic calendar, today is Sheelah’s Day. 18 March
https://stairnaheireann.net/2019/03/18/otd-in-the-old-celtic-calendar-today-is-sheelahs-day-2/
In the old Celtic calendar, today is Sheelah’s Day. In ancient Ireland, it was an annual festival to honour the fertility Goddess known as Sheela-na-gig. Naked Sheela-na-gig figures appeared in Irish churches constructed before the 16th century,...
Sheela-na-gig
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheela_na_gig
figurative carvings of naked women displaying an exaggerated vulva. They are architectural grotesques found all over Europe on cathedrals, castles, and other buildings. The highest concentrations can be found in Ireland, Great Britain, France and Spain, sometimes together with male figures. Ireland has the greatest number of surviving sheela na gig carvings;... It is commonly said that their purpose was to keep evil spirits away. They often are positioned over doors or windows, presumably to protect these openings.
Scholars disagree about the origins of the figures.:... Weir believe that the sheela na gigs were first carved in France and Spain in the 11th century; the motif eventually reached Britain and then Ireland in the 12th century....almost all of the surviving in situ sheela na gigs are found in areas of Anglo-Norman conquest (12th century). The areas that remained "native Irish" have few sheela na gigs.... Another theory, espoused by Joanne McMahon and Jack Roberts, is that the carvings are remnants of a pre-Christian fertility or mother goddess religion....
The name was first published in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 1840–1844, as a local name for a carving once present on a church gable wall in Rochestown, County Tipperary, Ireland; the name also was recorded in 1840 by John O'Donovan, an official of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, referring to a figure on Kiltinan Castle, County Tipperary. Scholars disagree about the origin and meaning of the name in Ireland, as it is not directly translatable into Irish.... Other researchers have questioned these interpretations; few sheela na gigs are shown with breasts, and expressed doubt about the linguistic connection between ina Giob and na Gig. The phrase "sheela na gig" was said to be a term for a hag or old woman...
The Royal Navy's records indicate the name refers to an "Irish female sprite". Freitag discovered that "gig" was a Northern English slang word for a woman's genitals. A similar word in modern Irish slang "Gigh" also exists... Weir and Jerman use the name sheela for the figure because it had entered popular usage; ... Andersen says there is no evidence that "sheela na gig" was ever a popular name for the figures when they were created. It arose during the mid-19th century "where popular understanding of the characteristics of a sheela were vague and people were wary of its apparent rudeness".... The term 'sheela-na-gig' has no etymological meaning and is an absurd name." Andersen, Weir and Jerman, and Freitag all dismiss the name as being modern and somewhat arbitrary....
A popular hypothesis is that sheela na gigs represent a pagan goddess,...The goddess in question usually is identified as Celtic, the hag-like Cailleach figure of Irish and Scottish mythology..."The Divine Hag of the Pagan Celts",...may represent the crone or an earth goddess from Celtic mythology...
The Sheela Na Gig Project
http://www.sheelanagig.org/wordpress/
The carvings are old and often do not seem to be part of the church but have been taken from a previous older, usually romanesque, building....
Là na Caillich & Sheela's Day — The Day of the Hag
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8JZriflhuY
Sheela's Day March 18. Là na Caillich March 25, or 17.
Cailleach the hag of winter (the winter goddess). Summer goddess is Brìghde.
Caledonia means "land given by Cale or Kali. Kali the Hindu dark Goddess. 'Kaliya naag mardan' was the Kaliya Naga serpent in the river surrendered to Chreeshna ...
Cailleach
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cailleach
In Gaelic mythology (Irish, Scottish and Manx) the Cailleach is a divine hag, a creator deity, a weather deity, and an ancestor deity....In Scotland she is also known as Beira, Queen of Winter. The word literally means "old woman, hag"...
In partnership with the goddess Brìghde, the Cailleach is seen as a seasonal deity or spirit, ruling the winter months between Samhainn (1 November or first day of winter) and Bealltainn (1 May or first day of summer), while Brìghde rules the summer months between Bealltainn and Samhainn. Some interpretations have the Cailleach and Brìghde as two faces of the same goddess, while others describe the Cailleach as turning to stone on Bealltainn and reverting to humanoid form on Samhainn in time to rule over the winter months. Depending on local climate, the transfer of power between the winter goddess and the summer goddess is celebrated any time between Là Fhèill Brìghde (1 February) at the earliest, Latha na Cailliche (25 March), or Bealltainn (1 May) at the latest, and the local festivals marking the arrival of the first signs of spring may be named after either the Cailleach or Brìghde....
Cairn T on Slieve na Calliagh is a classic passage tomb, in which the rays of the equinox sunrise shine down the passageway and illuminate an inner chamber filled with megalithic stonecarvings....
Excerpt from Secret History of the Witches,
https://www.suppressedhistories.net/secrethistory/crones.html
The last spurt of harsh winter weather is called A' Chailleach. Then comes Latha na Caillich, which in the old calendar fell on March 25, the equinox, and this is when the hag was “overthrown”—til the next equinox. [That used to be new years day, but now is called Lady Day. Mackenzie,] In early spring the Cailleach hurls her slachdan into the root of the holly and gorse, plants symbolic of winter and sacred to her. During the “big sun”—the light half of the year—she metamorphoses into a gray boulder that exudes moisture....
Irish cailleach, a shiela-na-gig of the oldest type.... The Crone as ancestor, with magical holes bored around her womb and vulva, as well as openings for horns on her head. Shiela-na-gig of Seir Kieran, Offaly.... Shiela-na-gig of Celtic make on the Oseberg cauldron, Norway...
Her face was blue-black of the lustre of coal, And her bone-tufted tooth was like red rust. In her head was one pool-like eye, Swifter than a star in a winter sky. ...
The Hag's Chair faces north inside one of the great cairns atop the Loughcrew hills. This was a six-foot high stone seat engraved with a vulva-gate, concentric circles, and other signs, with a lot of quartz scattered around it. ...
Irish folk memory also refers to the medieval practice of taking shiela-na-gigs away from wells and fields to incorporate them into doorways and walls of churches, monasteries, and castles....
In Armagh the Cailleach Bhéarra was said to live in a deep chamber under a hilltop megalith near Slieve Gullion. People visited this spot on Blaeberry Sunday, a survival of Lughnasadh.... In many places standing stones are said to be people and animals she transformed....
Mountain springs were sanctuaries of the Scottish Cailleach. She was said to visit them to renew her strength, or to perform rites bringing on passage of the seasons. ...A much-revered fountain in Banffshire was named Taber Cailleach, Well of the Old Woman. People made pilgrimages and offerings there. Religious trips to springs were as common in Scotland as in Spain, France, or Germany....
As the sun rose, the giant woman turned to stone in the legendary manner of trolls and dwarves. [...Alvismal, in which Thor questions the “allwise” dwarf, detaining him until dawn, when he turns to stone.] Flesh-and-blood witches were believed to be on good terms with these elvish divinities....
Conflicts between divine hags and warriors model the antagonism of old wisewomen to warlords in real life. Not surprisingly, warlords' contempt for witches was accompanied by a strong dose of fear. Anglo-Saxon men believed that witches and elves could make them sick or weak, even kill them. They were afraid of hags or hedge-riders (hagtessen) travelling by night, and of spirit warrior-women called walcygean, the Saxon equivalent of valkyries. In 1022 Wulfstan, archbishop of York, wrote, “Here in England there are witches and walcygean.”...
Áine representing the light half of the year and the bright summer. Grian the dark half of the year and the pale winter sun. Ushas, the Hindu goddess of the dawn was pulled by red horses, and associated with wealth. Vali's mother Rindr was raped by Odin according to midevil defamation accounts....
Áine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ine
Áine is an Irish goddess of summer, wealth and sovereignty. She is associated with midsummer and the sun, and is sometimes represented by a red mare. She is the daughter of Egobail, the sister of Aillen and/or Fennen, and is claimed as an ancestor by multiple Irish families. As the goddess of love and fertility, she had command over crops and animals and is also associated with agriculture.
In early tales she is associated with the semi-mythological King of Munster, Ailill Aulom, who is said to have raped her, an assault ending in Áine biting off his ear, hence the name Aulom "one-eared". By Old Irish law, only an "unblemished" person can rule; by maiming him this way, Áine rendered him unfit to be king. As an embodiment of sovereignty, she can both grant and remove a man's power to rule. The descendants of Aulom, the Eóganachta, claim Áine as an ancestor....
In yet other versions of her myth, she is the wife or daughter of the sea god, Manannán mac Lir. The feast of Midsummer Night was held in her honor. In County Limerick, she is remembered in more recent times as Queen of the Fae.
Áine (Ir. "brightness, glow, joy, radiance; splendour, glory, fame") is sometimes mistakenly equated with Danu as her name bears a superficial resemblance to Anu....
"Aynia", reputedly the most powerful fairy in Ulster, may be a variant of the same figure. Áine's hill is located in the heart of Cnoc Áine (Knockainy) in County Limerick, is the hill of the goddess Grian, Cnoc Gréine. Grian (literally, "sun") is believed to be either the sister of Áine, another of Áine's manifestations, or possibly "Macha in disguise". Due to Áine's connection with midsummer rites, it is possible that Áine and Grian may share a dual-goddess, seasonal function (such as seen in the Gaelic myths of the Cailleach and Brigid) with the two sisters representing the "two suns" of the year: Áine representing the light half of the year and the bright summer sun (an ghrian mhór), and Grian the dark half of the year and the pale winter sun (an ghrian bheag).
Erin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin
Erin is a Hiberno-English derivative of the Irish word "Éirinn". "Éirinn" is the dative case of the Irish word for Ireland - "Éire", genitive "Éireann",... According to Irish mythology and folklore, the name was originally given to the island by the Milesians after the goddess Ériu....
(NOTE: Ériu is mentioned as a goddess in the Lebor Gabála Érenn as a daughter of Ernmas of the Tuatha Dé Danann. Along with her sisters Banba and Fódla, she is said to have made a deal with the Milesians to name the island after her.)
Eriu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89riu
daughter of Delbáeth and Ernmas of the Tuatha Dé Danann, was the eponymous matron goddess of Ireland.... "Ériu" is the older Irish form of the word Ireland, her modern name is often modified to "Éire" or "Erin" to suit a modern form. ... Ériu was said to have been the wife of Mac Gréine, a grandson of Dagda....
According to the 17th-century Irish historian Geoffrey Keating (Seathrún Céitinn), the three sovereignty goddesses associated with Éire, Banbha and Fódla were Badb, Macha and The Morrígan.
Different texts have attributed different personal relationships to Ériu. Her husband has been named as Mac Gréine (‘Son of the Sun’). She has also been portrayed as the lover of Elatha, a prince of the Fomorians, with whom she had a son Bres, and as the mistress of the hero Lugh. Both Elatha and Ériu are described in some sources as the children of Delbaeth, indicating they may be half-siblings....
Proto-Celtic lexicon gives *Φīwerjon- (nominative singular Φīwerjō) as the Proto-Celtic etymology of this name. This Celtic form implies Proto-Indo-European *piHwerjon- ... The Proto-Celtic form became *īweriū in Q-Celtic (Proto-Goidelic). From a similar or somewhat later form were also borrowed Greek Ἰέρνη I[w]ernē and Ἰουερνία Iouernia; the latter form was converted into Latin Hibernia.
Any connections between Eriu and Eridu other than simIlar name? Danu, Anu, An, Inanna, Eriu, Eridu, Ari, etc...
Eridu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eridu
Eridu was long considered the earliest city in southern Mesopotamia and is still today argued to be the oldest city in the world.... In Sumerian mythology, Eridu was originally the home of Enki...Enki was believed to live in Abzu, an aquifer from which all life was believed to stem....
the city was abandoned in 600 BC.... The king list gave particularly long reigns to the kings who ruled before a great flood occurred and shows how the centre of power progressively moved from the south to the north of the country. Adapa, a man of Eridu, is depicted as an early culture hero. Identified with U-an, a half-human creature from the sea... came to share the rule of the cosmos with Anu and Enlil. His kingdom was the sweet waters that lay below earth ... The stories of Inanna, goddess of Uruk, describe how she had to go to Eridu in order to receive the gifts of civilization. At first Enki, the god of Eridu, attempted to retrieve these sources of his power but later willingly accepted that Uruk now was the centre of the land. This seems to be a mythical reference to the transfer of power northward. Babylonian texts talk of the foundation of Eridu by the god Marduk as the first city, "the holy city, the dwelling of their [the other gods] delight". ...
EIREANN MAY REFER TO THE EARLIEST IRONIANS, THE IR, ALSO KNOWN AS ARI.
INQUIRY INTO THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME OF IRELAND
Ulster Journal of Archaeology, First Series, Vol. 5 (1857)
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20608821.pdf
Erin Éirinn Éire Éireann Eriu
Although the Zend name of a country, Airyana, from which have risen both the Ariana of Strabo and the Persian Iran with more enlarged geographical applications, approaches remarkably to Eirin, still I believe that they cannot be immediately brought into comparison, and that Eirin has been formed independently by an n suffix. But the exactly similar attenuation of the original ar, air, into ir, ir, in both East and West, is very remarkable. In Zend we find even ira occurring for airya, [Brockh., GI.] although, according to Burnouf, this is only a false orthography. Along with Iran, Persia, in the general sense, and Irani, Persians, we find the very same attenuation in Ir, Ossetian, and the Ossetic nation in a collective sense; Iron an Ossetian, and Ossetic, [Sjogren, Oss. Gramm. 396], of which the author remarks that mention is made by the Greek writer Scylax; [Peripl.] and by Apollodorus, [Bibl. et Fraymen.] of Arioi and Ariana in the vicinity of the Caucasus, on the South side.
It is well known that Arya, Airya, is the oldest known national name of the Indo-Germanic stock, common to the two great eastern branches, and widely spread in Asia. What precise idea was attached to it is indeed uncertain, but it must have been an honourable appellation, and very likely signified " the worthy," " the excellent." The numerous points of contact which we have pointed out in the root and the derived forms, make it in the highest degree probable that the national name of the Irish, Er, " the good," "the honorable," "the heroic," is connected with that of the Arians, and that the form Ereo is perhaps actually equivalent to Arya. If we consider that the Gaelic Celts unquestionably belong to the earliest migrations from the common mother-country; if we further observe the many pure Sanscrit words and roots which the Irish alone, of all the cognate languages, has preserved, a circumstance which Bopp has already pointed out, [Celt. Spr., 4] and of which an example may be seen in my Essay on the names of the sun, [Kuhn's Zeitschr., IV., 346], this conjecture will not seem too bold. On the importance of this analogy I need scarcely make any observation. Until now, except the doubtful German Arii (Harii ?) in Tacitus, 43, we had found in Europe no vestige of the ancient name, and we were inclined to restrict it to the two eastern races. From its re-appearance in the far west it proves itself now in fact to be most primitive, and it will, consequently, have been the first name of the Indo- Germanic race.
HISTORICAL ORIGINS AND HISTORICAL CRITIQUES COMPRISING A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF THE SCOTS OR GAELS ETC pg58-65
(PDF DOWNLOAD):
https://books.google.com/books/download/Historical_Origins_Comprising_The_Chald.pdf
PAGE 58 - 65: An expression of the history of Hugony mor as given in the four Masters is translated literally as follows After Ugain mor had been king of Eireann and of the west of the went for forty years he was slain by Badhbhchadh which is translated as follows by the Irish historians After Hugony the Great had reigned forty years over Ireland and the western isles of Europe he was slain etc Valiancy takes Eireann here to mean not Ireland but Iran in Persia and the expression the west of the west to mean that Hugony and his people were still situated to the east of the Mediterranean In fact he with many others maintain that all the names in the so called Irish historic list not only preceding Hugony s but for some space of the list after that are merely transferred from Iran or Eireann in Asia to the isle of the west and that what is said of them is merely what had happened to the real men in Asia...
Referring to this juncture of the history Valiancy says The vanity the ancient Irish Sennachies had formed this connection between their ancestor and the heroic governor of Tyre The Liber Lecan flatly contradicts this genealogy At folio 1 19 it says The race of Ith were Milesians Domnans Bolgai nor Nemedians but far superior to all these ie they were Fomaraigh Mac Conn descended from Ith and extended his arms to the British Isles and to Gaul Now if any ancient Irish historians meant to say that their Ithians were descended from Ith the governor of Tyre I do not see how this account of the Book of Lecan can contradict it as said by Valiancy In fact common sense shows that the Tyrians were compelled by the circumstances of their case when deprived of their own homes by Nebuchadnezzar II to become for the time Fomaraigh and either by persuasion or force obtain a home for their people Now where would the Tyrians a sea faring people having at their command at the time an abundance of sea craft and wealth have been likely to have gone with their wealth and their families Not into the center of Africa wherein they would be likely to have to abandon or partially abandon their ships on the coast no but they would be likely to have abode for a time on some islands and coasts of the Mediterranean whence having reconnoitered Ireland by agency of some of their competent men and judged things there to be generally favorable for their invasion and settlement they would have gone there and settled down after such arrangement as they found necessary as preliminary to such settlement
It would seem to me also tnat this account of the the Book of Lecan which says that the descendants of Ith are not Milesians may possibly have been intended to imply their descent from this Ith who had been governor of Tyre in Phoenicia when that city was besieged by Nebuchadnezzar II but as to whether or not this Ith was grandson to the Bratha o Milesius mentioned above through his son Breogan is something which perhaps the authors or compilers of the Book of Lecan did not take sufficiently into consideration In reference to this historic juncture Valiancy says
This strongly marks the intercourse and mixture of the Southern Scythians with the Tyrians Bratha the grandfather of their Ith was according to the Irish historians a celebrated conqueror Miledh leader who conducted his expedition from Guthia near Crete and Sicily into Spain he landed in that portion of the peninsula now called Portugall or the port of the Galls and conquered the province called after him Bragantia now Braganza in Portugal His son Breogan conquered a large portion of Spain proper founded the city of Brigantia near Coruina and was the ancestor of the celebrated peoples called Brigantes in North and South Britain
Is it then unlikely that the grandson of this Miledh whatever his proper name was the son of this Breogan as being descended of such renowned warriors and being himself so brave intelligent and accomplished a person should have been selected by the Tyrians in their emergency as their governor to defend them from the power of the then all conquering Babylonians even supposing the governorship were not understood to have pertained to him by right say through marriage or otherwise Would not this also be likely to have been the man selected by a council entrusted with the public defense and with the provision for the public safety and maintenance to send on a mission to reconnoiter a country which they had partially concluded would be a good country for them to emigrate to or to invade if necessary for a home they must provide for their people to go to when forced from their own habitations
That the Fomaraigh were the actual invaders of Ireland in what is variously called the Gadelian Milesian and Scottic expedition there can be no doubt that is that the Gaels Milesians or Scots were the same people they called the Fomaraigh notwithstanding O Flaherty might be thought by his language to imply the Fomaraigh to have been aboriginals and those he calls Scots or Gaels or Milesians to have been a different race of people and the invaders The Fomaraigh says he the primitive inhabitants of those islands were giants And in speaking of his Milesian invasion he says which was the fifth from the deluge except the Fomorians or natives But in the same manner the Gadelians were called giants and aborigines These Gaduli or giants says Valiancy were in possession of the Brittainic isles when the Cymmerii or Walsh repossessed themselves of Britain for they were the primitive inhabitants In commemoration of their expulsion of those Gaduli or tall men they annually burnt a giant figure of wicker work From that time the Gaeduli remained inhabiting Ireland Mann and the north of Scotland Coll Vol IV In hisOgygia vol I p 7 O
Flaherty has as follows The first adventurers who arrived in Ireland after the deluge were Partholan and his followers Some write that they found it planted with inhabitants but they came here soon after him Our historians call them Fomhoraigh or as we call them in English Fomorians which name the antiquarians give to all those foreign invaders who have made descents into Ireland in opposition to the first inhabitants and they tell us they were all the offsprings of Cham from Africa except the Fomorians or first colonists to whom they assign no other settlement or origin than Ireland
The Latins have termed such people Aborigines or natives because their origin cannot be traced any higher and the Greeks call them Gigantes or giants rwevrjs earth born that is born of the earth because they came from no other country but like trees and herbs were first produced the earth by vegetation of whom Virgil Haec Nemora indlgenae Faunl Nymphaeque tenebrant Gensque virum truncis et duro robore nata The native Fauns and Nymphs these groves possessed And a race of men sprung from trunks of trees And the stout oak And Juvenal Qui rupto robore natl Compositlque luto nullos habuere parentes Who sprung from the shattered oak And formed of clay no other parents had
Nor indeed he continues does the name import any extraordinary stature of body We read nowhere that men were taller before the deluge than they are at present there have been men in all ages of a monstrous and gigantic stature but very few The long and happy life which the patriarchs and men who lived in the infancy of the world were blessed with added nothing to their stature The raven as is obvious by many years surpasseth a man in length of life nor does it necessarily follow that he should have as large a body from whence we may infer that giants in Scripture should not be understood as men of an uncommon magnitude but are taken as tyrants and the first inhabitants or natives so much for the etymology of the word
Nemedh the third in descent from Taith the brother of Partholan being impelled and actuated by similar motives to fame and glory was the second after the flood that immigrated to this kingdom The third and fourth colonies were the Firbolg and the Tuatha Dadanan that is a people who adored and enrolled mother Danan with her three sons as gods Fifthly the Milesians from Spain succeeded them a Scottic colony o Scythian origin who possessed and governed this nation longer than any other invaders The chieftains of those four colonies are said to have been descended equally alike as the Milesians from the same father Magog the grandson of Noah by Japhet and to have all spoken the Scottic language
Now first supposing all those different colonies to have spoken as he has said the same Scottic language this language from its name is Scythic It however could not possibly have been the Scythic of Western or Northern Asia for as a matter of fact we find the Irish to have hardly any perceptible kinship to those languages Nine out of ten Irish words are according to Valiancy and the profoundest investigators into this subject either Chaldaic Arabic Syriac or Hindostanic consequently the Irish is of that class of languages which belongs to the Scythic of Central and Southern Asia It is the language of the ancient founders of Babylon and Nineveh and of those Persians settled in early times on the eastern side of the Erythrian Sea towards India and of the Peninsula of Arabia and the Sa baeans towards the straits of Babel Mandeb
By some philologers all this class of languages have been called Cushite for the word the Persians call Cus and also Sus and Cis as in their name of country Cisiana or Susiana the Chaldaeans and Syrians call Cuth which is the veritable Scuth Scyth and Scot This race of Scuths has been very renowned on the earth and may be reasonably supposed in the course of the ages to have had a dynasty or dynasties of their own on the ancient throne of Egypt perhaps other dynasties besides the Shepherd kings and they may also be supposed to have dominated in ancient Ethiopia especially in its kingdom of Meroe situated among the rivers the African Mesipotamea near the sources of the Nile
To rnake the distinction between the Northern and Southern Scythians as plain as is necessary let us have the following The Persians say that the Tourani or Northern Scythians were so called from Tour a son of Feridoun a King of Persia of the first dynasty named Pish dadians that Tour had an elder brother named Irag who had Persia for his inheritance and Tour was obliged to pass the Gihon or Oxtis and to reign in the Transoxane Provinces Much has been written in this strain but the learned d Herbelot clearly proves that neither was Turquestan named from Tour nor Iran from Irag as the Persians fabulously relate The Arabians Persians and Turks have however always distinguished the Northern from the Southern Scythians By the names Jaguige and Maguige Gog and Magog says d Herbelot they understand the same as they do by Gin and Magin or Tchin and Matchin that is the Northern Chinese and Southern Chinese For ages the Southern Scythians or Persians had been at war with the Northern Scythians representing them as demons and always respecting them as barbarians
The Persians says Valiancy were Scythians descended from Mount Caucasus they first settled about the Caspian Sea then in Armenia and finally in Persia The ancient history of the Persians is the history of those Southern Scythians the ancestors of the Irish Iran ie Persia Iran and Touran ie Southern and Northern Scythia If then we suppose the people of any of those invasions of Ireland above enumerated to have come into the country speaking a language different from that spoken by the great body of the inhabitants are we to suppose them to have adopted the language of the country or to have imposed their own upon it
NOTES: IT SOUNDS AS IF THE FOMORIANS AND TUATHA DE ARE GENETICALLY SIMILAR BUT, OF A DIFFERENT CULTURE.
"the sons of Tuireann have gathered, Lugh leads the Tuatha Dé Danann in the Second Battle of Mag Tuireadh against the Fomorians.
" DOES THIS IMPLY THE TUATHA DE ARE TURANIANS (TURS)?
Lugh is the maternal grandson of the Fomorian, Balor, whom Lugh kills in the Battle of Mag Tuired.
Lugh's father is Cian of the Tuatha Dé Danann, and his mother is Ethniu, daughter of Balor, of the Fomorians....
Sons of Tuireann: Tuireann and Cian, Lugh's father, are old enemies, and one day his sons, Brian, Iuchar, and Iucharba spot Cian in the distance and decide to kill him. ... [In Gaelic mythology, Brian was one of the three Sons of Tuireann along with Iuchar and Iucharba.
In Oidheadh Chlainne Tuireann (The Tragedy of the Sons of Tuireann), the three set out to kill their father's enemy Cian. Cian is the father of Lugh, one of the greatest of the Tuatha Dé Danann. Cian shapeshifts into a pig to disguise himself, but the brothers shapeshift into dogs and hound him. They kill him, dismember his body and try to cover up their crime. In recompense, Lugh makes them quest all around the known world fetching magical weapons, which Lugh plans to use at the Second Battle of Magh Tuireadh. They succeed in obtaining all that Lugh demanded, but return to Ireland badly wounded, pleading for Lugh to heal them; but he refuses.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_(mythology)
Tuireann
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuireann
In Irish mythology, Tuireann was the father by Brigid of Creidhne, Luchtaine, and Giobhniu. His other sons, by his daughter Danand, included Brian, Iuchar, and Iucharba, who killed Lugh's father Cian. As an erec (a recompense fine), they were sent on a quest recounted as Oidheadh Chlainne Tuireann (The Tragedy of the Sons of Tuireann), one of the Three sorrowful tales of Erin. After Lugh had taken his elaborate revenge, Tuireann died of grief over their graves. He is stated in various portions of Lebor Gabála Érenn to be the same person as Delbáeth mac Ogma, who is also credited as the father of Brian, Iuchar, and Iucharba. He is likely related to the Gaulish deity Taranis and thence to Thor of the Germanic people.
IT APPEARS THE FIR BOLG AND TUATHE DE MAYBE RELATIVES OF NEMED....
Cath Maige Tuired
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_Maige_Tuired
"The Battle of Magh Tuireadh", is the name of two saga texts of the Mythological Cycle of Irish mythology... The two texts tell of battles fought by the Tuatha Dé Danann, the first against the Fir Bolg, the second against the Fomorians. ...
"The First Battle of Mag Tuired"...relates how the Tuatha Dé Danann took Ireland from the Fir Bolg, who then inhabited the island. It begins with the children of Nemed, an earlier group of inhabitants of Ireland, leaving for Greece to escape their oppression by the Fomorians. A group of Nemed's descendants, the Fir Bolg, return to Ireland and conquer it, occupying it for thirty years until the coming of the Tuatha Dé Danann, another group of Nemed's descendants. ...
"The Second Battle of Mag Tuired"... tells how the Tuatha Dé Danann, having conquered Ireland, fall under the oppression of the Fomorians, and then fight a battle to free themselves from this oppression. It expands on references to the battle in Lebor Gabála Érenn and the Irish Annals...
Brehon Law | Clans and Social Classes
https://stairnaheireann.net/2019/08/05/brehon-law-clans-and-social-classes-5/
Samhain and Irish Mythology
https://stairnaheireann.net/2019/10/27/samhain-and-irish-mythology-5/
According to Irish mythology, Samhain (like Beltane) was a time when the ‘doorways’ to the Otherworld opened, allowing supernatural beings and the souls of the dead to come into our world; but while Beltane was a summer festival for the living, Samhain ‘was essentially a festival for the dead’. The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn says that the sםdhe (fairy mounds or portals to the Otherworld) ‘were always open at Samhain’....
Samhain in ancient Ireland was associated with a god or idol called Crom Cruach...
BASED ON THE TIMELINE OF THE LAND MASS NOW CALLED IRLAND, THE CELTS ARE A RECENT POPULATION IN IRLAND...
The Celts of Ancient Ireland
https://stairnaheireann.net/2021/12/08/the-celts-of-ancient-ireland-6/
The first historical record of the Celts was by the Greeks about 700 BC, the Celts were a loose grouping of tribes that lived in an area north of the Alps around the Danube river in central Europe. Over the next few hundred years they spread east and west across Europe. The Celts first arrived in Ireland about 500 BC, there is no reliable information on how or when the Celts became the dominant Irish ethnic group....
Celtic scholar, T. F. O’Rahilly, based a study on influences on the Irish language and a critical analysis of Irish mythology and pseudohistory. This was called O’Rahilly’s historical model and gives us some understanding of Ireland’s Celts. His study has been the topic of debate for many historians. O’Rahilly came up with how the Celts may have invaded Ireland in four separate waves:
The Cruithne or Priteni arrived between 700 – 500 BC
The Builg or Érainn arrived around 500 BC
The Laigin, the Domnainn and the Gálioin arrived around 300 BC
The Goidels or Gael arrived around 100 BC
The first group of Celts that arrived in Ireland approximately 700BC were named Priteni. They settled in parts of Ulster and Leinster but would later be replaced by other tribes. The second arrival wave was the Bolgic’s who arrived around 500BC and would take control of nearly half of Ireland. Four tribes of the Bolgic’s included:
The Uluti who took control over the northern part of Ireland
The Darini and Robogdii who settled in the north-eastern part of Ireland
The Iverni who settled in Munster
The Ebdani who settled in the east
The Laginians who were the 3rd group to arrive, around 300 BC, settled in the west coast, what is known today as the province of Connacht. They had also taken over the Leinster area. It was also around the same time the La Tène culture may have been introduced to Ireland. The La Tène were fierce Celtic warriors with chariots, cavalry and used warrior equipment such as large fighting spears, swords, and shields.
The Goidelic or Gaelic would be the last Celts to arrive in Ireland. These people came in two different groups the Connachta and then the Eóganachta. The Connachta tribe arrived and pushed their way to the Hill of Tara and sacked the Ernean king. They carved a new region between Ulster and Leinster and it became known as Mide (the fifth province). The Eóganachta tribe arrived more quietly than the previous Connachta tribe. The settled in Munster and gradually became more powerful and dominant in the province. Although early events in Ireland remain unclear, five kingdoms (provinces) emerged.
When the Celtic culture did arrive in Ireland it brought a totally different and new culture, languages, art, technology and beliefs. They had introduced using Iron for making tools and weapons...
Ireland’s Independence Day
https://stairnaheireann.net/2020/01/20/irelands-independence-day-3/
The Declaration of Independence was a document adopted by Dáil Éireann, at its first meeting in the Mansion House, Dublin, on 21 January 1919. It followed from the Sinn Féin election manifesto of December 1918. Texts of the declaration were adopted in three languages: Irish, English and French.
Names of the Irish state
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_Irish_state
There have been various names for the state that is today officially known as Ireland. ... Historical names Ancient: The Annals of the Four Masters describe how Ireland was referred to in ancient times During the time of the Partholonians, Nemedians, Fomorians, and Firbolg, the island was given a number of names:
Inis Ealga signifying the noble or excellent island. The Latin translation was Insula Nobilis
Fiodh-Inis signifying the Woody island. In Latin this was Insula nemorosa
Crioch Fuinidh signifying the Final or remote country. In Latin as Terra finalia.
Inisfáil meaning the Island of Destiny, and Inisfalia or Insula Fatalis in Latin. This was the name used by the Tuatha Dé Danann and from this 'Fál' became an ancient name for Ireland. In this respect, therefore, Lia Fáil, the Stone of Destiny, came to mean 'Stone of Ireland'. Inisfail appears as a synonym for Erin in some Irish romantic and nationalist poetry in English in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; Aubrey Thomas de Vere's 1863 poem Inisfail is an example.
Ériu (from which derived Éire), Banba and Fódla were names given by the Dananns from three of their queens.
Ierne refers to Ireland by various ancient Greek writers and many scholars have the opinion that in the poem when the Argonauts passes Neson Iernida, that is, the Island Iernis, they are referring to the island of Ireland, thus referring to Ireland longer ago than 1000 BC.
Insula Sacra or the "Sacred Isle" was how several Roman writers referred to the island on account of its being a celebrated seat of Druidism.
Ogygia meaning the most ancient land is a name used by Plutarch in the first century which may refer to Ireland.
Hibernia is first used to refer to Ireland by Julius Caesar in his account of Britain, and became a common term used by the Romans. They also used a number of other terms, namely Juverna, Juvernia, Ouvernia, Ibernia, Ierna, Vernia. Ptolemy also refers to it as Iouernia or Ivernia.
Scotia or the land of the Scots is a term used by various Roman and other Latin writers, who referred to Irish raiders as Scoti. Some of the earliest mentions are in the 5th century, St. Patrick calls the Irish "Scoti", and in the 6th century, St. Isidore bishop of Seville and Gildas the British historian both refer to Ireland as Scotia. It was a term that exclusively referred to Ireland up until the eleventh century when modern Scotland was first referred to as Scotia. But even up until the sixteenth century, many Latin writers continued to refer to Ireland as Scotia. From the twelfth to the sixteenth century, various scholars used to distinguish between Ireland and Scotland by using Scotia Vetus or Scotia Major meaning Old Scotia or the Greater Scotia for Ireland, and Scotia Minor or Lesser Scotia for Scotland.
Insula Sanctorum or the Island of the Saints and Insula Doctorum or the Island of the Learned are names used by various Latin writers; hence the modern-day quasi-poetic description of the island as the "Island of Saints and Scholars".
Pre-1919: Following the Norman invasion, Ireland was known as Dominus Hiberniae, the Lordship of Ireland from 1171 to 1541, and the Kingdom of Ireland from 1541 to 1800. From 1801 to 1922 it was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Irish Republic (1919–22)...Southern Ireland (1921–22)...Irish Free State (1922–37)...
Éire (Irish language name since 1937)...In May 1937, when the President of the Executive Council, Éamon de Valera presented the first draft of the Constitution to the parliamentary committee on the Constitution, Article 4 simply provided: "The name of the State is Éire". There was no reference to Ireland at all. ...
On 18 April 1949, the Republic of Ireland Act, came into operation, removing the last functions of the king. Section two of the Act states, "It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland." ...
In the Irish courts: Judge Brian Walsh said that while the courts of other countries were at liberty to issue such warrants in the Irish language, if they used the English language they had to refer to the state as Ireland. ... The following is an extract from Walsh's judgement: In the English language the name of this State is "Ireland" and is so prescribed by Article 4 of the Constitution....
Irish name
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_name
A first name may be modified by an adjective to distinguish its bearer from other people with the same name. Mףr ("big") and ׃g ("young") are used to distinguish father and son, like English "senior" and "junior", but are placed between the given name and the surname: Seבn ׃g ׃ Sתilleabhבin corresponds to "John O'Sullivan Jr." (although anglicised versions of the name often drop the "O'" from the name). The word Beag/Beg, meaning "little", can be used in place of ׃g. ...
A male's surname generally takes the form ׃/Ua (meaning "descendant") or Mac ("son") followed by the genitive case of a name, as in ׃ Dףnaill ("descendant of Dףnall") or Mac Lochlainn ("son of Lochlann").
A son has the same surname as his father. A female's surname replaces ׃ with Nם (reduced from Inםon Uם – "daughter of descendant of") and Mac with Nic (reduced from Inםon Mhic – "daughter of the son of"); in both cases the following name undergoes lenition. However, if the second part of the surname begins with the letter C or G, it is not lenited after Nic. Thus the daughter of a man named ׃ Dףnaill has the surname Nם Dhףnaill; the daughter of a man named Mac Lochlainn has the surname Nic Lochlainn. When anglicised, the name can remain O' or Mac, regardless of gender.
If a woman marries, she may choose to take her husband's surname. In this case, ׃ is replaced by Bean Uם ("wife of descendant of") and Mac is replaced by Bean Mhic ("wife of the son of"). In both cases bean may be omitted, in which case the woman uses simply Uם or Mhic. Again, the second part of the surname is lenited (unless it begins with C or "G", in which case it is only lenited after Uם). Thus a woman marrying a man named ׃ Dףnaill may choose to be use Bean Uם Dhףnaill (Mrs. O'Donnell in English) or Uם Dhףnaill as her surname; a woman marrying a man named Mac Lochlainn may choose to be use Bean Mhic Lochlainn (Mrs. McLaughlin in English) or Mhic Lochlainn as her surname.
If the second part of the surname begins with a vowel, the form ׃ attaches an h to it, as in ׃ hUiginn (O'Higgins) or ׃ hAodha (Hughes). The other forms effect no change: Nם Uiginn, (Bean) Uם Uiginn; Mac Aodha, Nic Aodha, Mhic Aodha, and so forth.
Mag is often used instead of Mac before a vowel or (sometimes) the silent fh. The single female form of "Mag" is "Nig". Ua is an alternative form of ׃. ...
British & Irish admixture
https://www.eupedia.com/europe/autosomal_maps_dodecad.shtml#British_Irish
This admixture appears to have been created by combining the Insular Celtic (ancient Gaelic and Brythonic) ancestry linked to Y-haplogroup R1b-L21 with the specifically Anglo-Saxon and Frisian clades of Y-haplogroup R1b-U106. However this admixture is found everywhere in Western Europe, from Iberia to Scandinavia and could be described as broadly Celto-Germanic. In other words it includes Indo-European DNA brought by the R1b migrations in the Bronze Age minus the admixture from the French & German and the Broadly Northwest European. Since almost all Irish ancestry is either Insular Celtic or Anglo-Saxon, it reached a maximum frequency of 95% in Ireland (and possibly in Wales too). The higher frequency in the Netherlands and Northwest Germany, and the presence in northern Italy and northern Sardinia suggests that this admixture was also found among the Anglo-Saxons and Lombards. The high frequency in France could also be due to a dual Celto-Germanic origin.
Broadly Northwest European admixture
https://www.eupedia.com/europe/autosomal_maps_dodecad.shtml#Broadly_Northwest_European
This admixture peaks in the northern Dutch provinces of Frisia and Groningen (40%), as well as in East Anglia (35-40%), Denmark (34%), the central Netherlands (32%), Germany (31%) and the northern French département du Nord (31%) and the Cotentin peninsula in Normandy (33%). Its distribution correlates mostly with West Germanic ancestry, but could also include some broader Celto-Germanic elements in Germany, the Benelux and France. It appears to be linked to the Proto-Celto-Germanic Y-haplogroup R1b-U106, which almost reaches its maximum frequency in Frisia, East Anglia and Denmark. The higher percentage in northern Portugal and Galicia can be attributed to the Suebi settlements in the early Middle Ages.
MY THOUGHTS, AND SPECULATION ONLY:
WESTERN R1b PREDATES THE PHOENICIANS, OR THEY ARE THE ORIGINAL PHOENICIANS. THE R-L21 WHO ARE INDIGENOUS TO THE BRITISH ISLES AT LEAST FROM 2500BC WERE SEA TRADERS OF THE ATLANTIC BUT, MAY HAVE ALSO BEEN THE SEA PEOPLE WHO TRADED WITH THE MEDITERANEANS OF NORTH AFRICA, AND CANAAN. THE SEMITE INVASIONS IN THE NEAR EAST AND BEYOND GAVE SEMITES CONTROL OF THE NEAR EAST CAUSING THE CANANITES TO FLEE AND THE PRESENCE OF J HAPLOGROUP TO DOMINATE THE NEAR EAST THEREAFTER. THE SEA PEOPLE POSSIBLY A WESTERN ATLANTIC R1b TRADED WITH THOSE SEMITES WHICH SOME MISINTERPRET THE SEMITE INVADERS AS THE PHOENICIANS. MY THOUGHTS ARE THE WESTERN ATLANTIC R1b WERE THE ORIGINAL PHOENICIANS IN WHOLE OR IN PART. THE SEMITES LATER EITHER TOOK CONTROL IN WHOLE OR IN PART OF THE TRADE IN THE MEDITERANEAN UP TO THE BRITISH ISLES AT AROUND 1000BC. THE OLDEST BOAT WORKSHOP IN THE WORLD IS FOUND IN DOGGERLAND ISLE OF WIGHT DATED 6000 BC. ALTHOUGH THE LONGBOATS ARE FROM EARLIER THAN THE 3RD MILLENIUM BC, ARCHAOLOGICAL FINDINGS HAVE FOUND LONGBOATS IN BRITISH ISLES DATING FROM 2ND MILLENIUM BC PREDATING THE MEDITERANEAN PHOENICIAN LONGBOAT WHICH PROVES THE ATLANTIC R-L21 AND /OR HIS R1b ANCESTORS WERE THE FIRST ORIGINAL SEA TRADERS AND ORIGINAL PHOENICIANS, AND POSSIBLY THE ORIGINAL INDIGENOUS CANANITES PRIOR TO THE SEMITIC INVASIONS WHEN TOURAN CONTROLLED THE NEAR AND MID EAST. MAY HAVE BEGAN AS KASSITES (R1b TRIBE) AS THEY WERE TRADERS WITH EGYPT, INDIA, BABYLON, AND THE AREAS. WHICH THEY MAY HAVE COME FROM THE ATLANTIC TRAVELLED EASTWARD THEN BACK TOT THE WEST AS A TRADE ROUTE. BUT JUST SPECULATION ON MY PART.
AS COMING FROM THE WEST AND BEING ATLANTIC ONE WONDERS IF R-L21 ARE DESCENDANTS OF ATLANTIS? DOGGERLAND IS ONE PROPOSED POSSIBLE SITES OF ATLANTIS THAT SANK INTO THE OCEAN. L21 ANCESTORS MAY HAVE BEEN THE ATLANTEANS. OR ATLANTIS MAY HAVE BEEN A LAND MASS FURTHER WEST AND/OR SOUTH IN THE ATLANTIC AND L21 ARE THE DESCENDANTS.
WHETHER OR NOT THEY WERE CASSITES IS ANOTHER DISCUSSION AS THE CASSITES GAINED THE EARLIEST OF POWER OF BABYLON AROUND 1600 BC WELL AFTER L21 WAS TRADING IN THE WEST ATLANTIC. IT IS POSSIBLE THE CASSITES CAME FROM THE WEST ATLANTIC MIGRATING EAST SINCE THEY DID NOT SPEAK INDO EUROPEAN AND NO ONE KNOWS FOR SURE WHERE THEIR ORIGINAL HOMELAND ORIGINATED. BUT THEY ARE SEEN IN INDIA, BABYLON, IRAN, EGYPT AND THOSE AREAS WITH EARLIER ORIGINS IN THE WEST ATLANTIC.
FURTHER INVESTIGATION INTO THE LINEAGE MIGHT OFFER MORE DETAILS.
R1b ARE WELL FAMILIAR WITH PLAGUES AS THEY WERE NEARLY WIPED OUT BY PLAGUES BROUGHT IN BY FOREIGN MIGRANTS.
ITS A MIRACLE THEY EXIST TODAY.
ACCORDING TO THIS ARTICLE:
R1b-L151 > P312 > L21
R-L21 ARE INDIGENOUS TO THE ISLES OF AT LEAST 2500BC AND ITS SUBCLADES CAME MORE RECENTLY. HE WAS AN ATLANTIC SEAMAN, OR A SHIP(S) OF ATLANTIC R1b, WHO POSSIBLY SETTLED IN SW BRITAIN WHERE THEY PROBABLY TOOK NATIVE WIVES FROM THE ISLE, OR HAD THEIR OWN WOMEN WHO ACCOMPANIED THEM.
R-L21 DID NOT COME FROM THE CONTINENT RATHER THEY CAME FROM THE SEA AND MIGRATED INWARD. THIS ARTICLE SAYS THEY WERE FROM THE ATLANTIC WESTERN BEAKER R1b PEOPLE. THEY WERE SEA TRADERS ESTABLISHING SETTLEMENTS WHERE RESOURCES WERE AVAILABLE. R-L21 NEARLY BECAME EXTINCT ON A FEW OCCASIONS THRU THEIR HISTORY FROM PLAQUES, FAMINES, WARFARE, AND FOREIGN MIGRATIONS.
IT APPEARS THE INDIGENOUS R-L21 IS PUSHED NORTH AND WEST FROM CORNWALL DEVON INTO IRELAND, WALES, SCOTLAND AND EVEN AS FAR AS THE NEW WORLD THRU THE AGES.
THE FOLLOWING ARE JUST A FEW OF THE HILITES OF THIS PAPER. A COMPLETE READ OF THE PAPER IS RECOMMENDED...
The phylogenealogy of R-L21:
four and a half millennia of expansion and redistribution
This paper uses spatial and temporal variation in the subclade distribution of the dominant Irish/British haplogroup R1b-L21 to describe population changes in Britain and Ireland over a period of 4500 years from the early Bronze Age until the present. The main focus is on the initial spread of L21-bearing populations from south-west Britain as part of the Beaker Atlantic culture, and on a major redistribution of the haplogroup that took place in Ireland and Scotland from about 100 BC.
The distributional evidence for a British origin for L21 around 2500 BC is compelling. Most likely the mutation originated in the large Beaker colony in south-west Britain, where many old lineages still survive. From that spread point it was carried rapidly by sea into north-west France, Ireland, north-west Spain and the Middle Rhine, which today have a high incidence of L21, and into Northern England and Scotland. Of about 45 known early Bronze branches or subclades of L21, almost all are found in Britain or in the English-speaking Diaspora. We are able to identify most of the larger subclades of L21 as ‘Atlantic’—spread throughout the Atlantic Beaker range with a distinct presence in Cornwall-Devon in the early Bronze. Continental R-L21 has origins in small random samples from the extensive English distribution. While many studies have tried to identify continental contributions to Isles populations, here we suggest that the reverse was much greater, at least in the early Bronze Age....
Around 100 BC a second major R-L21 expansion from a severe bottleneck was Initiated in Ireland and Scotland, when a dozen residual ‘deep’ sub-branches sprang to life and came to dominate L21. This is consistent with a collapse in the effective population of Ireland, followed by a rapid expansion. The limited evidence suggests that a severe weather event, famine and/or epidemic occurred around this time. The strongly patrilineal nature of insular Celtic society helped to keep male lines culturally intact, so that these emergent deep subclades can still be identified with Irish clans to some extent.
Around 90 per cent of R-L21 individuals in Scandinavia have paternal-line relatives in Ireland and Scotland dating to Viking times. The distribution is random and involves small numbers and distinct lines, suggesting that some of these were taken to Scandinavia as prisoners and slaves.
The Great Migration of millions of people from Ireland and Scotland to North America in relatively modern times was so substantial that no founder effects can be discerned and the New World has acted as a growth matrix extending and preserving the pre-existing R-L21 distribution.
This paper introduces several ‘skyline’ methods to trace the development over time of the subclade distribution of L21. These show that the distribution in England has not changed a great deal since the Bronze Age, in stark contrast to the situation in Ireland and Scotland. England and the Continent now make a much smaller contribution to R-L21 than in the past, probably stemming from Roman and Germanic expansion that pushed L21-bearing populations westward....
Haplogroup R-L21, the group of all men that have the SNP mutation known as L21, is the most common patrilineage in the British Isles. It is a major branch of the general Y-haplogroup R1b that has dominated Western Europe since the early Bronze Age. Around 37 per cent of men in the British Isles as a whole are R-L21, and two-thirds of the Irish. The coastal Atlantic areas in France across from Britain and an area on the Middle Rhine also have significant incidences of L21, but otherwise the presence in continental Europe is low. Because the British, particularly the Irish, have been such major contributors to the populations of USA and Canada, R-L21 is also one of the commonest lineages in North America. It has sometimes been identified as a carrier of Celtic culture because of its high frequency in areas that once spoke Celtic languages, and details of the lineage have been eagerly researched by those claiming Celtic heritage....
After 2008 when SNP testing became commercially available, it became apparent that the various Irish clusters were actually associated with SNPs that defined deep subclades of L21 on the phylogenetic Y-tree. The O’Neill ‘Irish modal’ or ‘Irish Type 1’ cluster in particular was ultimately defined by M222 (Kennedy 2014), one of the original SNP markers named by Underhill (2003)....
This paper largely deals with the changing incidence of R-L21 and its subclades, in the context of the four expansive phases during which it came to occupy its current spread:
the founding of L21 and its major branches and settlement areas at the beginning of the Bronze Age around 2500 BC, followed by a long 2500-year interregnum with relatively little activity, the settlement of Scotland some time later; a major redistribution and subsequent expansion of L21 in Ireland and Scotland at the dawn of the Common Era 100 BC–700 AD; limited translation of L21 to Scandinavia as the result of Viking incursions; and the Great Migration to the English-speaking New World where most R-L21 is to be found today....
A strong west-to-east decline is evident, and there is a heavy presence of 50 per cent or more in the traditional ‘Celtic’ locations, especially Ireland. (IRELAND 65%, WALES AND SCOTLAND 50%, ENGLAND 20%,...) France has about 16 per cent R-L21 while Iberia has 10 per cent. The incidence in the ‘Germanic’ countries is low, about 4 per cent. There is a residual presence throughout most of central and eastern Europe....
Using the generic term ‘the Isles’ to refer to Britain, Ireland and associated islands...
Branches are identified from their presence in the database, and confirmed in the websites www.ytree.net or www.yfull.com. Timing largely follows the methodology used in www.yfull.com, where each SNP mutation found in a Big Y test occurs on average every 140 years or 5 generations approximately....
The genetic evidence for the expansion of L21 shows the following:
In the first expansive period, from 2500 BC to about 2000 BC, L21 and its subclades were founded, split and expanded throughout the Atlantic Beaker range. Sometime later in the middle Bronze a second expansion occurred and the expansion extended to Scotland.
In the second period, the early Common Era from 100 BC to 600 AD, another large population advance in Ireland and Scotland substantially reorganised the distribution of subclades. This was probably preceded by a very substantial fall in the population of Ireland, a near-extinction which gave a number of surviving very small subclades the chance to expand.
In the Viking period, this new Irish-Scottish L21 was carried into Scandinavia and Northern Europe, probably by slaves taken in raids.
Finally, in the colonial period from 1600 to 1900, L21 moved freely throughout the English-speaking Diaspora, preserving the ancient distributions and preventing the extinction of some ancient lines. ...
3.2 Beginnings - The Atlantic culture
The L21 mutation occurred during an extraordinarily rapid expansion of the effective population of the male R1b haplogroup on the Atlantic seaboard. In only a few hundred years. ‘Western R1b’ formed over 300 Y-chromosome branches that survive to the present day and which define our current categories of Western R1b. Batini et al. (2015, Figure 1) show that the branching of R1b at this time was spectacular, equal to that of all other European haplogroups taken together. No other effective male population expansion of this rate, magnitude and extent is known until the modern era.
The companion paper Flood (2016) proposes that the original Western R1b men were a closely related group of mariners and traders who came to the Atlantic seaboard before 2700 BC. These invaders are often known as the ‘Bell Beaker Folk’ because of their distinctive drinking vessels. The Bell Beaker period marked a period of unprecedented cultural contact in Atlantic and Western Europe on a scale not seen previously nor seen again.
With boats as their major form of transport and trade as a major means of sustaining communities, the Bell Beakers established their initial colonies near to tradeable Resources, on the coast and up major rivers. They appear to have leapfrogged to specific areas, probably to exploit valuable metals like gold, tin and copper- very much in the manner of their descendants in the New World four millennia later. The Beakers formed maritime colonies in quick succession in Iberia, southern England, Ireland, the Rhone Valley, Brittany and the Middle Rhine. These settlements grew together connected by the sea trade routes of the ‘Atlantic culture’ (Cunliffe 1994, 2001, 2010), with the south of England at the centre. As Bradley (2007: 26) puts it, ‘The islands’ distinct geography …allowed them to form links with regions of the European mainland that would not have been in regular contact with one another.’
In Figure 5 we see the principal ‘Western R1b’ haplogroups R-DF27, R-L21, R-U106 and R-U152. Flood (2016) regards these as the genetic expressions of separate settlements - R-L21 in the south-west English mining and religious settlement, R-U106 around the North Sea, R-U152 on the Rhone, in Lombardy and the Cisalpine area, while R-DF27 represents the original Iberian settlement.
The largest Beaker settlement, apart perhaps from the gold-tin Tagus valley settlement in Portugal, appears to have been in south-west Britain in what looks very much like the world’s first minerals rush, seeking the world’s most valuable resources at the time, alluvial gold and tin. Standish et al.(2015) write, ‘Southwest Britain would have been an extremely important region during the Bronze Age, as local populations would have had the ability to control the supply of two of the key materials in use at this time.
NextGen sequencing of the rapidly branching R1b genome has allowed for reasonably accurate dating of L21 to about 2500 BC. This date has been supported by the presence of Bell Beaker sites all over Britain and Ireland dating from before 2400 BC. The Beaker constructions in Cornwall are the most extensive in Britain with an abundance of round barrows and cairns, henges, stone circles and stone cist graves.
The construction of Stonehenge II and III in Wiltshire, which required complex logistics and extensive manpower, was probably funded from the proceeds of the Cornwall-Devon mining bonanza. At Durrington Walls near Stonehenge, the largest village on the Atlantic seaboard was sited for a short time around 2500 BC, housing about 4000 people from all over Britain (Parker-Pearson et al. 2013).
Ireland is particular important for L21. A Bell Beaker arsenical bronze smelting Industry at Ross Island in the south-west of Ireland dates to 2400 BC, when the local sulpharsenide ores were smelted to produce most of the arsenical bronze axes used in Britain. Traded artefacts from the site have been found in the south of Britain, while large numbers of artefacts using Cornish gold have been found in Ireland.
A long-suspected relationship between Bell Beaker peoples and R1b DNA has now been confirmed by the sequencing of the first ancient Bronze Age genome in the Isles (Cassidy et al. 2016). Remains at Rathlin Island off the north coast of Ireland have been dated to 2050 BC and are L21>DF21, the largest subclade of L21 prior to the Christian era. Rathlin was a production facility for porcellanite axe heads, a dense form of recrystallised basalt, and several Bronze Age gold artefacts have been found there (Jope et al. 1952).
After this early ‘rush’ of settlement Ireland seems to have been demically isolated from the main Bell Beaker culture. Once the metals rushes were over, the Irish Beaker period was ‘characterized by the ancientness of Beaker intrusions, by isolation and by influences and surviving traditions of autochthons’ (Osmon 2011). Another very early L21 colony was founded on the Middle Rhine, and it is believed a high incidence of L21 occurs in the area even today. The presence of unique early L21 subclade branches from the area suggests the settlement date is probably prior to 2300 BC. Cassidy et al. (2016) found a significant admixture closely related to Irish DNA in modern Germans (particularly visible as a Middle Rhine hotspot in their Figure 3). The presence of Bronze Age Wessex wheel-and-cross disks and, Wessex-style pottery along the Middle Rhine coupled with the L21 genetic connection, make it likely that the colony was launched from south-west Britain.
It appears that the Beaker expansion hit its carrying capacity quite quickly, because after about 2000 BC there are few new branches in the L21 haplotree until the Common Era. One exception is very significant branching in the L513/DF1 subclade about 6 SNPs or 800 years from the formation of L21. This might correspond to a mid-Bronze population expansion in Scotland; a late Scottish Bronze Age where arable land expanded at the expense of forests; perhaps because all suitable land had been cleared in England and by this time and settlers turned to more marginal land in Scotland. This may have occurred as late as the Bronze Age Climatic Optimum around 1600 BC, when climate change made settlement further north more practicable....
What makes these subclades ‘deep’ is that they straddle a long thin line of many equivalent SNPs, so that after the branch formation in the early Bronze there were no further known branches for typically 1500–2000 years, when they suddenly sprang to life. Because of this very long isolation during which the STRs mutated, the new founder of the deep branch might quite possibly have a very different STR signature than the founder of L21, and so therefore do all his descendants. This means that members of deep Subclades can often be distinguished by STRs alone...
Conclusions:
We presume that the major haplogroup known as Western R1b was spread Throughout Atlantic Europe by the people known as the Beaker Folk, who were seafarers seeking tradeable resources. The expansion of the Beaker people over a narrow period of a few hundred years, establishing widely separated colonies in key locations by boat, has meant that different subclades of Western R1b have become associated with particular settlements, and we associate L21 with south-west Britain. Within the L21 lineage we can see evidence of an extremely rapid expansion of descendants of a single man, who peopled Ireland and a good part of Britain, northern France and the Middle Rhine within the space of a few hundred years, apparently meeting little opposition from the existing inhabitants. This occurred within the context of a wide ranging water-based network of trade and culture.
The evidence for a dispersal from Britain includes: the larger variance of L21 in England than anywhere else, and the presence of about 30 distinct subclade branches; south-west England as the major focus of Beaker activity in Northern Europe, at the centre of the L21 range, and having large easily accessible alluvial deposits of key metals; L21 on the Continent taking the form of small random samples from the English distribution; all but one of the major L21 subclades being ‘Atlantic’—spread throughout the range of the Atlantic culture, with an early Bronze presence in south-west England defined by two or more widely separated examples; no support for any other origin for L21 or its subclades.
During the period of the Atlantic culture, L21 was a primary signifier of an Insular Atlantic people in the Isles and beyond. Beaker settlements on the adjacent Continent seem to have been small client arrangements, though the presence of L21 today in the key areas shows their genetic influence persisted. Subsequent invaders of Britain such as the Belgae, Saxons and Normans had a British admixture from the early Bronze Age, making their DNA rather difficult to distinguish from the English population.
Several major subclades DF21 and L513 found their way into northern and Irish populations in greater proportions. There is some indication from the Y-haplotree that Scotland underwent a population expansion during the Bronze Age Climate Optimum from about 1600 BC, so differential rates of population growth involving founder effects may be responsible for this limited early differentiation of subclades.
It has been suspected for a long time because of the very few male lineages that have come down to us that the human genome has been subject to intermittent pruning involving substantial decreases in genetic diversity probably resulting from natural disasters, epidemics or extremes of warfare. For the first time one of these has been pinpointed, in Ireland around 100 BC, also affecting Scotland but not England to any degree.
At this time, more than half way through its history, a major reorganisation of L21 took place in Ireland and parts of Scotland. The Irish male effective population fell to very low levels, so significant as to be equivalent to a near-extinction and resettlement by survivors. This hitherto undocumented population collapse is probably due to an extreme (2500 year) weather event accompanied by famine, epidemic and opportunistic invasion and warfare. In support of this: a dozen L21 ‘deep subclades’ that had been residual for millennia suddenly appeared at the same time from nowhere and grew rapidly. One of these (M222) grew extremely rapidly over a few centuries to become the largest subclade of L21; the long tail of the Pareto distribution of L21 subclades was almost extinguished in Ireland; the isolation of Ireland and its exposure to the Atlantic has made it vulnerable to weather, famine and epidemics, as strongly hinted in the Irish pseudohistories; severe storm surge and famine were recorded by the Romans in Northern Europe from 120-114 BC, sufficient to displace a number of tribes and change the coastline; historians have made reference to a ‘Dark Age’ of fortified warfare in Ireland and a population decline prior to 400 AD.
This decline was followed by a period of rapid population growth and re-peopling which took the population above pre-disaster levels, during which Ireland underwent a major cultural renaissance and the current subclade structure of L21 was laid down. About 70 per cent of L21 belongs to ‘deep subclades’ from this period. The size of particular subclades has been established randomly, however the patrilineal and fragmented nature of Irish society caused these new deep subclades to be confined to particular areas and clans to a fair extent, a spatial legacy that is still visible today. The
very ‘long thin’ lead-ins to the new subclades meant that their founders had drifted far from the Atlantic Modal in many cases, so that the ‘clusters’ could be easily identified by STR signatures.
In Scotland much the same happened with the emergence of several new large ‘deep subclades’ especially L1335. However here the situation was complicated by prolonged harassment by the Romans that kept the population ‘between the Walls’ at minimal levels. With the departure of the Romans, the gap was filled by Irish populations that had overextended their local carrying capacity, and invasion from the Continent and England. During the same period Insular Atlantic DNA seems to have been pushed back on the Continent and in England. This substantially lowed the contributions of England and the Continent to the total L21 population.
Around 90 per cent of L21 in Scandinavia dates from the Viking period and is probably attributable to prisoners and slaves brought back to Scandinavia.
We have uncovered no evidence of any significant back-migration of L21 from mainland Europe to the Isles though this must have occurred in small quantities.
Phylogenetic methods such as variance, PCI and admixture analysis are found to be unsuitable in their usual form for analysis of L21 because of the multi-staged dynamic subclade development and the in situ alterations the haplogroup has undergone.
The final legacy of L21 is that it was carried to the English-speaking Diaspora in such great numbers that no bottlenecking is evident; in fact the structure of L21 seems to have been better preserved abroad than in the Isles These foreign descendants of an ancient Bronze Age lineage have come together collectively to test their own DNA and construct the detailed Y-haplotree that has made this analysis possible. Embedded in that haplotree is a rich imprint of events that happened before literacy or recorded history in the Isles, which this paper has begun to explore.
Atlantis, the Antediluvian World by Ignatius Donnelly [1882] HILITES
https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/egypt/ATLANTIS%20HILITES.rtf
And the citizens have a deity who is their foundress: she is called in the Egyptian tongue Neith...She founded your city a thousand years before ours, receiving from the Earth and Hephæstus the seed of your race, and then she founded ours, the constitution of which is set down in our sacred registers as 8000 years old. As touching the citizens of 9000 years ago,... and this the goddess taught first among you, and then in Asiatic countries, and we among the Asiatics first adopted.... these histories tell of a mighty power which was aggressing wantonly against the whole of Europe and Asia, and to which your city put an end. This power came forth out of the Atlantic Ocean...
"Let me begin by observing, first of all, that nine thousand was the sum of years which had elapsed since the war which was said to have taken place between all those who dwelt outside the Pillars of Heracles and those who dwelt within them...Poseidon, receiving for his lot the island of Atlantis..., begat children by a mortal woman...mountain there dwelt one of the earth-born primeval men of that country, whose name was Evenor, and he had a wife named Leucippe, and they had an only daughter, who was named Cleito. The maiden was growing up to womanhood when her father and mother died; Poseidon fell in love with her, and had intercourse with her...He also begat and brought up five pairs of male children, dividing the island of Atlantis into ten portions...the eldest, who was king, he named Atlas, and from him the whole island and the ocean received the name of Atlantic....
Theopompus tells us that the people who inhabited Atlantis were the Meropes, the people of Merou...Atlas Mountains... most north-western corner of Africa...Herodotus there dwelt near this mountain-chain a people called the Atlantes, probably a remnant of a colony from Solon's island? How comes it that the people of the Barbary States were known to the Greeks, Romans, and Carthaginians as the "Atlantes," ...
"According to the Phœnicians, the art of writing was invented by Taautus, or Taut, 'whom the Egyptians call Thouth,' and the Egyptians said it was invented by Thouth, or Thoth, otherwise called 'the first Hermes,' in which we clearly see that both the Phœnicians and Egyptians referred the invention to a period older than their own separate political existence, and to an older nation, from which both peoples received it. The "first Hermes," here referred to (afterward called Mercury by the Romans), was a son of Zeus and Maia, a daughter of Atlas...."Many of the oldest myths, relate to Spain, North-western Africa, and other regions on the Atlantic,...being far beyond or below sunset, were the "under-world" of the ancients; while Atlantis, the Canaries, etc., constituted the island division with Western Africa and Spain. The under-world of the dead was simply the world below the western horizon; "the home of the dead has to do with that far west region where the sun dies at night."...
Poseidon, the first king of Atlantis, according to Plato, was, according to Greek mythology, a brother of Zeus, and a son of Chronos. In the division of the kingdom he fell heir to the ocean and its islands, and to the navigable rivers; in other words, he was king of a maritime and commercial people....
; "the ram with the golden fleece for which the Argonauts sailed was the offspring of Poseidon." He carried in his hand a three-pronged symbol, the trident, doubtless an emblem of the three continents that were embraced in the empire of Atlantis. He founded many colonies along the shores of the Mediterranean; "he helped to build the walls of Troy;" the tradition thus tracing the Trojan civilization to an Atlantean source. He settled Attica and founded Athens...
...."Chronos visits the different regions of the habitable world." He gave Egypt as a kingdom to the god Taaut,...This not only connects the Phœnicians with Atlantis, but shows the relations of Egyptian civilization to both Atlantis and the Phœnicians.... Sanchoniathon tells us, after narrating all the discoveries by which the people advanced to civilization, that the Cabiri set down their records of the past by the command of the god Taaut, "and they delivered them to their successors and to foreigners, of whom one was Isiris (Osiris), the inventor of the three letters, the brother of Chua, who is called the first Phœnician." This would show that the first Phœnician came long after this line of the kings or gods, and that he was a foreigner, as compared with them; and, therefore, that it could not have been the Phœnicians proper who made the several inventions narrated by Sanchoniathon, but some other race, from whom the Phœnicians might have been descended....
The extent of country covered by the commerce of the Phœnicians represents to some degree the area of the old Atlantean Empire. Their colonies and trading-posts extended east and west from the shores of the Black Sea, through the Mediterranean to the west coast of Africa and of Spain, and around to Ireland and England; while from north to south they ranged from the Baltic to the Persian Gulf. They touched every point where civilization in later ages made its appearance...simply re-opened the path of commerce and colonization which had been closed when Plato's island sunk in the sea....Sanchoniathon claims that the learning of Egypt, Greece, and Judæa was derived from the Phœnicians. It would appear probable that, while other races represent the conquests or colonizations of Atlantis, the Phœnicians succeeded to their arts, sciences, and especially their commercial supremacy; and hence the close resemblances which we have found to exist between the Hebrews, a branch of the Phœnician stock, and the people of America....
PART 5 CHAPTER VII.
THE IRISH COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS.
the Irish annals tell us that their island was settled prior to the Flood. In their oldest legends an account is given of three Spanish fishermen who were driven by contrary winds on the coast of Ireland before the Deluge. After these came the Formorians, who were led into the country prior to the Deluge by the Lady Banbha, or Kesair; her maiden name was h'Erni, or Berba; she was accompanied by fifty maidens and three men--Bith, Ladhra, and Fintain. Ladhra was their conductor, who was the first buried in Hibernia....
The Formorians were from Atlantis. They were called Fomhoraicc, F'omoraig Afraic, and Formoragh, which has been rendered into English as Formorians. They possessed ships, and the uniform representation is that they came, as the name F'omoraig Afraic indicated, from Africa. But in that day Africa did not mean the continent of Africa, as we now understand it. Major Wilford, in the eighth volume of the "Asiatic Researches," has pointed out that Africa comes from Apar, Aphar, Apara, or Aparica, terms used to signify "the West," just as we now speak of the Asiatic world as "the East." When, therefore, the Formorians claimed to come from Africa, they simply meant that they came from the West--in other words, from Atlantis--for there was no other country except America west of them....
The first invasion of Ireland, subsequent to the coming of the Formorians, was led by a chief called Partholan:...They were from Spain...Spain in that day was the land of the Iberians, the Basques; that is to say, the Atlanteans. The Formorians defeated Partholan's people, killed Partholan, and drove the invaders out of the country....
The next invader of their dominions was Neimhidh; he captured one of their fortifications, but it was retaken by the Formorians under "Morc." Neimhidh was driven out of the country, and the Atlanteans continued in undisturbed possession of the island for four hundred years more. Then came the Fir-Bolgs. They conquered the whole island, and divided it into five provinces. They held possession of the country for only thirty-seven years, when they were overthrown by the Tuatha-de-Dananns...This great race ruled the country for one hundred and ninety-seven years: they were overthrown by an immigration from Spain, probably of Basques, or Iberians, or Atlanteans, "the sons of Milidh," or Milesius, who "possessed a large fleet and a strong army." This last invasion took place about the year 1700 B.C.; so that the invasion of Neimhidh must have occurred about the year 2334 B.C.; while we will have to assign a still earlier date for the coming of Partholan's people, and an earlier still for the occupation of the country by the Formorians from the West.
In the Irish historic tales called "Catha; or Battles," as given by the learned O'Curry, a record is preserved of a real battle which was fought between the Tuatha-de-Dananns and the Fir Bolgs, from which it appears that these two races spoke the same language, and that they were intimately connected with the Formorians.... The Formorian head-quarters seem to have been in the Hebrides....
According to the ancient books of Ireland the race known as "Partholan's people," the Nemedians, the Fir-Bolgs, the Tuatha-de-Dananns, and the Milesians...all these races were Atlantean. They were connected with the African colonies of Atlantis, the Berbers, and with the Egyptians. The Milesians lived in Egypt: they were expelled thence; they stopped a while in Crete, then in Scythia, then they settled in Africa (See MacGeoghegan's "History of Ireland," p. 57), at a place called Gæthulighe or Getulia, and lived there during eight generations, say two hundred and fifty years; "then they entered Spain, where they built Brigantia, or Briganza, named after their king Breogan: they dwelt in Spain a considerable time. Milesius, a descendant of Breogan, went on an expedition to Egypt, took part in a war against the Ethiopians, married the king's daughter, Scota: he died in Spain, but his people soon after conquered Ireland. On landing on the coast they offered sacrifices to Neptune or Poseidon"--the god of Atlantis....
The Book of Invasions, the "Cin of Drom-Snechta," claims that these Scythians were the Phœnicians; and we are told that a branch of this family were driven out of Egypt in the time of Moses: "He wandered through Africa for forty-two years, and passed by the lake of Salivæ to the altars of the Philistines, and between Rusicada and the mountains Azure, and he came by the river Monlon, and by the sea to the Pillars of Hercules, and through the Tuscan sea, and he made for Spain, and dwelt there many years, and he increased and multiplied, and his people were multiplied."...
Their chief god was Bel or Baal--the same worshipped by the Phœnicians--the god of the sun. The Irish name for the sun, Grian, is, according to Virgil, one of the names of Apollo--another sun-god, Gryneus. Sun-worship continued in Ireland down to the time of St. Patrick... migrations from Atlantis eastward. ...
IRELAND AS ATLANTIS IS JUST ANOTHER OF SEVERAL POSSIBILITIES.
THE EMERALD ISLE MAY OR NOT HAVE ACTUALLY BEEN ATLANTIS IN ITSELF BUT, MAY HAVE BEEN A PART OF THE LARGER LAND MASS OF ATLANTIS WHICH INCLUDED DOGGERLAND AS WELL, AND POSSIBLY SEVERAL LAND MASSES IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN STRETCHING FROM THE NORTHWEST EUROPE DOWN TO WEST CENTRAL AFRICA PRIOR TO THE RISING SEA LEVEL AND PRIOR TO CATACLYSMS. (AFRICA IS THE MODERN DAY NAME FOR THE CONTINENT OF AFRICA.). PEOPLES OF ATLANTIS FOUNDED MANY CIVILIZATIONS IN NORTH AFRICA, NEAR EAST, CENTRAL ASIA, INDIA, ETC... MIGRATING TO THE EAST FROM ATLANTIS. THE ATLANTEANS LATER BECAME GENETICALLY REPLACED IN WHOLE , AND/OR IN PART BY OTHER RACES WHO INTEGRATED INTO THE NEW ATLANTEAN SOCIETIES. THE PURE ATLANTEAN IS R1b YDNA HG, AND/OR HIS ANCESTOR R1 THE FIRST PEOPLE DURING PALEOLITHIC TIMES....
Atlantis as Ireland - The Emerald Enigma
https://www.ancient-origins.net/unexplained-phenomena/atlantis-ireland-0013940
Plato’s tale also described the city of Atlantis, a huge circular city with an abundance of elephants, gold, and ivory. This is actually a reference to the ancient city of Cerne, an early Irish settlement in Mauritania, Africa. Cerne is derived from the Irish word cairn, which means stacked or piled rocks. Cairns are also heavily associated with the Greek messenger god Hermes and his Egyptian equivalent Thoth. The site of the City of Cerne, Plato’s lost city of Atlantis, is also known as the Eye of the Sahara or the Richat structure.
Interestingly, in Greek history the name Cerne actually referred to two separate places: an African city near the Atlas mountains and an island in the Atlantic Ocean that was 12 days’ sail from the Strait of Gibraltar. Similarly, Plato’s Atlantis was a combination of the same two separate places: the island of Atlantis (Ireland) and the City of Atlantis (City of Cerne/the Eye of the Sahara, Mauritania). In Greek mythology Atlas was the first king of two separate places: the Island of Atlantis and the kingdom of Mauritania, Africa. The Atlas Mountains, which encircle the Eye of the Sahara, still bear his name.
The Greek Diodorus, in his ‘Library of History’, describes how the Atlantians were a civilized people who had a settlement called Cerne near the Atlas mountains and that it was here that the warlike Amazons, a ferocious army of female warriors from Libya, slaughtered the Atlantians before attacking Greece and waging war in the region. Greek history is very consistent in supporting the account of Diodorus, but not that of Plato, that it was actually the Amazons who attacked Greece, not the Atlantians.
PART2: https://www.ancient-origins.net/unexplained-phenomena/ireland-atlantis-0013941
The stereotypical Irish combination of red hair, blue eyes, and milky-white skin is the rarest genetic combination on Earth. Fewer than one million people (0.1 percent of the global human population) possess this genetic combination. Ireland has the highest concentration of red-haired genes in the world. Throughout history, pockets of redheads have been found scattered across the globe. These are the descendants of the ancient Irish and include the Phoenicians, Hebrews, Berbers, and Indo-European Aryans....
Thousands of fair and red-haired mummies have been found across Egypt. The Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II had red hair, as did at least six other pharaohs.... Thousands of fair and red-haired mummies have been found across Egypt. The Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II had red hair, as did at least six other pharaohs....The Irish are part of the same genetic haplogroup as the lineage of the pharaohs. The highest concentration of Pharaoh Tutankhamun’s Haplogroup R-M269 is found in Ireland, while Tutankhamun’s grandmother also had red hair....
mystical island of Hyperborea, which, just like Atlantis, was another name for Ireland....According to the Greeks, Hyperborea was governed by the boreades. In Irish, boreadach means noble chieftain. Clearly, Ireland is the Greek Hyperborea. The oracle of Delphi - the most sacred site in ancient Greece - was founded by three prophets from the sacred island of Hyperborea who took up residence there....Hyperboreans ‘as being of the ancient blood of the titans’....The word Atlantis literally means ‘The Island of Atlas’. The titan Atlas was a key figure in Greek mythology and is depicted as being the bearer of the heavens. According to early Greek mythology, Atlas lived on the sacred island of Hyperborea, which was also the location of the Garden of Hesperides, a sacred garden with a tree bearing magical golden apples. This garden was also known as the ‘garden of Atlas’ or the ‘orchard in the west’...
Diodorus described the sacred island of Hyperborea. Plato described the sacred island of Atlantis. Aristotle described the sacred island of Ierne. All were descriptions of Ireland clouded by mythology, superstition, and a poor knowledge of geography. Over time Hyperborea became Hybernia or Hibernia, the Roman name for Ireland....
Ireland was the source of Druidism, a philosophy that predated Rome, Greece, and Egypt by millennia. Every attempt was made to delete the druids from history, in particular by the Romans, as they furiously destroyed the libraries, schools, and temples of the ancient world, including the great library of Alexandra. One of the greatest secrets of human history is that all of the world’s religions and civilizations have their roots in one mother soil—Irish Druidism—a master philosophy which predated and influenced all the others. As hard as it may be for those ignorant of Irish history to accept, the Irish were old when the Greeks were still young. For example, the Irish Tailtean games predate the Greek Olympics by over 1,000 years, while the Irish Brehon laws are the oldest laws on Earth....Old Irish is this language, a forgotten ancient tongue with remarkable similarities to the world’s oldest languages including Hebrew, Arabic, and Sanskrit....
The brutal truth is that Ireland’s ancient history has been written by her enemies.
For the best part of 1,000 years, Ireland’s culture has been desecrated, her books burned, and her ancient language driven to the point of extinction. Some of the most deplorable acts of brutality and genocide ever committed on Earth were committed on the Emerald Isle by the very people who wrote Ireland’s history. It’s time to set the record straight.
Atlantis as Ireland
https://www.keystone.ie/atlantis-ireland
Atlantis Ireland - Full Video 3:25:34
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6k_igac6AfU&feature=youtu.be
Atlantis Ireland Ulf Erlingsson
THOTH CAME FROM ATLANTIS BEFORE EGYPT, AND ENTERED EGYPT BY THE INDIGENOUS BERBER PEOPLE WHO FIRST CIVILIZED EGYPT AND ALL NORTH AFRICA. IRLAND WAS APART OF ATLANTIS. THE BERBER U6 FEMALES, AND BASQUES R1b MALES, AND SAAMI U5 FEMALES, (PALEOLITHIC ATLANTIC) WERE FROM ATLANTIS. THERFORE, THOTH CAME FROM ATLANTIS, AND NOT FROM EGYPT...
Thoth’s Storm: New Evidence for Ancient Egyptians in Ireland?
a skeleton of a Barbary ape had been found at Tara, the mythical center of Ireland and seat of the High King.”...During excavations at Eimhain Macha (Navan Fort) in County Armagh, the skull of a Barbary ape was found. When it was carbon dated it was discovered to be roughly 2,500 years old....origins of the Irish people is a connection to ancient Egypt...One of the most intriguing examples of these proposals was the discovery of the skeleton of a 15-year-old boy at The Mound of the Hostages, near Tara, by Dr. Sean O Riordan of Trinity College. Carbon dating showed that the remains were roughly 3,800 years old. A necklace found with the skeleton was made of faience beads and matched similar Egyptian manufacture and design....
There is also the famous legend of Queen Scotia, an Egyptian princess or queen, depending on which version of the legend you read, who was said to have arrived in Ireland in 1700 BC and was killed by the Tuatha De Danann in a great battle....
Lebor Gabála É renn (Book of Invasions), Milesius, a great leader of one of Ireland’s invaders lost two of his sons nearby in 1400 BC when a magical storm caused by the Tuatha De Danann submerged their ship. ...
With this new knowledge comes a tantalizing explanation for the ape skull in ancient Ireland and which connects to a previously unexplored etymological link to the Tuatha De Danann . Commonly, the meaning of this mysterious race has been posited as The People of Danu , a mother goddess from Irish mythology. However, the earliest recordings of the Tuatha do not include the last word Danann, instead being described as Tuatha De or Tuatha Di . In fact it is only since the 19 th century that the current description of Danu was widely accepted by scholars....
One of the most important Egyptian gods was Thoth, later to be named Hermes by the Greeks. Thoth was a moon god who was said to have brought wisdom and writing to the world. He was often represented and symbolized by a baboon or the North African ape.... Even more curious are the overlooked etymological variants of Thoth; Thoout and Thaut. When we look for phonetic comparisons within Egyptian hieroglyphics we find very apt descriptions of the Tuatha De Danann’s arrival in Ireland. Thoout Dai translates as ‘Thoth’s crossing’, Thoout DAt translates to ‘Thoth’s journey by boat’ and Thoout Da translates as ‘Thoth’s storm’ (According to Lebor Gabála Érenn, the Tuatha came to Ireland "in dark clouds"). All of these phonetic similarities are in line with the descriptions of these legendary people and how they arrived in Ireland. ... Most believed Danann came from the Vedic Goddess Danu. ...
Manannan was Sea God much like Poseidon. Manannan foster fathered Lugh. Lugh was from Fomorian mother, and Tuathe De father...
Manannán mac Lir
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manann%C3%A1n_mac_Lir
Manannán or Manann, also known as Manannán mac Lir ("son of the sea"), is a warrior and king of the Otherworld in Irish mythology who is associated with the sea and often interpreted as a sea god, usually as member of the Tuatha Dé Danann. He is seen as the ruler and guardian of the Otherworld,... He is described as over-king of the surviving Tuatha Dé after the advent of humans (Milesians), and uses the mist of invisibility (féth fíada) to cloak the whereabouts of his home as well as the sidh dwellings of the others. In modern tales, he is said to own a self-navigating boat named Sguaba Tuinne ("Wave-sweeper"), a horse Aonbharr which can course over water as well as land, and a deadly strength-sapping sword named Fragarach, though the list does not end there....
According to some, his name is derived from the Isle of Man ...Alternatively, it may come from an earlier Indo-European word for water or wetness....Mac Lir means "son of the sea" or "son of Ler"....Manannán appears in all of the four cycles of Irish mythology, although he only plays a prominent role in a limited number of tales....There is also the local lore the Manannán moved like a wheel turning on his three legs, a tradition widespread on the Isle of Man (cf. triskelion)...
Manannán is lord and guardian of the Blessed Isles, Mag Mell, and Emhain Abhlach, the Isle of Apple Trees....After the Tuatha Dé Danann were defeated by Érimón of the Milesians (humans), Bodb Derg was chosen as king of the TDD, and Manannán as co-king or perhaps the king's overseer. In one passage Manannán declares he has assumed over-kingship above the petty kings of the TDD.
Manannán was tasked with allotting which sídhe or fairy mounds the surviving members of the TDD were to be settled. Manannán's own dwelling was at Emain Ablach, in the city of Cruithin na Cuan, as the tale later reveals. Manannán ensured the welfare of the TDD by concealing in the féth fíada or a mist of invisibility, holding the Feast of Goibniu (Fleadh Goibhneann) which conferred eternal youth, and feeding them Manannan's Swine (Mucca Mhannanain) which gave an inexhaustible supply of food....
Manannán's father is the sea-god Ler ("Sea; Ocean"; Lir is the genitive form), whose role he seems to take over. As Oirbsen, his father is named as Elloth, son of Elatha. In the Altram Tige Dá Medar Manannán calls himself the foster-son of the Dagda....
The Battle of Moytura, Myths & Legends of County Mayo
https://www.mayo-ireland.ie/en/about-mayo/arts-culture/myths-legends/the-battle-of-moytura.html
Moytura Conga is a mythological site near Cong. Moytura Conga just east of the village of Cong is an unusual complex of puzzling stone circles and cairns... The plain bounded on the west and south by Lough Corrib stretches twelve miles eastwards to Cnoch Meadh the fairy hill near Tuam. It is called southern Moytura (The Plain of the Battalions).
According to mythology this area of stone cairns was the site of a great battle, three thousand years ago. The battle took place between the Fir Bolgs and the Tuatha De Danann. The story tells us that the Tuatha De Danann, the people of goddess Danu, arrived in Ireland, demanded half of Ireland from the ruling Fir Bolgs. The Fir Bolgs refused and a fierce battle ensued, lasting four days. The very ancient chronicler reported the battle commenced on the 11th of June, in the year of the world 3303.
The Firbolg, to commemorate the event erected the large cairn of stones at Ballymagibbon, two miles from Cong after the first days fighting. Each warrior carried a stone and the head of a slain enemy and the first monument was built. The cairns covered artificial stone passages leading to a central chamber where the ashes of cremated warriors were deposited. There are five similar monuments that stood in a line across the ancient battlefield for a distance of five miles to the northwest....
On the fourth and last day of the battle the king of the Fir Bolg, King Eochai, was slain. In his honour the greatest of the Moytura cairns was erected and still stands near a by-road into Cong, it is called Carn Eochai or the Long Stone of the Neale. On the death of their king the defeated Fir Bolg fled towards the northwest. Nuadha, the Danann king, lost one hand in battle and, as a consequence, he had to surrender his throne, but a bardic legend tells that, some years later, he was restored and one of his artificer made a silver hand for him imbued with life....
Studies of these stones indicate that they were erected over a long period of time, possibly from the Neolithic to the Iron Age and later and not as we may wish to believe, related to one event. Another remarkable feature of the Moytura Monuments are the stone circles. The circles, which display very different morphology, stand on the crest of a rise at distances varying between 89-177m from each other....
Cath Maige Tuired ‘The battle of Mag Tuired’
https://www.vanhamel.nl/codecs/Cath_Maige_Tuired
The text is often referred to as The second battle of Mag Tuired, distinguishing the main battle of the tale from an earlier battle in which the Tuatha Dé defeated the Fir Bolg and took the kingship of Ireland.
Date: According to Gerard Murphy, the text is “the product of an eleventh or twelfth-century redactor working mainly upon ninth-century material”.
Mag Tuired
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mag-Tuired
Mag Tuired, also spelled Moytura, mythical plain in Ireland, which was the scene of two important battles. The first battle was between the Fir Bolg and the Tuatha Dé Danann, or race of gods. In this battle the Dé Danann overcame the Fir Bolg and won Ireland for themselves... Bres went to his father’s family for aid and led a great army against the gods in the second battle of Mag Tuired. The gods had for a leader Lugh (see Lugus), one of the most important Celtic gods, who won the battle and killed Balor, the king of the Fomoire. The battle marks an end to the threat of the Fomoire in Irish myths and sagas.
The Second Battle of Moytura (Whitley Stokes)
https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T300011.html
The Tuatha Dé Danonn were in the northern isles of the world, learning lore and magic and druidism and wizardry and cunning, until they surpassed the sages of the arts of heathendom.... Now the Tuatha Dé made an alliance with the Fomorians, and Balor, grandson of Nét, gave his daughter Ethne to Cian son of Dian-cecht, and she brought forth the gifted child, even Lugh. The Tuath Dé came with a great fleet unto Ireland to take it perforce from the Fir Bolg...The first battle of Moytura was fought between them and the Fir Bolg; ...But such of the Fir Bolg as escaped from the battle went in flight unto the Fomorians, and settled in Arran and in Islay and in Mann and in Rathlin....
Thereafter he sent him to the champion, to Balor grandson of Nett; the king of the Isles, and to Indech son of Déa Domnand the king of the Fomorians; and these assembled all the forces from Lochlann westwards unto Ireland, to impose their tribute and their rule perforce on the Tuath Dé, so that they made one bridge of vessels from the Foreigners' Isles to Erin. Never came to Ireland a host more horrible or fearful than that host of the Fomorians. The man from Scythia of Lochlann and the man out of the Western Isles were rivals in that expedition....After Bres, Nuada was again in sovranty over the Tuath Dé. At that time he held for the Tuath Dé a mighty feast at Tara....
‘Here there is Lugh Lonnannsclech son of Cian son of Dian-cecht, and of Ethne daughter of Balor. Fosterson, he, of Tallan daughter of Magmor king of Spain and of Echaid the Rough, son of Duach.’ The doorkeeper asked of Samildánach: ‘What art dost thou practise?’ saith he; ‘for no one without an art enters Tara.’... ‘His name is Samildánach, and all the arts which thy household practise he alone possesses, so that he is the man of each and every art.’...
the battle of Moytura and the destruction of Troy occurred at the same time....
Now when the (provision) of the battle had then been settled Lugh and Dagdae and Ogma went to the three Gods of Danu, and these give Lugh the of the battle; and for seven years they were preparing for it and making their weapons....Now the Dagdae had to meet a woman in Glenn Etin on that day year about the Allhallowtide of the battle....The Dagdae conversed with her, and they make a union. 'The Bed of the Couple' is the name of the stead thenceforward. The woman that is here mentioned is the Morrígan Lamia....
and they chanted spells on the hosts of the Fomorians. This was a week before Allhallowtide...Then Lugh sent the Dagdae to spy out the Fomorians and to delay them until the men of Ireland should come to the battle. So the Dagdae went to the camp of the Fomorians and asked them for a truce of battle. This was granted to him as he asked....
‘And thou, O Dagdae’, saith Lugh, ‘what power canst thou wield on the Fomorian host in the battle?’ ‘Not hard to say’, quoth the Dagdae. ‘I will take the side of the men of Erin both in mutual smiting and destruction and wizardry. Their bones under my club will be as many as hailstones under feet of herds of horses where ye meet on the battlefield of Moytura.’...Now every day the battle was (joined) between the tribe of the Fomorians and the Tuatha Dé...
Now that was harmful to the Fomorians, so they told a man of them to inspect the battle and the (custom) of the Tuath Dea, namely Ruadán son of Bres and of Brígh the Dagda's daughter. For he was a son and a grandson of the Tuath Dé. ...
These were the kings and chiefs that were heartening the host of the Fomorians, namely, Balor son of Dot son of Nét, Bres son of Elathu, Tuiri Tortbuillech son of Lobos, Goll and Irgoll. Loscenn-lomm son of Lommglúnech, Indech son of Dé Domnann, the king of the Fomorians, Octriallach son of Indech, Omna and Bagna, Elathu son of Delbaeth.
Lugh and Balor of the Piercing Eye met in the battle. An evil eye had Balor. That eye was never opened save only on a battle-field. Four men used to lift up the lid of the eye with a (polished) handle which passed through its lid. If an army looked at that eye, though they were many thousands in number they could not resist a few warriors. Hence had it that poisonous power....The lid is raised from Balor's eye. Then Lugh cast a sling-stone at him, which carried the eye through his head. And so it was his own army that looked at it. And it fell on the host of the Fomorians...Then the Morrígan, daughter of Ernmass, came, and was heartening the Tuatha Dea to fight the battle fiercely and fervently. So then she sang this lay below: ‘Kings arise to the battle’, etc. Thereafter the battle became a rout, and the Fomorians were beaten to the sea. The champion Ogma son of Elathu, and Indech son of Dé Domnann, the king of the Fomorians, fell in single combat....
Thereafter they Lugh and his comrades found Bres son of Elathu unguarded. He said: ‘It is better to give me quarter than to slay me’....‘How shall the men of Ireland plough? How shall they sow? How shall they reap? After making known these three things thou wilt be spared’. ‘Tell them’ says Bres ‘that their ploughing be on a Tuesday, their casting seed into the field be on a Tuesday, their reaping on a Tuesday.’ So through that stratagem Bres was let go free....
Now Lugh and the Dagdae and Ogma pursued the Fomorians, for they had carried off the Dagdae's harper, whose name was Uaitne....Then the harp went forth from the wall, and kills nine men, and came to the Dagdae....Now after the battle was won and the corpses cleared away, the Morrígan daughter of Ernmas proceeded to proclaim that battle and the mighty victory which had taken place, to the royal heights of Ireland and to its fairy hosts and its chief waters and its rivermouths...
Cath Maige Tuired [The Second Battle of Mag Tuired] (Elisabeth Gray)
https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T300010.html
Then those of the Fir Bolg who escaped from the battle fled to the Fomoire, and they settled in Arran and in Islay and in Man and in Rathlin. There was contention regarding the sovereignty of the men of Ireland between the Túatha Dé and their wives, since Núadu was not eligible for kingship after his hand had been cut off. They said that it would be appropriate for them to give the kingship to Bres the son of Elatha, to their own adopted son, and that giving him the kingship would knit the Fomorians' alliance with them, since his father Elatha mac Delbaith was king of the Fomoire.
Now the conception of Bres came about in this way. One day one of their women, Ériu the daughter of Delbáeth, was looking at the sea and the land from the house of Máeth Scéni;...Then she saw that it was a man of fairest appearance. He had golden-yellow hair down to his shoulders, and a cloak with bands of gold thread around it....The man said to her, ‘Shall I have an hour of lovemaking with you?’ ‘I certainly have not made a tryst with you,’ she said. ‘Come without the trysting!’ said he....
‘Another matter troubles me,’ said the woman, ‘that I do not know who has come to me.’ ‘You will not remain ignorant of that,’ he said. ‘Elatha mac Delbaith, king of the Fomoire, has come to you. You will bear a son as a result of our meeting, and let no name be given to him but Eochu Bres (that is, Eochu the Beautiful), because every beautiful thing that is seen in Ireland—both plain and fortress, ale and candle, woman and man and horse—will be judged in relation to that boy, so that people will then say of it, ‘It is a Bres.’’ Then the man went back again, and the woman returned to her home, and the famous conception was given to her....
At that time, Bres held the sovereignty as it had been granted to him. There was great murmuring against him among his maternal kinsmen the Túatha Dé, for their knives were not greased by him....This is why they were asked for the delay: that he might gather the warriors of the síd, the Fomoire, to take possession of the Túatha by force provided he might gain an overwhelming advantage. He was unwilling to be driven from his kingship....
Balor, grandson of Nét, the king of the Hebrides, and to Indech mac Dé Domnann, the king of the Fomoire; and these gathered all the forces from Lochlainn westwards to Ireland, to impose their tribute and their rule upon them by force, and they made a single bridge of ships from the Hebrides to Ireland. No host ever came to Ireland which was more terrifying or dreadful than that host of the Fomoire. There was rivalry between the men from Scythia of Lochlainn and the men out of the Hebrides concerning that expedition....
After Bres, Núadu was once more in the kingship over the Túatha Dé; and at that time he held a great feast for the Túatha Dé in Tara. Now there was a certain warrior whose name was Samildánach on his way to Tara....‘Lug Lonnansclech is here, the son of Cían son of Dían Cécht and of Ethne daughter of Balor. He is the foster son of Tailtiu the daughter of Magmór, the king of Spain, and of Eochaid Garb mac Dúach.’ The doorkeeper then asked of Samildánach, ‘What art do you practice? For no one without an art enters Tara.’...
The Dagda spoke with her, and they united. 'The Bed of the Couple' was the name of that place from that time on. (The woman mentioned here is the Morrígan.) Then she told the Dagda that the Fomoire would land at Mag Céidne, and that he should summon the áes dána of Ireland to meet her at the Ford of the Unshin, and she would go into Scétne to destroy Indech mac Dé Domnann, the king of the Fomoire...So the áes dána did that, and they chanted spells against the Fomorian hosts. This was a week before All Hallows, and they all dispersed until all the men of Ireland came together the day before All Hallows.... Then Lug sent the Dagda to spy on the Fomoire and to delay them until the men of Ireland came to the battle. Then the Dagda went to the Fomorian camp and asked them for a truce of battle. This was granted to him as he asked....
Then the girl said to him, ‘You will not go to the battle by any means.’ ‘Certainly I will go,’ said the Dagda. ‘You will not go,’ said the woman, ‘because I will be a stone at the mouth of every ford you will cross.’ ‘That will be true,’ said the Dagda, ‘but you will not keep me from it. I will tread heavily on every stone, and the trace of my heel will remain on every stone forever.’ ‘That will be true, but they will be turned over so that you may not see them. You will not go past me until I summon the sons of Tethra from the síd-mounds, because I will be a giant oak in every ford and in every pass you will cross.’ ‘I will indeed go past,’ said the Dagda, ‘and the mark of my axe will remain in every oak forever.’ (And people have remarked upon the mark of the Dagda's axe.)...
‘And you, Ogma,’ said Lug to his champion, ‘what is your power in the battle?’ ‘Not hard to say,’ he said. ‘Being a match for the king and holding my own against twenty-seven of his friends, while winning a third of the battle for the men of Ireland. ’‘And you, Morrígan,’ said Lug, ‘what power?’ ‘Not hard to say,’ she said. ‘I have stood fast; I shall pursue what was watched; I will be able to kill; I will be able to destroy those who might be subdued.’...‘And you, druids,’ said Lug, ‘what power?’ ‘Not hard to say,’ said the druids. ‘We will bring showers of fire upon the faces of the Fomoire so that they cannot look up, and the warriors contending with them can use their force to kill them.’...
‘And you, Bé Chuille and Díanann,’ said Lug to his two witches, ‘what can you do in the battle?’ ‘Not hard to say,’ they said. ‘We will enchant the trees and the stones and the sods of the earth so that they will be a host under arms against them; and they will scatter in flight terrified and trembling.’ ‘And you, Dagda,’ said Lug, ‘what power can you wield against the Fomorian host in the battle?’ ‘Not hard to say,’ said the Dagda. ‘I will fight for the men of Ireland with mutual smiting and destruction and wizardry. Their bones under my club will soon be as many as hailstones under the feet of herds of horses, where the double enemy meets on the battlefield of Mag Tuired.’...
These were the kings and leaders who were encouraging the Fomorian host: Balor son of Dot son of Nét, Bres mac Elathan, Tuire Tortbuillech mac Lobois, Goll and Irgoll, Loscennlomm mac Lommglúinigh, Indech mac Dé Domnann, king of the Fomoire, Ochtríallach mac Indich, Omna and Bagna, Elatha mac Delbaíth....
Then a keen and cruel battle was fought between the race of the Fomoire and the men of Ireland. Lug was urging the men of Ireland to fight the battle fiercely so they should not be in bondage any longer, because it was better for them to find death while protecting their fatherland than to be in bondage and under tribute as they had been. Then Lug chanted the spell ...
The lid was raised from Balor's eye. Then Lug cast a sling stone at him which carried the eye through his head, and it was his own host that looked at it. He fell on top of the Fomorian host...Immediately afterwards the battle broke, and the Fomoire were driven to the sea. The champion Ogma son of Elatha and Indech mac Dé Domnann fell together in single combat. Lóch Lethglas asked Lug for quarter....So Lóch was spared. Then he chanted 'The Decree of Fastening' to the Gaels....
‘How shall the men of Ireland plough? How shall they sow? How shall they reap? If you make known these things, you will be saved.’ ‘Say to them, on Tuesday their ploughing; on Tuesday their sowing seed in the field; on Tuesday their reaping.’ So through that device Bres was released....
Then after the battle was won and the slaughter had been cleaned away, the Morrígan, the daughter of Ernmas, proceeded to announce the battle and the great victory which had occurred there to the royal heights of Ireland and to its síd-hosts, to its chief waters and to its rivermouths. And that is the reason Badb still relates great deeds....
MAURI > MORI? > FOMORIAN?
BALOR A FOMORIAN IS GRANDSON OF NET. IS THIS NET THE SAME AS NEITH? NEITH IS A GOD, OR GODDESS TO THE IRISH, AND ALSO OF THE "MOR"OCCANS, MAURI, IBEROMAURI, MOOR, BERBER, AMAZIGH, NUMIDIAN, LYBIAN, WHO WERE FROM THE SAME RACIAL PALEOLITHIC STOCK BEFORE ADMIXING.
Mauri
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauri
Mauri (from which derives the English term "Moors") was the Latin designation for the Berber population of Mauretania. It was located in the part of Africa west of Numidia, an area coextensive with present-day north "Mor"occo and northwest Algeria.
Mauri (Μαῦροι) by Strabo, who wrote in the early 1st century, as the native name, which was also adopted into Latin, while he cites the Greek name for the same people as Maurusii (Μαυρούσιοι). The name Mauri as a tribal confederation or generic ethnic designator thus seems to roughly correspond to the people known as Numidians in earlier ethnography; both terms presumably group early Berber-speaking populations....
MAY BE ANCIENT SYMBOL OF THE MOON, OR MOON GOD(ESS)....
Triskelion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triskelion
The triple spiral is found in artefacts of the European Neolithic and Bronze Age with continuation into the Iron Age especially in the context of the La Tène culture and related Celtic traditions. The actual triskeles symbol of three human legs is found especially in Greek antiquity, beginning in archaic pottery, and continued in coinage of the classical period. In the Hellenistic period, the symbol becomes associated with Sicily in particular, appearing on coins minted under Dionysius I of Syracuse beginning in c. 382 BC. The same symbol later appears in heraldry, and came to be associated specifically with the Isle of Man (known as ny tree cassyn "the three legs")....
Use in European antiquity
Neolithic to Bronze Age
The triple spiral symbol, or three spiral volute, appears in many early cultures, the first in Malta (4400–3600 BCE) and in the astronomical calendar at the famous megalithic tomb of Newgrange in Ireland built around 3200 BCE, as well as on Mycenaean vessels.
The Neolithic era symbol of three conjoined spirals may have had triple significance similar to the imagery that lies behind the triskelion.. It is carved into the rock of a stone lozenge near the main entrance of the prehistoric Newgrange monument in County Meath, Ireland. Newgrange, which was built around 3200 BCE....
Classical Antiquity: The triskeles proper, composed of three human legs, is younger than the triple spiral, found in decorations on Greek pottery...The meaning of the Greek triskeles is not recorded directly.... Roman period and Late Antiquity: Late examples of the triple spiral symbols are found in Iron Age Europe, e.g. carved in rock in Castro Culture settlement in Galicia, Asturias and Northern Portugal.... Medieval use: The triple spiral design is found as a decorative element in Gothic architecture.... Modern usage: it is also a favored symbol due to its association with the god Manannán mac Lir....
SOME SAY IRON AGE, SOME BRONZE AGE WAS THIS BATTLE BETWEEN A SCYTHIAN OF SCANDINAVIA (OR HEBRIDES SCOTLAND) VERSUS THE WESTERN ISLES. ACCORDING TO SOME WRITINGS FOMORIAN WERE DARK HAIR FIRST PEOPLE INDIGENOUS SEAMEN OF IRLAND.
ACCORDING TO A MORE RECENT WRITING LOCHLANN IS LAND OF THE FOMORIANS, AND THEN IMPLIES BY THEN SYTHIAN TAKEOVER OF HEBRIDES, SCOTLAND, OR SCANDINAVIA FROM EARLIER FIRST PEOPLE FOMORIANS ACCORDING TO 9TH CENTURY MATERIAL REVISED IN THE 12TH CENTURY. SOUNDS LIKE VIKING AGE VIKING INVADERS MADE TO LOOK AS THE BATTLE OF MOYTURA IN THE BRONZE AGE, OR IRON AGE. VIKINGS WERE OFTEN CALLED THE DARK OR BLACK INVADERS BECAUSE OF THEIR SINISTER CHARACTER. STRANGE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN VIKING AGE BATTLES AND THE FOMORIAN, TUATHE DE, AND FIR BOLGS BATTLES....
Cath Maige Tuired (‘The battle of Mag Tuired’ Firbolg vs Tuathe De) the battle commenced on the 11th of June, in the year of the world 3303.
According to Gerard Murphy, the text is “the product of an eleventh or twelfth-century redactor working mainly upon ninth-century material”. 3303+800=4103 (2083BC)
The man from Scythia of Lochlann and the man out of the Western Isles were rivals in that expedition.
Balor, grandson of Nét, the king of the Hebrides, and to Indech mac Dé Domnann, the king of the Fomoire; and these gathered all the forces from Lochlainn westwards to Ireland, to impose their tribute and their rule upon them by force, and they made a single bridge of ships from the Hebrides to Ireland.
Then a keen and cruel battle was fought between the race of the Fomoire and the men of Ireland. Lug was urging the men of Ireland to fight the battle fiercely so they should not be in bondage any longer, because it was better for them to find death while protecting their fatherland than to be in bondage and under tribute as they had been. Then Lug chanted the spell.
Lochlann
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochlann
In the modern Gaelic languages, Lochlann signifies Scandinavia or, more specifically, Norway. As such it is cognate with the Welsh name for Scandinavia, Llychlyn...In Irish, the adjectival noun Lochlannach, 'person belonging to Lochlann') has an additional sense of 'raider' or, more specifically, a viking....
Lochlann is the land of the Fomorians in the Irish Lebor Gabála Érenn. In the Lebor na hUidre and the Book of Leinster the "huge and ugly" Fomorians are pirates who inhabit the Outer Hebrides. A Scandinavian Lochlann appears in later Irish tales, generally concerning the King of Lochlann—sometimes called Colgán—or his sons, such as in the tales of Lugh and the Fenian Cycle. The Lebor Bretnach – a Gaelic adaption of the Historia Brittonum perhaps compiled at Abernethy—makes Hengist's daughter "the fairest of the women of all Lochlann". Hengist was a legendary Anglo-Saxon leader of the 5th century AD. ...
SOME CLAIM FOMORIAN ARE FROM SCOTLAND, HEBRIDES, SCANDINAVIA, SCYTHIA, ETC...SOME CLAIM THE FOMORIANS ARE FROM ATLANTIS THE UNDER SEA ONES. SOME SAY THEY ARE FOMORAIGH AFRI WHICH IS THE NORTH AFRICAN. SME SAY THEY ARE THE MOORS. SOME SAY FROM CARTHAGE WHICH IS A PHOENICIAN COLONY BUT THE PHOENICIANS ORIGINALLY BEGAN AS THE R1b-L21 SEA PEOPLE FROM ATLANTIS WEST ATLANTEANS. ARE THERE ANY CONNECTIONS?
Y-DNA of the Fomorians
https://vacreeper.com/y-dna-fomorians/
In Irish mythology, the Fomoire (or Fomorians) are a semi-divine race of darked haired, dark-skinned giants said to have inhabited Ireland in ancient times. Known as being gallant seafarers, the legends say their name means ‘dark of the sea’. They may have once been believed to be the beings who preceded the gods, similar to the Greek Titans. They may represent the gods of a proposed pre-Goidelic population of Ireland. Theories abound for these beings from ancient Irish lore, one commonality that stands firm is, they came from the south by sea. Being that they were a pre-Goidelic peoples could be a reference to the Phoenicians or Egyptians. North Africa and the Iberian peninsula have always played a role in Irish myth. The Fomorians were eventually conquered by the divine Tuatha De Danaan, who in turn were overthrown by the Milesians of Spain.
The Fomorians are said to have had the body of a man and the head of a goat, according to an 11th century text in Lebor na Huidre (the Book of the Dun Cow), or to have had one eye, one arm and one leg, but some, for example Elatha, the father of Bres, were very beautiful. Bres himself carries the epithet “the Beautiful.” The medieval myth of Partholon says that his followers were the first to invade Ireland after the flood, but the Fomorians were already there: Seathrún Céitinn reports a tradition that the Fomorians, led by Cíocal, had arrived two hundred years earlier and lived on fish and fowl until Partholon came, bringing the plough and oxen. Partholon defeated Cíocal in the Battle of Magh Ithe, but all his people later died of plague.
Professor Grafton Elliot Smith in 1913, proposed that the dolmen originated in Libya or Egypt and was taken to Europe by those of the Iberian racial type. That the Fomors are described as dark skinned “giants” is explained in the sense that they were primitive and crude stone builders, not giants in size, but in their enormous impiety....
“under/below” and muire “sea”, concluding that it may refer to beings whose (original) habitat is under the sea. Consider the Middle Irish spelling ‘Fomoraig’ meaning ‘dark of the sea’ or ‘from under the sea’....
From A Compleat History of Ireland, from the Earliest Accounts to the Present, John Huddlestone Wynne, 1784: “Firlbolgs are most likely to have been Belgians, or southern Britons, who settled in Ireland at a very early period, where they remained till another colony (known by the name of Tuatha de Danans) dispossessed them.These also, the Irish report to have been the posterity of Nemedius who being driven away by the Africans, had since wandered over Greece where they learned magic, and amongst other extraordinary arts, had acquired that of restoring to life the bodies of persons. slain in battle, by the exercise of which, and other such supernatural powers, they became masters of the island; on which the defeated Belgians retired to the Hebrides; notwithstanding they returned again when another colony began to disturb their former enemies in the possession of their newly acquired conquest.”
When relating the Biblical flood story in relation to Ireland:
“And thus, say they, was Ireland first inhabited. — But unhappily a certain band, of the stock of Nimrod, whom they termed Fomorians, or giants, arriving amongst them, attempted to subdue the country; after many desperate engagements they were at last routed by the Partholanians, and far the greater part of them destroyed on one decisive day. But the dead carcasses of these Fomorians being denied burial, it is said the stench occasioned a plague which presently swept off the victors and left the land uninhabited.
“About thirty years afterwards, Nemedius, another descendant of Magog, with above a thousand men arrived in Ireland, and settling in the country began to improve it as Partholanus had done before him; but some Fomorians being amongst his followers, they took occasion to revolt, as some say, after many bloody battles they were at last quite subdued: whilst others assert that these Fomorians being inhabitants of Africa, at length withdrew to Africa from whence they brought such numerous forces as totally overthrew the Nemedians, and effected the conquest of the island.
“That Ireland was first peopled by a colony from Britain is highly probable, as the conjecture is warranted by its situation, and then what becomes of the voyages of Partholonus and Nemedius, and the tales of the Fomorians, not to say any thing of Noah’s neice, and of those who arrived there before the general deluge.”
[SOUNDS LIKE FOMORIANS WERE SPREAD OUT FROM AT LEAST NORTH AFRICA, ASSYRIA, TO IRLAND AND WHEREEVER ELSE WHO HAD TRAVELLED WITH OTHER SEAFARING PEOPLES SUCH AS FIR BOLGS, PARTHOLANS, NEMED, AND MUST HAVE PARTNERED WITH THE TUATHE DE UPON THEIR ARRIVAL. THE FOMORIANS POSSIBLY BEING THE INDIGENOUS PROBABLY WERE ALLIES OF THE NEWCOMERS BUT, SEEING THEIR LANDS AND THEIR LIBERTIES BEING TYRANNIZED EVENTUALLY REVOLTED AGAINST THE INVADERS STARTING OF MANY BATTLES TO COME. JUST A THEORY.]
From the Lives of illustrious and distinguished Irishmen, James Wills, 1839.:
“It appears probable that the first inhabitants of Ireland were from Britain and Gaul. To this source may be referred the Wernethae, Firbolgs, Danaans, and Fomorians. Of these the settlements were probably various, and at various periods. The Belgians, who were a Gaulish stock, and having numerous settlements in England, were the principal among these. Their possession continued eighty years, in the form of a pentarchy, under the paramount government of one. At the end of the period here mentioned, the island was invaded by the Tuath de Danaans and Fomorians, who overthrew the Belgians in a pitched battle, and made themselves masters of the whole country. The occupation of this race lasted one hundred and ninety-eight years. Their power was put an end to by the arrival of the Scythian, or Scottish race, a thousand years before the Christian era.”
Ogygia, or A chronological account of Irish Events, Collected from very ancient documents, faithfully compared with each other,and supported by the Sacred and Prophane Writings of the First Nations of the Globe, written originally in Latin by Roderic O’Flaherty and translated by Rev James Hely.:
“The first adventureres that arrived in Ireland, after the flood were Partholan and his colony. Some write, that he found it planted with inhabitants, but, they came here soon after him. Our historians call them Fomhoraigh, or ( as we call them in English) Fomorians, which name the antiquarians give to all those foreign invaders, who had made descents into Ireland, in opposition to the first inhabitants; and they tell us,they were all the offspring of Cham(Ham) from Africa, except the Fomorians, or first colonists, to who they assign no other settlement or origin than Ireland.
[THIS SOUNDS EITHER CONTRADICTORY THAT FOMORIANS ARE INVADERS OF THEIR OWN LANDS, ELSE THAT SOME FOMORIANS FROM NORTH AFRICA ALSO INVADED THE FOMORIANS OF IRLAND, AND ALSO ACCOMPANIED THE INVADING PEOPLES SUCH AS PARTHALON, BEL GAELS, NEMED, TUATHE DE, AND WHO EVER ELSE.]
“The Latins have termed such people, Aborigines or natives, because their cannot be traced any higher; and the Greeks call them Gigantes or Giants, that is, born of the earth, because they came from no other country; but like trees and herbs, were first produced from the earth by vegetation. “Temporarius, speaking in a moral sense, says, that Giants were so called,from being sprung from the earth.”...
From On The Fomorians and the Norsemen, by Duald Mac Firbis, 1905. On the Fomorians and the Lochlannachs:
“Fomorians is the name given to those Foreigners (especially) who were disturbing Erin at the time of the children of Nemhedh. The name of Fomorians and Lochlannachs is further given to those foreigners whom the Firbolg brought over to the battle of Magh Tuiredh in the north against the Tuatha De Danann; though it is not of these we shall speak here now, but of the later Lochlannachs (i. e. Norsemen), who were in Erinn, thus: There reigned at the time of the oppression of Lochlann on Erinn, namely at the time, 12 kings of the Irish kings of Tara, viz.: i. Aodh Oirdnidhe, son of Niall Frasac, 2. Conchubhar, son of Donnchadh, 3. Mall Caillne, 4. Maoilsechlainn, son of Maoilruanadh, 5. Aodh Finnliath, 6. Flann Sionna, son of Maoilsechlainn, 7. Niall {jlundubh, 8. Donnchadh, son of Flann Sionna, 9. Conghalach, son of Maoilmitigh, 10. Domhnall, son of Muirchertach, n. Maoilsechlainn the great, son of Domhnall, and 12. Brian Borumha, son of Cinnedigh.
At the time of Aodh Oirdnidhe the foreigners of Lochlann first began to conquer Erinn (viz., these foreigners).Here came a fleet into Camus 6 Fathaidh, 16o ships in number, and they burned and plundered Inis Labhrainne and Dairinis. There fell in battle with the Eoghanachts of Loch Len 476 men of the Lochlannachs. Five ships came with Tuirges to Erin, and they slew a multitude of them,and they on their side slew all. A great fleet came with Tuirges, and he assumed the kingdom over the foreigners of Erin, and the north of Erin was plundered by them for the first time, and they afterwards spread themselves over Erin, and they sent a fleet upon the lakes of Erin.”
[THE INVADER THEN IS THEY WHO ATTEMPT TO TAKEOVER THE LAND BY THE ONE WHO CURRENTLY RULES, OR BY WHO IS TELLING THE STORY. THIS APPEARS TO CHANGE QUITE OFTEN OVER TIME IN IRLAND. FOR EXAMPLE THE FOMORIANS ARE ALLIED WITH TUATHE DE TO DRIVE OUT THE BELGAELS BUT THEN LATER THE FOMOR/TUATHE THEN WAR WITH THE FOMORIANS SO THAT THE SCYTHIAN OF LOCHLANNACH IS AN INVADER OF ERIN. THUS, THE NAME FOMORIAN APPEARS TO TAKE ON NEW MEANING, OR APPLIES DIFFERENTLY FROM THE FIRST USE OF FIRST PEOPLES TO A DIFFERENT OR MORE RECENT BASTARDIZED PEOPLE. HOW CAN THE MORE RECENT INVADER OF LOCHLANNACH BE CALLED FOMORIAN (WHOM WERE THE FIRST INDIGENOUS PEOPLE) UNLESS THEY BE THE FIRST FOMORIAN OF LOCHLANNACH AS WELL WHO LATER WERE TAKEN OVER, OR BASTARDIZED, BY THE MORE RECENT INVADERS OF SCYTHIA SO THEY LOSE SIGHT ON WHO IS WHO MUCH LIKE HOW A NEW MIGRANT COMING TO AMERICA CALLS HIMSELF AMERICAN AS SOON AS HE MIGRATES BUT, IS A DIFFERENT RACE FROM THE FIRST PEOPLES WHO FOUNDED THE NATION, OR THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION. OR FOMORIAN DOES NOT REFER TO A RACE, NOR ETHNIC, NOR NATION BUT HAS AN ENTIRELY DIFFERENT MEANING. PERHAPS FOMORIAN WAS USED TO DESCRIBE A NATIVE INDIGENOUS PERSON OF WHATEVER LAND HE WAS FROM SO THAT A FOMORIAN OF IRLAND IS OF A DIFFERENT STOCK COMPARED TO A FOMORIAN OF SCYTHIA OR A FOMORIAN OF NORTH AFRICA BEING DIFFERENT STOCK, OR FOMORIAN OF ALL THE DIFFERENT LANDS COULD HAVE BEEN ORIGINALLY OF THE SAME STOCK ORIGINALLY BUT, ADMIXED OVER TIME AND SPACE....]
Documents of Ireland
https://celt.ucc.ie/publishd.html
Irish Nettle Soup
https://stairnaheireann.net/2020/08/05/nettle-soup/
Key Events in Irish History
https://stairnaheireann.net/2020/08/08/key-events-in-irish-history-4/
Brehon Law | Clans and Social Classes
https://stairnaheireann.net/2020/08/05/brehon-law-clans-and-social-classes/
Irish society, up through the Iron Age, was based on the family unit. The family traditionally consisted of living parents and their children. The next larger unit came to be known as the Sept, which consisted of a closely related group of families such as the families of children of one set of parents and normally bore the same surname. The Clan (from clann meaning children) was the next larger unit and counted lineage from one ancestor. The Tuath (tribe) was generally considered the smallest political unit. It’s components were formed of several septs, houses or clans which likewise claimed descent from a common ancestor.... The law recognised several general divisions or classes of society and set forth the rights, duties and privileges of all.... The various classes of society were as follows: ...
TODAY, YEAR 2020, BEN FRANKLIN WOULD PLEAD TO IRLAND TO SIDE AGAINST THE USA ....
#OTD in 1771 – Benjamin Franklin commences a visit to Ireland where he would later report he had ‘a good deal of Conversation with the Patriots; they are all on the American side of the Question’.
Franklin had a keen interest in Irish affairs, writing in a letter two years prior to visiting the country that “all Ireland is strongly in favour of the American cause. They have reason to sympathise with us.” Benjamin Franklin toured Ireland in 1771 and was astounded and moved by the level of poverty he saw there. Ireland was under the trade regulations and laws of England, which affected the Irish economy, and Franklin feared that America could suffer the same plight if Britain’s exploitation of the colonies continued.
While in Ireland, Franklin was struck by the contrast between the grandeur of Dublin city itself and the intense poverty of those beyond its core. He wrote to a friend, “The people in that unhappy country, are in a most wretched situation. Ireland is itself a poor country, and Dublin a magnificent city; but the appearances of general extreme poverty among the lower people are amazing. They live in wretched hovels of mud and straw, are clothed in rags, and subsist chiefly on potatoes. Our New England farmers, of the poorest sort, in regard to the enjoyment of all the comforts of life, are princes when compared to them. Perhaps three-fourths of the Inhabitants are in this situation.”...
POTATO BLIGHT BEGAN IN THE USA WAS TRANSPORTED TO EUROPE. BUT, THE POTATO BLIGHT WAS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR IRISH STARVATION. IT WAS ENGLAND REMOVING FOOD FROM IRLAND AT GUNPOINT WHICH CAUSED IRLAND TO STARVE TO DEATH....
The arrival of the potato blight in Ireland is reported in the Dublin Evening Post.
To this day, all over Ireland the landscape bears mute testimony to the events that occurred in the horrific period from 1845–1850. Starvation graveyards offer silent tribute to the millions of Irish men, women, and children buried in unmarked mass graves. Thriving villages were replaced by heaps of moss-covered stones. Although historians have not agreed on the numbers who perished, most estimates range between one and three million.
The Great Hunger began in September 1845 as leaves on potato plants suddenly turned black and curled, then rotted, seemingly the result of a fog that had wafted across the fields of Ireland. Phytophthora infestans, the fungus that invades the potato plant and causes its rapid decay, struck for the first time in the eastern United States in the summer of 1843. The invisible fungus spores were transported to Belgium in a cargo of apparently healthy potatoes, and in the summer of 1845 the fungus revived and reproduced, devastating the potato crop in Flanders, Normandy, Holland and southern England. By August of 1845 the blight was recorded at the Dublin Botanical Gardens, and a week later, a total failure of the crop was reported in Co Fermanagh.
Winds from southern England carried the fungus to the countryside around Dublin. The blight spread throughout the fields as fungal spores settled on the leaves of healthy potato plants, multiplied and were carried in the millions by cool breezes to surrounding plants. Under ideal moist conditions, a single infected potato plant could infect thousands more in just a few days.
The term “famine” often used to describe the lack of food leading to this desolation, is completely erroneous. Although it is certainly true that the fungus eliminated the potato as a food source, it is also true that only one crop failed. While her people cruelly suffered, Ireland was producing more than enough food to feed them, but food was being removed at gunpoint by Queen Victoria’s troops garrisoned in Ireland for this purpose. In 1847 alone, 4,000 ships carrying £17,000,000 worth of provisions, 10,000 head of cattle and 4,000 horses sailed to England. That same year, etched in memory as “Black 47,” saw 500,000 Irish people die of starvation and related diseases.
The Great Hunger in Ireland led to the greatest loss of life in western Europe in the 100 years between the Napoleonic Wars and World War I. Whole families and villages fell to starvation and accompanying diseases. Cholera, deadly fevers, dysentery, scurvy and typhus swept the population. People died in such great numbers that it was impossible to record all the deaths or to make enough coffins for burials.”...
Tenants who were unable to pay the landlords found themselves evicted and their homes destroyed, so that they had no shelter as well as no food. The homeless, evicted from their small plots, died along the roadsides. Those arrested for taking food for their starving families could find themselves bound in chains on prison ships to Australia....
The Banshee
https://stairnaheireann.net/2020/09/23/the-banshee-5/
As we move into the darkest months of the year, it seems fitting to visit a spectre as ancient as life itself – the Banshee. A banshee is a female spirit in Irish mythology who heralds the death of a family member, usually by shrieking or keening. Her name is connected to the mythologically-important tumuli or “mounds” that dot the Irish countryside, which are known as side (singular síd) in Old Irish....
Map of Ireland in the Heroic Times
https://stairnaheireann.net/2020/09/24/map-of-ireland-in-the-heroic-times-5/
A rare and hard to obtain map of Ireland in the Heroic Times, found in Standish O’Grady’s History of Ireland. Here is an effort to map the lands most associated with Ireland’s mythologies and heroes and even charts the course of the Children of Lir from the House of Donn to the Isle of Rachlin. Sadly, the image quality is not great, but careful examination reveals the traditional territories, haunts, and settings for some of Ireland’s great people and myths.
Faoladh | Werewolves of Ireland
https://stairnaheireann.net/2020/09/27/faoladh-werewolves-of-ireland-3/
The Irish werewolf is different from the Teutonic or European werewolf, as it is really not a “monster” at all. Unlike its continental cousins, this shapeshifter is the guardian and protector of children, wounded men and lost persons. According to some ancient sources, the Irish werewolves were even recruited by kings in time of war. Known in their native land as the faoladh or conriocht, their predatory behaviour is typical of the common wolf, not beneath the occasional nocturnal raid.
Pelasgians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelasgians
refer either to the ancestors or forerunners of the Greeks, or to all inhabitants of Greece before the emergence or arrival of Greeks aware of their Greekness. In general, "Pelasgian" has come to mean more broadly all the indigenous inhabitants of the Aegean Sea region and their cultures, "a hold-all term for any ancient, primitive and presumably indigenous people in the Greek world".... An ancient etymology based on mere similarity of sounds linked pelasgos to pelargos ("stork") and postulates that the Pelasgians were migrants like storks, possibly from Egypt, where they nest.... the ancient Greek word for "sea", pelagos and the Doric word plagos, "side" (which is flat) shared the same root, *plāk-, and that *pelag-skoi therefore meant "the sea men", where the sea is flat. This could be connected to the maritime marauders referred to as the Sea People in Egyptian records....
The Pelasgians first appear in the poems of Homer: those who are stated to be Pelasgians in the Iliad are among the allies of Troy. In the section known as the Catalogue of Trojans, they are mentioned between mentions of the Hellespontine cities and the Thracians of south-eastern Europe (i.e., on the Hellespontine border of Thrace).... In the Odyssey, Odysseus, affecting to be Cretan himself, instances Pelasgians among the tribes in the ninety cities of Crete, "language mixing with language side by side". Last on his list, Homer distinguishes them from other ethnicities on the island: "Cretans proper", Achaeans, Cydonians (of the city of Cydonia/modern Chania), Dorians, and "noble Pelasgians". The Iliad also refers to "Pelasgic Argos", which is most likely to be the plain of Thessaly, and to "Pelasgic Zeus", living in and ruling over Dodona... According to the Iliad, Pelasgians were camping out on the shore together with the following tribes, Towards the sea lie the Carians and the Paeonians, with curved bows, and the Leleges and Caucones, and the goodly Pelasgi....
Poets after Homer
One of the first was Hesiod; he calls Dodona, identified by reference to "the oak", the "seat of Pelasgians", thus explaining why Homer, in referring to Zeus as he ruled over Dodona, did not style him "Dodonic" but Pelasgic Zeus. He mentions also that Pelasgus (Greek: Πελασγός, the eponymous ancestor of the Pelasgians) was the father of King Lycaon of Arcadia. Asius of Samos (Ancient Greek: Ἄσιος ὁ Σάμιος) describes Pelasgus as the first man, born of the earth. In Aeschylus's play, The Suppliants, the Danaids fleeing from Egypt seek asylum from King Pelasgus of Argos...He claims to rule the Pelasgians and to be the "child of Palaichthon (or 'ancient earth') whom the earth brought forth". The Danaids call the country the "Apian hills" and claim that it understands the karbana audan (accusative case, and in the Dorian dialect), which many translate as "barbarian speech" but Karba (where the Karbanoi live) is in fact a non-Greek word. They claim to descend from ancestors in ancient Argos even though they are of a "dark race" (melanthes ... genos). Pelasgus admits that the land was once called Apia but compares them to the women of Libya and Egypt and wants to know how they can be from Argos on which they cite descent from Io. In a lost play by Aeschylus, Danaan Women, he defines the original homeland of the Pelasgians as the region around Mycenae.
Sophocles presents Inachus as the elder in the lands of Argos, the Heran hills and among the Tyrsenoi Pelasgoi, ..."Tyrsenians-Pelasgians"....
Euripides calls the inhabitants of Argos "Pelasgians" in his Orestes and The Phoenician Women. In a lost play entitled Archelaus, he says that Danaus, on coming to reside in the city of Inachus (Argos), formulated a law whereby the Pelasgians were now to be called Danaans.
The Roman poet Ovid describes the Greeks of the Trojan War as Pelasgians in his Metamorphoses....
Hecataeus of Miletus in a fragment from Genealogiai states that the genos ("clan") descending from Deucalion ruled Thessaly and that it was called "Pelasgia" from king Pelasgus. A second fragment states that Pelasgus was the son of Zeus and Niobe and that his son Lycaon founded a dynasty of kings of Arcadia....
Acusilaus asserts that the Peloponnesians were called "Pelasgians" after Pelasgus, a son of Zeus and Niobe.
According to Hellanicus, from Pelasgus and his wife Menippe came a line of kings:... During Nanas's reign, the Pelasgians were driven out by the Greeks and departed for Italy. They landed at the mouth of the Po River, near the Etruscan city of Spina, then took the inland city "Crotona" (Κρότωνα), and from there colonized Tyrrhenia. The inference is that Hellanicus believed the Pelasgians of Thessaly (and indirectly of the Peloponnese) to have been the ancestors of the Etruscans.
In the Histories, the Greek historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus...classified the Pelasgian language as "barbarian" and discussed various areas inhabited (or previously inhabited) by Pelasgians/Pelasgian-speakers along with their different neighbors/co-residents:... Pelasgians who still exist in settlements above Tyrrhenia in the city of Kreston, formerly neighbors to the Dorians who at that time lived in the land now called Thessaliotis; also the Pelasgians who once lived with the Athenians and then settled Plakia and Skylake in the Hellespont; and along with those who lived with all the other communities and were once Pelasgian but changed their names. If one can judge by this evidence, the Pelasgians spoke a barbarian language. And so, if the Pelasgian language was spoken in all these places, the people of Attica being originally Pelasgian, must have learned a new language when they became Hellenes.... Furthermore, Herodotus discussed the relationship between the Pelasgians and the Hellenes, which, according to Pericles Georges, reflected the "rivalry within Greece itself between [...] Dorian Sparta and Ionian Athens." Specifically, Herodotus stated that the Hellenes separated from the Pelasgians with the former group surpassing the latter group numerically: As for the Hellenes, it seems obvious to me that ever since they came into existence they have always used the same language. They were weak at first, when they were separated from the Pelasgians, but they grew from a small group into a multitude,...
In Book 2, Herodotus alluded to the Pelasgians as inhabitants of Samothrace, an island located just north of Troy, before coming to Attica. Moreover, Herodotus wrote that the Pelasgians simply called their gods theoi [Thor, or Thauth?] prior to naming them on the grounds that the gods established all affairs in their order (thentes); the author also stated that the gods of the Pelasgians were the Cabeiri. Later, Herodotus stated that the entire territory of Greece (i.e., Hellas) was initially called "Pelasgia". In Book 5, Herodotus mentioned the Pelasgians as inhabitants of the islands of Lemnos and Imbros.
In Book 6, the Pelasgians of Lemnos were originally Hellespontine Pelasgians who had been living in Athens but whom the Athenians resettled on Lemnos and then found it necessary to reconquer the island. This expulsion of (non-Athenian) Pelasgians from Athens...
In Book 7, Herodotus mentioned "the Pelasgian city of Antandrus" and wrote about the Ionian inhabitants of "the land now called Achaea" (i.e., northwestern Peloponnese) being "called, according to the Greek account, Aegialean Pelasgi, or Pelasgi of the Sea Shore"; afterwards, they were called Ionians. Moreover, Herodotus mentioned that the Aegean islanders "were a Pelasgian race, who in later times took the name Ionians" and that the Aeolians, according to the Hellenes, were known anciently as "Pelasgians." In Book 8, Herodotus mentioned that the Pelasgians of Athens were previously called Cranai.
In the History of the Peloponnesian War, the Greek historian Thucydides wrote about the Pelasgians stating that: Before the time of Hellen, son of Deucalion [...] the country went by the names of the different tribes, in particular of the Pelasgian. It was not till Hellen and his sons grew strong in Phthiotis, and were invited as allies into the other cities, that one by one they gradually acquired from the connection the name of Hellenes; though a long time elapsed before that name could fasten itself upon all. The author regards the Athenians as having lived in scattered independent settlements in Attica; but at some time after Theseus, they changed residence to Athens, which was already populated....
In the Roman Antiquities, Dionysius of Halicarnassus...He goes on to add that the nation wandered a great deal. They were originally natives of "Achaean Argos" descended from Pelasgus, the son of Zeus and Niobe. They migrated from there to Haemonia (later called Thessaly), where they "drove out the barbarian inhabitants" and divided the country into Phthiotis, Achaia, and Pelasgiotis, named after Achaeus, Phthius and Pelasgus, "the sons of Larissa and Poseidon."...
In his Description of Greece, Pausanias mentions the Arcadians who state that Pelasgus (along with his followers) was the first inhabitant of their land...When Arcas became king, Pelasgia was renamed "Arcadia" and its inhabitants (the Pelasgians) were renamed "Arcadians". Pausanias also mentions the Pelasgians as responsible for creating a wooden image of Orpheus in a sanctuary of Demeter at Therae...
Strabo dedicates a section of his Geography...As for the Pelasgi, almost all agree, in the first place, that some ancient tribe of that name spread throughout the whole of Greece, and particularly among the Aeolians of Thessaly....
Pelasgians spoke Greek based on the fact that areas traditionally inhabited by the "Pelasgi" (i.e. Arcadia and Attica) only spoke Greek and the few surviving Pelasgian words and inscriptions (i.e., Lamina Borgiana, Herodotus 2.52.1) betray Greek linguistic features despite the classical identification of Pelasgian as a barbaric language....
In western Anatolia, many toponyms with the "-ss-" infix derive from the adjectival suffix also seen in cuneiform Luwian and some Palaic; the classic example is Bronze Age Tarhuntassa (loosely meaning "City of the Storm God Tarhunta"), and later Parnassus possibly related to the Hittite word parna- or "house". These elements have led to a second theory that Pelasgian was to some degree an Anatolian language, or that it had areal influences from Anatolian languages.... Pelasgians spoke an Indo-European language and were, more specifically, related to the Thracians... Pelasgians were a sub-group of the Bronze Age Sea Peoples and identifiable in Egyptian inscriptions as the exonym PRŚT or PLŚT. However, this Egyptian name has more often been read as a cognate of a Hebrew exonym, פלשת Peleshet (Pəleeth) – that is, the Biblical Philistines....
Pelasgians had migrated from Asia Minor to the Aegean basin in the 4th millennium BC.... Certain mythological stories or deities that seem to have no parallels in the mythologies of other Indo-European peoples (e. g., the Olympians Athena, Dionysus, Apollo, Artemis, and Aphrodite, whose origins seem Anatolian or Levantine). Non-Greek inscriptions in the Mediterranean... Robert Graves asserts that certain elements of that mythology originate with the native Pelasgian people (namely the parts related to his concept of the White Goddess, an archetypical Earth Goddess) drawing additional support for his conclusion from his interpretations of other ancient literature: Irish, Welsh, Greek, Biblical, Gnostic, and medieval writings....
Pelasgians with the Ibero-Caucasian peoples of the prehistoric Caucasus, known to the Greeks as Colchians and Iberians....
Attica revealed Neolithic dwellings...Athenians as the descendants of the Pelasgians, who appear to descend continuously from the Neolithic inhabitants in Thessaly. Overall, the archaeological evidence indicates that the site of the Acropolis was inhabited by farmers as early as the 6th millennium BC....
Lemnos....Hephaisteia (i.e., Palaiopolis) where the Pelasgians, according to Herodotus, surrendered to Miltiades of Athens. There, a necropolis (c. 9th-8th centuries BC) was discovered revealing bronze objects, pots, and more than 130 ossuaries.... Early Iron Age inhabitants of Lemnos could be a remnant of a Mycenaean population and, in addition, the earliest attested reference to Lemnos is the Mycenaean Greek ra-mi-ni-ja, "Lemnian woman", written in Linear B syllabic script.
Boeotia...These fortified mountain settlements were...inhabited by Pelasgians up until the end of the Bronze Age....Pelasgian inhabitants sought to distinguish themselves "ethnically" and economically from the Mycenaean Greeks who controlled the Skourta Plain....
LYBIA AND POSEIDON HAD 3 SONS: BELUS, AGENOR, AND LELEX. LYBIA WAS SYBIL, DAUGHTER OF AN IMMORTAL NYMPH BUT HER FATHER WAS A MORTAL. (LYBIA IS SAME AS BERBA PEOPLE THE NATIVE EARTH BORN OF NORTH AFRICA PREVIOUSLY CALLED LYBIA.) POSEIDON WAS RULER OF ATLANTIS. THEIR CHILDREN WERE: BELUS, KING OF EGYPT OF WHICH DANAUS IS FROM. AGENOR, KING OF CANAAN OF WHICH THE PHOENICIANS DESCEND. LELEX WAS THE ORIGINAL INHABITANTS OF LACONIA. FROM THERE THEY CONTINUE AN EAST MIGRATION TO EGYPT, CANAAN, ANATOLIA, GREECE, ITALY, ETC.,... THUS BELUS, AGENOR,AND LELEX ARE PATERNALLY HALF GOD FROM ATLANTIS ATLANTEANS (R1b ?), AND HALF IMMORTAL NYMPH/HALF MORTAL MATERNALLY BERBA (U6 ?)...
Danaus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danaus
In Greek mythology, Danaus (; Ancient Greek: Δαναός Danaós) was the king of Libya. His myth is a foundation legend (or re-foundation legend) of Argos, one of the foremost Mycenaean cities of the Peloponnesus. In Homer's Iliad, "Danaans" ("tribe of Danaus") and "Argives" commonly designate the Greek forces opposed to the Trojans.
Family: Danaus, was the son of King Belus of Egypt and the naiad Achiroe, daughter of the river god Nilus. He was the twin brother of Aegyptus, king of Arabia while Euripides adds two others, Cepheus, king of Ethiopia and Phineus, betrothed of Andromeda.
Danaus had fifty daughters, the Danaides, 12 of whom were born to the naiad Polyxo; six to Pieria; two to Elephantis; four to queen Europe; 10 to the hamadryad nymphs Atlanteia and Phoebe; seven to an Ethiopian woman; three to Memphis; two to Herse and lastly four to Crino. According to Hippostratus, Danaus had all these progeny begotten by Europa, the daughter of Nilus. In some accounts, Danaus married Melia while Aegyptus consorted with Isaie, these two women were daughters of their uncle Agenor, king of Tyre, and their possible sister, Damno who was described as the daughter of Belus.
Mythology: Flight from Aegyptus: After Aegyptus commanded that his fifty sons should marry the Danaides, Danaus elected to flee instead, and to that purpose, he built a ship, the first ship that ever was. In it, he fled to Argos, to which he was connected by his descent from Io, a priestess of Hera at Argos, who was wooed by Zeus and turned into a heifer and pursued by Hera until she found asylum in Egypt. Argos at the time was ruled by King Pelasgus, the eponym of all autochthonous [indigenous] inhabitants who had lived in Greece since the beginning, also called Gelanor ("he who laughs"). The Danaides asked Pelasgus for protection when they arrived, the event portrayed in The Suppliants by Aeschylus. Protection was granted after a vote by the Argives....
The Celtic Goddess | Boann
https://stairnaheireann.net/2020/12/08/the-celtic-goddess-boann/
BOANN (Boםnd, Boםnn) is the Goddess of water, fertility, inspiration and knowledge. Her name is interpreted as ‘white cow’ (bף fhionn) in the Dindsenchas. According to the Lebor Gabבla ֹrenn she was the daughter of Delbבeth, of the Tuatha Dי Danann. Her husband is variously Nechtan, Elcmar or Nuada Airgetlבm. Her lover is the Dagda, by whom she had her son, Aengus. In order to hide their affair, the Dagda made the sun stand still for nine months; therefore, Aengus was conceived, gestated and born in one day....
The Celts of Ancient Ireland
https://stairnaheireann.net/2020/12/08/the-celts-of-ancient-ireland-5/
The first historical record of the Celts was by the Greeks about 700 BC, the Celts were a loose grouping of tribes that lived in an area north of the Alps around the Danube river in central Europe. Over the next few hundred years they spread east and west across Europe. The Celts first arrived in Ireland about 500 BC, there is no reliable information on how or when the Celts became the dominant Irish ethnic group. It is thought that the Celts arrived gradually, spreading slowly across the country, a process that could have taken several hundred years. By the fifth century AD and the arrival of Christianity, the Celtic language was being spoken all over the island of Ireland.
Ireland remained beyond the reach of the Roman Empire, so there is little in the way of historical record for the Celts of Ireland, other than mythology, that undoubtedly has its origins in historical fact, but unravelling the truth is problematic.
Celtic scholar, T. F. O’Rahilly, based a study on influences on the Irish language and a critical analysis of Irish mythology and pseudohistory. This was called O’Rahilly’s historical model and gives us some understanding of Ireland’s Celts. His study has been the topic of debate for many historians.
O’Rahilly came up with how the Celts may have invaded Ireland in four separate waves:
The Cruithne or Priteni arrived between 700 – 500 BC
The Builg or Érainn arrived around 500 BC
The Laigin, the Domnainn and the Gálioin arrived around 300 BC
The Goidels or Gael arrived around 100 BC
The first group of Celts that arrived in Ireland approximately 700BC were named Priteni. They settled in parts of Ulster and Leinster but would later be replaced by other tribes.
The second arrival wave was the Bolgic’s who arrived around 500BC and would take control of nearly half of Ireland. Four tribes of the Bolgic’s included:
The Uluti who took control over the northern part of Ireland
The Darini and Robogdii who settled in the north-eastern part of Ireland
The Iverni who settled in Munster
The Ebdani who settled in the east
The Laginians who were the 3rd group to arrive, around 300 BC, settled in the west coast, what is known today as the province of Connacht. They had also taken over the Leinster area. It was also around the same time the La Tène culture may have been introduced to Ireland. The La Tène were fierce Celtic warriors with chariots, cavalry and used warrior equipment such as large fighting spears, swords, and shields.
The Goidelic or Gaelic would be the last Celts to arrive in Ireland. These people came in two different groups the Connachta and then the Eóganachta. The Connachta tribe arrived and pushed their way to the Hill of Tara and sacked the Ernean king. They carved a new region between Ulster and Leinster and it became known as Mide (the fifth province). The Eóganachta tribe arrived more quietly than the previous Connachta tribe. The settled in Munster and gradually became more powerful and dominant in the province. Although early events in Ireland remain unclear, five kingdoms (provinces) emerged.
When the Celtic culture did arrive in Ireland it brought a totally different and new culture, languages, art, technology and beliefs. They had introduced using Iron for making tools and weapons, but, more importantly brought the sense of kingship, kingdoms and power. They divided their lands up with each being ruled by different kings.
They also had a strong sense of honour, especially in battle. To be bold and show courage in a battle gave a Celtic man honour and a high reputation. However, unlike times to come in the future, in this Iron Age it was the aristocracy who fought in battle. Peasants and people of a lower class were not forced to fight or take part in battle, but to stay on their farming plots and act as slaves for their King.
Celts had a reputation as head hunters. Amongst the Celts the human head was venerated above all else, since the head was to the Celt the soul, centre of the emotions as well as of life itself, a symbol of divinity and of the powers of the other-world. Arguments for a Celtic cult of the severed head include the many sculptured representations of severed heads in La Tène carvings, and the surviving Celtic mythology, which is full of stories of the severed heads of heroes and the saints who carry their own severed heads, right down to the tale of Connemara’s St Feichin, who after being beheaded by Viking pirates carried his head to the Holy Well on Omey Island and on dipping the head into the well placed it back upon his neck and was restored to full health.
Many of the Celtic cultural elements integrated with Christianity. The most religious aspect of Celtic culture, Druidic practice, diminished, and many say that the Druids were systematically suppressed and killed. However, many cultural elements lasted, including ancient oral stories which were recorded by Irish monks in both Irish and Latin (without much editorial interference).
#OTD in 1922 – The Parliament of the occupied six counties of Northern Ireland opt out of the Free State.
The parliament of Northern Ireland exercises its option to opt out of the Irish Free State and petitions King George V:... Irish Free State (Agreement) Act, 1922,... With this, Northern Ireland had left the Irish Free State and rejoined the United Kingdom....
Thus six counties of the north of Ireland – Antrim, Armagh, Tyrone, Down, Fermanagh, Derry become an autonomous entity of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom....
Loughcrew
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughcrew
Loughcrew or Lough Crew (Irish: Loch Craobh, meaning "lake of the tree") is an area of great historical importance near Oldcastle, County Meath, Ireland. It is home to a group of megalithic tombs dating back to the 4th millennium BC, which sit on top of a range of hills. The hills and tombs are together known as Slieve na Calliagh (Sliabh na Caillí) and are the highest point in Meath. It is deemed one of the four main passage tomb sites in Ireland...Loughcrew is one of the four main passage tomb sites in Ireland (the others are Brú na Bóinne, Carrowkeel and Carrowmore). The site is spread across four hilltops: Carnbane East, Carnbane West, Carrickbrack and Patrickstown. These hills and the tombs themselves are together known as Slieve na Calliagh or Sliabh na Caillí, meaning "mountain of the Cailleach", the divine hag of Irish mythology. Legend has it that the monuments were created when a giant hag, striding across the land, dropped her cargo of large stones from her apron. No comprehensive dating programme has been conducted there, but the monuments are estimated to date from about 3300 BC....
Cairn T in Carnbane East is directed to receive the beams of the rising sun on the spring and autumnal equinox - the light shining down the passage and illuminating the art on the backstone.[5][6] Brennan also discovered alignments in Cairn L (53°44′36″N 7°08′03″W / 53.743299°N 7.134040°W), Knowth, and Dowth in the Boyne Valley. The Cairn T alignment is similar to the well-known illumination at the passage tomb at Brú na Bóinne (Newgrange), which is aligned to catch the rays of the winter solstice sunrise. There are about twenty-three tombs in the Loughcrew complex in addition to Cairn L and Cairn T, along with additional archeological sites....
Celtic Mythology | Five Sacred Guardian Trees of Ireland
https://stairnaheireann.net/2021/01/12/celtic-mythology-five-sacred-guardian-trees-of-ireland-5/
The Guardians of the Five Provinces is a title that was given to five special trees which were in ancient times considered sacred. According to folklore, a tall stranger, some say a giant as high as a wood, came to the court of the High King at Tara, bearing a branch from which grew three fruits: an apple, an acorn, and a hazelnut. The stranger’s name was Trefuilngid Tre-eochair, meaning ‘of the three sprouts’. From the description, he was clearly a descendant of the otherworld.... he gave the fruits from his branch to Fintan, the White-Haired Ancient One, who extracted seeds and planted them in each quarter of the land, and one in the centre, at Uisneach. The trees which grew from these seeds became the five sacred trees of Ireland:
Eó Mugna – Eó is the old Irish word for the yew tree, yet legend claims the Eó Mughna was actually a mighty oak. It was said to have been a son of the original Tree of Knowledge... Bile Tortan – Said to be an Ash, the Tree of Tortu stood at Ard Breccan, near Navan, Co Meath. Eó Ruis – The Yew of Rossa was said to have stood at Old Leighlin, Co Carlow. Craeb Daithí – The Branching Tree of Daithe was also a great Ash, located at Farbill, Co Westmeath. Craeb Uisnig – This sacred tree, another Ash, was to be found at Uisneach, a hill which stood at the heart of what was once the High King’s territory, known as Mide. It was considered the very centre point of Ireland, symbolised by the great Ail na Mirean (Stone of Divisions), or the ‘navel stone’, marking the point at which the country’s provinces joined together....
All the clans possessed within their territories, their own sacred tree and it is believed that chieftains would have been inaugurated beneath the sacred tree, thus connecting them to both the powers of below and above.... To capture and destroy the sacred tree of an enemy, then, was probably viewed as a very significant and demonstrative act....
Irish Famine
https://stairnaheireann.net/2021/02/28/59077/
In 1845, the first year of the ‘Genocide’ in Ireland, 3,251,907 quarters of corn were exported from Ireland to Britain. That same year, 257,257 sheep were exported. In 1846, 480,827 swine and 186,483 oxen were exported to Britain. Ireland was producing sufficient food, wool and flax, to feed and clothe not nine but eighteen millions of people. Taken from the book The Truth Behind The Irish Famine. Signed with International Shipping here: http://www.jerrymulvihill.com
The Irish Genocide | 1845-52
https://stairnaheireann.net/2021/07/02/the-irish-genocide-1845-52-2/
“The police were called after a man in an emaciated condition was found in a barnyard eating turf. He died shortly afterwards. If you have never seen a starving human being, may you never!” Taken from the book ‘The Truth Behind The Irish Famine’, 72 Paintings, 400 eye witness quotes. Signed copies: www.jerrymulvihill.com
The Viking Age in Ireland
https://stairnaheireann.net/2021/05/24/the-viking-age-in-ireland-5/
In 795 the first Vikings in Ireland landed on the Irish shores with their Viking ships attacking their first Irish monastery in Rathlin Island located near Co Antrim. ... made more permanent settlements with their first “wintering over” located at Lough Neagh during 840-841. Then between 841-842 settlements were established in Dublin, named Dubhlinn, and then Cork and Waterford which was named Vadrefjord. 849-852 saw the arrival of new Vikings, the Danes who were named by the Irish as the dark foreigners. The more settled Vikings in Ireland, the Norse named the fair foreigners, quickly went to battle with the Danes in the Irish Sea and Strangford Lough.... Irish monasteries lacked defences from Viking attacks. A new form of building was constructed known as ‘roundtowers’ built by stone and proved strong in defence.... With the help of the Uí Néill, Brian Boru slaughtered the Vikings of Dublin and was seen as the High King in 1002....
Palm Trees in Ireland
https://stairnaheireann.net/2021/07/09/palm-trees-in-ireland-6/
However, they are not palm trees at all; they are the New Zealand native, Cordyline australis. They enjoy the common name of “cabbage tree”, supposedly because settlers in New Zealand found the young leaves to be a tolerable substitute for cabbage. The plant was popularised in Irish gardens as early as the late 1800s....
IRONICALLY, PROTESTANT AND CATHOLIC CHRISTIANITY IS NOT EVEN THE ORIGINAL FIRST IRISH TRADITIONAL NATIONAL RELIGION....
Belfast’s Bloody Sunday.
https://stairnaheireann.net/2021/07/10/otd-in-1921-belfasts-bloody-sunday-4/
Bloody Sunday or Belfast's Bloody Sunday was a day of violence in Belfast on 10 July 1921, during the Irish War of Independence. In retaliation for an IRA ambush of a police raiding party, Protestant loyalists attacked Catholic enclaves, burning homes and businesses. This sparked gun battles between republican and loyalist paramilitaries, and street fighting between Catholics and Protestants. There was also shooting between republicans and police, and it is claimed that some police patrols fired indiscriminately at Catholic civilians. Seventeen people were killed on 10 July, and a further eleven were killed or fatally wounded over the following week. At least 100 people were injured. About 200 houses were badly damaged or destroyed, leaving 1,000 people homeless. The violence took place just before a truce came into effect, which ended the war in most of Ireland. Belfast saw almost 500 people die in political violence from 1920–22.... rioting between Catholics and Protestants....
The Norse King Glתniairn recognises Mבel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, High King of Ireland, and agrees to pay taxes and accept Brehon Law | the event is considered to be the founding of the city of Dublin.
The earliest reference to Dublin is sometimes said to be found in the writings of Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy), the Egyptian-Greek astronomer and cartographer, around the year 140, who refers to a settlement called Eblana...however, doubt has been cast on the identification of Eblana with Dublin,...It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duiblinn, from which Dyflin took its name. Beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The Viking settlement of about 841 was known as Dyflin, from the Irish Duiblinn...
The Vikings, or Ostmen as they called themselves, ruled Dublin for almost three centuries, although they were expelled in 902 only to return in 917 and notwithstanding their defeat by the Irish High King Brian Boru at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014. From that date, the Norse were a minor political force in Ireland, firmly opting for a commercial life. Viking rule of Dublin would end completely in 1171...
Dublin celebrated its millennium in 1988 with the slogan Dublin’s great in ’88’. The city is far older than that, but in that year, the Norse King Glun Iarainn recognised Mבel Sechnaill II (Mבel Sechnaill Mףr), High King of Ireland, and agreed to pay taxes and accept Brehon Law. ...
TO PREVENT EXTINCTION AND TO PROTECT THEIR SOCIETY THE IR FORMED SEPTS, CLANS, AND TRIBES WHICH CONSIST ENTIRELY OF ITS OWN FAMILES PRESRVING THEIR GENETICS FROM THEIR COMMON ANCESTOR. SOME OTHER PEOPLES AROUND THE WORLD HAD SIMILAR STRUCTURE. FOR EXAMPLES YAMANAYA WAS A PURE PATERNAL R1b STRUCTURE DID NOT ALLOW FOREIGN MALES. ANCIENT ALTAI WAS ALSO R1 DOMINATE EXLUDED FOREIGN MALES, AND DIVIDED FROM THE Q MALES. SOMEHOW THE N MALES LATER MIGRATED IN WITH R1, AND C AND N MALES MIGRATE WITH Q MALES. IN EARLY CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES ALL BASTARDS WERE NOT ALLOWED TO BE GODS PEOPLE AND NOT PERMITTED BACK UNTIL AFTER 10 GENERATIONS, AND 1 DROP OF NIGGER BLOOD MAKES YOU A NIGGER. ALL THE ANCIENTS WERE DESTROYED AFTER ALLOWING ADMIXTURES WITH FOREIGN MALES IN THEIR SOCIETIES....
Brehon Law | Clans and Social Classes
https://stairnaheireann.net/2021/08/05/brehon-law-clans-and-social-classes-2/
Irish society, up through the Iron Age, was based on the family unit. The family traditionally consisted of living parents and their children. The next larger unit came to be known as the Sept, which consisted of a closely related group of families such as the families of children of one set of parents and normally bore the same surname. The Clan (from clann meaning children) was the next larger unit and counted lineage from one ancestor. The Tuath (tribe) was generally considered the smallest political unit. It’s components were formed of several septs, houses or clans which likewise claimed descent from a common ancestor.... Ri (or rulers)... The Nemedh were the noble (uasal) class and were the upper level of society. Sometimes referred to as the Flaith.... The Aire were rent paying freemen who owned property including cattle, and other movable goods.... The CÈile were free tenants. That is they held little of any property and rented land from the Flaith.... The non-free people of the tribe fell basically into three classes. They were the Bothach, Sencleithe and the Fuidir....
BLOOD GROUP B PREDATES THE A, AND O IN EUROPE. THE B GENE WAS PALEOLITHIC, AND THEN CAME AGAIN FROM MORE RECENT MIGRATIONS FROM THE EAST. THE PALEOLITHIC B GENE WAS PUSHED TO THE EXTREME WEST EUROPE BEING RUN OUT OF HIS NATIVE GROUNDS FROM WEST EUROPE TO SIBERIA. RHESUS NEGATIVE WAS ALSO MORE COMMON AMONG THE PALEOLITHIC EUROPEANS BUT, IT HAS BEEN REPLACED BY MONKEY PEOPLE INVASIONS. REMOTE AREAS OF PALEOLITHIC PEOPLE OF EUROPE CONTAIN SKULLS FROM IRELAND, WALES, DORDOGNE, N.PORTUGAL, CERTAIN BERBERS, GUANCHES, AND BASQUES RESEMBLE CRO-MAGNON MAN. HOW IS RHESUS NEGATIVE A PHENOMENOM OF PALEOLITHIC EUROPEANS? IF NEANDERTHAL WAS RHESUS POSITIVE THEN CRO-MAGNON MAY BE THE LIKELY SOURCE FOR THE RHESUS NEGATIVE. THIS COULD INDICATE THIS FIRST EARLY EUROPEAN HUMAN HAD NOT INTERBRED WITH MONKEY PEOPLE AND FURTHER SUPPORT HE DID NOT DESCEND FROM EITHER A HG, NOR BT HG. CRO-MAGNON WOULD DESCEND FROM EURASIAN ADAM, AND NOT AFRICA ADAM. ELSE NEANDERTHAL MAY HAVE BEEN NEGATIVE ORIGINALLY, AND HAD MIXED WITH EARLIER MONKEY PEOPLE MUCH EARLIER THAN MONKEY PEOPLE OUT OF AFRICA. AN EARLIER MONKEY PEOPLE MAY HAVE MIXED WITH NEANDERTHAL ANYTIME BETWEEN 200KYA TO 60KYA PRIOR TO MODERN HUMAN. THIS WOULD HAVE CAUSED THE MONKEY DISEASE TO MAKE HIS PEOPLE INFERTILE AND INCOMPATIBLE. THIS FIRST CONTAMINATION OF MONKEY GENE INFECTED HIM BEFORE MODERN HUMANS HAD MIXED WITH NEANDERTHAL AS HIS RHESUS GENE IS NOT FOUND IN MODERN HUMANS. IN SUMMARY, THE FIRST EARLY PALEOLITHIC EUROPEANS WERE BASQUE-LIKE K2/R1b LINEAGE, WERE B BLOOD TYPE, AND RHESUS NEGATIVE UNMIXED WITH MONKEY PEOPLE....
BLOOD GROUPS, ANTHROPOLOGY AND LANGUAGE IN WALES AND THE WESTERN COUNTRIES
https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy19522.pdf?origin=ppub
people akin to the Basques once occupied a large part of Europe, and, mixing with mainly D-positive invaders, was the main source of the d gene through out the continent....
ANTHROPOMETRY...Fleure and Vallois have drawn attention to resemblances between the late palolithic inhabitants of Europe and certain small relict populations in islands and mountainous areas. Some of these have been found to show unusual blood group distributions. The Basques are one population showing such ancient skeletal features, and others are found in remote areas of Ireland and Wales, in the Dordogne region of France, in Northern Portugal and in Sardinia. Certain Berbers, and the aboriginal Guanches of the Canary Islands are said to resemble Crô-Magnon man. Hawkes believes that "a fair proportion of the later inhabitants of Europe have drawn in the network of their descent upon the stocks of upper paholithic times,"...
It has already been mentioned that the frequency of the B gene is higher in the "Celtic" lands than elsewhere in Western Europe, but in these mountain areas it is higher still. The B gene in Europe as a whole is mainly associated with the Slavonic speaking peoples and this gene in Western Europe may be derived in part from the east. The far western rise in B is, however, clearly a different and probably a much older phenomenon. A consideration of some of the details of the distribution of the B gene in Wales suggests that it may have been introduced at a very early period indeed in the human settlement of the country.... The B gene reaches its greatest frequency in those regions where the physical anthropologist informs us that the present population contains a palolithic foundation... a high B wave entered the country not merely before the moderately high A current, but probably even before the very high 0 stream. Relics of the former much wider distribution of the high B people are probably to be seen in the moderately high B frequencies found elsewhere in Wales as well as in Ireland, Scotland and Brittany.... there is some evidence that both [Basque type and B gene people] of these populations have been present since palolithic times and that both were once more widely spread than at present....
That there should exist in most of North Wales, in some mountain regions of South Wales, in Ireland, in Scotland and, to a certain extent, even south of Hadrian's Wall, people whose ABO group frequencies are almost identical with those of certain tribes belonging to the North African White Race may, at first sight, seem rather strange. Nevertheless, there is much evidence—anthropological,archological and linguistic—to suggest that such a finding is more than an accidental coincidence....
Herodotus. "The Celts,"he writes, "areoutside the Pillars of Hercules and they border onthe Kynesii who dwell the furthest away towards the west of theinhabitants of Europe." He repeats the statement in his fourth bookwhere he states that the Celts are the furthest away towards thesetting of the sun, "with the exception of the Kynetes"... The duality of the population in Southern Britain at the time of the Romans is considered by Huxley to be "one of the few fixed points in British ethnology." Strabo informs us that the prisoners taken in the south-eastern part of Britain were six inches taller than the tallest men in Rome. Their colouring was blond. In the interior on the other hand, there dwelt according to Caesar, a vastly different people who regarded themselves as the autocthonous children of the soil. The swarthy visages and twisted locks of the South Welsh tribe of Silures, states Tacitus, pointed to their Iberian origin... The institution of marriage, as practised by the Romans, was unknown to the former and, as a consequence, every relationship was counted through the mother. Schrader states that the primeval Aryan family was, on the other hand, patrilineal. In referring to the matrilineality of the early inhabitants of Britain...Amidst the Berbers and in other parts of the East, the same state of affairs exists to this day...
7. CONCLUSION: In view of the evidence presented there appear to us reasonable grounds for the belief that, prior to the advent of Celtic-speaking immigrants, the British Isles were inhabited by a people whose domain had at one time extended over a considerable part of Europe and North Africa but who under ever increasing pressure from the east had been driven from their homelands. Some, no doubt, found refuge in the more isolated mountain regions, but the remainder were gradually driven westwards and finally came to occupy a limited area near the Atlantic seaboard of Europe....
SUMMARY:
1. In Europe three main zones of ABO blood group distribution can be distinguished, one of relatively high B in the east, one of high A in the centre and west and one of high 0 in the extreme west, with B slightly but significantly more frequent than in the central zone.
The Rh groups are fairly evenly distributed in Northern and Central Europe with about 16 per cent, of Rh-negatives. The frequency of Rh-negatives is about 30 per cent, in the Basques and varies from 5-16 per cent, in Southern Europe.
2. Wales displays significant local variations in the frequencies of the O, A and B genes. On the remoter moorlands where physical anthropologists postulate the existence of very early human stocks, B gene frequencies exceeding 10 per cent. are common, and in the Black Mountain of Carmarthenshire even exceed 16 per cent, In the Marches they fall below 5 per cent.
3. Apart from one or two mountain regions in South Wales, very high O gene frequencies of 70-75 per cent, similar to those found in Scotland and Ireland are confined to the north of the principality—a fact which supports the obvious view that a less accessible NorthWales has not been subjected to the human migrations which have affected the southern half of the country.
4. It appears that a high B wave entered Wales not merely before the moderately high A current, but probably even before the very high O stream. It has formerly been supposed that populations with high B frequencies were among the latest to enter Europe and were confined to the east.
5. O frequencies similar to those in North Wales, Scotland and Ireland are also to be found among the Berbers in North Africa and elsewhere in the Mediterranean region. That the early inhabitants of Western Britain had strong White North African affinities is suggested by the pre-Aryan syntax of Celtic. Philologists have pointed out that "the Celts show in the whole structure of their language a close affinity to the language of the White Mediterranean peoples of North Africa."
The Banshee
https://stairnaheireann.net/2021/09/23/the-banshee-6/
Faoladh | Werewolves of Ireland
https://stairnaheireann.net/2021/09/27/faoladh-werewolves-of-ireland-4/
The Irish werewolf is different from the Teutonic or European werewolf, as it is really not a “monster” at all. Unlike its continental cousins, this shapeshifter is the guardian and protector of children, wounded men and lost persons. According to some ancient sources, the Irish werewolves were even recruited by kings in time of war. Known in their native land as the faoladh or conriocht, their predatory behaviour is typical of the common wolf, not beneath the occasional nocturnal raid.
* * * * * *
Speculations: (This is still in the making as I learn more. Various theories and stories. The following are from various writings some which agree, while others do not. Since I forget, and hear differences I will list all those claimed regardless if they agree or disagree. Genetics may be a better indicator.)
The Tuatha Dé Danann and the Fomorians are closely related. Neit, a war god, is an ancestor of both.
According to the ancient books of Ireland the race known as "Partholan's people," the Nemedians, the Fir-Bolgs, the Tuatha-de-Dananns, and the Milesians...all these races were Atlantean. They were connected with the African colonies of Atlantis, the Berbers, and with the Egyptians.
Fomorian = Formorians, who were led into the country prior to the Deluge by the Lady Banbha, or Kesair; her maiden name was h'Erni, or Berba...
The Formorians were from Atlantis. They were called Fomhoraicc, F'omoraig Afraic, and Formoragh,...F'omoraig Afraic indicated, from Africa. But in that day Africa did not mean the continent of Africa, as we now understand it.... Africa comes from Apar, Aphar, Apara, or Aparica, terms used to signify "the West," just as we now speak of the Asiatic world as "the East."...
In Portugal, mouro may refer to supernatural beings known as enchanted moura, where "moor" implies 'alien' and 'non-Christian'. These beings were siren-like fairies with golden or reddish hair and a fair face. They were believed to have magical properties. From this root, the name moor is applied to unbaptized children, meaning not Christian. In Basque, mairu means moor and also refers to a mythical people... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors
Phoenicians. Roving Sea People of the Atlanteans. North Africa. Magical Giants of the Underworld with bodies of men and heads of goats, horses, and buffalo. Tyrians were compelled by the circumstances of their case when deprived of their own homes by Nebuchadnezzar II to become for the time Fomaraigh. Gaels Milesians or Scots were the same people they called the Fomaraigh. The Fomaraigh says he the primitive inhabitants of those islands were giants. But in the same manner the Gadelians were called giants and aborigines These Gaduli or giants says Valiancy were in possession of the Brittainic isles when the Cymmerii or Walsh repossessed themselves of Britain for they were the primitive inhabitants In commemoration of their expulsion of those Gaduli or tall men they annually burnt a giant figure of wicker work. English Fomorians which name the antiquarians give to all those foreign invaders who have made descents into Ireland in opposition to the first inhabitants and they tell us they were all the offsprings of Cham from Africa except the Fomorians or first colonists to whom they assign no other settlement or origin than Ireland.
Greeks call them Gigantes or giants rwevrjs earth born that is born of the earth because they came from no other country but like trees and herbs were first.
Book of Lecan which says that the descendants of Ith are not Milesians may possibly have been intended to imply their descent from this Ith who had been governor of Tyre in Phoenicia when that city was besieged by Nebuchadnezzar II but as to whether or not this Ith was grandson to the Bratha o Milesius mentioned above through his son Breogan is something which perhaps the authors or compilers of the Book of Lecan did not take sufficiently into consideration In reference to this historic juncture Valiancy says...
This strongly marks the intercourse and mixture of the Southern Scythians with the Tyrians Bratha the grandfather of their Ith was according to the Irish historians a celebrated conqueror Miledh leader who conducted his expedition from Guthia near Crete and Sicily into Spain he landed in that portion of the peninsula now called Portugall or the port of the Galls.
Milesians = Egypt/Scyth or Egypt/Greek migrants to Spain then to Irland, or maybe from Miletus.
Eireann = Iran in Asia.
Fir Bolg = Belgael? = descendants of the surviving Nemedians who fled from Fomorian rule of Ireland to Greece then return.
Tuatha Dé Danann = "Danaans" ("tribe of Danaus"). Danaus king of Lybia, was the son of King Belus of Egypt and the naiad Achiroe, daughter of the river god Nilus. He was the twin brother of Aegyptus. Belus was son of Poseidon and Lybia.
Eirann = Iran; Black Sea. Descended from Nemed. Maybe North India, Afghan, Kazak, etc...?
Cessair = O'er the East Sea, Albion, Black Sea, Egypt, Atlantis, Cassi,
Partholón = Greece to Sicily to Spain to Irland. The first invasion of Ireland, subsequent to the coming of the Formorians, was led by a chief called Partholan:...They were from Spain...Spain in that day was the land of the Iberians, the Basques; that is to say, the Atlanteans.
Nemed = Scyth, Caspian Sea, to Spain to Irland. Nemedh the third in descent from Taith the brother of Partholan
Turs, Turani, Tour, Tuir, etc... were North Scythians. North of Caspian Sea. Barbarians. People before the semitic invasions. The Persians say that the Tourani or Northern Scythians.
South Scythians were Persia. South of Caspian Sea. People before the semitic invasions.
For ages the Southern Scythians or Persians had been at war with the Northern Scythians representing them as demons and always respecting them as barbarians. The Persians says Valiancy were Scythians descended from Mount Caucasus they first settled about the Caspian Sea then in Armenia and finally in Persia The ancient history of the Persians is the history of those Southern Scythians the ancestors of the Irish Iran ie Persia Iran and Touran ie Southern and Northern Scythia.
Tuireann was the father by Brigid of Creidhne, Luchtaine, and Giobhniu. His other sons, by his daughter Danand, included Brian, Iuchar, and Iucharba, who killed Lugh's father Cian. As an erec (a recompense fine), they were sent on a quest recounted as Oidheadh Chlainne Tuireann (The Tragedy of the Sons of Tuireann), one of the Three sorrowful tales of Erin. He is stated in various portions of Lebor Gabála Érenn to be the same person as Delbáeth mac Ogma, who is also credited as the father of Brian, Iuchar, and Iucharba. He is likely related to the Gaulish deity Taranis and thence to Thor of the Germanic people.
Scuth Scyth and Scot = Cushite for the word the Persians call Cus and also Sus and Cis as in their name of country Cisiana or Susiana...
the Chaldaeans and Syrians call Cuth which is the veritable Scuth Scyth and Scot. Roman name for Irish Raiders.