Germanic

List of ancient Germanic peoples

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Germanic_peoples

This list of Germanic tribes includes names of populations speaking Germanic languages or otherwise considered Germanic in sources from the late 1st millennium BC to the early 2nd millennium AD.

A list of the mythical founders of Germanic peoples follows:

Angul — Angles (the Kings of Mercia, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, other Anglo-Saxon dynasties are derived from other descendants of Woden)...

Gothus — Goths/Geats/Gutes...

Seaxnēat — Saxons...

Distribution of Germanic paternal lineages in Europe

Eupedia Map of Germanic Y-DNA

(Scroll down to near end of the article but before comments.)

http://www.eupedia.com/europe/maps_Y-DNA_haplogroups.shtml

This map was computed by adding Germanic lineages associated with the diffusion Germanic peoples from the Iron Age onwards. These includes Y-DNA haplogroups I1 (except some subclades of Finnish origin), I2-M223, R1a-Z284, R1b-U106, and R1b-L238.

IT IS UNKNOWN WHAT A GERMAN ORIGINALLY WAS. GERMAN WAS PROBABLY AN ETHNICITY WITH ITS OWN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE THAT PROBABLY MIGRATES TO EAST OF RHINE RIVER NORTH CENTRAL EUROPE FROM THE PONTIC STEPPES IN THE BRONZE AGE THAT THEN MIXES WITH, OR LIVES SEPARATE FROM THE EXISTING CULTURE. THE OLDEST RECORDS RECORD THEM BETWEEN THE LOWER RHINE AND LOWER VISTULA WHO SPOKE SUEVIAN AND FORMED THE JASTORF CULTURE. THE GERMANS MAY HAVE BEEN A PROTO INDO EUROPEAN PEOPLE WHO MIGRATE TO THE RHINE FROM PONTIC STEPPE BETWEEN 4500BC - 2500BC. THEY MAY ALSO HAVE BEEN APART OF THE EARLIER PEOPLE MIGRATING BACK. HISTORICAL RECORDS DEBATE IF THE GERMANS ARE CELTS/GAULS WHILE SOME SAY THEY ARE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT. JASTORF CULTURE IS CLAIMED AS THE HOMELAND FOR THE PROTO GERMANIC LANGUAGE. PRIOR TO THE ROMAN EMPIRE GERMANS WERE AN UNMIXED RACE. BUT, IN ALL PROBABLITY IT IS MOST LIKELY AT LEAST THAT I1, R1b, AND R1a WERE IN SOME FASHION MIXED BY THAT TIME. THE ROMANS, AND THEN THE HUNS CAUSED MIXING OF RACES IN EUROPE MORE SO INDIRECTLY BY FORCED INTEGRATION, AND BY MASS MIGRATIONS BY THOSE WHO OPPOSED THE NEW BASTARD GUBMINT. THE MORE RECENT MIDEVIL ARAB/JEW INVASIONS CAUSED MASS GENOCIDAL RACE MIXING IN EUROPE AS WELL AS CHINKY KHAN ON A GENOCIDAL SCALE. BASED ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND GENETIC EVIDENCE THE FIRST GERMAN WAS PROBABLY A SUBCLADE OF THE R1 LINEAGE DURING PALEOLITHIC TIMES. THEN I1 MIXES IN DURING THE MESOLITHIC SO THAT BY ROMAN TIMES THE R1 LINEAGE IN NORTH CENTRAL EUROPE AND INTO UKRAINE WOULD HAVE HAD SOME I1 INFLUENCE...

Germanic peoples

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples

The Germanic peoples are a category of north European ethnic groups, first mentioned by Graeco-Roman authors. They are also associated with Germanic languages, which originated and dispersed among them, and are one of several criteria used to define Germanic ethnicity....

Broader modern definitions of the Germanic peoples include peoples who were not known as Germani or Germanic peoples in their own time, but who are treated as one group of cultures, mostly because of their use of Germanic languages. Thus, in modern writing, "Germanic peoples" is a term which commonly includes peoples who were not referred to as Germanic by their contemporaries, and spoke distinct languages, but only categorized as Germanic in modern times. Examples include the late Roman era Goths, or the early medieval Norse-speaking Vikings in Scandinavia.

The languages of the earliest known Germanic peoples of classical antiquity have left only fragmentary evidence. The first long texts which have survived were written outside Germania in the Gothic language from the region that is today Ukraine.... Apart from language and geography, proposed connections between the diverse Germanic peoples described by classical and medieval sources, archaeology, and linguistics are the subject of ongoing debate among scholars: ...

In the 21st century, genetic studies have begun to look more systematically at questions of ancestry, using both modern and ancient DNA. However, the connection between modern Germanic languages, ethnicity and genetic heritage is thought by many scholars to be unlikely to ever be simple or uncontroversial. Guy Halsall for example writes: "The danger, barely addressed (at best dismissed as a purely 'ideological' objection), is of reducing ethnicity to biology and thus to something close to the nineteenth-century idea of race, at the basis of the 'nation state'."...

Geography. The Germanic peoples are seen as peoples who originated, before Caesar's time, from somewhere between the Lower Rhine and Lower Vistula, so-called "Germania". ... Language. Tacitus had already referred to Suevian languages as a way of determining if a people were Germanic. ... Culture, Jastorf culture, between the Elbe and Oder rivers, was Germanic-speaking already in the time of Caesar. ...

Theoretical concept of the Germanic peoples as a large grouping distinct from the Gauls—whose homeland was east of the Rhine, and included areas very far from it—originated with Julius Caesar's published account of his "Gallic Wars", and specifically those parts concerning his battles near the Rhine. Importantly for all future conceptions of what Germanic means, Caesar was apparently the first to categorize distant peoples such as the Cimbri and the large group of Suevian peoples as "Germanic". The Suevians and their languages, which had perhaps never been called Germanic before then, had started expanding their influence in his time, as Caesar experienced personally.... Modern scholars are undecided about whether the Cimbri were Germanic speakers like the Suevians, and even where exactly they lived in northern Europe, though it is likely to have been in or near Jutland....

The opening of Tacitus's Germania gave a rough definition only: Germania is separated from the Gauls, the Rhaetians, and Pannonii, by the rivers Rhine and Danube. Mountain ranges, or the fear which each feels for the other, divide it from the Sarmatians and Dacians. It is the northern part of Greater Germania, including the North European Plain, Southern Scandinavia, and the Baltic coast that was presumed to be the original Germanic homeland by early Roman authors such as Caesar and Tacitus....In the east, Germania magna's boundaries were unclear according to Tacitus, although geographers such as Ptolemy and Pomponius Mela took it to be the Vistula. For Tacitus the boundaries of Germania stretched further, to somewhere east of the Baltic Sea in the north, and its people blended with the "Scythian" (or Sarmatian) steppe peoples in the area of today's Ukraine in the south.... In contrast, in the south of Greater Germania nearer the Danube, the Germanic peoples were seen by these Roman writers as immigrants or conquerors, living among other peoples whom they had come to dominate....

Caesar had, for example, previously noted that the Germani had no druids, and were less interested in farming than Gauls, and also that Gaulish (lingua gallica) was a language the Germanic King Ariovistus had to learn. Tacitus mentioned Germanic languages at least three times, each mention concerning eastern peoples whose ethnicity was uncertain...

The etymology of the Latin word "Germani", from which Latin Germania, and English "Germanic" are derived, is unknown,...Whatever it meant, the name probably applied originally only to a smaller group of people, the so-called "Germani cisrhenani", whose Latin scholarly name simply indicates that these were Germani living on the western side of the Rhine (see below). Tacitus reported that these Germanic peoples in Gaul, ancestors of the Tungri of his time, were the first people to be called Germani....

Caesar described how the country of these Germani cisrhenani stretched well west of the Lower Rhine, into what is now Belgium, and how it had done so long before the Romans came into close contact. Neither Caesar nor Tacitus saw this as clashing with their broader definitions, because they believed these Germani had moved from east of the Rhine, where the other Germani lived....The early Germani on both sides of the Lower Rhine were however distinguished from the Suevian Germani by Caesar, Tacitus, Pliny the Elder, and Strabo. Strabo even said that the Germani near the Rhine not only differed little from the Celts, but also that the Latin-speakers called them "Germani" because they were the "genuine" Gauls (which is a possible meaning of Germani in Latin). Modern historical linguists and archaeologists have also come to doubt that these western Germani spoke a Germanic language as defined today, or shared the same material culture, at least at the time of their first contact with Caesar and the Romans. Caesar himself refers to them also as Gauls....

Cassius contrasted them with the "Gauls" (Γαλάται) on the left bank of the Rhine, and described Caesar doing the same in a speech. He reported that the peoples on either side of the Rhine had long ago taken to using these contrasting names, treating it as a boundary, but "very anciently both peoples dwelling on either side of the river were called Celts". For Cassius Dio, the only Germani and the only Germania were west of the Rhine within the empire: "some of the Celts (Keltoí), whom we call Germans (Germanoí)", had "occupied all the Belgic territory [Belgikḗ] along the Rhine and caused it to be called Germany [Germanía]"....

the Cimbri had previously been described as Celtic or Cimmerian, and Greek writers continued to do so, while Caesar described them as Germanic....

Far from the Rhine, the Gothic peoples in what is today Ukraine, and the Anglo-Saxons in the British Isles, were called Germanic in only one surviving classical text, by Zosimus (5th century), but this was an instance in which he mistakenly believed he was writing about Rhineland peoples. Otherwise, Goths and similar peoples such as the Gepids, were consistently described as Scythian....

In the Strategikon of Maurice, written about 600, a contrast is made between three types of barbarian: Scythians, Slavs, and "blonde-haired" peoples such as the Franks and Langobards - apparently having no convenient name to cover them together....

Medieval writers in western Europe used Caesar's old geographical concept of Germania, which, like the new Frankish and clerical jurisdictions of their time, used the Rhine as a frontier marker, although they did not commonly refer to any contemporary Germani. For example, Louis the German (Ludovicus Germanicus) was named this way because he ruled east of the Rhine, and in contrast the kingdom west of the Rhine was still called Gallia (Gaul) in scholarly Latin. Writers using Latin in West Germanic-speaking areas did recognize that those languages were related (Dutch, English, Lombardic, and German). To describe this fact they referred to "Teutonic" words and languages,... Romance language speakers and others such as the Welsh were contrasted using words based on another old word, Walhaz, the source of "Welsh", Wallach, Welsch, Walloon, etc., itself derived from the name of the Volcae, a Celtic group....

As pointed out by Walter Pohl, Paul the Deacon even implied that the Goths, like the Lombards, descended from "Germanic peoples", though it is unclear if they continued to be "Germanic" after leaving the north.....

However, Jordanes (6th century), who wrote the most detailed surviving Gothic origins story, did effectively propose a connection to northern regions which much earlier authors had described as the remotest parts of Germania, and established a tradition of connecting the earliest origins of Goths and other peoples to Scandinavia, which was for him a distant and almost unknown island. He thus connected the Goths (Gothi) not only with ancient Amazons, Trojans, Huns, and the similarly-named Getae, but also to the Baltic sea....

Concerning Germanic speakers within these northern regions, the relatively well-defined Jastorf culture matches the areas described by Tacitus, Pliny the elder and Strabo as Suevian homelands near the lower River Elbe, and stretching east on the Baltic coast to the Oder river. The Suevian peoples are seen by scholars as early West Germanic speakers. There is no consensus about whether neighbouring cultures in Scandinavia, Poland, and northwestern Germany were also part of a Germanic (or proto-Germanic)-speaking community at first, but this group of cultures were related to each other, and in contact.... The Jastorf culture came into direct contact with La Tène cultures on the upper Elbe and Oder rivers, believed to correspond to the Celtic-speaking peoples such as the Boii and Volcae described in this area by Roman sources....

Unlike archaeologists today, Caesar, the originator of the idea of the Germanic peoples, believed that in prehistory, before his time, the Rhine had divided Germani from the Gauls. However, he observed that there must already have been significant movements in both directions, over the Rhine.... Gaulish La Tène culture as native to what is now southern Germany, and the La Tène-influenced cultures on both sides of the Lower Rhine in this period as quite distinct from the Elbe Germanic peoples, well into Roman times. ...

All Germanic languages derive from the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), which is generally estimated to have been spoken between 4500 and 2500 BCE....The leading theory, suggested by archaeological and genetic evidence, postulates a diffusion of Indo-European languages from the Pontic–Caspian steppe towards Northern Europe during the third millennium BCE, via linguistic contacts and migrations from the Corded Ware culture towards modern-day Denmark, resulting in cultural mixing with the indigenous Funnelbeaker culture. Between around 500 BCE and the beginning of the Common Era, archeological and linguistic evidence suggest that the Urheimat ('original homeland') of the Proto-Germanic language, the ancestral idiom of all attested Germanic dialects, was primarily situated in an area corresponding to the extent of the late Jastorf culture....

By the 1st century CE, the writings of Pliny the Elder, and Tacitus reported a division of Germanic peoples into large groupings. Tacitus, in his Germania, specifically stated that one such division mentioned "in old songs" (carminibus antiquis) derived three such groups from three brothers, sons of Mannus, who was son of an earth-born god, Tuisto.... Ingvaeones, nearest to the Ocean. Herminones in the interior. Istvaeones, the remainder. On the other hand, Tacitus wrote in the same passage that some believe that there are other groups which are just as old as these three, including "the Marsi, Gambrivii, Suevi, Vandilii". Of these, he discussed only the Suevi in detail, specifying that they were a very large grouping, with many peoples, with their own names. The largest, he said, was the Semnones near the Elbe, who "claim that they are the oldest and the noblest of the Suebi."...

Pliny the Elder, somewhat similarly, named five races of Germani in his Historia Naturalis, with the same basic three groups as Tacitus, plus two more eastern blocks of Germans, the Vandals, and further east the Bastarnae. He clarifies that the Istvaeones are near the Rhine, although he gives only one problematic example, the Cimbri. He also clarifies that the Suevi, though numerous, are actually in one of the three Mannus groups. His list:

The Vandili, include the Burgundiones, the Varini, the Carini, and the Gutones. The Varini are listed by Tacitus as being Suevic, and the Gutones are described by him as Germanic, leaving open the question of whether they are Suevian.

The Ingævones include the Cimbri, the Teutoni, and the Chauci.

The Istævones, who "join up to the Rhine", and including the Cimbri [sic, repeated, probably by error]

The Hermiones, forming a fourth, dwell in the interior, and include the Suevi, the Hermunduri, the Chatti, the Cherusci,

The Peucini, who are also the Basternæ, adjoining the Daci. ...

Strabo, who focused mainly on Germani between the Elbe and Rhine, and does not mention the sons of Mannus, also set apart the names of Germani who are not Suevian, in two other groups, similarly implying three main divisions: "smaller German tribes, as the Cherusci, Chatti, Gamabrivi, Chattuarii, and next the ocean the Sicambri, Chaubi, Bructeri, Cimbri, Cauci, Caulci, Campsiani"....

From the perspective of modern linguistic reconstructions, the classical ethnographers were not helpful in distinguishing two large groups that spoke types of Germanic very different from the Suevians and their neighbours, whose languages are the source of modern West Germanic.

The Germanic peoples of the far north, in Scandinavia, were treated as Suevians by Tacitus, though their Germanic dialects would evolve into Proto Norse, and later Old Norse, as spoken by the Vikings, and then the North Germanic language family of today.

The "Gothic peoples" who later formed large nations in the area that is today Ukraine were not known to Tacitus, Pliny or Strabo, but their East Germanic languages are presumed to derive from languages spoken by Pliny's Vandal group (corresponding in part to the group made up of Gothones, Lemovii and Rugii described by Tacitus, who lived near the Baltic sea), and possibly also of Bastarnae.

The "Gothic peoples" in the territory of present-day Ukraine and Romania were seen by Graeco-Roman writers as culturally "Scythian", and not Germanic, and indeed some of them such as the Alans were clearly not Germanic-speaking either....

The Bastarnae or Peucini are mentioned in historical sources going back as far as the 3rd century BCE through the 4th century CE. These Bastarnae were described by Greek and Roman authors as living in the territory east of the Carpathian Mountains north of the Danube's delta at the Black Sea. They were variously described as Celtic or Scythian, but much later Tacitus, in disagreement with Livy, said they were similar to the Germani in language. According to some authors then, they were the first Germani to reach the Greco-Roman world and the Black Sea area....

Another eastern people known from about 200 BCE and sometimes believed to be Germanic-speaking, are the Scirii, because they appear in a record in Olbia on the Black Sea which records that the city had been troubled by Scythians, Sciri and Galatians....

In later centuries the Scirii, like the Heruli, and many of the Goths, were among the peoples who allied with Attila and settled in the Middle Danube, Pannonian region....

Late in the 2nd century BCE, Roman and Greek sources recount the migrations of the far northern "Gauls", the Cimbri, Teutones and Ambrones. Caesar later classified them as Germanic....In Gaul, a combined force of Cimbri and Teutoni and others defeated the Romans in the Battle of Burdigala (107 BCE) at Bordeaux, ...

Caesar campaigned in what is now France from 58-50 BCE, in the period of the late Roman Republic. As mentioned above, Caesar wrote about this campaign in a way which introduced the term "Germanic" to refer to peoples such as the Cimbri and Suevi....In the winter of 54/53 the Eburones, the largest group of Germani cisrhenani, revolted against the Romans and then dispersed into forests and swamps....

During the reign of Augustus from 27 BCE until 14 CE, the Roman empire became established in Gaul, with the Rhine as a border...it became state policy to leave the border at the Rhine, and expand the empire no further in that direction....In 38 BCE, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, consul of Transalpine Gaul, became the second Roman to lead forces over the Rhine. In 31 BCE Gaius Carrinas repulsed an attack by Suevi from east of the Rhine. In 25 BCE Marcus Vinicius took vengeance on some Germani in Germania, who had killed Roman traders. In 17/16 BCE at the Battle of Bibracte the Sugambri, Usipetes, and Tencteri crossed the Rhine and defeated the 5th legion under Marcus Lollius, capturing the legion's eagle. From 13 BCE until 17 CE there were major Roman campaigns across the Rhine nearly every year, often led by members of the family of Augustus....

Strabo, writing in this period in Greek, mentioned that apart from the area near the Rhine itself, the areas to the east were now inhabited by the Suevi, "who are also named Germans, but are superior both in power and number to the others, whom they drove out, and who have now taken refuge on this side the Rhine". ...

The Marcomannic Wars during the time of Marcus Aurelius ended in approximately 180 CE. Dio Cassius called it the war against the Germani, noting that Germani was the term used for people who dwell up in those parts (in the north). A large number of peoples from north of the Danube were involved, not all Germanic-speaking...

In 162 the Chatti once again attacked the Roman provinces of Raetia (with its capital at Augsburg) and Germania Superior to their south. During the main war in 973 they were repulsed from the Rhine frontier to their west, along with their neighbours the Suevian Hermunduri....

By the early 3rd century AD, large new groupings of Germanic people appeared near the Roman frontier, though they were not strongly unified. The first of these conglomerations mentioned in the historical sources were the Alamanni (a term meaning "all men") who appear in Roman texts sometime in the 3rd century CE. These are believed to have been a mixture of mainly Suevian peoples, who coalesced in the Agri Decumates....soon after the appearance of the Alamanni on the Upper Rhine, the Franks began to be mentioned as occupying the land at the bend of the lower Rhine. In this case, the collective name was new, but the original peoples who composed the group were largely local, and their old names were still mentioned occasionally. The Franks were still sometimes called Germani as well.

Thirdly, the Goths and other "Gothic peoples" from the area of today's Poland and Ukraine, many of whom were Germanic-speaking peoples, began to appear in records of this period. In 238, Goths crossed the Danube and invaded Histria....

In 260 CE, as the Roman Imperial Crisis of the Third Century reached its climax, Postumus, a Germanic soldier in Roman service, established the Gallic Empire, which claimed suzerainty over Germania, Gaul, Hispania and Britannia. Postumus was eventually assassinated by his own followers, after which the Gallic Empire quickly disintegrated. The traditional types of border battles with Germani, Sarmatians and Goths continued on the Rhine and Danube frontiers after this....

The Gothic wars of the late 4th century saw a rapid series of major events: the entry of a large number of Goths in 376; the defeat of a major Roman army and killing of emperor Valens at the Battle of Adrianopolis in 378; and a subsequent major settlement treaty for the Goths which seems to have allowed them significant concessions compared to traditional treaties with barbarian peoples....

The Gothic wars were affected indirectly by the arrival of the nomadic Huns from Central Asia in the Ukrainian region. Some Gothic peoples, such as the Gepids and the Greuthungi (sometimes seen as predecessors of the later Ostrogoths), joined the newly forming Hunnish faction, and played a prominent role in the Hunnic Empire, where Gothic became a lingua franca....

By 383 a new emperor, Theodosius I, was seen as victorious over the Goths and having brought the situation back under control. Goths were a prominent but resented part of the eastern military. The Greutungi and Alans had been settled in Pannonia...

Alaric was a Roman military commander of Gothic background, who first appears in the record in the time of Theodosius. After the death of Theodosius, he became one of the various Roman competitors for influence and power in the difficult situation. The forces he led were described as mixed barbarian forces, and clearly included many other people of Gothic background, a phenomenon which had become common in the Balkans. In an important turning point for Roman history, during the factional turmoil, his army came to act increasingly as an independent political entity within the Roman empire, and at some point he came to be referred to as their king, probably around 401 CE, when he lost his official Roman title. This is the origin of the Visigoths, whom the empire later allowed to settle in what is now southwestern France. While military units had often had their own ethnic history and symbolism, this is the first time that such a group established a new kingdom. There is disagreement about whether Alaric or his family had a royal background, but there is no doubt that this kingdom was a new entity, very different from any previous Gothic kingdoms....

around 400, "a highly explosive situation was building up in the Middle Danube, as Goths, Vandals, Alans and other refugees from the Huns moved west of the Carpathians" into the area of modern Hungary on the Roman frontier....Whatever the chain of events, the Middle Danube later became the centre of Attila's loose empire containing many East Germanic people from the east, who remained there after the death of Attila....they were not described by Romans as Germani, but rather "Gothic peoples". ...

Constantius III, who became Magister militum by 411, restored order step-by-step, eventually allowing the Visigoths to settle within the empire in southwest Gaul. He also committed to retaking control of Iberia, from the Rhine-crossing groups. When Constantius died in 421, having been co-emperor himself for one year, Honorius was the only emperor in the West. However, Honorius died in 423 without an heir. After this, the Western Roman empire steadily lost control of its provinces....

The Western Roman Empire declined gradually in the 5th and 6th centuries, and the eastern emperors had only limited control over events in Italy and the western empire. Germanic speakers, who by now dominated the Roman military in Europe...With some exceptions, such as the Alans and Bretons, most of these new political entities identified themselves with a Germanic-speaking heritage....

In the 420s, Flavius Aëtius was a general who successfully used Hunnish forces on several occasions, fighting Roman factions and various barbarians including Goths and Franks. In 429 he was elevated to the rank of magister militum in the western empire, which eventually allowed him to gain control of much of its policy by 433. One of his first conflicts was with Boniface, a rebellious governor of the province of Africa in modern Tunisia and Libya. Both sides sought an alliance with the Vandals based in southern Spain who had acquired a fleet there. In this context, the Vandal and Alan kingdom of North Africa and the western Mediterranean would come into being.

In 433 Aëtius was in exile and spent time in the Hunnish domain.

In 434, the Vandals were granted the control of some parts of northwest Africa, but Aëtius defeated Boniface using Hunnish forces.

In 436 Aëtius defeated the Burgundians on the Rhine with the help of Hunnish forces.

In 439 the Vandals and their allies captured Carthage. The Romans made a new agreement recognizing the Visigothic kingdom.

In 440, the Hunnish "empire" as it could now be called, under Attila and his brother Bleda began a series of attacks over the Danube into the eastern empire, and the Danubian part of the western empire. They received enormous payments from the eastern empire and then focused their attentions to the west, where they were already familiar with the situation, and in friendly contact with the African Vandals.

In 442 Aëtius seems to have granted the Alans who had remained in Gaul a kingdom, apparently including Orléans, possibly to counter local independent Roman groups (so called Bagaudae, who also competed for power in Iberia).

In 443 Aëtius settled the Burgundians from the Rhine deeper in the empire, in Savoy in Gaul.

In 451, the large mixed force of Attila crossed the Rhine but was defeated by Aetius with forces from the settled barbarians in Gaul - Visigoths, Franks, Burgundians and Alans.

In 452 Attila attacked Italy, but had to retreat to the Middle Danube because of an outbreak of disease.

In 453, Aëtius and Attila both died.

In 454, the Hunnish alliance divided and the Huns fought the Battle of Nedao against their former Germanic vassals. The names of the peoples who had made up the empire appear in records again. Several of them were allowed to become federates of the eastern empire in the Balkans, and others created kingdoms in the Middle Danube....

In the subsequent decades, the Franks and Alamanni tended to remain in small kingdoms but these began to extend deeper into the empire....

Compared to Gaul, what happened in Roman Britain, which was similarly both isolated from Italy and heavily Romanized, is less clearly recorded. However the end result was similar, with a Germanic-speaking military class, the Anglo-Saxons, taking over administration of what remained of Roman society, and conflict between an unknown number of regional powers. While major parts of Gaul and Britain redefined themselves ethnically on the basis of their new rulers, as Francia and England, in England the main population also became Germanic-speaking. The exact reasons for the difference are uncertain, but significant levels of migration played a role....

The Ostrogothic kingdom ended in 542 when the eastern emperor Justinian made a last great effort to reconquer the Western Mediterranean.... In 568 the Lombard king Alboin, a Suevian people who had entered the Middle Danubian region from the north conquering and partly absorbing the frontier peoples there, entered Italy and created the Italian Kingdom of the Lombards there. These Lombards now included Suevi, Heruli, Gepids, Bavarians, Bulgars, Avars, Saxons, Goths, and Thuringians. As Peter Heather has written these "peoples" were no longer peoples in any traditional sense....

In the centuries after 568, the Visigothic kingdom, by now centred in Spain, was ended by the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the 8th century....the Frankish kingdom's dominance over Saxons, Frisians, Bavarians and Burgundians, and defeated the Umayyads at the 732 Battle of Tours.... Pepin's son Charlemagne conquered the Lombards in 774, and in an important turning point in European history, was crowned as emperor by Pope Leo III in Rome on Christmas Day, 800 CE. ...

Germanic languages in western Europe no longer exist apart from the remaining West Germanic languages of England, the Frankish homelands near the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta, and the large area between the Rhine and Elbe. With the splitting off of this latter area within the Frankish empire, the first ever political entity corresponding loosely to modern "Germany" came into existence....

In Eastern Europe the once relatively developed periphery of the Roman world collapsed culturally and economically, and this can be seen in the Germanic-associated archaeological evidence: in the area of today's southern Poland and Ukraine the collapse occurred not long after 400, and by 700 Germanic material culture was entirely west of the Elbe in the area where the Romans had been active since Caesar's time, and the Franks were now active. East of the Elbe was to become mainly Slavic-speaking....

Roman descriptions of early Germanic people and culture:

Tacitus famously described the Germanic people as ethnically "unmixed":

"For my own part, I agree with those who think that the tribes of Germany are free from all taint of inter-marriages with foreign nations, and that they appear as a distinct, unmixed race, like none but themselves. Hence, too, the same physical peculiarities throughout so vast a population. All have fierce blue eyes, red hair, huge frames, fit only for a sudden exertion. They are less able to bear laborious work. Heat and thirst they cannot in the least endure; to cold and hunger their climate and their soil inure them."...

Before Tacitus, Julius Caesar described the Germani:

"[The Germani] have neither Druids to preside over sacred offices, nor do they pay great regard to sacrifices. They rank in the number of the gods those alone whom they behold, and by whose instrumentality they are obviously benefited, namely, the sun, fire, and the moon; they have not heard of the other deities even by report. Their whole life is occupied in hunting and in the pursuits of the military art; from childhood they devote themselves to fatigue and hardships. Those who have remained chaste for the longest time, receive the greatest commendation among their people; they think that by this the growth is promoted, by this the physical powers are increased and the sinews are strengthened. And to have had knowledge of a woman before the twentieth year they reckon among the most disgraceful acts; of which matter there is no concealment, because they bathe promiscuously in the rivers and [only] use skins or small cloaks of deer's hides, a large portion of the body being in consequence naked.

They do not pay much attention to agriculture, and a large portion of their food consists in milk, cheese, and flesh; nor has any one a fixed quantity of land or his own individual limits; but the magistrates and the leading men each year apportion to the groups and families, who have united together, as much land as, and in the place in which, they think proper, and the year after compel them to remove elsewhere."

Genetics:

In a 2013 book which reviewed studies up until then it was remarked that: "If and when scientists find ancient Y-DNA from men whom we can guess spoke Proto-Germanic, it is most likely to be a mixture of haplogroup I1, R1a1a, R1b-P312 and R1b-106". This was based purely upon those being the Y-DNA groups judged to be most commonly shared by speakers of Germanic languages today. However, as remarked in that book: "All of these are far older than Germanic languages and some are common among speakers of other languages too."

The Germani: Germanic Peoples Origins and History

https://haplogroupi2b1ismine.wordpress.com/the-germani-germanic-peoples-origins-and-history/

Scandinavian prehistory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_prehistory

The Scandinavian Peninsula became ice-free around 11,000 BC, at the end of the last ice age. The Nordic Stone Age begins at that time, with the Upper Paleolithic Ahrensburg culture, giving way to Mesolithic hunter-gatherers by the 7th millennium BC (Maglemosian culture c. 7500 BC – 6000 BC, Kongemose culture c. 6000 BC – c. 5200 BC, Ertebølle culture c. 5300 BC – 3950 BC). The Neolithic stage is marked by the Funnelbeaker culture (4000–2700 BC), followed by the Pitted Ware culture (3200 BC – 2300 BC).

In Scandinavia, the time following the ice age begins at circa 9500 BC and is called at first the Yoldia Stage, ...Denmark and Sweden were joined and the "Baltic Sea" of the age was a fresh water lake called the Ancylus Lake. ... during the Ancylus and Litorina ages begins the Nordic Stone Age. ...human inhabitation of Scandinavia before the Weichsel glaciation, at least 50,000 years ago, presumably by Neanderthals.

Ahrensburg culture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahrensburg_culture

The Ahrensburg culture or Ahrensburgian (11th to 10th millennia BCE) was a late Upper Paleolithic nomadic hunter culture (or technocomplex) in north-central Europe during the Younger Dryas, the last spell of cold at the end of the Weichsel glaciation ...

Ahrensburgian finds were made in southern and western Scandinavia, the North German plain and western Poland. The Ahrensburgian area also included vast stretches of land now at the bottom of the North and Baltic Sea, since during the Younger Dryas the coastline took a much more northern course than today....Ahrensburg culture belongs to a Late Paleolithic and early Mesolithic (or Epipaleolithic) cultural complex that started with the glacial recession and the subsequent disintegration of Late Palaeolithic cultures between 15,000 and 10,000 BCE.

The re-colonisation of Northern Germany is connected to the onset of the late Glacial Interstadial between Weichsel and the Dryas I glaciation, at the beginning of the Meiendorf Interstadial around 12.700 BCE. ...The younger Havelte phase has been proven for the area beyond the Pomeranian ice margin and on the Danish Isles after circa 12.300 BCE.... Early Federmesser finds follows shortly or are contemporary to Havelte. The culture lasted approximately 1200 years from 11.900 to 10.700 BCE., and is located in Northern Germany and Poland to south Lithuania. ...

Scandinavians Are Descended From Stone Age Immigrants, Ancient DNA Reveals

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090924141049.htm

Today's Scandinavians are not descended from the people who came to Scandinavia at the conclusion of the last ice age but, apparently, from a population that arrived later, concurrently with the introduction of agriculture.

The hunter-gatherers who inhabited Scandinavia more than 4,000 years ago had a different gene pool than ours,"..."Our findings show that today's Scandinavians are not the direct descendants of the hunter-gatherers who lived in the region during the Stone Age. This entails the conclusion that some form of migration to Scandinavia took place, probably at the onset of the agricultural Stone Age. The extent of this migration is as of yet impossible to determine."

Prior to the Viking Age what was happening in Europe? Europe was being invaded by a very violent Roman Empire Government, and genociding the Native Europeans. The Roman Government was forcing by way of sword a total conversion of the Native Peoples into its slavery to serve the Roman Government, and convert to the Roman Catholic Church. If you did not convert, or at least pretend you converted you were killed usually beheaded by sword. The Norse people saw the vast Genocides all around them so it was just the right of nature to self defend your people. In soing so the Power of the Press in the Roman Government used the Christian Monk Scribes to print their side of the story which obviously slandered the defending Vikings to look like murderous outlaws. History is recorded by the victors.

8 Viking myths busted

http://www.historyextra.com/article/international-history/8-viking-facts-myths-busted-janina-ramirez

The Viking Age stretched from the ninth to the 11th century.

The Vikings earned a place in history due to their protracted raids on often vulnerable monastic sites. Populated by literate scribes, these were the worst places to attack if you wanted a good record in Christian historical documents. Alcuin of York wrote to Bishop Higbald, declaring: “Never before has such terror appeared in Britain as we have now suffered from a pagan race. . . .The heathens poured out the blood of saints around the altar, and trampled on the bodies of saints in the temple of God, like dung in the streets.”

There is certainly evidence of the violent means Vikings used to suppress people, particularly in Britain. Many skeletons have been found with the instruments of their death still wedged in their bones. A skeleton in the North Hertfordshire Museum has a Viking spear head stuck in its neck. However, while some Vikings clearly deserved their reputation as ‘wolves of war’, others lived peaceful existences – farming, trading and integrating across the four continents that they settled.

What’s more, these were violent times, and the Vikings’ aggression was matched or exceeded by other groups during this period. One of the most famous names of the early medieval period, Emperor Charlemagne, carried out a form of genocide on people in Saxony. In the ‘Massacre of Verden’ in AD 782 his army murdered more than 4,500 Saxons who had been given to him by an ally. This was violence at its most stark. And yet, because Charlemagne had a Christian biographer writing a favorable account of his life, was killing pagans and was seen as ‘father of the church’, his place in history was secure.

Angles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angles

The Angles (Latin: Anglii) were one of the main Germanic peoples who settled in Britain in the post-Roman period. They founded several of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England, and their name is the root of the name England. The name comes from the district of Angeln, an area located on the Baltic shore of what is now Schleswig-Holstein.

He gives no precise indication of their geographical situation but states that, together with the six other tribes, they worshiped Nerthus ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerthus ), or Mother Earth, whose sanctuary was located on "an island in the Ocean".

The Angles are the subject of a legend about Pope Gregory I, who happened to see a group of Angle children from Deira for sale as slaves in the Roman market. As the story would later be told by the Anglo-Saxon monk and historian Bede, Gregory was struck by the unusual appearance of the slaves and asked about their background. When told they were called "Anglii" (Angles), he replied with a Latin pun that translates well into English: “Bene, nam et angelicam habent faciem, et tales angelorum in caelis decet esse coheredes” ("It is well, for they have an angelic face, and such people ought to be co-heirs of the angels in heaven"). Supposedly, this encounter inspired the Pope to launch a mission to bring Christianity to their countrymen.

Anglo-Saxons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons

Barbarians - The Saxons

https://youtu.be/WuM4Auxml98

Animated Epics: BEOWULF (1998) TV Movie [360p] HQ - Classic animation

https://youtu.be/QKjcoFZmKuA

Beowulf, Lesson 1: Introducing the Anglo Saxons

https://youtu.be/wdmtgb4a4q4

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The original manuscript of the Chronicle was created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great.

Anglo-Saxon Heathen Calendar

http://alkman1.blogspot.com/2006/09/anglo-saxon-heathen-calendar.html

Bede, The Reckoning of Time

http://www.firne-sitte.net/de_mensibus_anglorum.html

Pagan Book of Hours

http://www.paganbookofhours.org/index.html

Saxons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons

were a Germanic people whose name was given in the early Middle Ages to a large country near the North Sea coast of what is now Germany. Earlier, in the late Roman Empire, the name was used to refer to Germanic inhabitants of what is now England... no clear homeland can be defined. There is possibly a single classical reference to a smaller homeland of an early Saxon tribe, but it is disputed. According to this proposal, the Saxons' earliest area of settlement is believed to have been Northern Albingia. This general area is close to the probable homeland of the Angles. In contrast, the British "Saxons", today referred to in English as Anglo-Saxons, became a single nation bringing together Germanic peoples (Frisian, Jutish, Angle) with the Romanized populations, establishing long-lasting post-Roman kingdoms... The term "Anglo-Saxon" came into use by the 8th century to distinguish English Saxons from continental Saxons ...While the continental Saxons are no longer a distinctive ethnic group or country, their name lives on in the names of several regions and states of Germany, including Lower Saxony (which includes the original Saxon homeland known as Old Saxony)...

The Saxons may have derived their name from seax, a kind of knife for which they were known. The seax has a lasting symbolic impact in the English counties of Essex and Middlesex, both of which feature three seaxes in their ceremonial emblem. Their names, along with those of Sussex and Wessex, contain a remnant of the word "Saxon".... In the Celtic languages, the words designating English nationality derive from the Latin word Saxones...It derives from the Scottish Gaelic Sasannach. The Gaelic name for England is Sasann, and Sasannach means "English" in reference to people and things, though not to the English Language, which is Beurla. Sasanach, the Irish word for an Englishman...

Ptolemy's Geographia, written in the 2nd century, is sometimes considered to contain the first mentioning of the Saxons. Some copies of this text mention a tribe called Saxones in the area to the north of the lower Elbe....Schütte also remarks that there was a medieval tradition of calling this area "Old Saxony" (covering Westphalia, Angria and Eastphalia). This view is in line with Bede who mentions Old Saxony was near the Rhine, somewhere to the north of the river Lippe (Westphalia, northeastern part of modern German state Nordrhein-Westfalen). The first undisputed mention of the Saxon name in its modern form is from AD 356, when Julian, later the Roman Emperor, mentioned them in a speech as allies of Magnentius, a rival emperor in Gaul. Zosimus also mentions a specific tribe of Saxons, called the Kouadoi, which have been interpreted as a misunderstanding for the Chauci, or Chamavi. They entered the Rhineland and displaced the recently settled Salian Franks from Batavi, whereupon some of the Salians began to move into the Belgian territory of Toxandria, supported by Julian. Both in this case and in others the Saxons were associated with using boats for their raids....

In 441–442 AD, Saxons are mentioned for the first time as inhabitants of Britain, when an unknown Gaulish historian wrote: "The British provinces...have been reduced to Saxon rule". Saxons as inhabitants of present-day Northern Germany are first mentioned in 555, when the Frankish king Theudebald died, and the Saxons used the opportunity for an uprising. The uprising was suppressed by Chlothar I, Theudebald's successor. Some of their Frankish successors fought against the Saxons, others were allied with them. The Thuringians frequently appeared as allies of the Saxons. In the Netherlands, Saxons occupied the territory south of the Frisians and north of the Franks. In the west it reached as far as the Gooi region, in the south as far as the Lower Rhine.... In 569, some Saxons accompanied the Lombards into Italy under the leadership of Alboin and settled there.... Saxons, along with Angles, Frisians and Jutes, invaded or migrated to the island of Great Britain (Britannia) around the time of the collapse of the Western Roman Empire....According to tradition, the Saxons (and other tribes) first entered Britain en masse as part of an agreement to protect the Britons from the incursions of the Picts, Gaels and others....Historians are divided about what followed: some argue that the takeover of southern Great Britain by the Anglo-Saxons was peaceful. The known account from a native Briton who lived in the mid-5th century AD, Gildas, described events as a forced takeover by armed attack: ...

The Continental Saxons living in what was known as Old Saxony (c. 531-804) appear to have become consolidated by the end of the 8th century. After subjugation by the Emperor Charlemagne, a political entity called the Duchy of Saxony (804-1296) appeared, covering Westphalia, Eastphalia, Angria and Nordalbingia (Holstein, southern part of modern-day Schleswig-Holstein state). The Saxons long resisted becoming Christians and being incorporated into the orbit of the Frankish kingdom....

The caste structure was rigid; in the Saxon language the three castes...the edhilingui were the descendants of the Saxons who led the tribe out of Holstein and during the migrations of the 6th century. They were a conquering warrior elite. The frilingi represented the descendants of the amicii, auxiliarii and manumissi of that caste. The lazzi represented the descendants of the original inhabitants of the conquered territories, who were forced to make oaths of submission and pay tribute to the edhilingui. The Lex Saxonum regulated the Saxons' unusual society. Intermarriage between the castes was forbidden by the Lex, and wergilds were set based upon caste membership. The edhilingui were worth 1,440 solidi, or about 700 head of cattle, the highest wergild on the continent; the price of a bride was also very high. This was six times as much as that of the frilingi and eight times as much as the lazzi....

Early Saxon religious practices in Britain can be gleaned from place names and the Germanic calendar in use at that time. The Germanic gods Woden, Frigg, Tiw and Thunor, who are attested to in every Germanic tradition, were worshipped in Wessex, Sussex and Essex. They are the only ones directly attested to, though the names of the third and fourth months (March and April) of the Old English calendar bear the names Hrethmonath and Eosturmonath, meaning "month of Hretha" and "month of Ēostre." It is presumed that these are the names of two goddesses who were worshipped around that season. The Saxons offered cakes to their gods in February (Solmonath). There was a religious festival associated with the harvest, Halegmonath ("holy month" or "month of offerings", September). The Saxon calendar began on 25 December, and the months of December and January were called Yule (or Giuli). They contained a Modra niht or "night of the mothers", another religious festival of unknown content. ...

The Saxons

https://www.ancient.eu/Saxons/

The Saxons were a Germanic tribe that originally occupied the region which today is the North Sea coast of the Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark....Since the Saxons were illiterate, most of what we know about them comes from reports of a handful of writers (mostly bishops and monks) and also from archaeological research. The Saxons were among the "barbarian" nations that would engage against Rome during late antiquity, putting an end to the dying imperial order in the western realm of Rome, reshaping the map, and renaming the nations of Europe....

They preyed on shipping lanes and also raided the coast of Britain and Gaul. These attacks on Roman Britain during the late third century CE forced the authorities to build a network of forts with thick stone walls at coastal locations to repel these attacks...Carausius, a Menapian commander of Roman legions under the future emperor Maximian, was given the task of eliminating the Frankish and Saxon pirates in 285 CE. His mission was very successful and, by 286 CE, he had broken the pirate's power at sea....

According to Bede, the famous British monk who lived in the early Middle Ages, the Britons were suffering attacks from the Scots and the Picts, so they decided to hire some of the Saxons as mercenaries to fight their enemies. After completing their task, the Saxons turned against the Britons. Gildas, a 6th century CE British monk, describes the Saxons as savages similar to dogs and lions,...It is clear both from historical sources and archaeological data that by the end of the 5th century CE, southeast Britain was under the control of various Saxon groups.... Britain was the only place in Europe that saw the formation of new states that had little in common with Roman principles. All nascent states in continental Europe that emerged after the decline of the Roman order were created on Roman foundations, sometimes with a clear Roman involvement or even retaining key aspects of Roman life. This was not the case with the Saxons who entered Britain and who were less familiar with the Roman ways....

Anglo-Saxons: a brief history

https://www.history.org.uk/primary/resource/3865/anglo-saxons-a-brief-history

Tacitus: Germania

http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/tacitus1.html

What on the contrary ennobles the Langobards is the smallness of their number, for that they, who are surrounded with very many and very powerful nations, derive their security from no obsequiousness or plying; but from the dint of battle and adventurous deeds. There follow in order the Reudignians, and Aviones, and Angles, and Varinians, and Eudoses, and Suardones and Nuithones; all defended by rivers or forests. Nor in one of these nations does aught remarkable occur, only that they universally join in the worship of Herthum; that is to say, the Mother Earth. Her they believe to interpose in the affairs of man, and to visit countries. In an island of the ocean stands the wood Castum: in it is a chariot dedicated to the Goddess, covered over with a curtain, and permitted to be touched by none but the Priest. Whenever the Goddess enters this her holy vehicle, he perceives her; and with profound veneration attends the motion of the chariot, which is always drawn by yoked cows. Then it is that days of rejoicing always ensue, and in all places whatsoever which she descends to honour with a visit and her company, feasts and recreation abound. They go not to war; they touch no arms; fast laid up is every hostile weapon; peace and repose are then only known, then only beloved, till to the temple the same priest reconducts the Goddess when well tired with the conversation of mortal beings. Anon the chariot is washed and purified in a secret lake, as also the curtains; nay, the Deity herself too, if you choose to believe it. In this office it is slaves who minister, and they are forthwith doomed to be swallowed up in the same lake. Hence all men are possessed with mysterious terror; as well as with a holy ignorance what that must be, which none see but such as are immediately to perish. Moreover this quarter of the Suevians stretches to the middle of Germany.

Map of the tribes:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png

Germania

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania

Roman term for the historical region in north-central Europe initially inhabited mainly by Germanic tribes....Germania extended from the Danube and Main in the south to the Baltic Sea, and from the Rhine in the west to the Vistula. The Roman portions formed two provinces of the Empire, Germania Inferior to the north (present-day southern Netherlands, Belgium, and western Germany), and Germania Superior to the south (Switzerland, southwestern Germany, and eastern France). During antiquity, Germania was initially inhabited not only by Germanic tribes, but also Celts, Balts, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans and later on Early Slavs, Pannonian Avars, and Huns. The population mix changed over time by assimilation, and especially by migration during the Migration Period...

The ethnonym Germani is most likely Gallic in origin. Jacob Grimm derived it from a Celtic term for "shouting; noisy", and argued that the name represents a literal translation of the endonym Tungri.... Tacitus, writing in AD 98, reports that the Tungri of his time, who lived in the area which had been home to the Germani Cisrhenani, had changed their name, but had once been the original Germani: For the rest, they affirm Germania to be a recent word, lately bestowed. For those who first passed the Rhine and expulsed the Gauls, and are now named Tungrians, were then called Germani. And thus by degrees the name of a tribe prevailed, not that of the nation; so that by an appellation at first occasioned by fear and conquest, they afterwards chose to be distinguished, and assuming a name lately invented were universally called Germani...

The Germanic Tribes History

https://youtu.be/1ouloj9Sxf8

Germanic Peoples

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples

Julius Caesar describes the Germani and their customs in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico, though it is still a matter of debate if he refers to Northern Celtic tribes or clearly identified Germanic tribes.:

[The Germani] have neither Druids to preside over sacred offices, nor do they pay great regard to sacrifices. They rank in the number of the gods those alone whom they behold, and by whose instrumentality they are obviously benefited, namely, the sun, fire, and the moon; they have not heard of the other deities even by report. Their whole life is occupied in hunting and in the pursuits of the military art; from childhood they devote themselves to fatigue and hardships. Those who have remained chaste for the longest time, receive the greatest commendation among their people; they think that by this the growth is promoted, by this the physical powers are increased and the sinews are strengthened. And to have had knowledge of a woman before the twentieth year they reckon among the most disgraceful acts; of which matter there is no concealment, because they bathe promiscuously in the rivers and [only] use skins or small cloaks of deer's hides, a large portion of the body being in consequence naked.

They do not pay much attention to agriculture, and a large portion of their food consists in milk, cheese, and flesh; nor has any one a fixed quantity of land or his own individual limits; but the magistrates and the leading men each year apportion to the tribes and families, who have united together, as much land as, and in the place in which, they think proper, and the year after compel them to remove elsewhere. For this enactment they advance many reasons-lest seduced by long-continued custom, they may exchange their ardor in the waging of war for agriculture; lest they may be anxious to acquire extensive estates, and the more powerful drive the weaker from their possessions; lest they construct their houses with too great a desire to avoid cold and heat; lest the desire of wealth spring up, from which cause divisions and discords arise; and that they may keep the common people in a contented state of mind, when each sees his own means placed on an equality with [those of] the most powerful.

Did Vikings really wear horned helmets?

Horned helmet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horned_helmet

Popular association with Vikings: Popular culture has come to associate horned helmets strongly with Viking warriors. However, there is no evidence that the Vikings wore them. The depiction of Vikings in horned helmets was an invention of 19th-century Romanticism. In 1876 Carl Emil Doepler created horned helmets for the first Bayreuth Festival production of Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen and has been credited with inspiring this.

The Origin of the Runes

http://druidsegg.reformed-druids.org/newsimbolc10-19.htm

Goths:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths

The Goths were the first Germanic peoples to become Christians. According to the 6th-century Gothic historian Jordanes, the Goths came from Sweden across the Baltic Sea to the basin of the Wis³a (Vistula) River. By the 3rd century AD they had migrated as far south as the lower Danube, around the Black Sea.

Both *Gautaz and *Gutô relate to the Proto-Germanic verb *geutaną, meaning "to pour". This same root may be connected to the name of a river that flows through Västergötland in Sweden, the Göta älv, which drains Lake Vänern into the Kattegat at the city of Gothenburg (Swedish: Göteborg), on the western coast of Sweden. It is certainly plausible that a flowing river would be given a name that describes it as "pouring", and that, if the original home of the Goths was near that river, they would choose an ethnonym that described them as living by the river.

It survives in the modern Scandinavian tribal name Gutes (Gutar in Gutnish, in Swedish Gotlänningar), which is what the inhabitants of present-day Swedish island Gotland in the Baltic Sea call themselves. Another modern Scandinavian tribal name, the Geats (in Swedish "Götar"), which is what the original inhabitants of present-day Götaland (originally south of Svealand, north of the former Danish regions Skåne and Blekinge and east of the former Dano-Norwegian regions Båhuslen and Halland) call themselves,

The Goths, according to Isidore of Seville, were descended from Gog and Magog, and of the same race as the Getae.

The 6th Century Byzantine historian Procopius wrote that the Goths were tall and blond haired: For they all have white bodies and fair hair, and are tall and handsome to look upon ...

The 4th Century Greek historian Eunapius described the Goths' powerful build in a pejorative way: Their bodies provoked contempt in all who saw them, for they were far too big and far too heavy for their feet to carry them, and they were pinched in at the waist – just like those insects Aristotle writes of.

Barbarians - The Goths

https://youtu.be/EcuVJUKZvx4

"Oppression sires Rebellion. When pushed too far even the weak, and shattered can rise to challenge their oppressor. In the process they can transform themselves, and the future of their world. This a lesson history teaches us over and over again."

Barbarians - The Huns

https://youtu.be/SQYigCUcZjg

Barbarians - The Vandals

https://youtu.be/YgAZt65tjHo

Barbarians - The Lombards

https://youtu.be/5teZY13KW2w

Barbarians - The Franks

https://youtu.be/1-l6u-7I9X0

Old Texts:

The Children of Odin

http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/ice/coo/

This is Padraic Colum's retelling of the Eddas and the Volsung Saga

Legends and Sagas

http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/index.htm#neu

This section of sacred-texts archives the rich literature of Sagas and Legends. These are mostly (but not all) from Northern Europe, and primarily based on legendary events and people from the Middle Ages. Many of these narratives are based on archetypal stories that date even further back in time.

Icelandic

http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/ice/index.htm

Sweden (14 videos)

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcroOUap-NymX14gb0AUBoRy6ju_Vw1zv

Winter at the Burial Mounds of Uppsala

Stone Ships and Goddess Cult of Västmanland

Nordic Boats and Indo-European Chariots

Before the Vikings

Why Does Strength Matter?

Swedish Pagan Vårblot (Ostara/Eostre) at Gamla Uppsala

Sigurd the Dragonslayer

Freyr and Ship Burials of Vendel

Valsgärde and Vendel Pagan Ship Burials

Burial Mounds and Medieval Frescoes in Sweden

Freyr's Pagan Temple at Uppsala

Runes 2: Chronological Development of Runic Carving in Sweden

Runes 4: Christian and Pagan

Iron Age Grave Field and Broborg Hill Fort, Sweden

A million Vikings still live among us:

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2577003/A-million-Vikings-live-One-33-men-claim-direct-descendants-Norse-warriors.html

One in 33 men can claim to be direct descendants from the Norse warriors

1. Shetland - 29.2 per cent 2. Orkney - 25.2 per cent 3. Caithness - 17.5 per cent

4. Isle of Man - 12.3 per cent 5. Western Isles - 11.3 per cent 6. North West Scotland and Inner Hebrides - 9.9 per cent 7. Argyll - 5.8 per cent 8. Yorkshire - 5.6 per cent

9. North East Scotland - 4.9 per cent 10. North England - 4 per cent 11. East England - 3.6 per cent 12. South West Scotland - 3.2 per cent 13. South East Scotland - 2.7 per cent 14. Central England - 2.6 per cent 15. Central Scotland - 2.2 per cent 16. South East England - 1.9 per cent 17. South West England - 1.6 per cent 18. Ireland (Ulster) - 1.4 per cent 19. Ireland (Munster) - 1.3 per cent 20. Ireland (Connacht) - 1.2 per cent

21. Wales - 1 per cent 22. Ireland (Leinster) - 1 per cent

What stands out to me reading a little about the Vikings is the similarities to the Phoenicians, and the ancient Sumerian society. Whether they are related, or if the Vikings picked up on the ways of the Phoenicians and Mesopotamian ways, or if they were the contributors to that society I dont know. Some noteable similarities: Sea Raiders, Boat building, Slave Society, Beer, Traders, Religious order are few I can think of spur of the moment. Other ways appear to be from the east cultures, and some others from the west cultures. So it appears Vikings had picked up alot on from peoples all around either thru their raiding, or the influx of peoples they brought in.

Viking haplogroup I as proposed makes them closer in relationship to J haplogroup which was the proposed haplogroup of the Phoenicians (according to one source but, others say Phoenicians were Turcs making them hg R1(x). Or could be both if the society was integrated). And the I haplogroup is said to have origins in the Balkans. Not sure if this is of significance but just a noteable similarity.

UPDATE: I have learned more that the R1b were the native first Europeans in the paleolithic from west Europe to Siberia. I haplogroup broke off from the mid east IJ haplogroup and settled in the Balkens. The I hg around 10,000ybp migrated north and east with some going west as well. R1a from Eurasia also migrate west into Scandinavia. Thus the Vikings were probably a mix of native R1b who allowed the I hg and R1a hg to settle in their territory.

Vikings

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings

Vikings (Old English: wicing—"pirate",...were Norse seafarers, mainly speaking the Old Norse language, who raided and traded from their Northern European homelands across wide areas of northern, central and eastern Europe, during the late 8th to late 11th centuries....Viking activities at times also extended into the Mediterranean littoral, North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia....Viking (Norse) communities and polities were established in diverse areas of north-western Europe, European Russia, the North Atlantic islands and as far as the north-eastern coast of North America....

Europe in 814. Roslagen is located along the coast of the northern tip of the pink area marked "Swedes and Goths". The Vikings were known as Ascomanni ("ashmen") by the Germans for the ash wood of their boats, Lochlannach ("lake person") by the Gaels and Dene by the Anglo-Saxons... The Slavs, the Arabs and the Byzantines knew them as the Rus'... The Slavs and the Byzantines also called them Varangians ... The Franks normally called them Northmen or Danes, ...

There is archaeological evidence that Vikings reached Baghdad, the centre of the Islamic Empire. The Norse regularly plied the Volga with their trade goods: furs, tusks, seal fat for boat sealant, and slaves.... Generally speaking, the Norwegians expanded to the north and west to places such as Ireland, Scotland, Iceland, and Greenland; the Danes to England and France, settling in the Danelaw (northern/eastern England) and Normandy; and the Swedes to the east, founding Kievan Rus'. ...

Viking expansion into continental Europe was limited. Their realm was bordered by powerful cultures to the south. Early on it was the Saxons, who occupied Old Saxony, located in what is now Northern Germany. The Saxons were a fierce and powerful people and were often in conflict with the Vikings. ...The Vikings soon witnessed the violent subduing of the Saxons by Charlemagne, in the thirty-year Saxon Wars in 772-804. The Saxon defeat resulted in their forced christening and the absorption of Old Saxony into the Carolingian Empire....

During the Viking Age, Scandinavian men and women travelled to many parts of Europe and beyond, in a cultural diaspora ... This period of energetic activity also had a pronounced effect in the Scandinavian homelands, which were subject to a variety of new influences.... Scandinavia underwent profound cultural changes....

One of the primary sources of profit for the Vikings had been slave-taking. The medieval Church held that Christians should not own fellow Christians as slaves, so chattel slavery diminished as a practice throughout northern Europe. This took much of the economic incentive out of raiding, though sporadic slaving activity continued into the 11th century. Scandinavian predation in Christian lands around the North and Irish Seas diminished markedly....

The majority of runic inscriptions from the Viking period are found in Sweden and date from the 11th century. The oldest stone with runic inscriptions was found in Norway and dates to the 4th century, suggesting that runic inscriptions pre-date the Viking period. ...

According to written sources, most of the funerals took place at sea. The funerals involved either burial or cremation, depending on local customs. In the area that is now Sweden, cremations were predominant; in Denmark burial was more common; and in Norway both were common....

The Viking society was divided into the three socio-economic classes of Thralls, Karls and Jarls. This is described vividly in the Eddic poem of Rigsthula, which also explains that it was the God Ríg - father of mankind also known as Heimdallr - who created the three classes.... Thralls were the lowest ranking class and were slaves. Slavery was of vital importance to Viking society, for everyday chores and large scale construction and also to trade and the economy....According to the Rigsthula, Thralls were despised and looked down upon. New thralls were supplied by either the sons and daughters of thralls or they were captured abroad. The Vikings often deliberately captured many people on their raids in Europe, enslaved and made them into thralls. The new thralls were then brought back home to Scandinavia by boat, used on location or in newer settlements to build needed structures or sold, often to the Arabs in exchange for silver....

Karls were free peasants. They owned farms, land and cattle and engaged in daily chores like ploughing the fields, milking the cattle, building houses and wagons, but employed thralls to make ends meet. Other names for Karls were 'bonde' or simply free men.

The Jarls were the aristocracy of the Viking society. They were wealthy and owned large estates with huge longhouses, horses and many thralls. The thralls or servants took care of most of the daily chores, while the Jarls engaged in administration, politics, hunting, sports, paid visits to other Jarls or were abroad on expeditions. When a Jarl died and was buried, his household thralls were sometimes sacrificially killed and buried next to him, as many excavations have revealed....

Women had a relatively free status in the Nordic countries ...An exception to her independence was the right to choose a marriage partner, as marriages were normally arranged by the clan....

According to custom, all free Norse men were required to own weapons and were permitted to carry them all the time. These arms were indicative of a Viking's social status: a wealthy Viking had a complete ensemble of a helmet, shield, mail shirt, and sword....

Genetic legacy: Haplogroup I-M253 Y chromosome ...greatest frequency among Scandinavian males: 35 percent in Norway, Denmark, and Sweden, and peaking at 40 percent within western Finland. It is also common near the southern Baltic and North Sea coasts, and then successively decreasing further to the south geographically....

Viking Y DNA

https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/vikingydna/about/results

The Viking Y-DNA Project currently exhibits a slight bias towards haplogroup I1 given the geographical range of the vikings roughly corresponding to the georgraphical core of I1. Make no mistake, not all I1 were vikings and not all vikings were I1. Other haplogroups as (such as G2, N, R1a, and R1b), that form part of "the Viking thumbprint". We would therefore like to encourage everyone with a clear paternal origin in the Viking areas of the British Isles, Normandy, Iceland, Germany, the Baltic, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Netherlands, Denmark and Germany, to join the Viking Y-DNA Project.

Haplogroup I

https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/mt-dna-i/about/background

Research indicates that, in ancient times, Haplogroup I occurred at higher-than-usual levels among certain populations of Vikings and Danes. The average frequency rate was 13% from the Iron Age to Medieval times.

Evidence of Authentic DNA from Danish Viking Age Skeletons Untouched by Humans for 1,000 Years

http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0002214

Among present day Scandinavians Hg I constitutes <2%, however, we have previously observed a markedly higher frequency (10–20%) of Hg I in Danish Iron Age and Viking Age population samples

it is noted that five of the ten subjects harbour mtDNA haplotypes which have either not been observed or are infrequent in modern Scandinavians (Table 1). In particular the observation of haplotype X2c is interesting (subject G7). Haplogroup X is itself rare (0.9% in Scandinavians) but has a very wide geographic range, and X2c is a rare subgroup of X accounting for only 5% of 175 Hg X samples surveyed in 2003

Sinclair DNA, I1, i1, Scandinavia, Norse, Viking

http://www.stclairresearch.com/content/lineagesI1.html

I1 is overwhelmingly a Norse / Northern Germanic Haplogroup. Most archaeological evidence in Scandinavia points to the there being post-LGM settlement there about 8,000 BCE. ...

The genealogies of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom in England suggest that there was a human named Odin of Saxon descent. His name was Wodan and apparently he lived sometime between 100 AD - 250 AD....

Northward migrating humans arrived in Denmark by about 10,000 BC after the end of the LGM. The first Danes were Stone Age hunters and fishermen. However about 4,000 BC farming was introduced into Denmark. The earliest Danish farmers used stone tools and weapons. However about 1,800 BC bronze was introduced into Denmark. ...

"A modal haplotype for all of I1 would not be meaningful because the various varieties of I1 have not shared a common ancestor for thousands of years, but key markers do unify the subclade ... There are two main subgroups of haplogroup I: I-M253/I-M307/I-P30/I-P40 has highest frequency in Scandinavia, Iceland, and northwest Europe. In Britain, haplogroup I-M253 is often used as a marker for "invaders," Viking or Anglo-Saxon.

The Eve of the Viking Age: In the 880's, a Scandinavian merchant named Ottar was visiting the Anglo-Saxon king Alfred and describing his homeland. Luckily for us, a royal scribe was taking notes and these survive to this day. 129, 132 Ottar described the far north of Norway and the western shore of the Baltic as a home to several different cultures. ...At this time, Scandinavia was primarily divided into the Saami (pronounced "Sar-mee") people of the north and those of Germanic origins in the south. Slavic and Baltic tribes were also present in the southeast. The language patterns of the Saami are of Finno-Ugrian origin 129, p 38 and distantly related to the Estonians and Hungarians.... From what I'm reading at this writing, the southern group became the Viking invaders while the Saami were more settled.

Around the year 700, there may have been as many as seven or eight small kingdoms along the Norwegian coast. The territory of Sweden was dominated by the two kingdoms of the Svear and the Goths. ... In trading, and likely other matters, the Svear were oriented towards the east while the Goths were oriented towards Denmark and Norway in the west. The Saami of the north were oriented towards the west as far as Iceland and Greenland....

Summary of Facts - The I1 Lineage and the I1 - Anglo-Saxon Norse

Somewhat like the E1 group, the ancestors of Sinclairs with the I1 haplotype spent some time in the Balkans before finding their way into Northern Europe, then sprinting up into Scandinavia.

Some of these I1 folks stayed in Scandinavian countries while others came south into Europe even before the well-known Viking raids.

This haplogroup does not share a MRCA with other lineages until before the LGM when R1 split off into R1b and those who stayed in mid-Europe developed the mutation we call R1a. ...

Drinking horn

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_horn

During Classical Antiquity, the Thracians and Scythians in particular were known for their custom of drinking from horns ...The Scythian elite also used horn-shaped rhyta made entirely from precious metal. A notable example is the 5th century BC gold-and-silver rhython in the shape of a Pegasus ...The oldest remains of drinking horns or rhyta known from Scythan burials are dated to the 7th century BC,...

After these early specimens, there is a gap with only sparse evidence of Scythian drinking horns during the 6th century. Drinking horns re-appear in the context of Pontic burials in the 5th century BC: these are the specimens classified as Scythian drinking horns by Maksimova (1956). The 5th-century BC practice of depositing drinking horns with precious metal fittings as grave goods for deceased warriors appears to originate in the Kuban region. In the 4th century BC, the practice spreads throughout the Pontic Steppe. Rhyta, mostly of Achaemenid or Thracian import, continue to be found in Scythian burials, but they are now clearly outnumbered by Scythian drinking horns proper. ...

Scythian drinking horns have been found almost exclusively in warrior burials. This has been taken as strongly suggesting an association of the drinking horn with the Scythian cult of kingship and warrior ethos....

The Scythian drinking horns are clearly associated with the consumption of wine.

The drinking horn reached Central Europe with the Iron Age, in the wider context of "Thraco-Cimmerian" cultural transmission. A number of early Celtic (Hallstatt culture) specimens are known, ... Krauße (1996) examines the spread of the "fashion" of drinking horns (Trinkhornmode) in prehistoric Europe, assuming it reached the eastern Balkans from Scythia around 500 BC. ...

Julius Caesar has a description of Gaulish use of aurochs drinking horns (cornu urii) in De bello gallico 6.28:

„Amplitudo cornuum et figura et species multum a nostrorum boum cornibus differt. Haec studiose conquisita ab labris argento circumcludunt atque in amplissimis epulis pro poculis utuntur.“

"The [Gaulish] horns in size, shape, and kind are very different from those of our cattle. They are much sought-after, their rim fitted with silver, and they are used at great feasts as drinking vessels." ...

The Germanic peoples of the Migration period imitated glass drinking horns from Roman models. One fine 5th century Merovingian example... The British Museum also has a fine pair of 6th century Anglo-Saxon drinking horns, made from Aurochs horns (the wild ancestor of domestic cattle which became extinct in the 17th century) with silver-gilt mounts ....

Drinking horns are attested from Viking Age Scandinavia. In the Prose Edda, Thor drank from a horn that unbeknown to him contained all the seas, and in the process he scared Útgarða-Loki and his kin by managing to drink a conspicuous part of its content. They also feature in Beowulf, and fittings for drinking horns were also found at the Sutton Hoo burial site. Carved horns are mentioned in Guðrúnarkviða II, a poem composed about 1000 AD and preserved in the Poetic Edda:...

Drinking horns were the ceremonial drinking vessel for those of high status all through the medieval period... Drinking horns remained in use for ceremonial purposes throughout the Early Modern period....

Modern period: Modern-day Asatru adherents use drinking horns for Blóts and sumbels....ritual toasting in Georgia...In Swiss culture traditional prize ...German student corps for ritual drinking.... produced as luxury items in 19th to early 20th century imperial Austria and Germany....

This online version of the book is incomplete. But, what is available was interesting...

Vikings and Goths: A History of Ancient and Medieval Sweden

https://books.google.com/books?id=joawDAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA23&dq=goths%20people%20of%20the%20goats&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=goths%20people%20of%20the%20goats&f=false

Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanngrisnir_and_Tanngnj%C3%B3str

Tanngrisnir (Old Norse "teeth-barer, snarler") and Tanngnjóstr (Old Norse "teeth grinder") are the goats who pull the god Thor's chariot in Norse mythology. They are attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century.

The Prose Edda relates that when Thor cooks the goats, their flesh provides sustenance for the god, and, after Thor resurrects them with his hammer, Mjölnir, they are brought back to life the next day. According to the same source, Thor once stayed a night at the home of peasant farmers and shared with them his goat meal, yet one of their children, Þjálfi, broke one of the bones to suck out the marrow, resulting in the lameness of one of the goats upon resurrection. As a result, Thor maintains Þjálfi and his sister Röskva as his servants. Scholars have linked the ever-replenishing goats to the nightly-consumed beast Sæhrímnir in Norse mythology and Scandinavian folk beliefs involving herring bones and witchcraft.

Þjálfi and Röskva

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%A1lfi_and_R%C3%B6skva

In Norse mythology, Þjálfi and Röskva are two siblings, male and female respectively, who are servants of the god Thor. ...

Thor with Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr goats and Loki

https://youtu.be/yZll4vS2ftc

Walhalla Animation Ganzer Film auf Deutsch

https://youtu.be/LAiAV_3_UNE

SUCCESSORS OF ROME: GERMANIA, 395-774

http://www.friesian.com/germania.htm

Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Vikings, Orkney, etc.

Alans were an Iranian steppe people, not Germans. ...

Gothic is the first attested Germanic language, preserved thanks to St. Ulfilas (Wulfila, "Little Wolf," d.c.383), who was consecrated Bishop to the Goths in 336, who formulated an alphabet for the language...

The Gothic alphabet ceased to be used as the Gothic Nations ceased to exist. Gothic is assigned to the Eastern group of Germanic languages. ...

January 1, 407, the Iranian Alans, the Vandals, and the Suevi crossed a frozen Rhine to engage in an uncontested romp through Gaul and Spain. ... In 416, the Visigoths broke up the kingdoms of the Alans and the Siling Vandals, leaving the Suevi and Asding Vandals, perhaps as potential allies against possible Roman revival....

Sueves, Suebi, Sueben, or Schwaben) became an established Kingdom in Spain,...Suevi survived in Germany, in the Stem Duchy of Swabia...

in 428, the Asding Vandals crossed over into Africa. By 442 they had established themselves,...

With the Western Empire obviously in collapse, the Visigoths then expanded into much of the rest of Gaul and Spain (469-478). The Visigothic Kingdom, pushed entirely into Spain by the Franks (507), absorbing the Suevi (584), and converting from Arianism to orthodox Catholicism (589), endured until the armies of Islâm arrived in 711. The history of Spain is then largely of Islâmic Spain, until the Christian north revives and Islâm power goes into decline, around the turn of the millennium....

The origin and history of the Goths is a matter of great interest, dispute, and speculation. The island of Gotland off the coast of Sweden seems to testify to the location and antiquity of the name, but there is no real historical evidence linking the Goths to it, apart from much later, and legendary, accounts, like the history of the Goths completed in 551 by Jordanes, a Goth himself -- although it seems to be based on a larger history by Cassiodorus. What is better known is that in the first centuries A.D. German tribes expanded from the Baltic & North Sea coasts of Germany south and east along the frontier of the Roman Empire. ...

The Gothic "empire" of King Ermanaric collapsed abruptly when the Huns arrived in about 370 -- Ermanaric is even supposed to have committed suicide. This pushed the Goths back into Roman territory, which began all the troubles for Rome. ...

But after some centuries in the area, the Goths had left a treasure hoard behind in what later would be modern Romania. A Runic inscription on one item in the hoard contains the words Gutani, which was the Goths' own name for themselves (it turns up in Latin as Gutones)...

493, when the last bona fide Roman officer, Odoacer, is overthrown by a German tribal king -- and the late Roman capital of Ravenna falls for the first time to an invader. The kingdom of Theodoric the Great then becomes the high water mark of German power in the Mediterranean West. Holding off the Franks, propping up the Visigoths, and enlarging the Italian Kingdom, ...

That Italy fell to Germans less with a bang than with a whimper is a truth actually little noted, and hardly present at all in popular consciousness. I expect most people imagine the Goths storming their way into Rome against futile Roman resistance. There is little general awareness that nothing of the sort happened until the 6th century; and, when some attention is paid to it, the struggle of Justinian and Belisarius largely comes in for censure by historians....

Not until the 19th century would Italy ever again be the unified center of an important independent power. When the Lombards descended in 568, neither were they strong enough to secure the whole country nor were the Romans strong enough to throw them out. ...The Lombards themselves slowly waxed in power as the Romans suffered the devastating blows dealt by the rise of Islâm. Finding himself at the mercy of the advancing Lombards, the Pope began to appeal to the Franks. The Lombard kingdom was finally wholly defeated and annexed by Charlemagne in 774....

when Justinian succeeded in destroying the Ostrogoths (552), the Bavarians moved south of the Danube, but about the same time they also came under the control of the Franks....

The Saxons were a tough fight for the Franks, just about the worst. It took Charlemagne 27 years (777-804) to effectively reduce the country. The fighting, by all accounts, was brutal, with little restraint or humanity shown by either side. Saxon paganism, toughness, and ruthlessness perhaps foreshadows the future ferocity of the Vikings....

The Poles and their Gothic Descent (With illustrations). - OpenSIUC

http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3174&context=ocj

the mass of the people are not Slavs but of Germanic descent, that they are the remnant of the Gothic inhabitants of the Vistula Valley who lived there before the Ostro- and Visigoths left...

the existence of the Gotland Goths as a Gothic branch is assured; and the Goths were known as the first explorers of the Baltic....

While the original inhabitants, being Gothic, were blond-haired and blue-eyed like their German cousins and like other Germanic nations — the Norse, the Dutch and the Anglo-Saxons — the new race was typically

Slavic,...

the Poles of today are divided into two different races, the agile and probably Slavic aristocracy, light-hearted, somewhat frivolous, and artistically inclined, and the large-boned blue-eyed farmer population of

the masses with broad square heads...

The Goths in Poland – where did they come from and when did they leave?:

European Journal of Archaeology: Vol 1, No 3

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/eja.1998.1.3.397?journalCode=yeja20

However, a substantial part of the agricultural Wielbark population stayed behind... Archaeologists today suggest that some 'Gothic' groups from the Pontic steppes returned to the Baltic. The merging of Germanic and Baltic traditions resulted in a new cultural formation.... the roots of the Wielbark culture commonly identified with the early Goths are to be sought in local traditions. The results of that process, which can be explained in terms of change in symbolic consciousness rather than by a demographic expansion, became archaeologically visible in the mid-first century AD....

Asatru And Odinism Books (80)

http://darkbooks.org/collection/category-asatru-and-odinism.html

Scandinavian and Turkish People, What is the connection? Odin and his People

https://tarihvearkeoloji.blogspot.com/2016/02/scandinavian-and-turkish-people-what-is.html

Bestla: Odins Mother. Gylfaginning says Buri is first man whose son was Bor. Odins father was Bur son of Buri. Buri - Boru (Boerue) means wolf in Turkish.

Wolf Warrior in Valhalla:

In Old Norse texts, Odin is depicted as one-eyed and long-bearded, frequently wielding a spear named Gungnir, and wearing a cloak and a broad hat. He is often accompanied by his animal companions the wolves Geri and Freki and the ravens Huginn and Muninn, who bring him information from all over Midgard and Odin rides the flying, eight-legged steed Sleipnir across the sky and into the underworld.

Wolves Geri and Freki. Ravens Huginn and Muninn. In Shamanism Wolves are the protectors, Ravens are the messengers, Buri means in Turkish (Börü) Wolf, Adgaard means As city (As Turks), Odin: OD is in Turkish "Fire"; Odin is in Turkish (Odun) "Wood".

And Odin was a Shaman from Tyrkland in Snorri's Edda. Asgaard, Göl (lake in Turkish), Orun, Qöpül, Qömül, Eykin...topographic. Anar, Torkel, Atyl, Qamli (Kamli-like in the word "Kam" + Kamlı means "with Kam"), Yekul, Eqil, Erp, Eyrik, Qangleri (Kangleri - Kang Turks), Buri (Börü), Qunn (Kun Turks), Qunlauq, Eynar, Elli, Aslauq, Asdis....

Odin as a king from Tyrkland to Scandinavia.

"According to ancient authors, nomadic hordes (Large relatives communities (aşiret)/little (kabile) - tribals) Massagetae and Scythians moved across the steppes in carts. Each family had a pair of oxen and a cart ("eight-legged Scythians"), which served as her permanent home. The wagon people were born, lived, worked and died there. The men traveled on horseback, and the women ran the wagon, which were their children and all the family's property was." ...

THESE COMMON information, which was consistent down to the smallest detail, forced Lukman to conclude that the Huns not only traveled north but actually established itself as a ruling elite in Scandinavia even before Attila's time, and they stayed in the area until Attila's son and successor Helleacs (ie Helge) defeat against the Ostrogoths in 455, writes Lotte Hedeager....

Kurum supposes Germanic runes and Gokturk have both stemmed from a common ancestor in a very remote past. ...

Greek myth preserves a memory of the German Heraclides that had moved to the region north of the Crimea after the impact of Typhon. We have seen the social intermeingling at the verge of forest and steppe throught the eyes of Heredotus who described the Germanic peoples, which he called the Budini, along with the Turkich Scythes, and the Sarmatians who comprised Scythian males and Finnish females called Amazons who spoke the language of Scythia, but not well according to Heredotus....

In Norse tradition the Sky-Turks (Gokturks-SB), Scythians, and/or Sarmatians are remembered as the white elves of Alfheim who were skilled metalworkers. The king of the white elves of Alfheim was Freyr. These elves practiced the metalworking skills of relatives called the black dwarves of gnomes of Swartalfheim. These would appear to be the Turkic tribes who lived in Eastern Anatolia in the valleys of the headwaters of the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. It was the same dwarfish forges that produced bronze thousands of years before that would now produce iron. And the Proto-Indo-European root that had produced *Eis meaning "ire" and "irate", would now come to stand for the sacred metal of the Age of Iraon following the cosmic impact of Typhon. When Odin returned from the East he would bring with him smelting and forging methods that involved the use of hardwood charcoal. Od in Turkish means "fire", odun means "firewood". Odin the Ygg was the "good young firewood".

After his return to the West, Odin would also learn things that he had forgotten from his blue-eyed, blond-haired Jotnar cousins who stayed in the Scandinavian highlands. From a Volva, Odin learned how to brew beer again, and he doubtless learned some of the ancient meanings of the runes. The word Yggdrasil, the Nordic Tree of Life, is a cognate with the Turkish words Yigac asil, meaning "noble main tree". This, like Tengri, was likely a contribution from Germanic to Turkic unless it is a case of convergent evolution with the roots coming from a common earlier ancestor in Eurasian. As we have seen Ygg comes from Ing.Yig, like Ing and Ygg, means "young" coming from the Eurasian root *Yeug of *Jeug, which has also given us the Tibetan Nge Jung meaning "to be born again", and the Chinese character Yong meaning "everlastin", "perpetual" and "forever".

The tree of life in Norse legend refers to the first male mortal, Ask, who was fashioned from an ash tree. Two ash trees are actually involved in Norse tradition. The rowan or mountain ash, Sorbus aucuparia, gave us the Norse word runa meaning "charm", Swedish word ronn meaning "red" as in its red berries. Ash as in Asgard refers to the "center post" or "king post" provided by the true ash tree, Fraxinus excelsior. Neither of these ash trees occurs naturally in the East. In the West it would be the oleaginous true-ash-tree that would used to give the highest heat for the purpose of metalworking and would become the "noble main tree" of life for Odin leaving the rowan in the lurch, the icon of a failed religion.

We have proposed that the union of the twenty-two character Futhark symbols occured just before the Germanic sojourn to the East. The runes from Yr to Ing represent the ten runes of the older calender, Ing being Njorth. Njorth is associated with the beginning and the end of the calendar year. The runes from Feu to Jara represent the twelve-month zodiacal calendar, imported from Sumerian tradition. Jara is known as Freyr's rune. In Icelandic Freyr is called the year god and is associated with the beginning and the end of the calendar year. Freyr bore the title of Yngvi or Ingunar so he was Njorth for the new age. Herein we have the basis for the alphabetical symbol set of twenty-two characters. But the modern Futhark set contains twenty-four symbols rather than twenty-two. Turgay Kurum solves this riddle as well.

Turgay Kurum has read the oldest extant Futhark twenty-four character rune row from the ylver stone in stanga, Gotland. This is the order of the runes that we have shown above. He point sout the characters 22,23 and 24 if read from right to left - Ogal, Dag and Ing - give us Oding or Odin. Turgay Kurum suggests that the last two last characters, Ogal and Dag, were added at the beginning of the Iron Age with the return of Odin's people to the West. In other words, the modern Futhark set is Odin's signed and sealed symbol set that he and his people brought back to the West. Odin's Germanic Futhark also carried with it the rustic sibilance of the steppes peoples of Central Asia reflected in endings such as Uruz, Thurisaz, Tiwaz and Ingwaz that many modern renditions of Futhark still give them.

Búri

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAri

Búri (or Buri) was the first god in Norse mythology. He is the father of Borr and grandfather of Odin, Vili and Ve. He was formed by the cow Auðumbla licking the salty ice of Ginnungagap during the time of Ymir. The only extant source of this myth is Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda.

She licked the ice-blocks, which were salty; and the first day that she licked the blocks, there came forth from the blocks in the evening a man's hair; the second day, a man's head; the third day the whole man was there. He is named Búri: he was fair of feature, great and mighty. He begat a son called Borr[.] Brodeur's translation

Who is Bestla?

http://www.northernpaganism.org/shrines/odins-family/bestla/who-is-bestla.html

Everyone has a mother, and that includes the great god Odin. In his case, Bestla is a frost-giantess, the daughter of the powerful frost-giant Bolthorn, who married the As-man Borr and had three sons - Odin, Vili, and Vé. She is usually shown as a tall woman with long white hair. Bestla’s older brother is the giant Mimir, whose living head lies in the well of Mimirsbrunnr.

Odin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin

In Germanic mythology, Odin (from Old Norse Óðinn)... In Norse mythology... most of the information about the god, Odin ... and is the husband of the goddess Frigg. ...Odin was known in Old English as Wōden, in Old Saxon as Wōdan, and in Old High German as Wuotan or Wōtan, all stemming from the reconstructed Proto-Germanic theonym *wōđanaz. ...the day of the week Wednesday bears his name...

In Old Norse texts, Odin is depicted as one-eyed and long-bearded, frequently wielding a spear named Gungnir, and wearing a cloak and a broad hat. He is often accompanied by his animal companions and familiars—the wolves Geri and Freki and the ravens Huginn and Muninn, who bring him information from all over Midgard—and rides the flying, eight-legged steed Sleipnir across the sky and into the underworld. Odin is attested as having many sons, most famously the gods Thor (with Jörð) and Baldr (with Frigg), and is known by hundreds of names. In these texts, he frequently seeks greater knowledge, at times in disguise (most famously by obtaining the Mead of Poetry), makes wagers with his wife Frigg over the outcome of exploits, and takes part in both the creation of the world by way of slaying the primordial being Ymir and the gift of life to the first two humans Ask and Embla. Odin has a particular association with Yule, and mankind's knowledge of both the runes and poetry is also attributed to him, giving Odin aspects of the culture hero.

In Old Norse texts, female beings associated with the battlefield—the valkyries—are associated with the god and Odin oversees Valhalla, where he receives half of those who die in battle, the einherjar. The other half are chosen by the goddess Freyja for her afterlife location, Fólkvangr. Odin consults the disembodied, herb-embalmed head of the wise being Mímir for advice, and during the foretold events of Ragnarök, Odin is told to lead the einherjar into battle before being consumed by the monstrous wolf Fenrir. In later folklore, Odin appears as a leader of the Wild Hunt, a ghostly procession of the dead through the winter sky. He is associated with charms and other forms of magic, particularly in Old English and Old Norse texts....

a frequent question being whether the figure of Odin derives from Proto-Indo-European religion, or whether he developed later in Germanic society.... The masculine noun *wōđanaz developed from the Proto-Germanic adjective *wōđaz, related to Latin vātēs and Old Irish fáith, both meaning 'seer, prophet'.... *wōđaz (or *wōđō) was further substantivized, leading to Old Norse óðr 'mind, wit, soul, sense'... Middle Dutch woet 'madness' (modern Dutch:woede 'anger'), and Old High German wuot 'thrill, violent agitation'.... æði 'rage, fury' and wuotī 'madness' derive from...*wōđīn, from *wōđaz....

Over 170 names are recorded for the god Odin (see List of names of Odin). ... Wednesday derives from Proto-Germanic *Wodensdag, itself a Germanic interpretation of Latin Dies Mercurii ("Day of Mercury").... The earliest records of the Germanic peoples were recorded by the Romans, and in these works Odin is frequently referred to—via a process known as interpretatio romana (where characteristics perceived to be similar by Romans result in identification of a non-Roman god as a Roman deity)—as the Roman god Mercury. The first clear example of this occurs in the Roman historian Tacitus's late 1st-century work Germania, where, writing about the religion of the Suebi (a confederation of Germanic peoples), he comments that "among the gods Mercury is the one they principally worship. They regard it as a religious duty to offer to him, on fixed days, human as well as other sacrificial victims. Hercules and Mars they appease by animal offerings of the permitted kind" and adds that a portion of the Suebi also venerate "Isis". In this instance, Tacitus refers to the god Odin as "Mercury", Thor as "Hercules", and Týr as "Mars", and the identity of the "Isis" of the Suebi has been debated....

Odin is frequently listed as a founding figure among the Old English royalty.... Anglo-Saxon runic letter ó ("ós"), meaning "[a] god". ...Old English os, a particularly heathen word for 'god'.... "Os was cognate with As in Norse, where it meant one of the Æsir, the chief family of gods.... but it was not used as a word to refer to the God of Christians.... The tales about the Norse god Odin tell how he gave one of his eyes in return for wisdom; he also won the mead of poetic inspiration.... Odin in Norse mythology the founder of the runic alphabets...

Writing in the mid-7th century, Jonas of Bobbio wrote that earlier that century the Irish missionary Columbanus disrupted an offering of beer to Odin (vodano) "(whom others called Mercury)" in Swabia.... 9th-century document...known as the Old Saxon Baptismal Vow records the names of three Old Saxon gods, UUôden ('Woden'), Saxnôte, and Thunaer ('Thor'), whom pagan converts were to renounce as demons....

In the 11th century, ...Adam of Bremen recorded...that a statue of Thor, whom Adam describes as "mightiest", sat enthroned in the Temple at Uppsala (located in Gamla Uppsala, Sweden) flanked by Wodan (Odin) and "Fricco". Regarding Odin, Adam defines him as "frenzy" (Wodan, id est furor) and says that he "rules war and gives people strength against the enemy" and that the people of the temple depict him as wearing armor, "as our people depict Mars". According to Adam, the people of Uppsala had appointed priests (gothi) to each of the gods, who were to offer up sacrifices (blót), and in times of war sacrifices were made to images of Odin....

The poem Völuspá features Odin in a dialogue with an undead völva, who gives him wisdom from ages past and foretells the onset of Ragnarök, the destruction and rebirth of the world. Among the information the völva recounts is the story of the first human beings (Ask and Embla), found and given life by a trio of gods; Odin, Hœnir, and Lóðurr:... the völva recounts the events of the Æsir-Vanir War, the war between Vanir and the Æsir, two groups of gods. During this, the first war of the world, Odin flung his spear into the opposing forces of the Vanir. The völva tells Odin that she knows where he has hidden his eye; in the spring Mímisbrunnr, and from it "Mímir drinks mead every morning". After Odin gives her necklaces, she continues to recount more information, including a list of valkyries, referred to as nǫnnor Herians 'the ladies of War Lord'; in other words, the ladies of Odin. In foretelling the events of Ragnarök, the völva predicts the death of Odin; Odin will fight the monstrous wolf Fenrir during the great battle at Ragnarök. Odin will be consumed by the wolf, yet Odin's son Víðarr will avenge him by stabbing the wolf in the heart. After the world is burned and renewed, the surviving and returning gods will meet and recall Odin's deeds and "ancient runes"....

Odin sacrificing himself upon Yggdrasil ...While the name of the tree is not provided in the poem and other trees exist in Norse mythology, the tree is near universally accepted as the cosmic tree Yggdrasil, and if the tree is Yggdrasil, then the name Yggdrasil (Old Norse 'Ygg's steed') directly relates to this story. Odin is associated with hanging and gallows; John Lindow comments that "the hanged 'ride' the gallows"....

Gylfaginning... two ravens named Huginn and Muninn sit on Odin's shoulders. The ravens tell Odin everything they see and hear. Odin sends Huginn and Muninn out at dawn, and the birds fly all over the world before returning at dinner-time. As a result, Odin is kept informed of many events. ...Odin is referred to as "raven-god".... Odin gives all of the food on his table to his wolves Geri and Freki and that Odin requires no food, for wine is to him both meat and drink....

Ynglinga saga...Odin...said to have lived in "the land or home of the Æsir".... capital of which being Ásgarðr...was ruled by Odin, a great chieftain, and was "a great place for sacrifices". It was the custom there that twelve temple priests were ranked highest; they administered sacrifices and held judgements over men. "Called diar or chiefs", the people were obliged to serve under them and respect them. Odin was a very successful warrior and traveled widely, conquering many lands. Odin was so successful that he never lost a battle. As a result, according to the saga, men came to believe that "it was granted to him" to win all battles. Before Odin sent his men to war or to perform tasks for him, he would place his hands upon their heads and give them a bjannak ('blessing', ultimately from Latin benedictio) and the men would believe that they would also prevail. The men placed all of their faith in Odin, and wherever they called his name they would receive assistance from doing so. Odin was often gone for great spans of time.

Odin had two brothers, Vé and Vili. While Odin was gone, his brothers governed his realm. Once, Odin was gone for so long that the Æsir believed that Odin would not return. His brothers began to divvy up Odin's inheritance, "but his wife Frigg they shared between them. However, afterwards, [Odin] returned and took possession of his wife again". ...Æsir-Vanir War... Odin "made war on the Vanir". However, the Vanir defended their land and the battle turned to a stalemate, both sides having devastated one another's lands. As part of a peace agreement, the two sides exchanged hostages. One of the exchanges went awry and resulted in the Vanir decapitating one of the hostages sent to them by the Æsir, Mímir. The Vanir sent Mímir's head to the Æsir, whereupon Odin "took it and embalmed it with herbs so that it would not rot, and spoke charms over it", which imbued the head with the ability to answer Odin and "tell him many occult things"....

In the 13th century legendary saga Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks, the poem Heiðreks gátur contains a riddle that mentions Sleipnir and Odin: Gestumblindi said: "Who are the twain that on ten feet run? three eyes they have, but only one tail. All right guess now this riddle, Heithrek!" Heithrek said: "Good is thy riddle, Gestumblindi, and guessed it is: that is Odin riding on Sleipnir."...

Various interpretations have been offered for a symbol that appears on various archaeological finds known modernly as the valknut. Due to the context of its placement on some objects, some scholars have interpreted this symbol as referring to Odin. For example, Hilda Ellis Davidson theorizes a connection between the valknut, the god Odin and "mental binds": For instance, beside the figure of Odin on his horse shown on several memorial stones there is a kind of knot depicted, called the valknut, related to the triskele. This is thought to symbolize the power of the god to bind and unbind, mentioned in the poems and elsewhere. Odin had the power to lay bonds upon the mind, so that men became helpless in battle, and he could also loosen the tensions of fear and strain by his gifts of battle-madness, intoxication, and inspiration. Davidson says that similar symbols are found beside figures of wolves and ravens on "certain cremation urns" from Anglo-Saxon cemeteries in East Anglia. According to Davidson, Odin's connection to cremation is known, and it does not seem unreasonable to connect with Odin in Anglo-Saxon England. Additionally, Davidson proposes further connections between Odin's role as bringer of ecstasy by way of the etymology of the god's name.

Origin, theories, and interpretation:

Beginning with Henry Petersen's doctoral dissertation in 1876, which proposed that Thor was the indigenous god of Scandinavian farmers and Odin a later god proper to chieftains and poets, many scholars of Norse mythology in the past viewed Odin as having been imported from elsewhere....which presents the Æsir as having migrated into Scandinavia; he proposed that both Odin and the runes were introduced from southeastern Europe in the Iron Age. Other scholars placed his introduction at different times; Axel Olrik, during the Migration Age as a result of Gaulish influence. More radically, both the archeologist and comparative mythologist Marija Gimbutas and the Germanicist Karl Helm argued that the Æsir as a group, which includes both Thor and Odin, were late introductions into northern Europe and that the indigenous religion of the region had been Vanic.... it was then superseded by the trifunctional hypothesis...in the Indo-European pantheon...

Odin The Allfather Of The Aesir In Norse Mythology

http://norse-mythology.net/odin-the-allfather-of-the-aesir-in-norse-mythology/

Odin is the grandson of Buri the first Æsir, and he is the son of the half-God, half-giant Bestla and Bor. Odin has two brothers, Vili and Ve, together his brothers Odin created the world in Norse mythology. Odin is married to the beautiful Goddess Frigg, together they have the sons Baldr and Hod, but Odin also have others sons. Some of the giantess who lives in Jotunheim (the land of the giants), is so beautiful that even Odin can not resist them. Odin has on many occasions traveled to Jotunheim to be with one of those beautiful giantess. This has resulted in that Odin became the father of Thor (the God of thunder) with the giantess. Odin and the giantess Grid also have a son, Vidar. Odin and the giantess Rind are the parents the son Vali....

Ansuz (rune)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)

Ansuz is the conventional name given to the a-rune of the Elder Futhark, ᚨ. The name is based on Proto-Germanic *ansuz, denoting a deity belonging to the principal pantheon in Germanic paganism....

Gothic alphabet as ahsa or aza, the common Germanic name of the rune may thus either have been *ansuz "god"... The Anglo-Saxon futhorc split the Elder Futhark a rune into three independent runes due to the development of the vowel system in Anglo-Frisian. These three runes are ōs ᚩ (transliterated o), ac "oak" ᚪ (transliterated a), and æsc ᚫ "ash" (transliterated æ).... The Younger Futhark corresponding to the Elder Futhark ansuz rune is ᚬ, called óss. It is transliterated as ą. ...

In the Icelandic rune poem, the name óss refers to Odin:

ᚬÓss er algingautr

ok ásgarðs jöfurr,

ok valhallar vísi.

Óss is aged Gautr

and prince of Ásgarðr

and lord of Vallhalla.

Gaut

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaut

a mythical ancestor or national god in the origin myth of the Geats.... Gautr is also one of the Eddaic names of Odin in Norse mythology, but also as an alternative form of the name Gauti, who was one of Odin's sons, and the founder of the kingdom of the Geats...

Meaning of the rune Ansuz or Os

http://tirage-rune-magie.net/us/rune/meaning/ansuz-os.htm

Ansuz is also the representation of Odin... This rune is confidentially connected to Yggdrasil, the Life's Tree of the World which connects the three levels of the Universe containing the nine worlds of the Creation.

Divinity : Odin Letter : A Symbol : Odin's coat Element : Air

Tree : The Ash tree ( Yggdrasil is an Ash tree - Fraxinus excelsior)

Plant : The Fly agaric (Agaricus muscaria)

Stone : Lapis-Lazuli, agate, sapphire, aquamarine

Color : Blue as the sky

Animal : Raven

ansuR

https://www.kondor.de/runes/ansuz_e.html

ansuR Old High German: ansuz, as Old English: os Old Nordic: óss, ós, asur Gothic: ansuz, aza

Os byth ordfruma

lere spræce

wisdomes wrathu

ond wintena frofur

and eorla gehwam

eadnys ond tohiht

Os is the primal source of all speech

Wisdom´s support and wiseman´s help

And every earl´s riches and happiness.

ansuR Position ansuR grip 1

Runic Galdr:

aaaaaaaaaaaaa

aaaaassss aaaaassss - aaaassssaaaa aaaassssaaaa

aaaannnnssssuuuussss

ansuR grip 2

The cloak of Odin can be seen in the form of the rune as well as the bird of the soul.

Old Icelandic "Oss" as three meanings: The Ases, The One on a dice and a mountains top. It symbolizes the axis mundi or the world tree. Another meaning of this rune is the Language, including Communication, Breath, Words and the Wind (of Woden).

Magic Powers:

Increases the activ and the passive magical energies of clairvoyance.

The power of persuasion and the magnetism of the spoken word, power and suggestion of the hypnosis.

Communication with the Divine, ecstasy, the achieving of creative wisdom

Bannishing of Death and Angst through the Lore of Woden

Increases the inspiration and persuasiveness, opens ecstasy and creativity

Amulets against intrigues and vile gossip

Talisman for linguistic activity and increasing of Intuition and Sensitivity

Healing Rune:

Sphere of influence: Mouth, Teeth and speech disorders.

Treatment of the vocalising organs and their diseases, helps healing suggestions.

Meaning in Divination: (according to B. King)

Blessings in connection with religious belief. Consolation within religious belief.

Numerical Meaning:

Universal creation

Geri and Freki

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geri_and_Freki

In Norse mythology, Geri and Freki (Old Norse, both meaning "the ravenous" or "greedy one") are two wolves which are said to accompany the god Odin.... The pair has been compared to similar figures found in Greek, Roman and Vedic mythology, and may also be connected to beliefs surrounding the Germanic "wolf-warrior bands", the Úlfhéðnar.... The name Geri can be traced back to the Proto-Germanic adjective *geraz... The name Freki can be traced back to the Proto-Germanic adjective *frekaz... Geri back to a Proto-Indo-European stem *gher-, which is the same as that found in Garmr, a name referring to the hound closely associated with the events of Ragnarök.

Odin gives all of the food on his table to his wolves Geri and Freki and that Odin requires no food, for wine is to him both meat and drink... they roam the field "greedy for the corpses of those who have fallen in battle"....

If the rider on horseback on the image on the Böksta Runestone has been correctly identified as Odin, then Geri and Freki are shown taking part in hunting an elk or moose...

Freki is also a name applied to the monstrous wolf Fenrir in the Poetic Edda poem Völuspá. Folklorist John Lindow sees irony in the fact that Odin feeds one Freki at his dinner table and another—Fenrir—with his flesh during the events of Ragnarök....

pan-Germanic wolf-warrior band cult centered on Odin that waned away after Christianization....

Indo-European parallels to the wolves Geri and Freki as companions of a divinity....a connection between this aspect of Odin's character and the Greek Apollo, to whom both the wolf and the raven are sacred.... the pair with the two dogs of Yama in Vedic mythology, and saw them as a Germanic counterpart to a more general and widespread Indo-European "Cerberus"-theme.... Vedic Rudra and the Roman Mars. Elaborating on the connection between wolves and figures of great power, he writes: "This is why Geri and Freki, the wolves at Woden's side, also glowered on the throne of the Anglo-Saxon kings. Wolf-warriors, like Geri and Freki, were not mere animals but mythical beings: as Woden's followers they bodied forth his might, and so did wolf-warriors."...

The Myth of Geri and Freki

http://rabidreads.ca/2011/07/the-myth-of-geri-and-freki.html

After creating the world with his brothers, Odin became lonely traveling by himself so he created the first wolves: Geri and Freki (both meaning “the ravenous” or “greedy one”). The ruler of Asgard and these furry canines quickly became inseparable. They traveled the world together and slowly populated the Earth with wolves, their offspring.

Geri and Freki sometimes had difficulty finding prey to feed themselves so Odin created two ravens, Hugin and Munin, to help them out. In return for the ravens’ assistance, the wolves shared their kills with their feathered friends as thanks. Together this quartet never went hungry. To this day, ravens and canines are often found collaborating in a similar fashion in the wild.

Next up, Odin created the first humans and told them to learn from Geri and Freki because they could teach them many valuable lessons. Among others: how to cooperate, hunt, care for their families and defend themselves. It is said that Odin fathered children that were part human and part wolf that became known as the Volsungs/Wulfsungs. Legend says that they were great warriors (the origin of shifters perhaps?).

In the end, Odin was killed by a wolf as payment for oaths that were broken. It was a honorable death that the God would have been proud of.

Divine Canines: Geri and Freki

http://she-wolf-night.blogspot.com/2015/07/divine-canines-geri-and-freki.html

the two wolves Geri and Freki played a very important role in human origins! The legend goes that the two wolves nurtured the first humans and acted as both foster parents and teachers. The early humans grew up looking upon the wolves as their leaders, guides and even family mmbers. It helped humans understand how to survive in a harsh world... The earliest human beings respected wolves and therefore had a special bond, which science is struggling to come to terms with. It's simple, this gives us a clue about the possible first domestication of the wolf. Or did the wolf domesticate itself? Odin was considered a wolf god, not just because of the two Geri and Freki, but also because he took on wolf form and was leader of the Ulfhednar warriors. In wolf's form he fathered human children who were called the Volsungs that were able to shapeshift into wolves.

Garmr

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmr

In Norse mythology, Garmr or Garm (Old Norse "rag") is a wolf or dog associated with both Hel and Ragnarök, and described as a blood-stained guardian of Hel's gate.

The Poetic Edda poem Grímnismál mentions Garmr:

The best of trees | must Yggdrasil be,

Skíðblaðnir best of boats;

Of all the gods | is Óðinn the greatest,

And Sleipnir the best of steeds;

Bifröst of bridges, | Bragi of skalds,

Hábrók of hawks, | and Garm of hounds.

One of the refrains of Völuspá uses Garmr's howling to herald the coming of Ragnarök:...

Garmr is sometimes assumed to be identical to Fenrir. Garmr is sometimes seen as a hellhound, comparable to Cerberus.... Proto-Indo-European root *ger- "to growl"...

Úlfhéðnar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berserker

Úlfhéðnar ("wolf-coats").... Berserkers (or berserks) were champion Norse warriors who are primarily reported in Icelandic sagas to have fought in a trance-like fury, a characteristic which later gave rise to the English word berserk.... ber-serkr (plural ber-serkir) meaning a "bear-shirt"—i.e., a wild warrior or champion of the heathen age, although its interpretation remains controversial. The element ber- was interpreted by the thirteenth-century historian Snorri Sturluson as "bare", which he understood to mean that the warriors went into battle bare-chested, or without armor. This word is also used in ber-skjaldaðr that means "bare of shield", or without a shield. Others derive it from the preferred berr (Germ, bär = ursus, the bear), and Snorri's view has been largely abandoned.

It is proposed by some authors that the northern warrior tradition originated in hunting magic. Three main animal cults appeared: the bear, the wolf, and the wild boar.... In a cairn on the lands of the farm No 5 Björnhovda in Torslunda parish, Öland, Sweden. Two relevant images are depicted below, along with two associated woodcuts made two years later in 1872. Torslunda helmet: A one-eyed weapon dancer followed by a berserker. Torslunda helmet: Two warriors with boars upon their helmets....

Berserkers – Bear Warriors

It is proposed by some authors that the berserkers drew their power from the bear and were devoted to the bear cult, which was once widespread across the northern hemisphere....The bodies of dead berserkers were laid out in bearskins prior to their funeral rites. The bear-warrior symbolism survives to this day in the form of the bearskin caps worn by the guards of the Danish and British monarchs, the Royal Life Guards and the Queen's Guard....To "go berserk" was to "hamask", which translates as "change form", in this case, as with the sense "enter a state of wild fury". One who could transform as a berserker was typically thought of as "hamrammr" or "shapestrong"...

Úlfhéðnar – Wolf Warriors

Wolf warriors appear among the legends of the Indo-Europeans, Turks, Mongols, and North American Indians. The Germanic wolf-warriors have left their trace through shields and standards that were captured by the Romans and displayed in the armilustrium in Rome. The Úlfhéðnar...were said to wear the pelt of a wolf when they entered battle. Úlfhéðnar are sometimes described as Odin's special warriors: "[Odin's] men went without their mailcoats and were mad as hounds or wolves, bit their shields...they slew men, but neither fire nor iron had effect upon them. This is called 'going berserk'."...

Svinfylking – Boar Warriors

In Norse mythology, the wild boar was an animal sacred to the Vanir. The powerful god Freyr owned the boar Gullinbursti and the goddess Freyja owned Hildisvíni ("battle swine"), and these boars can be found depicted on Swedish and Anglo-Saxon ceremonial items. The boar-warriors fought at the lead of a battle formation known as Svinfylking ("the boar's head") that was wedge-shaped, and two of their champions formed the rani ("snout"). They have been described as the masters of disguise, and of escape with an intimate knowledge of the landscape. Similar to the berserker and the ulfhednar, the svinfylking boar-warriors used the strength of their animal, the boar, as the foundation of their martial arts....

Snorri's assertion that "neither fire nor iron told upon them" is reiterated time after time. The sources frequently state that neither edged weapons nor fire affected the berserks, although they were not immune to clubs or other blunt instruments.... Hrolf Kraki's champions refuse to retreat "from fire or iron". Another frequent motif refers to berserkers blunting their enemy's blades with spells or a glance from their evil eyes. This appears as early as Beowulf where it is a characteristic attributed to Grendel. Both the fire eating and the immunity to edged weapons are reminiscent of tricks popularly ascribed to fakirs....

In 1015, Jarl Eiríkr Hákonarson of Norway outlawed berserkers. Grágás, the medieval Icelandic law code, sentenced berserker warriors to outlawry. By the 12th century, organised berserker war-bands had disappeared....

Byzantine emperor Constantine VII (AD 905–959) in his book De cerimoniis aulae byzantinae ("Book of Ceremonies of the Byzantine court") of a "Gothic Dance" performed by members of his Varangian Guard (Norse warriors in the service of the Byzantine Empire), who took part wearing animal skins and masks: she believes this may have been connected with berserker rites.

The rage the berserker experienced was referred to as berserkergang ("going berserk"). This condition has been described as follows:

This fury, which was called berserkergang, occurred not only in the heat of battle, but also during laborious work. Men who were thus seized performed things which otherwise seemed impossible for human power. This condition is said to have begun with shivering, chattering of the teeth, and chill in the body, and then the face swelled and changed its colour. With this was connected a great hot-headedness, which at last gave over into a great rage, under which they howled as wild animals, bit the edge of their shields, and cut down everything they met without discriminating between friend or foe. When this condition ceased, a great dulling of the mind and feebleness followed, which could last for one or several days.

When Viking villages went to war in unison, the berserkers often wore special clothing, for instance furs of a wolf or bear, to indicate that this person was a berserker, and would not be able to tell friend from foe when in rage "bersærkergang". In this way, other allies would know to keep their distance....

Northern European population history revealed by ancient human genomes

http://popular-archaeology.com/issue/winter-2018/article/northern-european-population-history-revealed-by-ancient-human-genomes

38 northern Europeans dating from approximately 7,500 to 500 BCE.... Scandinavia was initially settled via a southern and a northern route and that the arrival of agriculture in northern Europe was facilitated by movements of farmers and pastoralists into the region.... initial settlement by hunter-gatherers occurred only about 11,000 years ago, after the retreat of the lingering ice sheets from the Pleistocene, and while agriculture was already widespread in Central Europe 7,000 years ago, this development reached Southern Scandinavia and the Eastern Baltic only millennia later.

Previous analysis of ancient human genomes has revealed that two genetically differentiated groups of hunter-gatherers lived in Europe during the Mesolithic: the so-called Western Hunter-Gatherers excavated in locations from Iberia to Hungary, and the so-called Eastern Hunter-Gatherers excavated in Karelia in north-western Russia. Surprisingly, the results of the current study show that Mesolithic hunter-gatherers from Lithuania appear very similar to their Western neighbors, despite their geographic proximity to Russia. The ancestry of contemporary Scandinavian hunter-gatherers, on the other hand, was comprised from both Western and Eastern Hunter-Gatherers.

"Eastern Hunter-Gatherers were not present on the eastern Baltic coast, but a genetic component from them is present in Scandinavia. This suggests that the people carrying this genetic component took a northern route through Fennoscandia into the southern part of the Scandinavian peninsula. There they genetically mixed with Western Hunter-Gatherers who came from the South, and together they formed the Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers,"...

Large-scale farming first started in southern Scandinavia around 6,000 years ago, about one millennium after it was already common in Central Europe. In the Eastern Baltic, the inhabitants relied solely on hunting, gathering and fishing for another 1000 years....

The earliest farmers in Sweden are not descended from Mesolithic Scandinavians, but show a genetic profile similar to that of Central European agriculturalists. Thus it appears that Central Europeans migrated to Scandinavia and brought farming technology with them. These early Scandinavian farmers, like the Central European agriculturalists, inherited a substantial portion of their genes from Anatolian farmers, who first spread into Europe around 8,200 years ago...

Similarly, a near-total genetic turnover is seen in the Eastern Baltic with the advent of large-scale agro-pastoralism. While they did not mix genetically with Central European or Scandinavian farmers, beginning around 2,900 BCE the individuals in the Eastern Baltic derive large parts of their ancestry from nomadic pastoralists of the Pontic-Caspian steppe.

"Interestingly, we find an increase of local Eastern Baltic hunter-gatherer ancestry in this population at the onset of the Bronze Age," ..."The local population was not completely replaced but coexisted and eventually mixed with the newcomers."...

Vandals: The Vandals were a large East Germanic tribe or group of tribes that first appear in history inhabiting present-day southern Poland. The traditional view has been that the Vandals migrated from southern Scandinavia to the area between the lower Oder and Vistula rivers during the 2nd century BC and settled in Silesia from around 120 BC. The name of the Vandals has often been connected to that of Vendel, the name of a province in Uppland, Sweden. The Vandals, who lived originally in Scoringa, near Stockholm, Sweden, were of the same stock as the Suiones ("Swedes") and the Goths.

The children of Odin and Frigg are known as the Aesir, war god rulers of the sky, like Ba’al, Apollo, Mithras or Sol Invictus, and they war against the Vanir gods, including Freyr, whose magic, nature and fertility aspects are more like Dumuzi/Tammuz, Adonis, Attis and Dionysus. The Aesir are etymologically linked to the Indo-Iranian Asura, who war against the nature-god Devas, or Suras, and the Zoroastrian Ahura, who war against the chaotic false-god Daevas. The Vishnu Purana says that during the “churning of the ocean” to create the nectar of immortality, the daityas were called the asuras because they rejected the wine goddess Varuni. The Greek Olympians are in turn equivalent to the war/storm gods, the Ba'als or Bels, reformations of the Titans such as Chronus, who was assocaited with the nature and fertility aspects of the Canaanite father-god, El the Bull, called Enlil by the Sumerians and Elohim in the Bible. ... The myth of Balderus and Høtherus fighting over Nanna is paralleled by the shepherd Dumuzi and the farmer Enkimdu fighting over Inanna in the Sumerian myth.

Rindr: VALI'S MOTHER (ODIN IS VALI'S FATHER). Rind, the daughter of the much-traveled giant Billing, Master of the Vanir Trade,

Freyr is presented as one of the Vanir, the son of the sea god Njörðr, as well as the twin brother of the goddess Freyja.

All sources describe the deities Njörðr, Freyr and Freyja as members of the Vanir.

Vanir, Gods of the earth and fertility,

Aesir, Gods of the sky and intellect.

There was a great war between the Aesir and the Vanir which ended in favor of the Vanir, although it was a tough fight on both sides. The peace treaty included an exchange of hostages, and the Vanir sent the Aesir three of their favorite members – Njörðr (say Nyore-thur, with the “th” like “they”) and his twin children Frejya [Fray-uh] and Freyr. The three Vanir quickly integrated themselves into their new home in Asgard,

Æsir–Vanir War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War

In Norse mythology, the Æsir–Vanir War was a conflict between two groups of deities that ultimately resulted in the unification of the Æsir and the Vanir into a single pantheon....Fragmented information about the war appears in surviving sources, including Völuspá, a poem collected in the Poetic Edda in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources; in the book Skáldskaparmál in the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson; and in euhemerized form in the Ynglinga saga from Heimskringla, also written by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century. ...

Völuspá... the first war in the world, when Gullveig was stabbed with spears and then burnt three times in one of Óðinn's halls, yet that Gullveig was reborn three times....These stanzas are unclear, particularly the second half of stanza 23, but the battle appears to have been precipitated by the entry of Gullveig/Heiðr among the Æsir. Stanza 23 relates a difficulty in reaching a truce which led to the all-out war...

Heimskringla, ... The account says that Óðinn led a great army from Asia ("Asgard") to attack the people of "Vanaheim."... The two sides eventually tired of the war and both agreed to meet to establish a truce. After doing so, they exchanged hostages. Vanahiem is described as having sent to Asgard its best men: Njörðr, described as wealthy, and his son Freyr in exchange for Asgard Hœnir, described here as large, handsome, and thought of by the people of Vanahiem well suited to be a chieftain. Additionally, Asgard sends Mímir, a man of great understanding, in exchange for Kvasir, who Snorri describes as the wisest man of Vanahiem. They decapitated Mimir and sent his head to the Aesir. Odin used his magic to restore the head of Mimir to life. He placed it in a spring, known as Mimir’s Well, at the foot of the sacred tree, Yggdrasil, and he regularly visited the well to seek wisdom from Mimir. The great wisdom of Mimir became forever Odin’s wisdom.

Scholars have cited parallels between the Æsir–Vanir War, The Rape of the Sabine Women from Roman mythology, and the battle between Devas and Asuras from Hindu mythology, providing support for a Proto-Indo-European "war of the functions."...Norse Vanir...

The Aesir-Vanir War - Norse Mythology for Smart People

https://norse-mythology.org/tales/the-aesir-vanir-war/

places side by side with similar tales from other branches of the Indo-European family: “[T]he Norse, Irish, Roman, and Indian tales ...

The Aesir - Vanir War

http://www.odins-gift.com/poth/2stories/theaesirvanirwar.htm

On one of these attacks Balder and Hodr tried to attack under the cover of darkness, but Freyr made the sun shine, and they were discovered. In their ferocious fight back to the walls of Asgard, Hodr was struck across the face with Freyr' s magic sword that fought by itself, and lost his sight forever. Balder carried his blinded brother back behind the wall...

What is the difference between Æsir and Vanir in Norse mythology?

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-%C3%86sir-and-Vanir-in-Norse-mythology

The Vanir are the farmers and fishers who came to the North via Don after the flooding of the Black Sea 5000 years ago (Snorre Sturlasson places Vanaheim North of the Black Sea)... The Aesir were mostly male warriors who came on chariots and horses from the steppes in the East in the Indo European invasion 1000 years later, and wiped out most of the farmers, but kept the Vanir culture as part of their own....

So they coexisted, and if you follow DNA evidence this is what happened - dark skinned farmers from the Black Sea brought agriculture and intermarried, and were mostly wiped out through the Indo European male genes, which are left in 50% of the Nordic ancestry and mixed with Germanic DNA (while female DNA is traced back more to the fertile crescent). And the culture is a mix of earlier matriarchal and later more patriarchal mythologies...

The both Æsir and Vanir gods were worshiped in the Scandinavian Bronze Age (around 1800 BC) or their precursors.... The two cultures started to get more assimilated as the two cultures mingled between 800 and 1000 AD.

What is the origin of the Vanir?

https://mythology.stackexchange.com/questions/2413/what-is-the-origin-of-the-vanir

Finally, it should be noted that the Vanir seems to have been an exclusively Scandinavian set of gods: there are no attestations of them in continental Germanic sources.... Frey is primarily a god for farmers...

Where is Vanaheimr, Land of the Norse Nature Gods?

https://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends-europe/where-vanaheimr-land-norse-nature-gods-009654

Long ago, the Vanir and the Æsir went to war. In fact, the war stretches so far back in history that every oral legend written down from the pre-Christian Scandinavian world begins with the war already ended....

It has been proposed by modern scholars that Vanaheimr was the creation of the 13th century Christian scribe who wrote down the oral myths that preceded him by a couple thousand years. Snorri Sturluson, to whom many are grateful for preserving the tales of the Old Norse, altered some of the myths to fit them into a mindset which Christian readers could understand. It has therefore been proposed that Vanaheimr's difficulty to situate within the nine worlds, and the utter lack of description of the world, might indicate that Snorri added it to the Norse pot in the 13th century....

Further, temples with a strong Vanir presence have been recorded throughout history—most notably by Adam of Bremen. Found at the site of the Temple of Uppsala, the largest known worship site of the Norse gods, bits of gold foil depicting the Vanir gods Freyr, Freyja, and Njord indicate a prevalence of their worship...

Snorri´s Ancestral Stories about the “Men from Asia”

https://bladehoner.wordpress.com/2017/11/16/snorris-ancestral-stories-about-the-men-from-asia/

The Norse Calendar ⊕

http://valkyrja.com/220915.html

The old Norse calendar was divided into two seasons, summer and winter. Each season had 6 months, with 30 days each (lunar phases). Summer months were Harpa, Skerpla, Sólmánuðr, Heyannir, Tvímánuðr and Haustmánuðr, and the winter months Gormánuðr, Ýlir, Mǫrsugr, Þorri, Góa and Einmánuðr. The 12 months of 30 days each account for 360 days. In the middle of summer (between Sólmánuðr og Heyannir) 4 additional days, not belonging to any specific month, were added....

Each of the two seasons was called a "misseri", and the calendar was thus a misseristal (counting of misseris)...ones lifetime was measured in the number of winters lived...The first day of summer was a festive day, and remains a public holiday in Iceland, falling on the first day of Harpa (first Thursday after April 18th)....

It is autumn from the equinox till the time when the sun sets three hours and a half after noon. Then the winter endures till the equinox. Then it is spring till the moving-days. Then summer till equinox.

The Viking Calendar

https://thornews.com/2015/09/27/the-viking-calendar/

Although contemporary Scandinavian sources for the Viking Age are few, there are indications that the Vikings probably divided the year into moon phases and only two seasons: Summer and winter....The year was divided into moon phases – from new moon to new moon or full moon to full moon....

Germanic calendar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_calendar

used amongst the early Germanic peoples, prior to the adoption of the Julian calendar in the Early Middle Ages. ... Old English and Old High German month names date to the 8th and 9th centuries, respectively. Old Norse month names are attested from the 13th century.... Runic calendar developed in medieval Sweden is lunisolar, fixing the beginning of the year at the first full moon after winter solstice.

As in all ancient calendars, the Germanic calendar before the adoption of the Julian one would have been lunisolar, the months corresponding to lunations. Tacitus in his Germania writes that the Germanic peoples observed the lunar months.

The lunisolar calendar is reflected in the Germanic term *mēnōþ- "month"...being a derivation of the word for "moon"...

Julian Old English Old High German

January Æfterra Gēola "After Yule"

Wintar-mánód

February Sol-mōnaþ ('mud month,' Bede: "the month of cakes, which they offered in it to their gods." Either the cakes looked like they were made of mud due to their color and texture, or literally it was the month of mud due to wet English weather)

Hornung

March Hrēþ-mōnaþ "Month of the Goddess Hrēþ" or "Month of Wildness"

Lenzin-mānod "spring month"

April Easter-mōnaþ "Easter Month", "Month of the Goddess Ēostre"

Ōstar-mānod "Easter month"; Ostara

May Þrimilce-mōnaþ "Month of Three Milkings"

Winni-mánód "pasture month"

June Ærra Līþa "Before Midsummer", or "First Summer"

Brāh-mānod Þrilīþa "Third (Mid)summer"

Þrilīþa "Third (Mid)summer" (leap month)

July Æftera Līþa "After Midsummer", "Second Summer"

Hewi-mānod "hay(making) month"

August Weod-mōnaþ "Plant month"

Aran-mānod "harvest month"

September Hālig-mōnaþ "Holy Month"

Witu-mānod "wood month"

October Winterfylleth "Winter full moon", according to Bede "because winter began on the first full moon of that month [of October]."

Wīndume-mānod "vintage month"

November Blōt-mōnaþ "Blót Month", "Month of Sacrifice"

Herbist-mānod "autumn month"

December Ærra Gēola "Before Yule", or "First Yule"

Hailag-mānod "holy month"

Full Moon Calendar:: (zip=58102)

2018: LuniSolar Calendar:

Dec 22 Jan 1, 2019

2019:

January 20 Wolf Moon Feb1

February 19 Snow Moon Mar 1

March 20 Worm Moon Apr 1

April 19 Pink Moon May 1

May 18 Flower Moon June 1

June 17 Strawberry Moon July 1

(Leap Month)

July 16 Buck Moon Aug 1

August 15 Sturgeon Moon Sept 1

Sept 13 Harvest Moon Oct 1

October 13 Hunter’s Moon Nov 1

Nov 12 Beaver Moon Dec 1

Dec 11 Cold Moon

2020:

Jan 10 Jan 1, 2020

Winter solstice 2018 in Northern Hemisphere was at 4:23 PM on Friday, December 21 CT

Winter solstice 2019 in Northern Hemisphere will be at 10:19 PM on Saturday, December 21 CT

PERSIAN ORIGINS OF ANGLO-SAXON WORDS Studies

http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Culture/impact/persian_origin_english.htm

It has been stated in the History of the Anglo-Saxons, that the most probable derivation of this people which had been suggested, was that which deduced them from the Sakai or Sacae, who, from, the Caspian, besides branching into Bactriana on the east, had also spread westward into the most fertile part of Armenia, which, from them, as we learn from Strabo, was called Sakasina. Pliny terms the Sakai, who settled there, the Sacassani; which is so similar in sound to Saca-sunu, or the sons of the Sakai, that we are tempted to identify the two appellations. It was Goropius Becanus who first hinted this etymology: the celebrated Melanchthon adopted it; and though, as is usual on such subjects, others doubted and disputed, our Camden gave it the sanction of his decided preference.

It appeared to me to be the most rational derivation which had been mentioned; and the fact that Ptolemy, writing in the second century after Strabo and Pliny, actually notices a Scythian people, who had sprung from the Sakai, by the very name of Saxones, seemed to verify the conjecture, that the appellative Saxones did originate from Saca-sunu, or the sons of the Sakai....

The Honourable Mr. Keppell, in his late interesting travels, visited this country, and thus notices it. After crossing the river Arras - the Araxes of Plutarch - he says: "Between this river and the Kur - the ancient Cyrus or Cyrnus - is the beautiful province of Karabaugh, formerly the country of the Sacae or Sacassani, a warlike tribe of Scythians, mentioned by Pliny and Strabo, and supposed to be the same people as our ancient ancestors the Saxons."...

The beautiful province of Karabaugh, between the Arras and the Kur - the ancient Araxes and Cyrnus - may therefore be considered as one of the Asiatic localisations of our Anglo-Saxon ancestors. The Kur has been the late boundary of the Russian acquisitions in this district.... comparison of the Persian with the Anglo-Saxon... if any considerable number of similarities were really existing in the two languages, they would tend to confirm the belief, that the origin of our Saxon forefathers should be thus sought in Asia, and that their primeval ancestors had gradually moved from the Caspian Sea to the German Ocean....province of Karabaugh, and on the Araxes, the Kur, and the Caspian....

Neither Persian nor Saxon are now what they were when the Sakai and the Persae confronted each other on their dividing rivers, and from their bordering mountains. Hence no such pervading identity could be expected as may yet be traced between the Welsh, the Bas Breton, the Irish, and the Gaelic, however originally similar. The likeness would be also less, because the Saxons did not spring from the Persians. No one has alleged this parentage. The Sakai were the relatives only, not the children of the Persae. So far from any filial or paternal feelings existing between them, the most furious hostilities disparted the two tribes; and at one epoch, the Persians, by attacking the Sakai by surprise, nearly exterminated them....

Proceeding on this principle - that if the ancestors of the two nations did once live in vicinity to each other, although this was 2000 years ago, some indications of their neighbourhood would appear from subsisting similarities in their languages, and expecting to find these only as occasional fragments, I have compared the Anglo-Saxon with the modern Persian. The result has been, that, upon a general examination, I have found 162 Persian words which have a direct affinity with as many Anglo-Saxon terms of the same meaning; ...two other languages, older than the modern Persian, had prevailed in that country. These were the Pehlvi and the Zend. The latter, the most ancient that we know of in those parts from actual specimens; the other, the Pehlvi, an intermediate one, in point of chronology, between the Zend and the Persian.... Recollecting this fact, I have been led also to look into these specimens, and I have observed fifty-seven words in these fragments of the Zend language, which resemble as many in the Anglo-Saxon, and forty-three of accordant similarities between our old tongue and the Pehlvi.... which have sufficient affinity with as many in the Anglo-Saxon to confirm the deduction of our earliest progenitors from these regions of ancient Asia....

But the preceding specimens will perhaps be sufficient to support the probability of the geographical derivation of our ancestors from the vicinity of the Caspian and of Persia; ...

HUNG FROM THE TREE FOR NINE NIGHTS ODIN RECEIVES ENLIGHTENMENT OF THE RUNES. AN ALPHABET FOR THE GERMANIC PEOPLE GIVEN BY THE GODS.

A SECRET POWER OF MAGIC AND SACRED. BEING FROM THE GODS IT WAS PASSED FROM THE PHOENICIANS WHO GOT FROM THE EARLIEST EGYPTIANS WHO GOT FROM ATLANTIS.

AS MAGIC IT MAY HAVE BEEN USED BY THE WITCHES, AND THE SACRED LEADERS OF ODIN....

Runes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes

Type Alphabet. Languages Germanic languages. Time period Elder Futhark from the 2nd century AD. Parent systems Phoenician, Greek alphabet (Euboean variant) Old Italic Runic. Child systems Younger Futhark, Anglo-Saxon futhorc. Direction Left-to-right.

The earliest runic inscriptions date from around 150 AD. The characters were generally replaced by the Latin alphabet as the cultures that had used runes underwent Christianisation, by approximately 700 AD in

central Europe and 1100 AD in northern Europe. However, the use of runes persisted for specialized purposes in northern Europe. Until the early 20th century, runes were used in rural Sweden for decorative purposes in Dalarna and on Runic calendars.

The three best-known runic alphabets are the Elder Futhark (around 150–800 AD), the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc (400–1100 AD), and the Younger Futhark (800–1100 AD....The Younger Futhark developed further into the Medieval runes (1100–1500 AD), and the Dalecarlian runes (c. 1500–1800 AD). ... The runes were in use among the Germanic peoples from the 1st or 2nd century AD... the word rhin and rūn respectively means "mystery", "secret", "secret writing", or sometimes in the extreme sense of the word, "miracle" (gwyrth). Ogham is an older Celtic script from Ireland and Britain, similarly carved in to stone or wood....

Origins: The runes developed centuries after the Old Italic alphabets from which they are probably historically derived...

Magical or divinatory use: The stanza 157 of Hávamál attribute to runes the power to bring that which is dead back to life. In this stanza, Odin recounts a spell... it is possible that the early runes were not used so much as a simple writing system, but rather as magical signs to be used for charms. Although some say the runes were used for divination.... The name rune itself, taken to mean "secret, something hidden", seems to indicate that knowledge of the runes was originally considered esoteric, or restricted to an elite. ...

Runes- The alphabet of Odin

http://symboldictionary.net/?page_id=3426

According to the Eddas, the poetic saga of the Norse Gods, the Runic alphabet was a gift from Odin. The word ‘rune’ means ‘whisper,’ or ‘secret wisdom.’ A selection from the Eddas tells of their discovery. Odin hangs for nine nights upon the world tree, wounded, without food or water; finally, he sees the reflection of the runes in the water:

“Wounded I hung on a wind-swept gallows For nine long nights, Pierced by a spear, pledged to Odhinn, Offered, myself to myself The wisest know not from whence spring The roots of that ancient rood.

They gave me no bread, They gave me no mead, I looked down; with a loud cry I took up runes; from that tree I fell.”

The runes originated around 200 B.C.E., as magical symbols engraved in stone; they were developed into the first Rune alphabet, the “elder” Futhark (‘futhark’ being a transliteration of the first six letters), an alphabet of twenty four characters. Many permutations and revisions over the years produced several variants, including the ‘elder’ and ‘younger’ futhark, and the Danish “short twig” script. Eventually, the sixteen character alphabet became the most commonly used.

An epic “Rune poem,” written in Old English around 1000 C.E., outlined the metaphorical and divinatory meanings of the characters, which at that time numbered at thirty three....

Ansuz Rune

Æsir is the plural of áss, óss "god" (genitive case āsir)...The a-rune, ansuz, ᚫ, Younger Futhark ᚬ, was probably named after the Æsir. The name in this sense survives only in the Icelandic Rune Poem as Óss, referring to Óðinn, who is identified with Jupiter:

ᚬ Óss er algingautr / ok ásgarðs jöfurr, / ok valhallar vísi. / Jupiter oddviti.

"Óss is Aged Gautr / and prince of Asgard / and lord of Valhalla / chieftain Jupiter." ...

Gothic alphabet as ahsa or aza, the common Germanic name of the rune may thus either have been *ansuz "god"... The Anglo-Saxon futhorc split the Elder Futhark a rune into three independent runes due to the development of the vowel system in Anglo-Frisian. These three runes are ōs ᚩ (transliterated o), ac "oak" ᚪ (transliterated a), and æsc ᚫ "ash" (transliterated æ).... The Younger Futhark corresponding to the Elder Futhark ansuz rune is ᚬ, called óss. It is transliterated as ą. ... In the Icelandic rune poem, the name óss refers to Odin... This rune is confidentially connected to Yggdrasil, the Life's Tree of the World which connects the three levels of the Universe containing the nine worlds of the Creation....

THIS REGION REPOPULATES AFTER 12KYA AT VARIOUS TIMES MOSTLY BY Y-DNA HG's I1a, I1b, N3, R1a, AND R1b. AND BY mt-DNA HG's H, H1, U4, U5b, AND U5b1b1. R1/U LINEAGES WERE PALEOLITHIC THROUGHOUT ALL EUROPE AND EURASIA. I1 WAS ONLY IN THE BALKANS DURING PALEOLITHIC AND EXPANDED IN THE NEOLITHIC TO THE R1b IBERIAN ICE AGE REFUGIA TO THE WEST AND TO THE VOLGA AREA TO THE EAST, AND NORTH INTO CENTRAL EUROPE CUTTING THRU R1 TERRITORY AS NORTH AS SCANDINAVIA. FROM THE WEST AND EAST REFUGIAS I1 MIX AND MIGRATE WITH THE OTHER HG's IN THE WEST AND EAST REFUGIA'S AS THE ICE AGE MELTS. N3 MIGRATES IN FROM THE EAST AND MIXES IN THE AREA MORE RECENTLY ABOUT 8KYA. AMONG THE FEMALE HG's U FEMALES WERE PALEOLITHIC EUROPEANS AND EURASIANS 68KYA WITH TODAYS SAAMI SPECIFIC U5b1b1 FROM IBERIAN REFUGIA WHERE SHE BEGAN AS U5 THEN U5b. THE H FEMALES WERE FROM MID EAST WHO MIGRATED TO IBERIAN REFUGIA IN THE NEOLITHIC THEN MIGRATE WITH THE OTHER HG's AS ICE AGE MELTS FROM VARIOUS REGIONS....

Migration Waves to the Baltic Sea Region

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18294359/

Over 1200 samples from Finland, Sweden, Karelia, Estonia, Setoland, Latvia and Lithuania...populations surrounding the Baltic Sea are genetically similar,...Throughout their history, the populations of the Baltic Sea region have been affected by migrations from both Western and Central Europe and from the east. The region was first settled both from the south-east and from the south soon after the retreat of the continental ice sheet some 12000 years ago....These early Neolithic cultures were followed by the Corded Ware and Bronze Age cultures that affected Northern Germany, Scandinavia, the Baltic countries and coastal Finland...At present, the linguistic variation in the Baltic Sea region is substantial, with four major language groups: Finno-Ugric, and the Indo-European branches Baltic, Germanic, and Slavic....

We performed phylogeographic analysis for Y chromosomal haplogroups N3, I1a and R1a1, and mtDNA haplogroups H and U, since these haplogroups had a sufficient number of samples for the analysis of patterns of intrahaplogroup variation. In these mtDNA analyses all the Finnish samples sequenced belonging to the haplogroups H and U were used....

The populations in the Baltic states had a very high haplotype diversity up to 0.998, while the diversity was lower in the northeastern populations. In the admixture analysis of the Estonians, the parental populations of Latvians+Lithuanians and Eastern+Western Finns had respective admixture coefficient 0.81±0.20 and 0.19±0.20. For the other populations the definition of parental populations was too complex and the results too weak to yield good estimates of admixture coefficients.

Y-chromosomal Haplogroups

Haplogroup N3 was much more common on the eastern side of the Baltic Sea than in Sweden...The Estonians harbor both Baltic and Finnic haplotypes, and they had the highest haplotype diversity. The age of the haplogroup was 8,800 years.

Haplogroup I1a had a high frequency of up to 40% in Sweden and Western Finland and intermediate frequencies in the other Finno-Ugric populations, while it was almost absent among Latvians and Lithuanians. In the network the Finnish and Swedish haplotypes appear to be separate, which is supported by the SAMOVA analysis that separated the Swedes/Balts from the others with a moderate 6.9% of variation among these groups. The highest diversities were in Eastern Finland, the Baltic states, and Sweden. The age of the haplogroup was 7,700 years.

Haplogroup R1a1 had high frequencies up to 39% among all the populations with the exception of the Finns. In the very starlike network, the Karelians exhibited a limited diversity of haplotypes...The age of the haplogroup was as high as 10,700 years...

R1b was common in Sweden and in Western Finland, whereas I1b was more abundant in the Baltic states and Karelia....

Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups

Haplogroup H was very common among all the populations, but with considerable variation in the subhaplogroup frequencies. H1* was common among the Karelians, Swedes, and some Baltic populations with frequencies up to 18%, and rare especially in Finland and Estonia, while H1f was very specific to the Finns and Karelians. H3 was relatively rare, with frequencies of a few percent. The mean pairwise differences were again lower among the Karelians and Russians and, surprisingly, the highest among the Seto....The coalescence age of haplogroup H in our dataset was 36,700 years.

Of the U subhaplogroups, U4 was the most frequent among the Latvians, Seto, and Tver Karelians (7.1–8.8%). U5b and U5b1b1 were common in Karelia and especially among the Viena Karelians...The coalescence age was as high as 68,400 years.

Haplogroup Z was observed among the Finns, some Karelian populations, Russians and Swedes with a low frequency. Asian haplogroups A, C, G and D were rare in the Baltic Sea region with the exception of D5 that reached a high frequency of 11.5% in Viena Karelia....

The Y-chromosomal Haplogroups

It seems evident that the Finns and Karelians share a history regarding haplogroup N3. In the database comparisons, we also observed that N3 may mark a westward diffusion in the north from Finland to Sweden and in the south from the Baltic countries to Poland and Germany....the differences in the haplotype structure of Baltic speaking Latvians and Lithuanians and Finno-Ugric populations, also observed in our N3 data, imply that the migrations introducing N3 to the region followed a bifurcating pattern,...our data supports the idea of two migrations that introduced N3 to the Baltic Sea region. The haplotype variation in Estonia suggests an admixture of Baltic and Finno-Ugric haplotypes. Furthermore, a bifurcating migration pattern can contribute to the relatively high age of the haplogroup in the Baltic region, since the coalescence age represents the common root of the total variation in the region.

Haplogroup I1a is suggested to have its origins in the Iberian refugium, from where it spread northward and now has its highest frequencies in Northern Europe. The haplotype matches to Germany and Poland imply that I1a has arrived to the Nordic countries from the Southern Baltic Sea region, which is historically plausible. The coalescense age of the haplogroup is about 5000 years lower than the age of the earliest archaeological findings from the Northern Baltic Sea region, which suggests a Neolithic arrival. There are two possible migration routes from Central Europe to the Northern Baltic Sea region: an exclusive western route via Sweden, an eastern route via the Baltic states, or via both to Eastern Finland and Karelia....I1a has been involved in bifurcating migrations both via Sweden and the Baltic states, and that the presence of the haplogroup in Finland and Karelia is not merely due to Swedish influence. The low frequency of I1a among the Baltic populations may be due to later effects of genetic drift or replacement.

Haplogroup R1a1 is known to be most prevalent in Eastern Europe, and has possibly expanded alongside the Kurgan culture and/or the Indo-European language. The Baltic and Swedish haplotypes had affinities mainly with Germany and Poland in database comparisons, which suggests gene flow from that region to the Western and Eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea. It is plausible that both R1a1 and I1a were carried to the Baltic Sea region via the same Neolithic migrations from Germany/Poland.... It is an important observation that in the Baltic Sea region R1a1 is mainly associated to Central European rather than eastern or Russian influence. However, haplotype frequency comparisons give some indication of Russian gene flow as a partial source of R1a1 in Karelia, which would be plausible given the long period of admixture with Slavs....

Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups

The specificity of H1f for the Finnish population has been associated with drift within Finland... The high frequency of haplogroup H2 among the Swedes may be due to sampling bias or local genetic drift, since most of the Swedish H2 samples belong to a single haplotype. Haplogroups H1, H3, U5b and V have been associated with the expansion from the Iberian refugia after the Ice Age. Interestingly, H1 and U5b have frequency peaks in Northern Europe in addition to the Iberian peninsula, and our Karelian sample even had a higher H1 frequency than that of the Basques.... three possible scenarios to explain this pattern....genetic drift...migration from Southern to Northern Europe, possibly via the Atlantic and Baltic coasts,...The third alternative scenario would be initially high H1 and U5b frequencies in the entirety of Europe that were partly replaced by other haplogroups in Central Europe due to subsequent migrations that did not affect the north and the southwest.... Haplogroups H3 and V, despite their similar origin in the Iberian refugia, do not follow the same frequency pattern as H1 and U5b, as their frequencies in the Baltic Sea region are barely any higher than in Central Europe. However, the low frequencies of these haplogroups across Europe make reliable comparisons difficult...

Haplogroup U is an ancient European haplogroup with an age as great as 55,000 years, and it had a very old coalescense of age also in our analysis. U5b1b1, the so-called “Saami motif ”, was very common among the Karelian populations especially in Viena, which, together with the high frequency of D5 and the presence of Z, is a clear sign of shared population history for the Saami and Karelians... The eastern elements in the mtDNA variation of the Baltic Sea region are intertwined with the Saami influence. Recent studies of the mtDNA variation among the Saami show a link to the Volga-Ural region....U4 in the Eastern Baltic Sea populations may represent eastern influence, since it is typical for the Volga-Ural region....

Conclusions

The populations of the Baltic Sea region have their strongest roots in Central Europe,... Additionally, the populations from the eastern side of the Baltic Sea region carry signs of migrations rooted in the east that may be associated to the Finno-Ugric language... An interesting phenomenon our data has confirmed is the common features between the Iberian peninsula and Northern Europe, observed especially in mtDNA variation,... several Y-chromosomal and mtDNA haplogroups in the Baltic Sea region are of paleolithic origin in Europe....

ARE THE AESIR SAME AS ASURA. AS PEOPLE TRAVELED AND MIXED OVER THE AGES THE STORIES WERE SIMILAR BUT NAMES CHANGED OR SPELLINGS DIFFER AS LANGUAGES CHANGE. AND THE CHARACTER NATURE ALSO CHANGED AS ASURAS WHO WERE ONCE GOOD BECAME DEMONIZED. THEN DEVAS AND ASURAS COULD EACH BECOME GOOD OR BAD AND SWITCH SIDES.

ITS LIKELY DANAANS WERE FATHERED BY BEL THE SON OF THE ATLANTEANS R1b POSEIDON WITH LYBIA BERBA U6. SOME DANAANS MIGRATE UP THE DANUBE INTO EUROPE. PART OF DANAANS MIGRATE UP INTO ANATOLIA AND PUSH HITTITES OUT INTO NORTH SYRIA. ALL THESE PEOPLE MIX OVER TIME. SOME FIND THEIR WAY INTO INDIA WHO PROBABLY WERE THE DANAVA ASURAS. AND THEY THEN GET RUN OFF AND SOME MIGRATE ALL THE WAY TO BALTICS AND WHERE EVER ELSE....

Asura

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asura

The asuras battle constantly with the devas. Asuras are described in Indian texts as powerful superhuman demigods with good or bad qualities. The good Asuras are called Adityas and are led by Varuna, while the malevolent ones are called Danavas and are led by Vritra. In the earliest layer of Vedic texts Agni, Indra and other gods are also called Asuras, in the sense of their being "lords" of their respective domains, knowledge and abilities. In later Vedic and post-Vedic texts, the benevolent gods are called Devas, while malevolent Asuras compete against these Devas and are considered "enemy of the gods". Asuras are part of Indian mythology along with Devas, Yakshas (nature spirits) and Rakshasas (ghosts, ogres)....The concept of Asura-Devas migrated from India to southeast Asia in 1st millennium CE....

Asu (असु), which means life of the spiritual world or departed spirits....Asura to *asera- of Uralic languages, where it means "lord, prince".... In nine hymns, Indra is described as asura. Five times, he is said to possess asurya, and once he is said to possess asuratva. Agni has total of 12 asura descriptions, Varuna has 10, Mitra has eight, and Rudra has six. Bhargava gives a count of the word usage for every Vedic deity.[citation needed] The Book 1 of Rig Veda describes Savitr (Vedic solar deity) as an Asura who is a "kind leader"....

none of them provide an explanation and how, when and why Asura came ultimately to mean demon.... Asura is linguistically related to the Ahuras of Indo-Iranian people and pre-Zoroastrianism era. In both religions, Ahura of pre-Zoroastrianism (Asura of Hinduism), Vouruna (Varuna) and Daeva (Deva) are found, but their roles are on opposite sides....

Some scholars such as Asko Parpola suggest that the word Asura may be related to proto-Uralic and proto-Germanic history. The Aesir-Asura correspondence is the relation between Vedic Sanskrit Asura and Old Norse ֶsir and Proto-Uralic *asera, all of which mean 'lord, powerful spirit, god'.... In the earliest Vedic literature, all supernatural beings are called Devas and Asuras.... Each Asura and Deva emerges from the same father (Prajapati), share the same residence (Loka), eat together the same food and drinks (Soma), and have innate potential, knowledge and special powers in Hindu mythology;...

Herr=>Asus-ISSI-Asura-Ashur-Erus-Ahura-ֶsir

https://uzunbacakadem.blogspot.com/2019/05/herrasus-issi-asura-ashur-erus-ahura-sir.html

Older Futhark : Ansuz : God

IndoEur: Asu-s = der Herr

Zend: Anhu = Herr

Latin: Erus (Era, Esa (Old form)) = Herr

OldTurk: Is-sı (As) = Herr (owner) => Er: Mann

Sans: Isha, Ishta (Asura) = Herr

Avest: Ahura = Herr

Bibel: Assurbanipal = Aššur-bāni-apli; 'Ashur is the creator of an heir'

Norse: בss, בs [oss, os] = a member of the principal pantheon in Norse religion (plural: ֶsir), Ase: God, AS-gard: The Place of the As!

Asia: The Land where the Gods came from

Latin Erus, Era and the old Form Esa are all very similar to Turkish words Er (the man), Eras <=> er-ıs, the Owner (Der Besitzer), Esa: Issı (Herr).

Issı-z (Modern Turkish word): Without owner (deserted Place, nicht bewohnter Ort).

The combination of Letters "e-r" and/or "a-s" is common in nearly all these words above.

Aššur-bāni-apli, the Hunter- Recurve Bow

Asena (The Mother Wolf of the Turks-1927-5Lira)

ODIN THE FIRST OF ֶSIR-ASE MAJEUR

AESIR, ASSURA, HITTITES, ANATOLIAN, CAPPADOCIA, BLACK SEA, DON, AFTER SEA PEOPLE SWAMP THE AREA THE HITTITES POUR INTO NORTH SYRIA ARE THEN CALLED KATTI OR HATTI, SOME HITTITES INTERMARRY WITH AMORITES, EGYPTIANS REPRESENTED THE AMORITES WITH RED HAIR, AMORITES WERE BLONDE HAIR, THESE AMORITES MOVE INTO PERSIA THEN CALLED GERMAN, KERMAN, CARMANIAN, CASIRI A CATTI TRIBE, AESTII TRIBE KNOWN AS SUDVA OR DAINAVA OR DAINAS, ARYAN ORIGINATE FROM HITTITE RULED MESOPOTAMIA 2000BC-1200BC, BROTHER OF DEDAN WAS SHEBA (SUEBI, SHWABI), ASSHURUM DESCENDS FROM DEDAN, HITTITES INTO NORTH INDIA, DAN IS VEDAN OR WODAN, ASURA UNDER YIMA SETTLED IN THE BALTIC, CATTI SAME AS ASURA, AESTII AND BORUSI SIMILAR PEOPLE, ...

The Great German Nation: Origins and Destiny

By Craig M. White

https://books.google.com/books?id=kXPz0dzGjf0C&pg=PA111&lpg=PA111&dq=asura+same+as+aesir&source=bl&ots=sh_xnFLpLu&sig=ACfU3U1pBzwQyJMDUgjIsdaG4-8Jr2OAcQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUu-jduYrtAhXaHc0KHQxaAXA4PBDoATADegQICBAC#v=onepage&q=asura%20same%20as%20aesir&f=true