Miscellaneous
SARMATIANS IN EUROPE
Kingdom of Iberia (Not to be confused with the Iberian Peninsula of Spain, etc...)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia
Caucasian Iberia. Iberia, centered on present-day Eastern Georgia, was bordered by Colchis in the west, Caucasian Albania in the east and Armenia in the south. Its population, known as the Iberians, formed the nucleus of the Georgians (Kartvelians).
In earliest times, the area of Caucasian Iberia was inhabited by several related tribes stemming from the Kura-Araxes culture, collectively called Iberians (or Eastern Iberians) in Greco-Roman ethnography....
The written sources for the early periods of Iberia's history are mostly medieval Georgian chronicles, that modern scholarship interpret as a semi-legendary narrative.[5] One such chronicle, Moktsevai Kartlisai (“Conversion of Kartli”) mentions that a ruler named Azo and his people came from Arian-Kartli – the initial home of the proto-Iberians, which had been under Achaemenid rule until the fall of the Persian Empire – and settled on the site where Mtskheta was to be founded. Another Georgian chronicle, Kartlis Tskhovreba (“History of Kartli”) claims Azo to be an officer of Alexander’s, who massacred a local ruling family and conquered the area, until being defeated at the end of the 4th century BC by Prince Pharnavaz, at that time a local chief...
Jews are Not Native Europeans
https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/miscellaneous/jews-not-native
Jews are of middle east origin but, were semites from Africa prior to their mid east migration.
The mid east was Turanian prior to semitic invasions.
The early Chaldean period. The first of these is a stone written in old hieratic form of cuneiform, the language being the Turanian Babylonian, the tongue spoken in Chaldea before the Semitic period....
Intimately connected with these historical studies is the question of the origin and history of the great Turanian race which first established civilization in the Euphrates valley It is the opinion of the majority of Assyrian scholars that the civilization literature mythology and science of Babylonia and Assyria were not the work of a Semitic race but of a totally different people speaking a language quite distinct from that of all the Semitic tribes
Source: Assyrian Discoveries: An Account of Explorations and Discoveries on the Site of Ninevah
https://books.google.com/books?id=mYIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA226&lpg=PA226&dq=Suqamunu&source=bl&ots=CD4_ngPvm7&sig=o-CE5TqPcE4H-Q3hbmYZKXrmaFU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwidiKvIwvzdAhVD7oMKHVKgDlEQ6AEwAnoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=Suqamunu&f=false
So the evolution of Land Ownership has come down to how a swindling corrupt bunch of "Lie"yers backed by a corrupt Legal System controlled by a "Clique of Corruption" aka., Government or Political System formed for Political & Legal Plunder having empowered themselves by making the rules that make their criminal acts "Legal". And this Legal Plunder, or immoral Force can interpret at will to justify its further breaches.
To my understanding it is considered just and fair that all indigenous peoples who prior to the 1970's are shit outta luck. That all conquered lands are now protected by Int'l Law so whatever was stolen is now protected. Regardless how it was acquired, and swindled. And the mighty can manipulate more crimes against the innocent by its ability to manipulate the legal process in a corrupt legal system that itself is criminal acting illegally.
Indigenous Peoples' Land Rights under International Law: From Victims to Actors
By Jérémie Gilbert
Right of conquest
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_conquest
The right of conquest is the right of a conqueror to territory taken by force of arms. It was traditionally a principle of international law that has gradually given way in modern times until its proscription after World War II when the crime of war of aggression was first codified in the Nuremberg Principles and then finally, in 1974, as a United Nations resolution 3314....
The completion of colonial conquest of much of the world (see the Scramble for Africa), the devastation of World War I and World War II, and the alignment of both the United States and the Soviet Union with the principle of self-determination led to the abandonment of the right of conquest in formal international law. The 1928 Kellogg–Briand Pact, the post-1945 Nuremberg Trials, the UN Charter, and the UN role in decolonization saw the progressive dismantling of this principle. Simultaneously, the UN Charter's guarantee of the "territorial integrity" of member states effectively froze out claims against prior conquests from this process.
Conquest and military occupation
After the attempted conquests of Napoleon and up to the attempted conquests of Hitler, the disposition of territory acquired under the principle of conquest had to, according to international law, be conducted according to the existing laws of war. This meant that there had to be military occupation followed by a peace settlement, and there was no reasonable chance of the defeated sovereign regaining the land. While a formal peace treaty "makes good any defects in title", it was not required. Recognition by the losing party was not a requirement, "the right of acquisition vested by conquest did not depend on the consent of the dispossessed state". However, the alternative was annexation (part or in whole) which if protested as unlawful, a peace treaty was the only means to legitimize conquest in a time of war. Essentially, conquest itself was a legal act of extinguishing the legal rights of other states without their consent. Under this new framework, it is notable that conquest and subsequent occupation outside of war was illegal.
In post-World War II times, when the international community frowned on wars of aggression, not all wars involving territorial acquisitions ended in a peace treaty. For example, the fighting in the Korean War ended in an armistice, without any peace treaty covering it.
Territorial integrity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_integrity
Territorial integrity is the principle under international law that nation-states should not attempt to promote secessionist movements or to promote border changes in other nation-states.[citation needed] Conversely it states that imposition by force of a border change is an act of aggression....
The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1674, adopted by the United Nations Security Council on April 28, 2006, "Reaffirm[ed] the provisions of paragraphs 138 and 139 of the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document regarding the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity". However, this responsibility to protect refers only to the ability of external powers to override sovereignty and does not explicitly involve the changing of borders.
Crime of aggression
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_of_aggression
A Crime of Aggression is a specific type of crime where a person plans, initiates, or executes an act of aggression using state military force that violates the Charter of the United Nations. The act is judged as a violation on based on its character, gravity, and scale. Acts of aggression include invasion, military occupation, annexation by the use of force, bombardment, and military blockade of ports. The Crime of Aggression is a crime under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. ...
In 1998, at the Rome Conference that adopted the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court ("the Statute"), the crime was included as one of the crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court (Article 5.1) and over which any State that becomes party to the Statute accepts the Court’s jurisdiction (Article 12.1)...
Definition: Under the Statute, the definition of "crime of aggression" is stated as follows: ...
War of aggression
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_aggression
A war of aggression, sometimes also war of conquest, is a military conflict waged without the justification of self-defense, usually for territorial gain and subjugation. The phrase is distinctly modern and diametrically opposed to the prior legal international standard of "might makes right", under the medieval and pre-historic beliefs of right of conquest. Since the Korean War of the early 1950s, waging such a war of aggression is a crime under the customary international law. ...
Wars without international legality (e.g. not out of self-defense nor sanctioned by the United Nations Security Council) can be considered wars of aggression; however, this alone usually does not constitute the definition of a war of aggression; certain wars may be unlawful but not aggressive (a war to settle a boundary dispute where the initiator has a reasonable claim, and limited aims, is one example)...
Faces of Ancient Europe ～ ArianrhodJelena
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTtAe349FWEZsdKSWYR8cEQ/videos
The 10 Worst Epidemics In History
http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-10-worst-epidemics-in-history.html
The Plague of Justinian hit humanity between 541 and 542 AD. It is held responsible for the highest number of lives lost in any epidemic in history. Estimates believe 100 million people died during this time which was half the world population! ...rats traveled all over the world on trading ships and helped spread the infection from China to Northern Africa and all over the Mediterranean. ...
The Black Plague claimed the lives of 50 million people from 1346 to 1350. The outbreak began in Asia and, once again, was carried throughout the world by rats covered with infected fleas. After its arrival in Europe, it spread death and destruction. Europe lost 60% of its population to the Black Death. ...
The HIV/AIDS epidemic... this virus has caused the death of 39 million people ...Other epidemics that have resulted in numerous deaths include the: 1918 Flu (20 million deaths); Modern Plague, 1894-1903 (10 million); Asian Flu, 1957-1958 (2 million); Sixth Cholera Pandemic, 1899-1923 (1.5 million); Russian Flu, 1889-1890 (1 million); Hong Kong Flu, 1968-1969 (1 million); and the Fifth Cholera Pandemic, 1881-1896 (981,899)
5 Deadliest Pandemics in History
http://www.neatorama.com/2009/04/27/5-deadliest-pandemics-in-history/
1. The Peloponnesian War Pestilence: The very first pandemic in recorded history was described by Thucydides. In 430 BC, during the Peloponnesian war between Athens and Sparta, ...roughly one to two thirds of all Athenians died.
2. The Antonine Plague: In 165 AD, Greek physician Galen described an ancient pandemic, now thought to be smallpox, that was brought to Rome by soldiers returning from Mesopotamia. At its height, the disease killed some 5,000 people a day in Rome. By the time the disease ran its course some 15 years later, a total of 5 million people were dead.
3. The Plague of Justinian: In 541-542 AD, there was an outbreak of a deadly disease in the Byzantine Empire. ...this outbreak decimated up to a quarter of human population in the eastern Mediterranean ...bubonic plague pandemic ...claimed as many as 200 million lives throughout history.
4. The Black Death: 14th century. Black Death took a heavy toll on Europe. The fatality was recorded at over 25 million people or one-fourth of the entire population.... In 1855, another bubonic plague epidemic (named the Third Epidemic) hit the world - this time, the initial outbreak was in Yunnan Province, China. Human migration, trade and wars helped the disease spread from China to India, Africa, and the Americas. All in all, this pandemic lasted about 100 years (it officially ended in 1959) and claimed over 12 million people in India and China alone.
5. The Spanish Flu: 1918, in the last months of World War I ...between 20 and 100 million people were killed worldwide.
List of epidemics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_epidemics
This article is a list of epidemics of infectious disease:
Plague
https://www.cdc.gov/plague/history/
Three Major Plague Pandemics
The Justinian Plague: killed over 25 million people and affected much of the Mediterranean basin--virtually all of the known world at that time.
"Black Death" or the Great Plague: originated in China in 1334 and spread along the great trade routes to Constantinople and then to Europe, where it claimed an estimated 60% of the European population. Entire towns were wiped out.
Modern Plague: began in China in the 1860s and appeared in Hong Kong by 1894. Over the next 20 years, it spread to port cities around the world by rats on steamships. The pandemic caused approximately 10 million deaths ... the infection easily spread to local populations of ground squirrels and other small mammals in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. These new species of carriers have allowed plague to become endemic in many rural areas, including the western U.S.
13 WORST PLAGUES IN HISTORY
https://alizul2.blogspot.com/2012/04/13-worst-plagues-in-history.html
The world's deadliest outbreaks
Top 10 epidemic diseases that were common in ancient world
Immigration, and Gay Sex leading cause of HIV in the West EU.
Drug Injections leading cause of HIV in East Europe and Russia...
UK maintains the largest HIV epidemic in western Europe
...But sixty percent of European cases diagnosed last year were in Russia
http://www.aidsmap.com/UK-maintains-the-largest-HIV-epidemic-in-western-Europe/page/3021724/
the UK is the most badly-affected large country in the European Union and in western Europe... Last year (2014) 142,197 new diagnoses of HIV in the WHO European Region were notified to the ECDC, including 85,252 from Russia – 60% of the total. This brings the cumulative number ever diagnosed to 1,840,136 of which 907,607 are Russian – 49% of the total. ...This means that three-quarters of HIV diagnoses (107,255) came from the WHO’s eastern region, which includes all the former Soviet Union countries; the majority of cases not from Russia were from Ukraine, with 15,796 cases last year; ...Russia has now overtaken Ukraine as the country with the highest rate of new diagnoses in Europe. ...At the other end of the scale, in Serbia, the country with the lowest prevalence in the European region ...In western Europe, as noted above, the UK has the highest diagnosis rate ...
In the eastern European region annual diagnoses in general have more than doubled since 2005. Diagnoses have gone up 141% in Russia and nearly 60% in the rest of the region, and in women by 74%. ...Between 2005 and 2014 AIDS diagnoses increased by 143% in the whole region and increased in every country except Estonia. In the region, one person for every 9346 in the general population was diagnosed with AIDS – a higher rate than HIV diagnoses in any western European country apart from Luxembourg. In Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova and the EU country of Lithuania, AIDS cases increased three- to fourfold, in Azerbaijan tenfold and in the WHO 53’s farthest-east outpost of Tajikistan, AIDS cases have increased dramatically with a 40-fold increase in a decade. In these countries, the AIDS toll from needle-driven infections that peaked in the early 2000s is starting to become apparent. Deaths from AIDS have increased by 55% in the eastern region since 2005...
Migration – and conclusions:
One pattern that the ECDC draws attention to is the changes in cases among migrants, at least in the EU. In 2014 37% of cases on average in EU/EEA countries were in people not born in the country they were diagnosed, and more than 50% in Iceland, the UK (53%),Norway, Ireland, France and Sweden....
The ECDC comment that an increasing number of cases, especially in heterosexual transmission, may be “linked to periodic migration from neighbouring countries.”...The other notable pattern, of course, is the continued increase in, and spread of, cases in MSM (men having sex with men). The ECDC note that in western Europe “there has been sustained increase in HIV diagnoses among both native and foreign-born MSM. MSM account for the largest number of new HIV diagnoses and are the only population in the EU and EEA where HIV cases continue to increase at an alarming rate.”
Looking at Sardinian DNA for genetic clues to an island's - and Europe's - past
Almost 80 percent of modern Sardinian mitogenomes belong to branches that cannot be found anywhere else outside the island. Thus, they were defined as Sardinian-Specific Haplogroups (SSHs) that most likely arose in the island after its initial occupation. Almost all SSHs coalesce in the post-Nuragic, Nuragic and Neolithic-Copper Age periods. However, some rare SSHs display age estimates older than 7,800 years ago, the postulated archaeologically-based starting time of the Neolithic in Sardinia.
"Our analyses raise the possibility that several SSHs may have already been present on the island prior to the Neolithic,"...
The most plausible candidates would include haplogroups K1a2d and U5b1i1, which together comprise almost 3 percent of modern Sardinians, and possibly others. Such a scenario would not only support archaeological evidence of a Mesolithic occupation of Sardinia, but could also suggest a dual ancestral origin of its first inhabitants. K1a2d is of Late Palaeolithic Near Eastern ancestry, whereas U5b1i1 harbours deep ancestral roots in Palaeolithic Western Europe....
Surname
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname
A four-year study led by the University of the West of England, which concluded in 2016, analysed sources dating from the 11th to the 19th century to explain the origins of the surnames in the British isles. The study found that over 90% of the 45,602 surnames in the dictionary are native to Britain and Ireland...
In Ireland, the use of surnames has a very old history. Ireland was the first country in Europe to use fixed surnames[citation needed]. As noted in the Annals, the first recorded fixed surname was Ó Cleirigh, which recorded the death of Tigherneach Ua Cleirigh, lord of Aidhne in Co. Galway in the year 916.
In England, the introduction of family names is generally attributed to the preparation of the Domesday Book in 1086, following the Norman conquest. Evidence indicates that surnames were first adopted among the feudal nobility and gentry, and only slowly spread to other parts of society. Some of the early Norman nobility who arrived in England during the Norman conquest differentiated themselves by affixing 'de' (of) before the name of their village in France. ...
Surnames were uncommon prior to the 12th century, and still somewhat rare into the 13th; most European surnames were originally occupational or locational,... In the Middle Ages, when a man from a lower-status family married an only daughter from a higher-status family, he would often adopt the wife's family name. ...It is rare but not unknown for an English-speaking man to take his wife's family name, whether for personal reasons or as a matter of tradition ...
During the modern era, many cultures around the world adopted family names, particularly for administrative reasons, especially during the age of European expansion and particularly since 1600....
Family names sometimes change or are replaced by non-family-name surnames under political pressure to avoid persecution....
What's In a Name? Your Link to the Past
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/familyhistory/get_started/surnames_01.shtml
in England alone there are around 45,000 different surnames - each with a history behind it. ... Before the Norman Conquest of Britain, people did not have hereditary surnames: they were known just by a personal name or nickname.... After 1066, the Norman barons introduced surnames into England, and the practice gradually spread. Initially, the identifying names were changed or dropped at will, but eventually they began to stick and to get passed on. ...
Most Saxon and early Celtic personal names - names such Oslaf, Oslac, Oswald, Oswin and Osway ('Os' meaning God) - disappeared quite quickly after the Norman invasion. ...New surnames continued to be formed long after 1400, and immigrants brought in new ones. Many Irish and Highland Scottish names derive from Gaelic personal names, as do those of the Welsh, who only began to adopt the English system of surnames following the union of the two countries in 1536. ...
Many individuals and families have changed their names or adopted an alias at some time in the past....
The myth of the single monkey ancestor Adam who came out of Africa to populate the entire world with people is either a lie, a joke, a myth, a scam, or just a misguided direction due to incomplete facts and/or lack of complet understanding of the origins of all mankind.
Science does not identify Neanderthal Haplogroups. Why?
If only Ydna passes to males, and only mt DNA passes to females, did this hold true when Neanderthals interbred with sapiens? IF Neanderthal did not share its Y and mt DNA how did the male Neanderthal pass Y to the female and how did the female pass the mt DNA to the male offspring when Neanderthal and sapiens interbred? What was the Y and mt DNA of Neanderthal? Since we know Neanderthal interbred with Europeans then the Y dna must be the male neanderthal, and not out of africa. It must be Y dna specific to the male neanderthal. Since genetics have stated Neanderthal is non-African then sapiens from Africa would not share the same haplogroups. To theorize that neanderthals came out of Africa would contradict facts.
Thus, an often overlooked theory is that not all mankind has come out of Africa, and that we all do not share a common single ancestor. Some share a common ancestor out of Africa while some other people share a common ancestor from elswhere say for example Europe, while other people share another common ancestor elsewhere say for example Siberia, and another from Greenland, and still another somewhere in Southeast Asia, etc. etc.... Each representing their own unique haplogroup evolving from their own different common ancestor, and not from a single Adam ancestor representing all people of the world.
By accepting the "out of Africa" myth as the only possible explanation too many questions go unanswered. By accepting more than one single common ancestor named Adam to represent all mankind what we have in reality are several common ancestors for different peoples who originally never were related nor ever came from the same ancestry.
But, as people migrated and interbred the Y and mt DNA being passed only through its own male and female lines represent today the mixed and original haplogroups of these first ancestors. So the non-Africans received some Neanderthal Ydna (mtDNA of Neanderthal became extinct by infertility of the offspring (as hypothesized)). And the Denisovan shared with other peoples in Asia. In Africa Adam passed his Y, and Eve passed her mt DNA's to their own people in Africa. Then the migrations spread it around the globe through interbreeding.
Many of the original peoples have long since become extinct. Possibly because of these migrations gene sharing making the offspring infertile causing the mixed people to die off as with Neanderthal, while those we see today survived.
So although Adam theory may be correct to explain a single lineage from that particular ancestor in Africa, it does not account for all people's who have lived elsewhere, or who are still living. Adam may be present mixed today with other people, but, in my opinion Adam is not the sole source of all haplogroups. The haplogroups we see today were originally from their own original ancestor who have origins in various places of the globe never from Africa, and have become mixed through the timeline of all mankind in various degrees.
Thus, if neanderthal Y dna did not survive in his son's dna, and mt dna is not passed by the male where did the Y dna come from if the mother does not have any Y dna to pass on? If Europeans have 1% to 4% Neanderthal then they must have Neanderthal Y dna, or they would not even exist other than some 100% mt dna freak that could not pass on any Y dna because he would have none to pass on. In fact, if this were true he would die out at that very generation.
Y-chromosomal Adam
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam
In human genetics, the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (Y-MRCA, informally known as Y-chromosomal Adam) is the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) from whom all currently living people are descended patrilineally. The term Y-MRCA reflects the fact that the Y chromosomes of all currently living males are directly derived from the Y chromosome of this remote ancestor. The analogous concept of the matrilineal most recent common ancestor is known as "Mitochondrial Eve" (mt-MRCA, named for the matrilineal transmission of mtDNA), the most recent woman from whom all living humans are descended matrilineally. As with "Mitochondrial Eve", the title of "Y-chromosomal Adam" is not permanently fixed to a single individual, but can advance over the course of human history as paternal lineages become extinct....
As of 2015, estimates of the age of the Y-MRCA range around 200,000 to 300,000 years ago, roughly consistent with the emergence of anatomically modern humans. Y-chromosomal data taken from a neanderthal from El Sidrón, Spain produced a Y-T-MRCA of 588,000 years ago for neanderthal and Homo sapiens patrilineages, dubbed ante Adam and 275,000 years ago for Y-MRCA....
Although the informal name "Y-chromosomal Adam" is a reference to the biblical Adam, this should not be misconstrued as implying that the bearer of the chromosome was the only human male alive during his time. His other male contemporaries also have descendants alive today, but not, by definition, through solely patrilineal descent....
The revision of Y-chromosomal phylogeny since 2011 has affected estimates for the likely geographical origin of Y-MRCA as well as estimates on time depth. By the same reasoning, future discovery of presently-unknown archaic haplogroups in living people would again lead to such revisions. In particular, the possible presence of between 1% and 4% Neanderthal-derived DNA in Eurasian genomes implies that the (unlikely) event of a discovery of a single living Eurasian male exhibiting a Neanderthal patrilineal line would immediately push back T-MRCA ("time to MRCA") to at least twice its current estimate. However, the discovery of a neanderthal Y-chromosome by Mendez et al. suggests the extinction of neanderthal patrilineages, as the lineage inferred from the neanderthal sequence is outside of the range of contemporary human genetic variation. Questions of geographical origin would become part of the debate on Neanderthal evolution from Homo erectus.
Pangaea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea
Pangaea or Pangea was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. It assembled from earlier continental units approximately 335 million years ago, and it began to break apart about 175 million years ago... much of Pangaea was in the southern hemisphere and surrounded by a superocean, Panthalassa. Pangaea was the most recent supercontinent to have existed...
We live in a post Pangaea time period where the reconfiguration of continents and oceans has changed the climate of many areas. There is scientific evidence that proves that climate was drastically altered. When the continents separated and reformed themselves, it changed the flow of the oceanic currents and winds.... When Pangaea separated, the reorganization of the continents changed the function of the oceans and seaways. The restructuring of the continents, changed and altered the distribution of warmth and coolness of the oceans. When North America and South America connected, it stopped equatorial currents from passing from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Researchers have found evidence by using computer hydrological models to show that this strengthened the Gulf Stream by diverting more warm currents towards Europe. Warm waters at high latitudes led to an increased evaporation and eventually atmospheric moisture. Increased evaporation and atmospheric moisture resulted in increased precipitation. Evidence of increased precipitation is the development of snow and ice that covers Greenland, which led to an accumulation of the icecap. Greenland’s growing ice cap led to further global cooling. Scientists also found evidence of global cooling through the separation of Australia and Antarctica and the formation of the Antarctic Ocean. Ocean currents in the newly formed Antarctic or Southern Ocean created a circumpolar current. The creation of the new ocean that caused a circumpolar current eventually led to atmospheric currents that rotated from west to east. Atmospheric and oceanic currents stopped the transfer of warm, tropical air and water to the higher latitudes. As a result of the warm air and currents moving northward, Antarctica cooled down so much that it became frigid....
There is evidence to suggest that the deterioration of northern Pangaea contributed to the Permian Extinction, one of Earth’s five major mass extinction events, which resulted in the loss of over 90% of marine and 70% of terrestrial species....
Among the indigenous native Europeans their hair was worn long. The ancient Romans wore long hair but, as they became more cultured long hair was viewed as barbarian so that shorter hair became the trend. The natives who were enslaved had their hair shorn short, and their hair made into wigs for the Romans. A person had his hair shorn as punishment. Short hair for the native European would be shameful, and signifies his slavery. It appears the Catholic Church during its power over Europe had influenced the shortening of men's hair by adopting the Roman culture of short hair for men....
Hairstyle - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairstyle
In ancient civilizations, women's hair was often elaborately and carefully dressed in special ways. ...Only since the end of World War I have women begun to wear their hair short and in fairly natural styles....
From the time of the Roman Empire until the Middle Ages, most women grew their hair as long as it would naturally grow....for an adult woman to wear uncovered and loose hair in the street was often restricted to prostitutes....
During the 15th and 16th centuries, European men wore their hair cropped no longer than shoulder-length, ...In the early 17th century male hairstyles grew longer, with waves or curls being considered desirable....
Short hair for fashionable men was a product of the Neoclassical movement. Classically inspired male hair styles included the Bedford Crop, arguably the precursor of most plain modern male styles, which was invented by the radical politician Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford as a protest against a tax on hair powder;...
A history of men's hairstyles
http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jan/29/image/la-ig-mens-hair-timeline-20120129
2200 BC Egyptian men wore their hair very short or they shaved their heads. Wealthy men or members of the royal elite would cover their heads with elaborate headdresses, wigs or hair extensions...
AD 390-450 During this time, long locks were a symbol of status. Royalty wore their hair long while members of the lower classes and slaves either had short hair or shaved heads....
1600s France it was a sign of status, popular by King Louis XIV. ... long, dark brown wig with loose waves.
In 1895, the Yale football team also adopted the crew cut. During World War II, soldiers sported crew cuts to help control head lice in their tight quarters....
Roman hairstyles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_hairstyles
A 'natural' style was associated with barbarians, who the Romans believed had neither the money nor the culture to create these styles. "Natural" showed a lack of culture, and grooming of the hair went hand-in-hand with being part of a sophisticated civilization. Incidentally, the association with barbarians was why Roman men kept their hair cut short....
Wigs were made from human hair; blonde hair from Germany and black from India were particularly prized, especially if the hair came from the head of a person from a conquered civilisation. The blond hair of various Germanic peoples symbolized the spoils of war. ...
In early times, it is most likely Roman men wore their hair long. With the introduction of barbers called tonsors in about 300 BCE it became customary to wear hair short.
Roman Hairstyles
http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/roman-clothing/roman-hairstyles.htm
Wigs were common in Ancient Rome which were combed into elaborate hairstyles. Some country slaves had their heads shaven and their hair was used to produce wigs for wealthy Roman women. It was therefore a severe punishment for a town-slave to be sent into the country.
Headwear of Nomads and Barbarians
Nearly every account emphasizes that barbarians wore their hair long. Women wore their hair very long and often braided it and let it hang down their back. Barbarian men often pushed their long hair straight back over the crown of their head and let it hang down their back....One Roman historian, describing the hairstyles of the Gauls (from modern-day France), is quoted in Richard Corson's Fashions in Hair: The First Five Thousand Years : "They indeed allow [their hair] to grow so thick that it scarce differs from a horse's mane....
Throughout the barbarian tribes, short hair for men was generally thought of as a sign of disgrace....
The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers ...
1885 - Christian literature, Early
Of the nations, the Celts and Scythians wear their hair long, but do not deck themselves. The bushy hair of the barbarian has something fearful in it ; and its ...
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hair (In Christian Antiquity)
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07113a.htm
The barbarians allowed their hair to grow freely, and to fall unrestrained on the shoulders. After the fall of the Merovingians, and while the barbarian invaders were conforming more and more to the prevailing Byzantine taste or fashion, they did not immediately take up the fashion of cutting the hair. Carloman, the brother of Charlemagne, is represented at the age of fourteen with his hair falling in long tresses behind. The councils regulated the head-dress of clerics and monks. The "Statuta antiqua Ecclesiae" (can. xliv) forbade them to allow hair or beard to grow. A synod held by St. Patrick (can. vi) in 456 prescribed that the clerics should dress their hair in the manner of the Roman clerics, and those who allowed their hair to grow were expelled from the Church (can. x). The Council of Agde (506) authorized the archdeacon to employ force in cutting the hair of recalcitrants; that of Braga (572) ordained that the hair should be short, and the ears exposed, while the Council of Toledo (633) denounced the lectors in Galicia who wore a small tonsure and allowed the hair to grow immoderately, and two Councils of Rome (721 and 743) anathematized those who should neglect the regulations in this matter. This legislation only shows how inveterate was the contrary custom. The insistence of the councils is readily explained if we recall the ridiculous fantasies to which the heretical sects permitted themselves to go. Whether through the love of mortification or a taste for the bizarre, we see, according to St. Jerome's testimony, monks bearded like goats, and the "Vita Hilarionis" also states that certain persons considered it meritorious to cut hair each year at Easter.
In the ninth century there is more distinction between freemen and slaves, as regards the hair. Henceforth the slaves were no longer shorn save in punishment for certain offences. Under Louis the Débonnaire and Charles the Bald the hair was cut on the temples and the back of the head. In the tenth century the hair cut at the height of the ears fell regularly about the head. At the end of twelfth century the hair was shaven close on the top of the head and fell in long curls behind. ...
Hair was shorn as a form of punishment, and sign of disgrace in Babylon.
Babylonian Law The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences ..., Volume 3 P119
Sumeria was a mixed society of indigenous native Europeans, native Near Eastern, Turkic, and other nearby peoples. Since Sumeria is in the near east it is not on the European continent although the civilization began with the help of the native European people.
Sumerians
https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/miscellaneous/Sumerians%20Not%20Native.rtf?attredirects=0&d=1
The near east farmer migrated in various waves into Europe after destroying their own civilization, and destroying their own agricultural soil by improper farming methods turning a fertile plain into a desert. Climatic, and environmental factors also contributed to the decline in productive soils which probably contributed to the European migrations of the near east farmer.
Year 1918 Map:
The first genome data from ancient Egyptian mummies
Ancient Egyptians were most closely related to ancient populations from the Near East
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/05/170530115141.htm
The study found that modern Egyptians share more ancestry with Sub-Saharan Africans than ancient Egyptians did. ... The study found that ancient Egyptians were most closely related to ancient populations in the Levant, and were also closely related to Neolithic populations from the Anatolian Peninsula and Europe.
"The genetics of the Abusir el-Meleq community did not undergo any major shifts during the 1,300 year timespan we studied, suggesting that the population remained genetically relatively unaffected by foreign conquest and rule," ...
The data shows that modern Egyptians share approximately 8% more ancestry on the nuclear level with Sub-Saharan African populations than with ancient Egyptians. "This suggests that an increase in Sub-Saharan African gene flow into Egypt occurred within the last 1,500 years," ...
Possible causal factors may have been improved mobility down the Nile River, increased long-distance trade between Sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, and the trans-Saharan slave trade that began approximately 1,300 years ago. ...
Mermaids and Sea Nymphs Faces of Ancient Europe ～ ArianrhodJelena
Mermaids & Mermen: Facts & Legends
https://www.livescience.com/39882-mermaid.html
"Traditions concerning creatures half-human and half-fish in form have existed for thousands of years, and the Babylonian deity Era or Oannes, the Fish-god ... is usually depicted as having a bearded head with a crown and a body like a man, but from the waist downwards he has the shape of a fish." Greek mythology contains stories of the god Triton, the merman messenger of the sea, and several modern religions including Hinduism and Candomble (an Afro-Brazilian belief) worship mermaid goddesses to this day. ...
In some legends from Scotland and Wales mermaids befriended — and even married — humans. Meri Lao, in her book "Seduction and the Secret Power of Women," notes that "In the Shetland Islands, mermaids are stunningly beautiful women who live under the sea; ...
Mermaid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermaid
A mermaid is a legendary aquatic creature with the head and upper body of a female human and the tail of a fish. Mermaids appear in the folklore of many cultures worldwide, including the Near East, Europe, Africa and Asia. ...Mermaids are sometimes associated with perilous events such as floods, storms, shipwrecks and drownings.... they can be benevolent or beneficent, bestowing boons or falling in love with humans.
The word mermaid is a compound of the Old English mere (sea), and maid (a girl or young woman). The equivalent term in Old English was merewif. They are conventionally depicted as beautiful with long flowing hair....
The first known mermaid stories appeared in Assyria c. 1000 BC. The goddess Atargatis, mother of Assyrian queen Semiramis, loved a mortal (a shepherd) and unintentionally killed him. Ashamed, she jumped into a lake and took the form of a fish, but the waters would not conceal her divine beauty. Thereafter, she took the form of a mermaid — human above the waist, fish below — although the earliest representations of Atargatis showed her as a fish with a human head and arm, similar to the Babylonian god Ea. The Greeks recognized Atargatis under the name Derketo. Sometime before 546 BC, Milesian philosopher Anaximander postulated that mankind had sprung from an aquatic animal species. He thought that humans, who begin life with prolonged infancy, could not have survived otherwise....
The Norman chapel in Durham Castle, built around 1078 by Saxon stonemasons, has what is probably the earliest surviving artistic depiction of a mermaid in England...Mermaids appear in British folklore as unlucky omens, both foretelling disaster and provoking it. ... The Irish mermaid is called merrow ...In Scottish mythology, a ceasg is a fresh-water mermaid ... Mermaids from the Isle of Man, known as ben-varrey, are considered more favorable toward humans than those of other regions,[25] with various accounts of assistance, gifts and rewards....
Western Europe: A freshwater mermaid-like creature from European folklore is Melusine... The best-known example of mermaids in literature is probably Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale, The Little Mermaid, first published in 1837. ...
Eastern Europe: Rusalkas are the Slavic counterpart of the Greek sirens and naiads.... they are the restless spirits of the unclean dead....
Hans Christian Anderson's The Little Mermaid (1975) (English) Part One
Turkic Mythology Turkic Water Deities:
Susulu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susulu_(mythology)
Similarities with Mermaid
They are conventionally depicted as beautiful with long flowing hair. Susulus appear in Turkic folklore as unlucky omens, both foretelling disaster and provoking it like mermaids. Susulus have also been described as able to swim up rivers to freshwater lakes. They are usually the ghosts of young women who died a violent or untimely death, perhaps by murder or suicide, and especially by drowning. Susulus are said to inhabit lakes and rivers. They appear as beautiful young women with long green hair and pale skin, suggesting a connection with floating weeds and days spent underwater in faint sunlight. They can be seen after dark, dancing together under the moon and calling out to young men by name, luring them to the water and drowning them.
Su Iyesi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_iyesi
Is a water spirit. .... Su Iyesi is sometimes associated with perilous events such as floods, storms, shipwrecks and drownings. In other Turkic folk traditions, she can be benevolent or beneficent.
Su Ana
Su Ana ("water mother") is often mentioned as the female form of Su Iyesi. She is said to appear as a naked young woman with a fairy-like face and yellow and long hair, usually covered in black fish scales. She has a fish's tail and eyes that burn like fire. She usually rides along her river on a half-sunken log, making loud splashes. Local drownings are said to be the work of the Su Anası. She is the wife of Su Ata. She likes shores and likes to get out of the water.
Su Ata
Su Ata ("water father") is the male form of Su Iyesi. He appears as an old man with a frog-like face, greenish beard, with his body covered in algae and muck. He has webbed paws instead of hands. He usually rides along his river. ... He is a river and lake god. When someone has drowned, people often say "Su Ata took him." He also reportedly hates people who pollute the waters....
Ak Ana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak_Ana
Ak Ana, the "White Mother", is the primordial creator-goddess of Turkic people and the Khanty and Mansi peoples of Siberia. She is also known as the goddess of the water. She was the consort and daughter of Kayra Han.
Water had been created earlier than Earth. Therefore, she was believed to be the elder sister of Earth. The beginning of the Earth emanated from Water. In ancient Turkish beliefs, Tangri (God) Kaira Khan is a pure, white goose that flies constantly over an endless expanse of water (time). But before Ak-Ana appears to urge Kaira Khan to create, he experiences a disturbance of his calm. From the bottom of the Water a "sacred duck" Lura lifted the sand, clay and silt, from which the Earth was created. Water was the initial state of everything in existence. Water evenly gave rise to both foreign and hostile elements. It was the possessor of spirits and the entrance into the other realm. The life, fertility and productivity of land depended on the Ak Ana.
Similar deities:
Aka is an Anatolian river goddess / female deity.
Aha is a river god (or male deity) of the Sakha (Yakut) mythology.
Jaiyk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaiyk
...is the god of rivers in Turkic mythology.... Jaiyk was previously known as Dayık in Altai mythology. He was originally the patron god of humanity and son of Kayra, but later the influence of his cult spread throughout Central Asia and to the Kyrgyz and Kazakh cultures. He was the deity of rivers, water, and lake water.
Jaiyk is depicted as a young man with a scourge in his hand. He lives at the junction of 17 rivers. Jaiyk has all the power of water and can make storms on the water. If he becomes angry, he makes and causes by floods on the Earth. All of the rivers and lakes are in the command of Jaiyk Khan. He send spirits to all rivers. Every river or creek has an İye (protector spirit or deity). The Turkic concept of the god seems to associate him both to the destructive and the purifier powers of water.
Rivers in Turkic culture
According to ancient Turkic traditions and opinions, water and rivers are a sacred phenomenon and can purify all things. The people used to be obliged to respect the water in family or in social life. In the water sits and lives a protector spirit (familiar spirit). If he is angry, then he can be harmful to humans. Because of this disrespectful behavior, water may also become dry. Therefore, Turkic or Mongolian traditional and oral narratives tell cautionary tales and stories of irreverence to water.
Ural River, originally named Yayıq.
List of water deities
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_water_deities
ABOUT FEMALE DEITIES IN THE MYTHOLOGY OF FINNO-UGRIC PEOPLES
https://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol47/yurchenkova.pdf
Mordvin Ved’ava has certain common traits with mermaids, both with regard to their appearance, functions and disposition as mermaids, Ved’ava was an anthropomorphic figure, she could appear as a young girl (either naked or in clothes) with long loose hair, and as a dreadful woman with hanging breasts. As with mermaids, water was the home of Ved’ava, and she could affect the destiny of man, fertility and crop yield of fields. Likewise, water spirits protected motherhood and women’s work among the Maris. After wedding, the young wife would give an offering to the Water Mother Vyd Ava: three beads or coins and a cowrie, saying, at the time: “Let it be peaceful for me to come to the water and let the evil not besiege me.”
The Udmurts worshipped Gudyr-mumy and Invu-mumy (the Mother of Celestial Water), her name was constantly reiterated in prayers and at large ritual gatherings where the gusli-player played a sacred tune about the search of heavenly water, this was accompanied with the ritual lamentation of the people: the tears had to bring about a downpour from heaven. Invu-mumy would also bring luck at childbirth and happiness in the family.
(Note: This is similar to Turkic Mythology Ak Ana.)
Are the Sea Goats the Phoenician Aryan Goths who traveled the waters as sea traders, or were apart of the Phoenician peoples?
We know the goats are the Goths. These Goths were also great boatmen who sailed the coasts all the way to Briton, North West Europe to become the Danes, the Brits, the Scots, Norsemen, etc... Mermaid and Merman deities were in existence by many ancient peoples such as the Turkic, Altai, Mesopotamian, Greeks, etc. as Gods and Goddesses of the Waters. We also know that these sea peoples either solely the Goths, or accompany to these sea peoples were not initially land lubbers. They instead kept on the boats initially with minimal excursions inland. This eventually gave way to more inland development by these people over time.
So this legend of Pricus, and the symbol of the sea goat may well be referring to these sea Goths. Just my opinion.
The Sea Goat
Pricus is the father of the race of sea-goats, who are known to be intelligent and honorable creatures who live in the sea near the shore.
The legend that ties Pricus to Capricorn mythology begins when the younger sea-goats, Pricus's children, find their way onto the shore. The sea-goats seem to be naturally drawn to the shore. They can use their front goat legs to pull themselves onto the beach and lay in the sun. The longer they stay on shore, though, the more they "evolve" from sea-goats into regular goats. Their fish tails become hind legs and they lose their ability to think and speak, essentially becoming the goats that we know today.
This upsets Pricus a great deal. As the father of the sea-goat race, he is determined to make sure that his children never get to the shore. If they do, he fears they will become mindless animals who can never return to sea.
After losing several of his children to the land, Pricus decides to use his ability to reverse time to force his children to return to the sea. During this time reversal, everything on earth, except Pricus, reverses itself to where it was previously, thus the goats revert back to the time to before they returned to land.
Pricus, being unaffected by the time shift, is the only one who knows what is to become of the sea-goats. He tries to warn them, even forbid them from setting foot onto the shore, but no matter what he does, or how many times he reverses time, the sea-goats eventually still find their way onto land and become regular goats.
The pivotal moment in Capricorn mythology occurs when Pricus finally realizes that he cannot control the destiny of his children, and that trying to keep them in the sea will never work, no matter how many times to tries to "start over". He resigns himself to his loneliness, and chooses to no longer reverse time, instead letting his children live their lives out to their own destiny.
In his misery, Pricus begs Chronos to let him die, as he cannot bear to be the only sea-goat left. Chronos instead allows him to live out his immortality in the sky, as the constellation Capricorn. Now he can see his children even on the highest mountain tops from the stars.
You can clearly see the Turkic, and Gothic influence/origin of this mythology. I would add that Mesopotamia was not the beginning of the Goat, nor of the Water God/Goddess. Both had origins well before Mesopatamia, and in several different regions from North Eurasia, down to India, as far east as Japan and prior to the Mesopotamian civilizations....
Capricorn Mythology Sea Goats
http://www.crystalwind.ca/mystical-magical/pantheons-and-myths/compendium/capricorn-mythology
The origins of Capricorn mythology were practically unknown until the Scriptures of Delphi were discovered.... Pricus is tied to Chronos (Greek mythology) ...
Capricorn Mythology, What is it about?:
Capricorn Mythology in ancient Sumeria was associated with the planet Saturn and the Mesopotamian god Enki.
The goat-fish is a representation of Enki, seen on Babylonian monuments.
Enki was a god in Mesopotamian legend; later Enki became Ea in Babylonian legend. In the beginning, Enki was the main supreme being of the metropolis of Eridu. Later Enki's cult influence circulated from end-to-end of Mesopotamia (north-central Anatolia -- (Hittites) and Northern Mesopotamia--- (Hurrians)....
Enki was the god of artisanship (gašam); water, saltwater, lake water (a, aba, ab), intellect (gestú, meaning "ear") and creative activity (Nudimmud). In ancient Babylonian legend Capricorn was described as the "deity Ea", who was fishtailed. Ea was the “Antelope of the Sea”.
Capricornus is recognized by the name the “Gate of Death” (polar to the Cancer sign, “Gate of Birth“). Capricorn relates to the time the Sun embarks the tenth part of its orbit and to the time of new knowledge. Ea is perceived as coming up from the oceanic abyss to teach humanity the wisdom of the gods. The Capricorn zodiac sign is called "šaxû ibex" in Babylonian. The sun in that month moved into the "suxûru" or fish constellation, which is called the star of Tashmetum. Tashmetum is a goddess of Akkadian mythology. Tashmetum is the wife of the deity Nabu....Nabu is the god of wisdom and writing in Babylonian Legend. Babylonians revere Nabu because he is the son of Marduk (or Merodach) and his wife, Sarpanitum. In addition, Nabu is worshiped since Enki/Ea is his grandfather.
However, the whole depiction of Capricornus as we know it now derives from the Greeks.
In Grecian mythology, the Capricorn Mythology begins with Cronus who was a giant, and the Father-God of the deities. Even as Cronus brought down his own father named Uranos, Cronus realized one of his own children would subvert him.
Thus, when each of his and wife Rhea's babies were born, he ate them whole. Hestia, Demeter, Hades, Poseidon, Hera, altogether, swallowed before they could mature and jeopardize his dominion.
Rhea wanted a child, so when Zeus was born into the world, Rhea hid baby Zeus in a cave and placed him with surrogate parents. Then Rhea draped a stone in swaddling clothes and fed that to Cronus. Thus sparing Zeus the same fate as his sisters and brothers.
There are other variations of this legend. In another variant, a goat-tending nymph called Amalthea or Adamanthea brought up Zeus.
Yet in another version of this myth, the actual goat itself named Amalthea brought up Zeus.
However, the one thing that never changes in all the stories is that Zeus suckled on goat’s milk, or ambrosia in some versions.
When Zeus was more grown up, he freed his uncles by Cronus, who were held captive -- the Titans (powerful deities who were elder gods) and the Cyclopes (a primordial race of giants, each with a single eye in the middle of its forehead) --
The Titans and Cyclopes gave Zeus great power over thunder and lightning.
With the Titans and the Cyclopes assisting, Zeus brought down Cronus, and pressured him to cough up Zeus' brothers and sisters, Hestia, Demeter, Hades, Poseidon and Hera.
To continue the story, Zeus then placed Amalthea or Adamanthea in the heavens (this is called Catasterismi in Greek which means: placing amid the stars) in thanks, as the constellation Capricornus, the Goat. The horns from Amalthea the goat later became the Horn of Plenty, or Cornucopia. Ancient sources say that Cornucopia comes from the sun "taking nourishment" in provision for its ascent north.
Additionaly, Capricorn Mythology is linked with the Saturn and the god Aristaeus.
In some adaptations of the Capricorn Mythology, the goat's skin is the Golden Fleece that Jason and the Argonauts sought out and stole.
Yet in another custom Capricorn stands for the deity Pan-the goat god who metamorphosed into a sea animal.
One legend says, when Pan was being assaulted by Typhon, Pan plunged himself into the Nile River; the parts above the river water stayed goat, however the parts below the water changed into a fish. Even now, the Capricorn constellation is portrayed as a sea-goat, (a goat with a fish’s tail).
Capricornus is one of the eighty-eight new constellations, and one of the forty-eight constellations named by Ptolemy.
The constellation is known as Capricornus. Saturn rules Capricorn, and its symbol is the goat. Capricorn is also shown as a hybrid sea animal or Dolphin.
Capricorn from the Latin (Capricornus, literally meaning, Goat-Horned), directly translated to Greek (Aigokeros)-- Goat-Horned, from the words aigos or aix a goat and keros a horn,translated to Akkad (Suhu-massa), translated to Sumerian (Suhur.mas), both Akkad and Sumerian meaning the Fish-Goat.
From Mesopotamia we get the early representations, and some of the current ones, drawn as a half-goat, half-fish.
Capricornus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capricornus
Capricornus is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for "horned goat" or "goat horn" or "having horns like a goat's", and it is commonly represented in the form of a sea-goat: a mythical creature that is half goat, half fish. Capricornus is one of the 88 modern constellations, and was also one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy. Under its modern boundaries it is bordered by Aquila, Sagittarius, Microscopium, Piscis Austrinus, and Aquarius. The constellation is located in an area of sky called the Sea or the Water, consisting of many water-related constellations such as Aquarius, Pisces and Eridanus. It is the smallest constellation in the zodiac....
History and mythology
Despite its faintness, Capricornus has one of the oldest mythological associations, having been consistently represented as a hybrid of a goat and a fish since the Middle Bronze Age. First attested in depictions on a cylinder-seal from around the 21st century BC, it was explicitly recorded in the Babylonian star catalogues as MULSUḪUR.MAŠ "The Goat-Fish" before 1000 BC. The constellation was a symbol of the god Ea and in the Early Bronze Age marked the winter solstice.
In Greek mythology, the constellation is sometimes identified as Amalthea, the goat that suckled the infant Zeus after his mother, Rhea, saved him from being devoured by his father, Cronos. The goat's broken horn was transformed into the cornucopia or horn of plenty. Capricornus is also sometimes identified as Pan, the god with a goat's head, who saved himself from the monster Typhon by giving himself a fish's tail and diving into a river.
Due to the precession of the equinoxes the December solstice no longer takes place while the sun is in the constellation Capricornus, as it did until 130 BCE, but the astrological sign called Capricorn begins with the solstice. The solstice now takes place when the Sun is in the constellation (not the sign) of Sagittarius. The sun's most southerly position, which is attained at the northern hemisphere's winter solstice, is now called the Tropic of Capricorn, a term which also applies to the line on the Earth at which the sun is directly overhead at noon on that solstice. The Sun is now in Capricorn from late January through mid-February.
The planet Neptune was discovered by German astronomer Johann Galle, near Deneb Algedi on September 23, 1846, which is appropriate as Capricornus can be seen best from Europe at 4:00am in September (although, by modern constellation boundaries established in the early 20th Century, Neptune lay within the confines of Aquarius at the time of its discovery)....
Predating Greek mythology is the powerful Babylonian God Ea, who watched over the land but returned to live in the ocean every night. In Capricorn style he has the head and body of a Goat and tail of a fish. http://starsignstyle.com/capricorn-the-goat/
Myths involving Capricorn
https://mythology.stackexchange.com/questions/1413/myths-involving-capricorn
Capricornus, as a constellation, is seen in the Babylonian MUL.APIN tablets, believed to be compiled around 1000 BC, named SUḪUR.MÁŠ (as can the rest of the modern zodiac, in one form or another). The goat-fish chimera's first depiction is earlier, on a seal dated sometime around 2000 BC (Origins of the ancient Constellations, John H Rogers). It is connected with the god Enki (Ea), who was connected to the goat and fish, combining his identity as a water deity and as a god of wisdom and magic ("The Primeval Zodiac: Its Social, Religious, and Mythological Background", by Lorenzo Verderame). The creature is seen in Mesopotamian art next to Enki:
Early depiction of Enki's goatfish
According to the greeks and romans, the constellation Capricornus depicts Aegipan, who may or may not be the same being as Pan depending on which account you go by.
The story differs significantly in different sources, but generally say that Aegipan was rewarded by Zeus for his actions in the fight against the monster, Typhon. What, exactly, those actions were seems to vary wildly.
When the god in Egypt feared the monster Typhon, Pan bade them transform themselves into wild beasts the more easily to deceive him. Jove later killed him with a thunderbolt. By the will of the gods, since by his warning they had avoided Typhon’s violence, Pan was put among the number of the stars, Since at that time he had changed himself into a goat, he was called Aeocerus. We call him Capricorn.
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae, 196 http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html#196
The account from Hyginus's Astronomica, the details are different, but still involves the same players (Aegipan/Pan, Zeus and Typhon):
At this same time, they say, Pan cast himself into the river, making the lower part of his body a fish, and the rest a goat, and thus escaped from Typhon. Jove, admiring his shrewdness, put his likeness among the constellations.
Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica, 2.28 http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusAstronomica2.html#28
And from Apollodorus, again details are somewhat different from the other two:
But Typhon twined about him [Zeus] and gripped him in his coils, and wresting the sickle from him severed the sinews of his hands and feet, and lifting him on his shoulders carried him through the sea to Cilicia and deposited him on arrival in the Corycian cave. Likewise he put away the sinews there also, hidden in a bearskin, and he set to guard them the she-dragon Delphyne, who was a half-bestial maiden. But Hermes and Aegipan stole the sinews and fitted them unobserved to Zeus.
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, 1.6.3 http://www.theoi.com/Text/Apollodorus1.html#6
Enki
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki
Enki is a god in Sumerian mythology, later known as Ea in Akkadian and Babylonian mythology. He was originally patron god of the city of Eridu,... The exact meaning of his name is uncertain: the common translation is "Lord of the Earth". The Sumerian En is translated as a title equivalent to "lord" and was originally a title given to the High Priest. Ki means "earth", ... In Sumerian E-A means "the house of water", and it has been suggested that this was originally the name for the shrine to the god at Eridu. ...
Enki was the keeper of the divine powers called Me, the gifts of civilization. He is often shown with the horned crown of divinity ....
Early royal inscriptions from the third millennium BCE mention "the reeds of Enki". Reeds were an important local building material, used for baskets and containers, and collected outside the city walls, where the dead or sick were often carried. This links Enki to the Kur or underworld of Sumerian mythology. In another even older tradition, Nammu, the goddess of the primeval creative matter and the mother-goddess portrayed as having "given birth to the great gods," was the mother of Enki, and as the watery creative force, was said to preexist Ea-Enki. Benito states "With Enki it is an interesting change of gender symbolism, the fertilising agent is also water, Sumerian "a" or "Ab" which also means "semen". In one evocative passage in a Sumerian hymn, Enki stands at the empty riverbeds and fills them with his 'water'". This may be a reference to Enki's hieros gamos or sacred marriage with Ki/Ninhursag (the Earth).
His symbols included a goat and a fish, which later combined into a single beast, the goat Capricorn,...
Mythology
Enki and Ninhursag and the Creation of Life and Sickness:
In the epic Enki and Ninhursag, Enki, as lord of Ab or fresh water (also the Sumerian word for semen), is living with his wife in the paradise of Dilmun... Dilmun had no water and Enki heard the cries of its Goddess, Ninsikil, and orders the sun-God Utu to bring fresh water from the Earth for Dilmun.... Enki, the Water-Lord then "caused to flow the 'water of the heart" and having fertilised his consort Ninhursag, also known as Ki or Earth, after "Nine days being her nine months, the months of 'womanhood'... like good butter, Nintu, the mother of the land, ...like good butter, gave birth to Ninsar, (Lady Greenery)". ...Ninti, the title of Ninhursag, also means "the mother of all living", and was a title given to the later Hurrian goddess Kheba. This is also the title given in the Bible to Eve, the Hebrew and Aramaic Ḥawwah (חוה), who was made from the rib of Adam, in a strange reflection of the Sumerian myth, in which Adam — not Enki — walks in the Garden of Paradise.
Enki and the Making of Man:
After six generations of gods, in the Babylonian Enma Eli, in the seventh generation,... Enki then advises that they create a servant of the gods, humankind, out of clay and blood. Against Enki's wish the Gods decide to slay Kingu, and Enki finally consents to use Kingu's blood to make the first human, with whom Enki always later has a close relationship, the first of the seven sages, seven wise men or "Abgallu" (Ab = water, Gal = great, Lu = Man), also known as Adapa. ... Adapa, the first man fashioned, later goes and acts as the advisor to the King of Eridu, when in the Sumerian Kinglist, the "Me" of "kingship descends on Eridu".... The Atrahasis-Epos has it that Enlil requested from Nammu the creation of humans. And Nammu told him that with the help of Enki (her son) she can create humans in the image of gods....
Confuser of languages:
In the Sumerian epic entitled Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, in a speech of Enmerkar, an incantation is pronounced that has a mythical introduction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta
(Then) Enki, the lord of abundance (whose) commands are trustworthy,
The lord of wisdom, who understands the land,
The leader of the gods,
Endowed with wisdom, the lord of Eridu
Changed the speech in their mouths, [brought] contention into it,
Into the speech of man that (until then) had been one.
Enki and the Deluge:
In the Sumerian version of the flood myth, the causes of the flood and the reasons for the hero's survival are unknown due to the fact that the beginning of the tablet describing the story has been destroyed...
later Akkadian and Babylonian versions of the story. In the later Legend of Atrahasis, Enlil, the king of the gods, sets out to eliminate humanity, whose noise is disturbing his rest.... Enlil convenes a Council of Deities and gets them to promise not to tell humankind that he plans their total annihilation. Enki does not tell Atrahasis directly, but speaks to him in secret via a reed wall. He instructs Atrahasis to build a boat in order to rescue his family and other living creatures from the coming deluge. After the seven-day Deluge, the flood hero frees a swallow, a raven and a dove in an effort to find if the flood waters have receded....
Enki and Inanna:
Enki and Inanna tells the story of how the young goddess of the ֹ-anna temple of Uruk feasts with her father Enki. The two deities compete against each other in a drinking competition. Then, Enki, thoroughly inebriated, gives Inanna all of the Mes, the gifts of civilized life. The next morning, when Enki awakes with a hangover, he asks his servant Isimud for the Mes, only to be informed that he has given them to Inanna. Upset at his actions, he sends Galla demons to recover them. Inanna sails away in the boat of heaven and arrives safely back at the quay at Uruk. Enki realises that he has been tricked in his hubris and accepts a peace treaty forever with Uruk.
Politically, this myth would seem to indicate events of an early period when political authority passed from Enki's city of Eridu to Inanna's city of Uruk.
Inanna's descent, Inanna, in order to console her grieving sister Ereshkigal, who is mourning the death of her husband Gugalana (gu, bull, gal, big, ana, sky/heaven), slain by Gilgamesh and Enkidu, sets out to visit her sister. She tells her servant Ninshubur (Lady Evening), a reference to Inanna's role as the evening star, that if she does not return in three days, to get help from her father Anu, Enlil, king of the gods, or Enki. When she does not return, Ninshubur approaches Anu only to be told that he understands that his daughter is strong and can take care of herself. Enlil tells Ninshubur he is much too busy running the cosmos. Enki immediately expresses concern and dispatches his Galla demons, Galaturra or Kurgarra, sexless beings created from the dirt from beneath the god's finger-nails, to recover the young goddess. These beings may be the origin of the Greco-Roman Galli, androgynous beings of the third sex, similar to the American Indian berdache, who played an important part in early religious ritual....
Influence:
Enki and later Ea were apparently depicted, sometimes, as a man covered with the skin of a fish, and this representation, as likewise the name of his temple E-apsu, "house of the watery deep", points decidedly to his original character as a god of the waters, see Oannes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapa#As_Oannes
... sacred marriage of Enki and Ninhursag (above), which seems an etiological myth of the fertilisation of the dry ground by the coming of irrigation water (from Sumerian a, ab, water or semen). The early inscriptions of Urukagina in fact go so far as to suggest that the divine pair, Enki and Ninki, were the progenitors of seven pairs of gods, including Enki as god of Eridu, Enlil of Nippur, and Su'en (or Sin) of Ur, and were themselves the children of An (sky, heaven) and Ki (earth)....
Marduk is generally termed the son of Ea, who derives his powers from the voluntary abdication of the father in favour of his son. Accordingly, the incantations originally composed for the Ea cult were re-edited by the priests of Babylon and adapted to the worship of Marduk, and, similarly, the hymns to Marduk betray traces of the transfer to Marduk of attributes which originally belonged to Ea.... To him was assigned the control of the watery element, and in this capacity he becomes the shar apsi; i.e. king of the Apsu or "the deep". The Apsu was figured as the abyss of water beneath the earth, and since the gathering place of the dead, known as Aralu, was situated near the confines of the Apsu, he was also designated as En-Ki; i.e. "lord of that which is below", in contrast to Anu, who was the lord of the "above" or the heavens. ...The consort of Ea, known as Ninhursag, Ki, Uriash Damkina, "lady of that which is below", or Damgalnunna, "big lady of the waters"...
Sea Peoples
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Peoples
Whilst accompanying hieroglyphs do not name Egypt's enemies, describing them simply as being from "northern countries"... The Sea Peoples are a purported seafaring confederation that attacked ancient Egypt and other regions of the East Mediterranean prior to and during the Late Bronze Age collapse (1200–900 BC).... Their origins uncertain, the various Sea Peoples have been proposed to have originated from places that include western Asia Minor, the Aegean, the Mediterranean islands and Southern Europe. Although the archaeological inscriptions do not include reference to a migration, the Sea Peoples are conjectured to have sailed around the eastern Mediterranean and invaded Anatolia, Syria, Canaan, Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Egypt toward the end of the Bronze Age....
Possible records of sea peoples generally or in particular date to two campaigns of Ramesses II, a pharaoh of the militant 19th Dynasty: operations in or near the delta in Year 2 of his reign and the major confrontation with the Hittite Empire and allies... Sherden, or Shardana, on the Nile Delta was repulsed and defeated by Ramesses, who captured some of the pirates....continuous threat they posed to Egypt's Mediterranean coasts: "the unruly Sherden whom no one had ever known how to combat, they came boldly sailing in their warships from the midst of the sea, none being able to withstand them."... "Great Green (the Egyptian name for the Mediterranean)"...
Ramesses III, the second king of the Egyptian 20th Dynasty, who reigned for most of the first half of the 12th century BCE, was forced to deal with a later wave of invasions of the Sea Peoples... The fact that several civilizations collapsed around 1175 BCE, has led to the suggestion that the Sea Peoples may have been involved in the end of the Hittite, Mycenaean and Mitanni kingdoms. ...
In Ramesses' Year 8, the Nine Bows appear again as a "conspiracy in their isles". This time, they are revealed unquestionably as Sea Peoples: the Peleset, Tjeker, Shekelesh, Denyen and Weshesh, which are classified as "foreign countries" in the inscription.... Tjeker, "Sherden of the sea", "Teresh of the sea" and Peleset or Philistines (in whose name some have seen the ancient Greek name for sea people; Pelasgians)....
The Onomasticon of Amenope, or Amenemipit (amen-em-apt), gives a slight credence to the idea that the Ramesside kings settled the Sea Peoples in Canaan. Dated to about 1100 BCE, at the end of the 21st dynasty this document simply lists names. After six place names, four of which were in Philistia, the scribe lists the Sherden (Line 268), the Tjeker (Line 269) and the Peleset (Line 270), who might be presumed to occupy those cities....
The earliest ethnic group later considered among the Sea Peoples is believed to be attested in Egyptian hieroglyphs on the Byblos obelisk found in the Obelisk Temple at Byblos in modern-day Lebanon. The inscription mentions kwkwn son of rwqq- (or kukun son of luqq), transliterated as Kukunnis, son of Lukka, "the Lycian". The date is given variously as 2000 or 1700 BCE....
For example, select groups, or members of groups, of the Sea People, such as the Sherden or Shardana, were used as mercenaries by Egyptian Pharaohs such as Ramesses II. Prior to the 3rd Intermediate Period of Egypt from the (15th century BCE), names of semitic-speaking pastoral cattle nomadic peoples of the Levant appear, replacing previous Egyptian concern with the Hurrianised 'prw ('Apiru or Habiru). These were called the š3sw (Shasu), meaning "those who move on foot". e.g. the Shasu of Yhw. Sandars uses the analogous name "land peoples." Contemporary Assyrian records refer to them as Ahhlamu or Wanderers. They were not part of the Egyptian list of Sea Peoples, and were later referred to as Aramaeans. Some people, such as the Lukka, were included in both categories of land and sea people....
The Greek identification of the Ekwesh is considered especially problematic as this group was clearly described as circumcised by the Egyptians, and according to Manuel Robbins: "Hardly anyone thinks that the Greeks of the Bronze Age were circumcised ..." Michael Wood described the hypothetical role of the Greeks (who have already been proposed as the identity of the Philistines above):
... were the sea peoples ... in part actually composed of Mycenaean Greeks – rootless migrants, warrior bands and condottieri on the move ... ? Certainly there seem to be suggestive parallels between the war gear and helmets of the Greeks ... and those of the Sea Peoples ...
Wood would also include the Sherden and Shekelesh, pointing out that "there were migrations of Greek-speaking peoples to the same place [Sardinia and Sicily] at this time." He is careful to point out that the Greeks would have been only one element among many that comprised the sea peoples. Furthermore, the proportion of Greeks must have been relatively small. His major hypothesis, is that the Trojan War was fought against Troy VI and that Troy VIIa, the candidate of Carl Blegen, and that Troy was sacked by those now identified as Greek Sea Peoples. He suggests that Odysseus' assumed identity as a wandering Cretan coming home from the Trojan War, who fights in Egypt and serves there after being captured, "remembers" the campaign of Year 8 of Ramses III, described above. He points out also that places destroyed on Cyprus at the time (such as Kition) were rebuilt by a new Greek-speaking population....
The possibility that the Teresh were connected on the one hand with the Tyrrhenians, believed to be an Etruscan-related culture, and on the other with Taruisa, a Hittite name possibly referring to Troy, had been considered by the ancient Romans. The Roman poet Virgil refers to this belief when he depicts Aeneas as escaping the fall of Troy by coming to Latium to found a line descending to Romulus, first king of Rome. Considering that Anatolian connections have been identified for other Sea Peoples, such as the Tjeker and the Lukka, Eberhard Zangger puts together an Anatolian hypothesis....
Theories of the possible connections between the Sherden to Sardinia, Shekelesh to Sicily, and Teresh to Tyrrhenians...
The Nuragic bronze statuettes, a great collection of nuragic sculptures, includes a great number of horned helmet warriors wearing a skirt similar to those of the Sherden and a round shield, although they had been dated for a long time to the 10th or 9th century BCE, recent discoveries suggest that their production started around the 13th century BCE. Swords identical to those of the Sherden have been found in Sardinia, dating back to 1650 BCE....
A famous passage from Herodotus portrays the wandering and migration of Lydians from Anatolia because of famine:
In the days of Atys, the son of Manes, there was a great scarcity through the whole land of Lydia ... So the king determined to divide the nation in half ... the one to stay, the other to leave the land. ... the emigrants should have his son Tyrrhenus for their leader ... they went down to Smyrna, and built themselves ships ... after sailing past many countries they came to Umbria ... and called themselves ... Tyrrhenians....
Such a comprehensive movement is associated with more than one people or culture; instead, it was a "disturbance", according to Finley:
A large-scale movement of people is indicated ... the original centre of disturbance was in the Carpatho-Danubian region of Europe. ... It appears ... to have been ... pushing in different directions at different times.
If different times are allowed on the Danube, they are not in the Aegean: "all this destruction must be dated to the same period about 1200."
The movements of the hypothetical Dorian Invasion, the attacks of the Sea Peoples, the formation of Philistine kingdoms in the Levant and the fall of the Hittite Empire were associated and compressed by Finley into the 1200 BC window.
Amazigh
https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/miscellaneous/Amazigh.rtf
Colossal Flood Created the Mediterranean Sea
https://www.livescience.com/10607-colossal-flood-created-mediterranean-sea.html
The Mediterranean Sea as we know it today formed about 5.3 million years ago when Atlantic Ocean waters breached the strait of Gibraltar, sending a massive flood into the basin.
Geologists have long known that the Mediterranean became isolated from the world's oceans around 5.6 million years ago, evaporating almost completely in the hundreds of thousands of years that followed.
Scientists also largely agree that the Mediterranean basin was refilled when the movements of Earth's crustal plates caused the ground around the Gibraltar Strait to subside, allowing the ocean waters of the Atlantic to cut through the rock separating the two basins and refill the sea.
Mediterranean Sea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea
The name Mediterranean is derived from the Latin mediterraneus, meaning "inland" or "in the middle of land" ... The Mediterranean Sea has historically had several names. For example, the Carthaginians called it the "Syrian Sea" and latter Romans commonly called it Mare Nostrum (Latin, "Our Sea"), and occasionally Mare Internum (Sallust, The Jugurthine War 17). In ancient Syrian texts, Phoenician epics and in the Hebrew Bible, it was primarily known as the "Great Sea" ...
Two of the most notable Mediterranean civilisations in classical antiquity were the Greek city states and the Phoenicians, both of which extensively colonised the coastlines of the Mediterranean. ...Darius I of Persia, who conquered Ancient Egypt, built a canal linking the Mediterranean to the Red Sea....
it is now known to be a structurally younger basin, called the Neotethys, which was first formed by the convergence of the African and Eurasian plates during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. Because it is a near-landlocked body of water in a normally dry climate, the Mediterranean is subject to intensive evaporation and the precipitation of evaporites. The Messinian salinity crisis started about six million years ago (mya) when the Mediterranean became landlocked, and then essentially dried up. There are salt deposits accumulated on the bottom of the basin of more than a million cubic kilometres—in some places more than three kilometres thick.
Scientists estimate that the sea was last filled about 5.3 million years ago (mya) in less than two years by the Zanclean flood. Water poured in from the Atlantic Ocean through a newly breached gateway now called the Strait of Gibraltar at an estimated rate of about three orders of magnitude (one thousand times) larger than the current flow of the Amazon River...
The Mediterranean basin and sea system was established by the ancient African-Arabian continent colliding with the Eurasian continent. As Africa-Arabia drifted northward, it closed over the ancient Tethys Ocean which had earlier separated the two supercontinents Laurasia and Gondwana. At about that time in the middle Jurassic period a much smaller sea basin, dubbed the Neotethys, was formed shortly before the Tethys Ocean closed at its western (Arabian) end. The broad line of collisions pushed up a very long system of mountains from the Pyrenees in Spain to the Zagros Mountains in Iran in an episode of mountain-building tectonics known as the Alpine orogeny. ...
Today, evaporation of surface seawater (output) is more than the supply (input) of fresh water by precipitation and coastal drainage systems, causing the salinity of the Mediterranean to be much higher than that of the Atlantic...
The end of the Miocene also marked a change in the climate of the Mediterranean basin. Fossil evidence from that period reveals that the larger basin had a humid subtropical climate with rainfall in the summer supporting laurel forests. The shift to a "Mediterranean climate" occurred largely within the last three million years (the late Pliocene epoch) as summer rainfall decreased....
"The Nature of Mediterranean Europe" challenges this common wisdom of a Mediterranean Europe as a "Lost Eden", a formerly fertile and forested region, that had been progressively degraded and desertified by human mismanagement....
By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in)...
Gibraltar Breach.mov
The evaporating Mediterranean Sea - BBC
Ancient Wisdom
http://www.ancient-wisdom.com/
Were the Phoenicians purely Goths, or did they merely accompany the Phoenicians along with the excursions? Or were the Phoenicians a nationality of peoples making up Phoenicia?
Phoenicians
https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/miscellaneous/phoenicians-not-native
Do not misunderstand the title. It refers to the Phoenician people migration to the Isles, and their influence there. It does not refer that the Phoenicians were the only people, nor the original people of the Isles.
This was an interesting book. The entire book could easily be hilited. What follows were just a few notes I hilited but, the entire book should be hilited and read.
I have read that Turkic were the Phoenicians, then I read another article that says Semitic were the Phoenicians, and now this article claims the Aryans were the Phoenicians. Sumer was a melting pot of races of all three. So is it possible the Phoenicians actually were all three? Starting out by a race of people then becoming a nationality by multiple peoples?
According to this article: Pict, Celt are first people; Slav, German, Hun are Turkic; Britons, Jutes, Anglo-Saxons, Danes, Norse and Normans are Aryan...
According to DNA there was a Western Hunter Gatherer population. This article gives the impression the Picts and Celts were the indigenous but, from the same near east population migrating a couple thousand years prior to the Phoenicians Barats. This to me is unclear.
POEN: "The Phoenician Origin of Britons, Scots & Anglo-Saxons" PDF
https://ia801400.us.archive.org/2/items/ThePhoenicianOriginOfBritonsScotsAnglo-saxons/POEN.pdf
L. A. Waddell [Lawrence Austine Waddell] Orig. pub. by Williams & Norgate, 1924 2nd ed., 1925
laboriously scanned by JR and proofread by Dr. Samar Abbas, Aligarh, India (July, 2003)
POEN
https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/britain/POEN.pdf
POEN Hi-Lites
https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/britain/POEN%20hilites.rtf
The Phoenicians
http://members.tripod.com/cornwall_phoenicians/The%20phoenicians.htm
Since ancient times there has been speculation as to the origins of the Phoenicians. The Greeks were particularly puzzled by them and gave them the name “Phoinikes” which loosely translated as “red people” some say from the colour of their land, whilst others argue it was the colour of their hair. ... Maybe the red hair amongst the folks of Sennen comes from the Phoenicians instead of the Danes.
The Phoenicians called themselves Canaanites, and modern researchers tell us they were the descendents of two groups, the early Canaanites who inhabited the shores of Lebanon and the Sea People who invaded the Lebanon about 1200B.C. It is thought that the Sea People originated from an area on what we now call the Gulf....
Because of discoveries of the remains of a number of Phoenician cities in the last hundred years this argument can be countered and that rather than being firmly planted as one nation, the Phoenicians started in Lebanon, but established colonies all along the coast of the Mediterranean. At the time of Solomon 1000B.C. they occupied a number of these city-states ...
"TIN was known as an alloy with Copper at least as early as 1600 B.C. in Egypt, and probably before 2000 B.C. in Europe. It was also prepared pure in Egypt at least by 1400 B.C. The source of it is much debated. Banca, Spain, and Britain have all been proposed. That it appears as an alloy earlier in Europe than in Egypt shows that it was European. - - - The word used by Homer kassiterov, is the same as the Arabic kasdeer, probably derived from ancient Phoenician.at Byblos, Sidon, Tyre, Berytus (Beirut), Tripoli, Baalbeck and Caesarea....
As more and more remains of these Phoenician cities have been discovered, the finds show that Phoenician art clearly reflected the influences of Egypt, Syria, and Greece....
Tin from mines in Cornwall [England] came to the peoples of the Mediterranean, during the Homeric epic, circa 950 to 900 B.C.24.
If you turn your attention again to the photo of the wall plaque above you will see on the left hand side that it shows a merman half human half fish, swimming between the bows of the ships. The Phoenicians primary god was El, protector of the universe , but often called Baal he is usually represented by a bull. However, a figure of a lion with a human face was found in a temple at Byblos and this is believed to represent Baal, the son / sun god who was primarily a fertility god and appears not only in this form but also in the form of a man and a bull (like his father 'El). Archaeologists have unearthed objects in Phoenicia and Canaan from the period of the Late Bronze Age (1540-1200 BCE) showing kings and rulers seated on thrones whose side arms consist of winged four-legged beasts, possessing a lion's body and a human head.25.
By stressing through these forms his potency and virility, Baal represents the masculine element, and serves as the fertilizing, life-giving, and life-renewing aspect through whom the Mother Goddess fulfills her functions, She was called Astarte / Asherar-yam, our lady of the sea, and in Byblos she was Baalat, our dear lady. Coins found at one of the ancient Phoenician sites have a Mermaid on them and it is believed that this is a representation of Astarte. She was also linked with mother goddesses of neighbouring cultures, in her role as combined heavenly mother and earth mother. ...
List of haplogroups of historic people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_haplogroups_of_historic_people
MtDNA results indicate direct maternal descent while Y-DNA results indicate direct paternal descent; these are only two of many lines of descent. Scientists make inferences of descent as hypotheses which could be disproved or modified by future research....
Europe 814 AD:
Who were the Canaanites? Ancient human DNA evidence yields answers
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/07/170727122039.htm
DNA evidence reported in the American Journal of Human Genetics on July 27 shows that the Canaanites did not just disappear. Instead, they survived and are the ancestors of the people now living in modern-day Lebanon.
"We found that the Canaanites were a mixture of local people who settled in farming villages during the Neolithic period and eastern migrants who arrived in the region about 5,000 years ago,"... "The present-day Lebanese are likely to be direct descendants of the Canaanites, but they have in addition a small proportion of Eurasian ancestry that may have arrived via conquests by distant populations such as the Assyrians, Persians, or Macedonians."...
the complete genomes of five Canaanite individuals who lived almost 4,000 years ago in what's now the modern-day Lebanese city of Sidon....
The researchers estimate that new Eurasian people mixed with the Canaanite population about 3,800 to 2,200 years ago ...
the Lebanese derive most of their ancestry from a Canaanite-related population, they report, suggesting that there's been substantial genetic continuity in the region since at least the Bronze Age ...
"In light of the enormously complex history of this region in the last few millennia, it was quite surprising that over 90 percent of the genetic ancestry of present-day Lebanese was derived from the Canaanites,"...
Ancient descriptions of ancient Egyptians.
‘Herodotus said the Egyptians had black skin and woolly hair’....You will find translations where ‘black skinned and woolly haired’ are used, but the term melanchroes, which was translated to mean black in some versions, was used to describe any skin tone from bronzed to black, and through usage translates as ‘dark’....And the term ulotrichous meant curly.... So far there is zero biological evidence for any black population having lived in the Georgia area....So the evidence suggests Egyptians looked like Georgians and the Pakistanis (formerly Northern India area).
Lugal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugal
It is made up of the components "LU" meaning "Man" and "GAL" meaning "Big", "Giant", or "of big stature". ...In the Sumerian language, lugal is used to mean an owner (e.g. of a boat or a field) or a head (of a unit such as a family). ... The cuneiform sign LUGAL 𒈗 ... indicating that the following word is the name of a king. ...
Some scholars believe that a ruler of an individual city-state was usually called ensi, and a ruler who headed a confederacy or larger dominion composed of several cities, perhaps even the whole of Sumer, was a lugal. The functions of such a lugal would include certain ceremonial and cultic activities, arbitration in border disputes, military defence against external enemies, and once the lugal has died, the eldest son must take over. Interestingly, the ensis of Lagash would sometimes refer to the city's patron deity, Ningirsu, as their lugal ("master").
The Sumerian King List
https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sitchin/king_list0.htm
Kings before the Flood Rule of the Gods (Anunnaki) Kings in Heaven
About 433,578 - 271,578 BCE. Alorus became king; he ruled for 162,000 years.
It’s uncertain who the counterpart is of Alorus, some scholars presume that he is the same as Adam in the Bible. In my opinion he was a God, maybe another name for An or Anu.
The First Dynasty on Earth
The following ancient kings ruled successively from the five original pre-flood cities:
Eridug, Bad-Tibira, Larag, Zimbir and Curuppag.
Eridug (Eridu)
About 271,578 - 206,778 BCE.
Eridug, the first city mentioned, is the city of the water god Enki/Ea (one of the triad of Gods in the Sumerian pantheon, see chapter 9). It was probably situated in the extreme south of Mesopotamia near the sea or a lagoon. Probably Eri-dugga, "good city", at the mounds of Abu-Sharain but the exact location has never been found. According to some Sumerian traditions, Eridug was the first city built by man. It was the home of Adapa, the so-called Babylonian Adam.
Bad-tibira
About 206778 - 98778 BCE
A city probably located on the Sumerian Plain roughly between Ur and Lagash. Dumuzid was it’s tutelary deity.The exact location of the city has never been found. In Bad-tibira, En-men-lu-ana ruled for 43200 years. En-men-gal-ana ruled for 28800 years. Dumuzid, the shepherd, ruled for 36000 years. ...
Larag (Larak)
About 98778 - 68978 BCE. ...
Zimbir (Sippar)
About 69978 - 48978 BCE.
Sippar’s tutelary deity was Utu (Semitic Shamash), the sun-god and the god of justice.
It is said that the secrets of divination were shown to a king of Sippar, also by divine revelation. Gods make their will, intentions and answers known to the people by supernatural means: numerous omens and signs that needed explanation. The exegesis of omens was seen as a discipline ('science’) to inquire the gods. It was an official institution, used by the king to collect information. No decision of any importance was taken without proper consulting. The sun god Utu is in particular connected with the discipline of divination. He is in a position to oversee everything, so also the future.
It was probably the most northern of the Sumerian cities But also as all cities before. The exact location has never been found.
Curuppag (Shuruppak, Uruppak)
About 48978 - 30378 BCE
Curuppag is probably a city on the banks of the Euphrates, near modern Fara. The exact location has never been found either. The last king of Curuppag was the hero in the Flood story Ziusudra, the Sumerian Noah. He was a prince or noble of the town, possibly the son of Ubara-tutu. It is also possible that he did rule as king. Shuruppak was dedicated to Ansud, the goddess of grain. She was also known as Sud and as Enlil’s consort Ninlil....
After The Flood, kingship was handed down from Heaven a second time, this time to the city of Kish which became the seat of kingship
The First Dynasty of Kic
About 30378 - 5868 BCE.
...The tutelary deity of Kish was Zababa, the warrior god, another name for Ninurta (Ningirsu) (Ninurta was the God Yahweh in the Bible and the God who destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah in later times).
All the kings of the period from the flood to historical age ruled in Kish. About half of them have Semitic names, meaning that Semites were established in Sumer, or at least the northern part, even at this ancient date and that not all interaction between the two groups was hostile. There is reason to believe that the kings were historical....
All above Kings were Gods and Children of Gods
Because of the fights between the Gods and the Half-Gods on Earth at that period the Gods decided to retrieve in the background and called the Gods on Earth back to E-ana, the home base of the Gods. (E-ana was by the Sumerians called "the house of the Gods", lowered down from heaven, a "cloudbank" resting on the earth)...
The period of the Half-Gods
in the Bible mentioned the Children of God
The First Dynasty of Unug (Uruk)
About 6850 - 4561 BCE
In my opinion was Unug build by mission of the Gods to separate the Godly city of Kic from their offspring with Humans and the Sons of Gods. The Gods of Kic and their offspring dwelled there until they finally were defeated by Sargon I in 2,461 BCE. Scholars believe that Unug originally was named E-ana. This misunderstanding was in my opinion clear because the temple in Unug, dedicated to An, had the same name.
The first king of Unug (Mec-ki-aj-gacer) was the builder of the city. Enmerkar, his son, build a wall around the city of Unug in the time there were several Wars between the Gods and the Sons of Gods. Maybe that’s the reason why Uruk had two patron deities, the heaven god An and the fertility goddess Inanna (Ishtar).... Lugalbanda, the shepherd, ruled for 1200 years. In my opinion was Lugalbanda not a King of the first dynasty of Unug because the Kinglist describes clearly that he was Lord of Kulaba. ...
Gilgamesh became king of Unug about 6105 BCE.
Gilgamec, whose father was a phantom, the lord of Kulaba, ruled for 126 years.
In the poems of Gilgamesh is spoken that he was 2/3 God and 1/3 Human, he was the son of the Goddess Ninsun and Lugalbanda (a son of the Gods himself). In accordance to the timeline of Scholars Gilgamesh lived about 2700 BCE,...
Ancient Aratta The World's first Civilisation
Aratta is now recognised as having been the world's most ancient (known) civilisation. It developed in the steppes north of the Black Sea (in modern Ukraine) long before the Sumerian civilisation originated, and from there it radiated its culture into India, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Western China and across Europe. Relics of Aratta are increasingly identified in Ukraine but it is perhaps most famously recorded in the grottoes of Stone Grave (Kamyana Mohyla, above), a hill of heaped megalithic sandstone slabs located beside the River Molochna near Melitopol, north of the Azov Sea. There, at Shu-Nun (the Arattan name of Kamyana Mohyla), as early as 12,000 BCE, priest rulers inscribed a rich petroglyphic library of their law codes, deities, culture and histories that remained unknown until discovered in 1889. ...
Aratta was the semi-mythical homeland of the Sumerian civilisation. The general implication of the Aratta cycle of myths recorded in cuneiform writing indicates that Aratta played a seminal role in the development of religion in Sumer, as well as in the construction of its cult structures, trade and diplomacy. Contact between these two states was claimed to be of such importance that writing was developed specifically for them. ...
Aratta
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aratta
Aratta is a land that appears in Sumerian myths surrounding Enmerkar and Lugalbanda, two early and possibly mythical kings of Uruk also mentioned on the Sumerian king list.... The goddess Inanna resides in Aratta,... Enmerkar wants Aratta to submit to Uruk, bring stones down from the mountain, craft gold, silver and lapis lazuli, and send them, along with "kugmea" ore to Uruk to build a temple. ... Aratta in turn wants grain in exchange....
Aryan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan
"Aryan" or Arya is a term meaning "noble" which was used as a self-designation by Indo-Iranian people. The word was used by the Indic people of the Vedic period in India as an ethnic label for themselves, and to refer to the noble class as well as the geographic region known as Āryāvarta, where Indo-Aryan culture was based. The closely related Iranian people also used the term as an ethnic label for themselves in the Avesta scriptures, and the word forms the etymological source of the country name Iran. ... the idea of being an "Aryan" was religious, cultural and linguistic, not racial....
The English word "Aryan" is borrowed from the Sanskrit word ārya, आर्य, meaning "noble" or "noble one"... The earliest epigraphically attested reference to the word arya occurs in the 6th-century B.C. ... northern India ... "the tract between the Himalaya and the Vindhya ranges, from the Eastern Sea to the Western Sea".... Similarly, the name of Iran is the Persian word for land/place of the Aryans....
The Avesta clearly uses airya/airyan as an ethnic name ... The term "Aryan" came to be used as the term for the newly discovered Indo-European languages, and, by extension, the original speakers of those languages....
While the original meaning of Indo-Iranian *arya as a self-designator is uncontested, the origin of the word (and thus also its original meaning) remains uncertain....
Religious use: The word ārya is often found in Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain texts. ... Such a person must have performed all kinds of penances and sacrifices according to Vedic literatures many, many times after taking bath in all the holy places of pilgrimage. Such a person is considered to be the best of the Arya family" ... Those who follow their occupational duties under Your supervision, being equal to all living entities, moving and nonmoving, and not considering high and low, are called Āryans. Such Āryans worship You, the Supreme Personality of Godhead." ... "A child materially born is not an Arya; the child born in spirituality is an Arya." ... "Says our great law-giver, Manu, giving the definition of an Arya, 'He is the Arya, who is born through prayer.' Every child not born through prayer is illegitimate, ...
"The Phoenician Origin of Britons, Scots & Anglo-Saxons" PDF
https://ia801400.us.archive.org/2/items/ThePhoenicianOriginOfBritonsScotsAnglo-saxons/POEN.pdf
"Arri"-or "Arya" (Englished into "Arya-n")-which, I find, is derived from the Sumerian Ar, "a Plough" (which thus discloses the Sumerian origin of the Old English "to Ear (i.e., plough) the ground," ...
This term "Hare" seems to me to be the "Harri" or "Heria" title of the ruling Goths in the Eddas, which I show is the equivalent of the Hittite title of "Harri" or "Arri" or "Arya-n." ...
Amazing Pictures Of 2200 Year Old Ancient Greek Mosaics Discovered In Turkey in 2014
Imagine how it felt discovering three ancient Greek mosaics which date back 2,220 years ago. In 2014, Professor Kutalmış Görkay of Ankara University along with his team of archeologists unearthed three ancient Greek mosaics in Turkey, in the city of Zeugma close to the border of Syria. ...
Axial precession
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_precession
Precessional movement of Earth. Earth rotates (white arrows) once a day around its rotational axis (red); this axis itself rotates slowly (white circle), completing a rotation in approximately 26,000 years ...
Thus, while today the star Polaris lies approximately at the north celestial pole, this will change over time, and other stars will become the "north star". In approximately 3200 years, the star Gamma Cephei in the Cepheus constellation will succeed Polaris for this position...
The solstice occurred a little earlier in the orbit. Thus, the tropical year, measuring the cycle of seasons (for example, the time from solstice to solstice, or equinox to equinox), is about 20 minutes shorter than the sidereal year, which is measured by the Sun's apparent position relative to the stars. After about 26 000 years the difference amounts to a full year, so the positions of the seasons relative to the orbit are "back where they started"...
The precession of the equinoxes is caused by the gravitational forces of the Sun and the Moon, and to a lesser extent other bodies, on the Earth... Axial precession is similar to the precession of a spinning top. In both cases, the applied force is due to gravity. For a spinning top, this force tends to be almost parallel to the rotation axis. For the Earth, however, the applied forces of the Sun and the Moon are nearly perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
The Earth is not a perfect sphere but an oblate spheroid, with an equatorial diameter about 43 kilometers larger than its polar diameter...
Researchers Get Closer to Finding the Origins of the Enigmatic Guanches…and No, They are Not Atlanteans
The Guanches were the white-skinned and fair-haired aboriginal people of the Canary Islands.... But a 2017 study provided clear evidence for a hypothesis supported by anthropologists for years – the Guanches are genetically linked to the Berbers of North Africa....
Steve Andrews has written that most of our current knowledge of the Guanches’ history comes from Spanish chroniclers , who explained, “The Guanches were hunter-gatherer tribes who lived a lifestyle much like it is supposed that people lived in the Stone Age. They were known to have lived in caves and huts and to have had few tools with no metalwork because they lived on volcanic islands where there are no metal ores. They made pottery though and had knowledge of basic farming and foraging from the wild. They also practiced embalming and the mummification of their dead, as well as trepanation of the living. The mummies were left in caves but other Guanche corpses of a lower social standing were buried.”...
Everything changed when the Spanish conquistadors arrived. Although the islanders put up a tough fight against the invaders, their nine kingdoms had all fallen to the Castilian Crown by 1496. Many of the Guanches who had survived the fighting were sent into slavery ; the ones who remained on the islands had to culturally assimilate to the lifestyle and religion of the conquistadors....
Genetics...The 2017 study differed itself by sequencing autosomal DNA from five archaeological Guanche individuals from Gran Canaria and Tenerife. The remains were radiocarbon dated to the 7th-11th centuries AD and found mitochondrial lineages that are common in West Eurasia and/or North Africa. This is no surprise, as previous genetic studies had similar findings. The more intriguing results came from three males corresponding to a haplogroup abundant in modern North African populations and especially common in Berber-speaking populations of North Africa. ...
With their data in hand, the researchers of the 2017 study concluded, “Our results show that the Guanches were genetically similar over time and that they display the greatest genetic affinity to extant Northwest Africans, strongly supporting the hypothesis of a Berber-like origin. We also estimate that the Guanches have contributed 16%–31% autosomal ancestry to modern Canary Islanders, here represented by two individuals from Gran Canaria.” Yet it seems not all the Guanches shared the same genetic situation. One interesting individual was found to have a higher proportion of hunter-gatherer-like ancestry. This has led to the proposal of “low-level gene flow from a European source that predates the European conquest.”... “Our analyses show that a small portion of the genetic ancestry of the Guanches was derived from populations most closely related to European Stone Age farmers. Interestingly, this type of genetic ancestry was introduced to Europe from Anatolia with migrating farmers during the Neolithic expansion around 7,000 years ago. Other North African populations have varying proportions of this ancestry but it is not yet fully understood how and when it spread across North Africa.”
“Though radiocarbon dates on archaeological remains such as charcoal, seeds, and domestic animal bones suggest that people have inhabited the islands since the 5th century BCE […] it remains unclear how many times, and by whom, the islands were first settled.” ...
Researchers Get Closer to Finding the Origins of the Enigmatic Guanches…and No, They are Not Atlanteans
Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans
http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(17)31257-5
Aboriginals of the Canary Islands originated from North Africa, shows DNA-study
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171026135349.htm
Summary: The aboriginal inhabitants of the Canary Islands, commonly known as the Guanches, originated from North Africa. Scientists have now confirmed this long-held hypothesis. The result has been achieved by sequencing ancient DNA extracted from a collection of skulls from Guanches who lived on Gran Canaria and Tenerife prior to the European conquest in the 15th century AD. ... "By generating the first autosomal genetic data from these populations we can conclusively demonstrate that the Guanches were most closely related to modern North Africans of Berber ancestry than to any other population we included for comparisons, supporting previous studies but adding more detail and nuance." ...
Importantly, the new study reveals that the Guanches carried a mixture of genetic ancestry.... "Our analyses show that a small portion of the genetic ancestry of the Guanches was derived from populations most closely related to European Stone Age farmers. Interestingly, this type of genetic ancestry was introduced to Europe from Anatolia with migrating farmers during the Neolithic expansion around 7,000 years ago. Other North African populations have varying proportions of this ancestry but it is not yet fully understood how and when it spread across North Africa."
NWO Documentary CHANNEL
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC47iudmMX8nM_ixY6Bcuz7Q
History Channel of various civilizations, and events in past times.
When sahara was green
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JcVMkyJoZY
THE LEGEND OF ATLANTIS : BEHIND THE TRUE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Y1KNalZ0j8
Histories (Herodotus)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)
Written in 440 BC in the Ionic dialect of classical Greek, The Histories serves as a record of the ancient traditions, politics, geography, and clashes of various cultures that were known in Western Asia, Northern Africa and Greece at that time. Although not a fully impartial record...
The Histories also stands as one of the first accounts of the rise of the Persian Empire, as well as the events and causes of the Greco-Persian Wars between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek city-states in the 5th century BC. Herodotus portrays the conflict as one between the forces of slavery (the Persians) on the one hand, and freedom (the Athenians and the confederacy of Greek city-states which united against the invaders) on the other.
The Histories was at some point divided into the nine books that appear in modern editions, conventionally named after the nine Muses.
BOOKS CONTENTS DESCRIBED HERE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)
Scythian, Greek, Persian, Anatolia, Egypt, ... as told by Herodotus in 440 BC.
THE HISTORIES OF HERODOTUS
https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/miscellaneous/History%20of%20Herodotus.rtf
A few HiLites of the Books for a quick insight...
THE HISTORIES OF HERODOTUS hi-lites
https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/miscellaneous/Histories%20of%20Herodotus%20HiLites.rtf
POLYBIUS THE HISTORIES
https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/miscellaneous/Polybius%20The%20Histories.rtf?attredirects=0&d=1
A few HiLites of the Books for a quick insight...
POLYBIUS THE HISTORIES BOOK 6 HILITES
https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/miscellaneous/Polybius%20The%20Histories%20Book%206%20Hilites.rtf
A Versatile Plant: What Were the Many Uses of Cannabis in Ancient Egypt?
Ancient Egyptians had uncovered and used the medicinal properties of cannabis even beyond what modern medical science has been able to do so far. The Ebers Papyrus was written roughly around 1550 BC and is one of the oldest finished medical textbooks to have been found so far. It mentions a number of formulas which make use of hemp to alleviate pain and inflammation caused by various diseases and injuries. Apparently, women in particular used marijuana as a way to waive off depression and other psychological problems in the early days of Egypt.
Ebers Papyrus from National Library of Medicine, Found in Egypt in the 1870s. This prescription for an asthma remedy is to be prepared as a mixture of herbs heated on a brick so that the sufferer could inhale their fumes.
The oldest medicinal use of the herb in the region may date back even further, to 2000 BC, when it might have been used to treat glaucoma, cataracts, haemorrhoids, vaginal bleeding, and even cancer....
When the mummy of Pharaoh Ramesses II was uncovered and examined back in 1881, traces of cannabis in the remains was the last thing anyone was expecting, but it was there. Since then, a lot of the uncovered mummies have shown similar traces of the herb in their systems, confirming the suspicion that cannabis was indeed a part of the regular culture in ancient Egypt.
Seshat, the goddess of wisdom, was often depicted with a leaf of the cannabis plant above her head in paintings from thousands of years ago. Bastet, the feline goddess of war, was also related to the use of cannabis in the region, but more in terms of witchcraft. Evidence also suggests that worshippers may have consumed marijuana in one form or the other during certain religious festivities and rituals....
... cannabis was actually used in the production of ropes, sails, and fabric in particular.... The herb was so popular in the old days of Egypt that the famous Roman Emperor Aurelian practically imposed a tax on it!
Contemporary distribution (2005 map) of the world's major language families
(in some cases geographic groups of families).
Language Families
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family
Language Families
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17a8eSA2ku0
Summary by language family
https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/family
Major language families of the world Countries
What Was Life Like in Sumer, History’s First Civilization?
The Board Game at the Heart of Viking Culture
https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-is-hnefatafl-viking-board-game
First dogs in the Americas arrived from Siberia, disappeared after European contact
The dogs were not domesticated North American wolves, as some have speculated, but likely followed their human counterparts over a land bridge that once connected North Asia and the Americas, the study found....By comparing genomic signatures from 71 mitochondrial and seven nuclear genomes of ancient North American and Siberian dogs spanning a period of 9,000 years...
The oldest dog remains in the Americas date to about 9,000 years ago, many thousands of years after people began migrating over a land bridge connecting present-day Siberia and Alaska. The ancient dogs analyzed in the new study likely originated in Siberia, the researchers found. The dogs dispersed to every part of the Americas, migrating with their human counterparts.
These dogs persisted for thousands of years in the Americas, but almost completely vanished after European contact, the researchers found.
“This suggests something catastrophic must have happened, and it’s likely associated with European colonization,” said senior lead author Laurent Frantz, a lecturer at Queen Mary University and co-investigator at the University of Oxford. “But we just do not have the evidence to explain this sudden disappearance yet.”...
The Carnac Stones: A Centuries-Old Enigma Solved Using Ancient Science
These megalithic stones exist around the village of Carnac in Brittany, France. The stones demonstrate alignments, dolmens and other ancient geometry which is consistent with other prehistoric sites, but which should not have existed in the period in which they were constructed. The site consists of more than 3,000 prehistoric standing stones, which were cut from local rock and erected by the pre-Celtic people of Brittany. This is the largest such collection of stones in the world. The stones were erected c3300 BC- 4500 BC. ...
It was learned that geoglyphs were used to outline territories which the culture that made the geoglyph claimed for themselves. ...While most geoglyphic surveys are done by running lines through, or parallel to tangible objects, Carnac requires that these principles be applied to the spaces between the stones rather than the stones themselves...
Over the past 10 years of studying geoglyphs, around the globe, it was discovered that pyramids, stone monoliths, and other Geoglyphological geoglyphs were placed on the earth, in addition to several other uses, to map out territories which the builder considered their own. Ancient Japanese texts state that these territories were originally designated as the areas within which ancient scholars would teach man the spirituality and sciences of the cosmos. ...
The Hidden Cropmarks of Wales, Revealed by a Drought
https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-are-cropmarks-wales
A recent drought across the Welsh countryside has revealed previously unseen cropmarks. These unmistakable squares and circles outline settlements from as far back as the Bronze Age.
Hyksos
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos
were a people of diverse origins, possibly from Western Asia, who settled in the eastern Nile Delta some time before 1650 BC....In the context of Ancient Egypt, the term "Asiatic" may refer to people native to areas east of Egypt. Immigration by Canaanite populations preceded the Hyksos. Canaanites first appeared in Egypt at the end of the 12th Dynasty c. 1800 BC or c. 1720 BC...
The Hyksos practised horse burials, and their chief deity, their native storm god, Hadad, they associated with the Egyptian storm and desert god, Set. The Hyksos were a mixed people of mainly Semitic-speaking origin. The Hyksos are generally held to have contained Hurrian and Indo-European elements, particularly among the leadership, but this has been vigorously opposed in some quarters...
The origin of the term "Hyksos" derives from the Egyptian expression heqau khaswet (or heqa-khaset; "rulers [of] foreign lands"). This expression begins to appear as early as the late Old Kingdom of Egypt to refer to various Nubian chieftains and in the Middle Kingdom to refer to the Semitic-speaking chieftains of Syria and Canaan. ...
In his Against Apion, the first-century AD historian Josephus debates the synchronism between the Biblical account of the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt and two Exodus-like events that the Egyptian historian Manetho (ca. 300 BC) ...
The Hyksos are believed to have originated to the north of Palestine. They destroyed Amorite rule Byblos in the 18th century BC, and then entered Egypt, bringing the Middle Kingdom to an end in the 17th century BC. As to a Hyksos "conquest", some archaeologists depict the Hyksos as an invading horde of Asiatics. Yet, others refer to a "creeping conquest", that is, a gradual infiltration of migrating nomads or semi-nomads who either slowly took over control of the country piecemeal or by a swift coup d'état put themselves at the head of the existing government.
Manetho's account, as recorded by Josephus, describes the appearance of the Hyksos in Egypt as an armed invasion by a horde of foreign barbarians who met little resistance, and who subdued the country by military force. ...In recent years the idea of a simple Hyksos migration, with little or no war, has gained support....Egyptian rulers of the Thirteenth Dynasty were preoccupied with domestic famine and plague, and they were too weak to stop the new migrants from entering and settling in Egypt. ...Supporters of the peaceful takeover of Egypt claim there is little evidence of battles or wars in general in this period. They also maintain that the chariot didn't play any relevant role, e.g. no traces of chariots have been found at the Hyksos capital of Avaris, despite extensive excavation.... Archaeologist Jacquetta Hawkes stated that the Hyksos were migrating Semites rather than a conquering horde....
The Hyksos were probably an ethnically mixed people of largely Semitic origin. They are believed to have originated from the north of Palestine. The Hurrians also came to Canaan from this area. They were possibly related to the Amorites, and may have included Habiru, a warlike group of largely Semitic peoples....
Contemporary with the Hyksos, there was a widespread Indo-Aryan expansion in central and south Asia. The arrival of the Hyksos in Egypt, along with the arrival of the Hurrians in Syria and the Kassites in Babylonia, has been connected with this migration. The Hyksos used the same horsedrawn chariot as the Indo-Aryans, and Egyptian sources mention a rapid conquest. While the majority of the Hyksos are thought to have been Semitic, the Hyksos are usually believed to have contained Indo-Europeans and Hurrians among the leadership....Hitti connected the arrival of the Hyksos with the Indo-European migrations at the time, and cites the introduction of the horse and the chariot by them to Egypt as evidence of their Indo-European connections. In any regards, the Indo-Europeans were few in number and rapidly became assimilated into the Semitic majority, which explains why only small traces of their separate linguistic identity survive....
Traditionally, only the Fifteenth Dynasty rulers are called Hyksos. The Greek name "Hyksos" was coined by Manetho to identify the Fifteenth Dynasty of Asiatic rulers of northern Egypt. In Egyptian Hyksos means "ruler(s) of foreign countries", however, Josephus mistranslated Hyksos as "Shepherd Kings"....
The Turin king list affirms there were six Hyksos rulers, but only four of them are clearly attested as Hyksos kings from the surviving archaeological or textual records: 1. Sakir-Har, 2. Khyan, 3. Apophis and 4. Khamudi. ...The Hyksos kingdom was centered in the eastern Nile Delta and Middle Egypt and was limited in size, never extending south into Upper Egypt, which was under the control of Theban-based rulers, except briefly, for about three years...
The first pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty, Ahmose I, finally expelled the Hyksos from their last holdout at Sharuhen in Gaza by the sixteenth year of his reign.... Kamose proposed moving against the Hyksos, who he claimed were a humiliating stain upon the holy land of Egypt....The Hyksos used Egyptian titles associated with traditional Egyptian kingship, and took the Egyptian god Set to represent their own titulary deity. The native Egyptians viewed the Hyksos as non-Egyptian "invaders". When they were eventually driven out of Egypt, all traces of their occupation were erased. No accounts survive recording the history of the period from the Hyksos perspective, only that of the native Egyptians who evicted the occupiers... Set, who was represented as part man, part hippopotamus...The Ancient Egyptians could never conceive of a "lonely" god lacking personality, Set the desert god, who was worshipped exclusively according to the tale, represented a manifestation of evil....
Seqenenre...seemS to have led military skirmishes against the Hyksos, and judging by the vicious head wounds on his mummy in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, he may have died during one of them. His son and successor, Kamose, the last ruler of the Seventeenth Dynasty at Thebes, is credited with the first significant victories in the Theban-led war against the Hyksos.
Hyksos
https://www.ancient.eu/Hyksos/
The Hyksos were a Semitic people who gained a foothold in Egypt c. 1782 BCE at the city of Avaris in Lower Egypt...translates as 'Rulers of Foreign Lands' (given by the Greeks as Hyksos), suggesting to some scholars that they were kings or nobility driven from their homes by invasion who found refuge in the port city of Avaris and managed to establish a strong power base during the decline of the 13th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE). Most likely, they were traders who were at first welcomed at Avaris, prospered, and sent word to their friends and neighbors to come join them, resulting in a large population which was able to finally exert political and then military power.
Although the later Egyptian scribes of the New Kingdom (c. 1570-1069 BCE) would demonize the Hyksos as 'invaders' who conquered the land, destroyed temples, and slaughtered without mercy, there is no evidence for any of these claims. Even today, the Hyksos are referred to as invaders and their advent in Egypt as the 'Hyksos Invasion,' but actually, they assimilated neatly into Egyptian culture adopting Egyptian fashion and religious beliefs, with some modifications, as their own. Contrary to many claims throughout the years, there is no reason to identify the Hyksos with the Hurrians nor with the Hebrew slaves from the biblical Book of Exodus.
The main source of information on the Hyksos in Egypt comes from the 3rd century BCE Egyptian writer Manetho whose work has been lost but was extensively quoted by later writers, notably Flavius Josephus (37- c. 100 CE). Manetho's flawed understanding of the meaning of the Hyksos' name, and Josephus' further misinterpretation gives the translation of 'Hyksos' as 'captive shepherds,' and this complete misunderstanding has given rise in recent years to the claim that the Hyksos were a Hebrew community living in Egypt whose expulsion provides the basis for the events recorded in the Book of Exodus. There is no evidence, however, to support this claim. No Egyptian, nor any other culture's, records indicate the Hyksos were slaves in Egypt, and there is absolutely no indication they were Hebrew, only that they spoke and wrote a Semitic language. The ethnic origins of the Hyksos are unknown as is their fate once they were driven from Egypt by Ahmose I of Thebes (c. 1570-1544 BCE) who initiated the era of the New Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1570-1069 BCE). ...