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GOOGLE SITES HAS CHANGED THEIR WAY OF HOW I POST CONTENT ON THIS WEBSITE.  I ORIGINALLY HAD IT FORMATTED TO THE CLASSIC SITE BUT, WHEN GOOGLE SITES CHANGED IT ALSO CHANGED MY FORMATTING.  THE NEW CHANGE IS ALSO A PAIN IN THE ASS.  I PREFER THE CLASSIC GOOGLE SITES.  SO IF MY SITE HERE LOOKS LIKE SHIT ITS BECAUSE OF THE NEW CHANGE FROM GOOGLE IS SHIT.   

THE CONTENT OF THIS SITE IS BASED SOLELY FROM THE ARTICLES POSTED IN THIS SITE, AND MY UNDERSTANDING OF THEM AT THE TIME I POSTED THEM WHICH MAY CHANGE AS MY NEW KNOWLEDGE IS UPDATED WITH NEW MATERIAL.  

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 THE FIRST SURVIVING MODERN HUMANS IN PALEOLITHIC EUROPE AFTER NEANDERTHAL WERE OF THE MALE R1 LINEAGE WITH HIS DESCENDANTS TODAY AS R1b WEST AND R1a EAST, AND THE FEMALE U, U2, U5, U6, AND U8 IN WEST, AND OTHER U SUBCLADES EAST. 

VARIOUS ARTICLES ON THIS WEBSITE EXPLAIN THIS PROCESS IN DIFFERENT TERMS.  SOME CLAIM THIS R1b WESTERN EUROPEAN IS AN EVOLUTIONARY EVENT WHERE R1b LINEAGE DESCENDS FROM K2 HAPLOGROUP.  THIS PALEOLITHIC FIRST EUROPEAN WOULD HAVE BEEN K2/R1b YDNA LINEAGE, B BLOOD GROUP, Rh NEGATIVE UNMIXED WITH ANY MONKEY PEOPLE, AND BLUE EYES.   IN THE GENETICS 2 SECTION OF THIS WEBSITE EXPLAINS HOW THE PALEOLITHIC B BLOOD GROUP OF EUROPE HAS BEEN REPLACED WITH MORE RECENT A TYPE BLOOD OF THE NEOLITHIC FARMERS.  GENETICS 2 SECTION FURTHER EXPLAINS HOW THE MONKEY PEOPLE WHO INTERBRED WITH MONKEYS SPREAD MONKEY GENES CAUSING GENOCIDES OF THE PALEOLITHIC PEOPLES.  

IT IS POSSIBLE THIS FIRST PALEOLITHIC K2 WAS LIGHT SKIN, AND WHEN THE DARK SKIN MONKEY PEOPLE INVADED THEY REPLACED THE FIRST PEOPLE WHICH DARKENED THE SKIN TONE AT THAT TIME LEAVING ONLY SMALL POCKETS OF THE LIGHT SKIN FIRST PEOPLE.  OVER TIME AS MORE INTERMIXING OCCURRED LIGHT SKIN MADE A COMEBACK.  THE SCIENTIFIC REPORTS CLAIMING DARK SKIN EUROPEANS ARE ANALYZING THE REMAINS OF THE PEOPLE AFTER MONKEY PEOPLE HAD INVADED AND INTERMIXED.  ALTHOUGH IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THE FIRST PEOPLE WERE DARK SKIN AND RECEIVED THE LIGHT SKIN GENE FROM NEANDERTHAL.   I AM NOT COMPLETELY CERTAIN EITHER WAY ON THE SKIN TONE ISSUE YET.

THIS PEOPLE ARE THE NATIVE EUROPEANS WHICH RANGED FROM ATLANTIS WEST EUROPE ATLANTIC TO SIBERIA AND FROM NORTH AFRICA TO AS FAR NORTH AS THE ICE AGE ALLOWS.  THIS IS REFERRED TO AS NATIVE INDIGENOUS FIRST NATIONS FIRST PEOPLE OF ATLANTIS, EUROPE, EURASIA, AND NORTH AFRICA.  THEY ARE THE PALEOLITHIC MALE R HG's AND FEMALE U HG's.  [I AM NOT COMPLETELY CERTAIN IF R1 ACCOMPANIED U OR U6 INTO NORTH AFRICA AND HE WAS REPLACED WITH ARCHAIC MAN.]

R1b IS FROM R1-M173; R1-M173 IS FROM R-M207 (AKA K2b2). THIS K2b2 MALE DESCENDS FROM THE FOUNDATION OF ALL EUROPEANS K2 TO R1b LINEAGE. SOME OF THESE K2 THE FIRST SURVIVING HAPLOGROUP OF EUROPEAN MALES THEN MIGRATE EASTWARD FROM WEST EUROPE TO EURASIA AND SIBERIA WHERE THEY FORM THE SIBERIAN MALTA CULTURE, ALTAI INDUSTRY, YAMNAYA, INTO AFRICA, DOWN INTO SUMERIA, IRAN, INDIA, ETC... R1b BACK MIGRATES TO WEST EUROPE FROM HIS EASTERN DOMAINS SINCE HIS FIRST MIGRATIONS FROM WEST EUROPE IN PALEOLITHIC AS K2 HG. BASQUES MAYBE FROM THE FIRST R1b BACK MIGRATION, OR A DIRECT LINE WHICH EVOLVED IN WEST EUROPE FROM THE K2 ANCESTOR OF PALEOLITHIC WEST EUROPE AS R-M207 IS THE FIRST WEST EUROPEAN. THIS SURVIVING FIRST EUROPEAN PEOPLE R1b FROM K2 LINEAGE HAS SPANNED WEST EUROPE TO SIBERIA SINCE PALEOLITHIC TIMES...

ALL OTHER PEOPLES IN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA CAME AFTER THE PALEOLITHIC R/U PEOPLE DURING THE NEOLITHIC AND MORE RECENT TIMES.  THESE FIRST PEOPLE ARE LOSING THEIR LANDS BY MASS MIGRATIONS OF FOREIGN RACES BY POPULATION REPLACEMENT RESULTING IN THE EXTINCTION OF THE FIRST INDIGENOUS NATIVE PEOPLE.  THIS IS CLEARLY SEEN IN WEST EUROPE AS THE PALEOLITHIC U FEMALES HAVE BEEN REPLACED BY RECENT FOREIGNERS SINCE THE NEOLITHIC.  TODAY U FEMALES ARE A MINORITY BARELY IN EXISTANCE.  IN NORTH AFRICA IT IS THE PALEOLITHIC MALE WHO HAS BEEN REPLACED BY THE NEOLITHIC INVADERS OF THE E AND J MALE HAPLOGROUPS WHO CAME FROM EAST AFRICA AND MID EAST PEOPLE. 

R MALES AND U FEMALES NEED TO UNITE TO RECLAIM THEIR LANDS BEFORE THEY LOSE THEIR HOMELAND, AND BECOME EXTINCT.

NORTH SPAIN FINDS THE OLDEST HUMAN IN EUROPE DATES TO 1.4 MILLION YA.  PRIOR TO THIS FIND IT WAS BELIEVED CRO-MAGNON WAS FIRST MODERN HUMAN AT 50KYA.  THIS 1.4 MILLION YEAR OLD WEST EUROPEAN HAD A FACE SAME AS NATIVE EUROPEANS TODAY.  IN AFRICA AT 1.4 MILLION YA THE NIGGERS HAD DISTINCTLY APE LIKE FACES.  PROOF THAT NATIVE WEST EUROPEANS FIRST PEOPLE DID NOT DESCEND FROM AFRICAN APE-HOMOS, NOR DID HE DESCEND FROM CRO-MAGNON.  THESE LATTER MIGRANTS MERELY ADMIXED HIS WAY INTO MORE RECENT TIMES.  IN AFRICA THE ARCHAIC MANKIND HAD INTERBRED WITH APES WHICH CREATED THE NIGGER AN APE-HOMO HYBRID OF THE A YDNA HAPLOGROUP WHICH IS MERELY THE COLLECTIVE GROUP OF APE HOMOS NOT RELATED TO ANY OTHER GROUPS OTHER THAN A HG WHICH OCCURRED IN AFRICA....

Breakthrough: Excavators Find the Oldest European Face Ever Discovered

https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/european-face-0016992

The discovery of a 1.4-million-year-old human ancestor in Spain was in itself a history changing moment. But to discover it looked like us, “forces us to rewrite the books on human evolution,” claims a team of Spanish archaeologists. It is being heralded as the earliest European face found.  The location was hidden deep in the Atapuerca Mountain range near the village of Atapuerca, in the province of Burgos in northern Spain. Archaeologists excavating in the Sima del Elefante caves uncovered the fossilized face of an ancient hominid. Now, it has been determined that this ancient human lived between 1.2 and 1.4 million years ago and that it represents “the oldest human” ever discovered in Europe, reports the Atapuerca Foundation .

Until recently anthropologists generally maintained that Cro-Magnon were the first anatomically modern humans who migrated to Europe around 50,000 years ago. But the discovery of this human skull, and others, dating to between 1.2 and 1.4 million years ago, has released a gang of proverbial cats right amongst the archaeological pigeons.  The fossil was originally discovered on June 30 at the Sima del Elefante archaeological site by ֹdgar Tיllez, a doctoral student. Rosa Huguet is a site coordinator and she told El Pais that the day after the jaw was discovered she declared they were “unequivocally human.” Furthermore, the fossil that dates back 1.4 million years has a particular feature on the chin that suggests these first Europeans had faces similar to our own. In contrast, at this time in Africa , Homo ergaster or Homo habilis had distinctly ape-like faces....

In conclusion, these remains “push back the human presence in Europe.”...

The so-called Burgos species was the common ancestor of our modern human species and of the Neanderthals that evolved in Europe around 400,000 years ago. This is a distinct Homo species that was called antecessor. Therefore, the site researchers are inclined to think the jaw belonged to a this species of Homo, and that it descended from Homo erectus, one of the “first hominids that left Africa 1.8 million years ago,”...

THE NIGGER A-YDNA HAPLOGROUP SPLITS OFF OF THE ALPHA LINEAGE IN AFRICA ABOUT 132KYA. HE FORMED WHEN MANKIND WAS INTERBREEDING APE-HOMOS IN AFRICA ABOUT 160KYA, AND PROBABLY MUCH EARLIER. THE NIGGER A-YDNA HG IS NOT A DEFINED MUTANT BUT RATHER A HYBRID OF CHIMPANZEE/GORILLA/HOMO MIXED WITH MANKIND ALPHA. THIS SAME MANKIND ALPHA WAS ALSO THE COMMON ANCESTOR FOR ALL NON-AFRICANS CALLED THE BETA LINEAGE.

B HAPLOGROUP DID NOT DESCEND FROM A HAPLOGROUP RATHER HE MIGRATED INTO AFRICA 46KYA AND MIXED. A AND B ARE AFRICAN HAPLOGROUPS. EUROPEANS DID NOT DESCEND FROM EITHER A NOR B HAPLOGROUPS. EUROPEANS ARE NOT OUT OF AFRICAN APE-HOMOS. A GENETIC GAP EXISTS BETWEEN SOME AFRICAN AND NON-AFRICANS BECUZ THE TWO DESCENDED SEPARATELY FROM AN ANCIENT COMMON ANCESTOR. THIS COMMON ANCESTOR IS NOT PROVEN TO BE AFRICAN. THE REASON FOR THE GREAT DIVERSITY IN AFRICA IS BECUZ MANKINDS INTERBRED WITH THE DIVERSE APE-HOMOS WHEN MANKINDS MIGRATED INTO AFRICA AT DIFFERENT AGES....

Re-Examining the “Out of Africa” Theory and the Origin of Europeoids (Caucasoids) in Light of DNA Genealogy

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aa.2012.22009

ABSTRACT

Seven thousand five hundred fifty-six (7556) haplotypes of 46 subclades in 17 major haplogroups were considered in terms of their base (ancestral) haplotypes and timespans to their common ancestors, for the purposes of designing of time-balanced haplogroup tree. It was found that African haplogroup A (originated 132,000 ± 12,000 years before present) is very remote time-wise from all other haplogroups, which have a separate common ancestor, named β-haplogroup, and originated 64,000 ± 6000 ybp. It includes a family of Europeoid (Caucasoid) haplogroups from F through T that originated 58,000 ± 5000 ybp. A downstream common ancestor for haplogroup A and β-haplogroup, coined the α-haplogroup emerged 160,000 ± 12,000 ybp.  A territorial origin of haplogroups α- and β-remains unknown; however, the most likely origin for each of them is a vast triangle stretched from Central Europe in the west through the Russian Plain to the east and to Levant to the south. Haplogroup B is descended from β-haplogroup (and not from haplogroup A, from which it is very distant, and separated by as much as 123,000 years of “lateral” mutational evolution) likely migrated to Africa after 46,000 ybp. The finding that the Europeoid haplogroups did not descend from “African” haplogroups A or B is supported by the fact that bearers of the Europeoid haplogroups, as well as all non-African haplogroups do not carry either SNPs M91, P97, M31, P82, M23, M114, P262, M32, M59, P289, P291, P102, M13, M171, M118 (haplogroup A and its subclades SNPs) or M60, M181, P90 (haplogroup B), as it was shown recently in “Walk through Y” FTDNA Project (the reference is incorporated therein) on several hundred people from various haplogroups....

Thanks largely in part to geneticists, the “Out of Africa” concept was popularized during the last two decades, yet it was never directly proven; however, for many specialists its appeal was undeniably convincing. The concept was based primarily on the premise that Africa possesses the highest variability, or variance, of the human DNA and its segments. Set apart, it is not a strong argument because a mix of different DNA lineages also results in a high variability and, as we show below, it is largely what occurs in Africa. Moreover, a genomic gap exists between some Africans and non-Africans, which has also been interpreted as an argument that the latter descended from Africans. A more plausible interpretation might have been that both current Africans and non-Africans descended separately from a more ancient common ancestor, thus forming a proverbial fork. A region where this downstream common ancestor arose would not necessarily be in Africa. In fact, it was never proven that he lived in Africa. Research into this question has served as the basis for and the subject of our work. We have found that a great diversity of Y chromosomal haplotypes in Africa is a result of the mixing of several very distant lineages, some of them not necessarily African, and that Europeiods (at least) do not contain “African” SNPs (those of haplogroups A or B). These important findings put a proverbial dent in the “Out of Africa” theory....

Haplogroup A

Extended haplotypes of haplogroup A collected in various databases (YSearch, FTDNA Projects), split into at least four different and distinctive DNA lineages, each with its base haplotype....  These base haplotypes have been assigned to subclades A3b2, A1a, A* (P97+, SRY10831.1-), and A* (M23-, M32-, P108-, SRY10831.1-), respectively. It was calculated that the common ancestors of the branches lived 5500, 5000, 600 years before

present (ybp), and the last one is an individual haplotype.... 132,000 years to a common ancestor of all the available haplotypes of haplogroup A... , base haplotypes of the A1a and A3b2 subclades differ by 25 mutations in all 22 markers, which places their common ancestor at 4167 → 8576 conditional generations, that is 112,000 ybp. Two haplotypes with null-mutation differ by 27 mutations, which places their common ancestor at 4500 → 9922 conditional generations, that is 127,000 years to a common ancestor.  This gives an additional support of the obtained “age” of haplogroup A as 132,000 ± 20,000 years.

Haplogroup B

A similar approach was applied to haplogroup B, and the following 22 marker base haplotype was obtained for a common ancestor who lived 46,000 ybp... constitutes 123,000 years between common ancestors of haplogroup A and B. Because they lived 132 and 46 thousand years before present, respectively, their common ancestor lived approximately 150,000 years before present...  This finding indicates that haplogroup B did not descend from haplogroup A. Rather, they both descended from a comon ancestor who lived ~150,000 ybp, and he was not necessarily living in Africa. Since he belonged to a haplogroup upstream from haplogroups A and B, his haplogroup can be named “alpha-haplogroup”. It is a matter of taste and belief to call it “Adam” or not....

Haplogroups C through T

a common ancestor of the α-haplogroup at 160,000 ± 12,000 years before present. For example, 18 mutations between A and B base haplotypes, as it was described above, result in 150,000 ybp for their common ancestor. Twentyone (21) mutations with haplogroup DE base haplotype give 167,000 ybp for their common ancestor. Twenty-three (23) mutations with haplogroup H base haplotype result in 171,000 ybp for their common ancestor with haplogroup A. For haplogroup I (21 mutations) it is 161,000 ybp. For haplogroup Q (22 mutations) it is 166,000 ybp. For haplogroup R (21 mutations) it is 160,000 ybp. The distance in 19 mutations between the base haplotypes of haplogroup A and β-haplogroup places α-haplogroup at 165,000 ybp. Clearly, the base haplotype of haplogroup A and its subclades is very remote from all other haplogroups.

Similar pairwise calculations with the base haplotype of haplogroup B as well with all other haplogroups (besides A) place a common ancestor of beta-haplogroup to 64,000 ± 6000 years before present. This haplogroup is close to or identical with the BT haplogroup according to the current classification. The α-haplogroup which is the ancestral one with respect to both African (left branch) and non-African haplogroups (right branch) arose around 160,000 ybp, and 132,000 ybp gave rise to haplogroup A. Another, quite different branch, had formed a fork, then apparently went through a population bottleneck around 70 - 60 thousand ybp (perhaps the Toba event), and gave rise to β-haplogroup, ancestral to non-African haplogroups, 64,000 ± 6000 ybp.

Apparently, haplogroup B was initially not of an African origin. It could have migrated to Africa and mixed there with a local Negroid population. A common ancestor of the present day bearers of haplogroup B lived 46,000 ybp. A similar story had occurred with a group of bearers of haplogroup R1b1 around 4000 ybp, who ventured to the center of African continent during their westward migration along the African Mediterranean shore, an became a Negroid population having an unusual (for Africa) haplogroup.

The Mongoloid and Austronesian haplogroup C split ~36,000 ybp and gradually populated regions of Central Asia, Australia and Oceania. Haplogroup DE split to D and E around 42,000 ybp, and currently populates vast territory from North Africa to the west to Korea and Japan to the east.

The family of haplogroup from F through T is largely the Europeoid (Caucasoid) family. Most of bearers of these haplogroups remained Europeoids;...

Lack of the African SNP (Haplogroup A) in Non-Africans

A critical datapoint has emerged that disproves the “Out of Africa” concept; specifically, recent data shows that non-African people have neither M91, P97, M31, P82, M23, M114, P262, M32, M59, P289, P291, P102, M13, M171, M118 (haplogroup A and its subclades SNPs), nor M60, M181, P90 (haplogroup B SNPs) in their Y-chromosomes....

Figure 3.

The tree shows the alpha-haplogroup, which is the ancestral haplogroup of the African and non-African haplogroups, and the beta-haplogroup, which is the ancestral haplogroup, close or identical with BT haplogroup in the current classification. The left branch represents haplogroup A (arose ~132,000 ybp) and its subclades. The right branch of haplogroups F through R including T) represent Europeoids (Caucasoids) arose ~58,000 years before present. Haplogroup B (arose ~46,000 ybp) migrated to Africa, the Mongoloid and Austronesian haplogroup C split ~36,000 ybp, apparently Middle Eastern haplogroups DE split ~42,000 ybp. A region of the origin of the alpha-haplogroup ~160,000 ybp remains unknown. The Europeoid family of haplogroups arose apparently in the triangle between Central Europe on the west, the Russian Plain (Eastern European Plain) on the east and Levant on the south. ...

undeniably indicate that non-African people, bearers of haplogroups from C to T, did not descend from the “African” haplogroups A or B. Their origin is likely not in Africa....

Therefore, we are left holding the question of the origin of Homo sapiens. Based on palaeoarchaeological evidence, the region, where anatomically modern humans have likely originated, is comprised of a vast territory from Central Europe in the west to the Russian Plain in the east to Levant in the south....

A EURASIAN MIGRATES INTO AFRICA 95.8KYA AND INTERBRED WITH AN AFRICAN APE HOMO HYBRID BECOMING KNOWN AS THE MBUTI.  THIS EURASIAN LINEAGE SUFFERED A BOTTLE NECK EFFECTIVE POPULATION IN EURASIA AT THE SAME TIME UNTIL 50.4KYA. AT THAT TIME THE EURASIAN LINEAGE MAKES A COMEBACK IN EURASIA KNOWN AS THE ANATOLIA ANCESTRAL EUROPEAN.  THE ANCESTRAL EUROPEAN HAS A RANGELAND SPREAD OUT FROM SIBERIA TO WEST EUROPE.  HIS MOVEMENTS OFTEN MISINTERPRETTED BY HIS MOSTLY PURE BLOODLINE SINCE PALEOLITHIC UNTIL HOLOCENE ADMIX.  THUS WHEN PATERNAL R1 HAPLOGROUP SUBCLADES MIX FROM THE EAST BACK TO THE WEST IT CAUSED CONFUSION UNTIL THIS STUDY POINTS OUT THE MISINTERPRETATIONS...

Fig. 2: a, Schematic of the West Eurasian population history model

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-022-01914-9/figures/2

• 696KYA TO 95.8KYA UNKNOWN SOURCE POPULATION BRANCH COULD BE AFRICAN OR EURASIAN. 

• 95.8KYA THE SOURCE BRANCH IS A COMMON ANCESTOR FOR MBUTI PEOPLE IN AFRICA, AND THE EURASIAN PEOPLE. 

• 50.4KYA A EURASIAN PEOPLE ARE KNOWN AS ANATOLIA ANCESTRAL EUROPEAN. 

• 45KYA ANATOLIA ANCESTRAL SEPARATES TO CHG. 

• 37.7KYA ANATOLIA ANCESTRAL SEPARATES TO WHG. 

• 36KYA CHG SEPARATES TO ANE/EHG. 

• 8KYA WHG BACK MIGRATES AND ADMIXES IN 50% WITH ANATOLIA ANCESTRAL KNOWN AS EUROPEAN EARLY FARMER (ANATOLIAN, WHG). 

• 5KYA ANE/EHG BACK MIGRATES AND ADMIXES IN 40% WITH CHG. 

• 4.5KYA CHG BACK MIGRATES AND ADMIXES IN 33% WITH ANATOLIA ANCESTRAL KNOWN AS STEPPE BRONZE AGE (ANATOLIA, WHG, STEPPE).

      NOTES:

Among the newly reported individuals, GoyetQ116-1 from present-day Belgium is the oldest at ~35,000 years ago. It is similar to the ~37,000 year old Kostenki14 and all later samples in that it shares more alleles with present-day Europeans (e.g. French) than with East Asians (e.g. Han). In contrast, Ust’-Ishim and Oase1, which predate GoyetQ116-1 and Kostenki14, do not show any distinctive affinity to later Europeans.  Thus, from at least about 37,000 years ago, populations in Europe shared at least some ancestry with present Europeans....

45,000-year-old west-Siberian known as Ust’-Ishim, was related to both Europeans and Asians. That suggests the two groups parted ways between 45,000 and 37,000 years ago and makes Kostenki-14 the oldest European to have his genome sequenced.  What’s more, Kostenki-14’s Y-chromosome shares features with a 7000-year-old hunter-gatherer from Spain. “This shows some level of continuity in European populations across almost 30,000 years,” ...

a close relationship to both "Mal'ta boy" (24 ka) of south-east Siberia (Ancient North Eurasian) and to the later Mesolithic hunter-gatherers of Europe and western Siberia, as well as with a basal population ancestral to Early European Farmers, but not to East Asians.

IN VERY BRIEF SUMMARY THE WORLD WAS FULL OF VARIOUS MANKINDS EACH UNIQUE FROM OTHERS.   IN EUROPE PRIOR TO THE MONKEY PEOPLE ARRIVAL WAS ARCHAIC MAN NEANDERTHAL A LIGHT SKIN RED HAIRED POSSIBLY BLUE EYED MANKIND.  THERE WAS ALSO CROMAGNON MAN THE FIRST EARLY MODERN HUMAN SAPIEN.  HIS ORIGIN IS IN ASIA BUT HIS LINK TO OUT OF AFRICA IS NOT PROVEN.  IF CROMAGNON CAME OUT OF AFRICA IT IS LIKELY HE WAS MUTATED FROM THE ARCHAIC MAN IN AFRICA AND NOT FROM THE MONKEY MAN HYBRID DESCENT.  THE MORE RECENT MONKEY PEOPLE INVASION CAME AFTER CROMAGNON.   ALL NONAFRICAN HAPLOUPS RETAIN SIMILAR FEATURES WHICH THEY INHERIT FROM THEIR NONAFRICAN ANCESTORS. 

 IN AFRICA THE AFRICAN ARCHAIC MANKIND WAS INTERBREEDING WITH APES, GORRILLAS, BONOBOS, ORANGUTANS, AND CHIMPANZEES.  THE NIGGERS ARE SIBLINGS TO THE CHIMPANZEE, AND DESCENDANTS OF THE GORRILLAS, AND OTHER APES.  THIS MANKIND WAS GENETICALLY CLOSE ENOUGH TO ALLOW HYBRIDIZATION WHICH CREATED ADAM Y.  THIS ADAM Y MONKEY MAN HYBRID MIGRATES ALL OVER SINCE THEN.  INTEGRATION WITH THE MONKEY PEOPLE  CAUSED THE EXTINCTION OF ALL OTHER ARCHAIC PEOPLES.  MANY WERE HYBRIDIZED WITH THE MONKEY PEOPLE OUT OF EXISTENCE BY WAY OF INTERBREEDING, AND OTHER MEANS.   THE AFRICAN A HAPLOGROUPS  WHICH INTERBRED WITH THE MONKEYS AND APES EXHIBIT MONKEY AND GORRILLA FEATURES IN TODAYS MONKEY MAN HYBRIDS.  SOME NIGGERS LOOK MORE CHIMPANZEE WHILE SOME NIGGERS LOOK MORE GORILLA DEPENDING ON THE ADMIXTURE THEY AQUIRED FROM THEIR ANCESTORS.

THIS HYBRID MONKEY MAN MIGRATES OUT OF AFRICA TO HYBRIDIZE WITH MANY OTHER ARCHAIC MANKINDS NOT APART OF THIS AFRICAN BASTARDIZED MONKEY AND THE GODS.  THIS SPREAD MONKEY DISEASES TO THE ARCHAIC NON-AFRICANS.  THE HYBRIDIZING OF THE ARCHAIC NON-AFRICANS WITH THE AFRICAN MONKEY PEOPLE CREATED INFERTILE HYBRIDS THAT SOON DIED OFF AND BECAME EXTINCT.  DIFFERENT SPECIES DOES NOT STOP REPRODUCTION AMONG DIFFERENT SPECIES RATHER GENETIC CLOSENESS IS WHAT ALLOWS REPRODUCTION EVEN AMONG DIFFERENT SPECIES.  BUT SOMETIMES ONLY A FEW GENERATIONS ARE ALLOWED TO REPRODUCE.  FOR EXAMPLE THE BEEFALLOE HALF BEEF AND HALF BISON WHICH BECOMES INFERTILE AFTER ONE OR TWO GENERATIONS. ...

MORE INFO ON THE HOMOS INTERBREEDING THE APES, GORRILLAS, CHIMPANZEES, ETC. REFER TO:   https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/genetics-2

Primate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate

The first hominin fossils were discovered in northern Africa and date back 5–8 mya... Molecular and fossil studies generally show that modern humans originated in Africa 100,000–200,000 years ago....   

Primate hybrids usually arise in captivity, but there have also been examples in the wild....  Hybridization occurs where two species' range overlap to form hybrid zones; hybrids may be created by humans when animals are placed in zoos or due to environmental pressures such as predation. Intergeneric hybridizations, hybrids of different genera, have also been found in the wild...

Interactions between humans and other primates:  Disease transmission

Close interactions between humans and non-human primates (NHPs) can create pathways for the transmission of zoonotic diseases. Viruses such as Herpesviridae (most notably Herpes B Virus), Poxviridae, measles, ebola, rabies, the Marburg virus and viral hepatitis can be transmitted to humans; in some cases the viruses produce potentially fatal diseases in both humans and non-human primates....

Prehistoric Timeline: (approx.)

Stone Age

3.4 million years - (8700 BCE and 2000 BCE)

Paleolithic 3.3 MillionBC - 12,000BC

Lower Paleo 200,000-60,000BC

Mid Paleo  60,000-18,000 BC

Upper Paleo 18,000-12,000BC

Mesolithic  12000-8000BC

Neolithic  8000-2500BC

 Chalcolithic, or Copper Age 3500 to 2300 BCE.

Bronze Age  2500-1200BC

Iron Age  1200BC-410AD

Pleistocene  2.6 MYA - 11,700YA

Holocene  11,650 cal YBP - Present

LGM:  The world's most recent glacial period began about 110,000 years ago and ended around 11,700 years ago.

The maximum extent of this glacial period was the Last Glacial Maximum and it occurred around 20,000 years ago.

Timeline of human prehistory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_human_prehistory

• ∼320,000 to 305,000: Populations at Olorgesailie in Southern Kenya undergo technological improvements in tool making and engage in long distance trade.

• 315,000 years ago: approximate date of appearance of Homo sapiens (Jebel Irhoud, Morocco).

• 270,000 years ago: age of Y-DNA haplogroup A00 ("Y-chromosomal Adam").

• 250,000 years ago: first appearance of Homo neanderthalensis (Saccopastore skulls).

• 250,000–200,000 years ago: modern human presence in West Asia (Misliya cave).

• 230,000–150,000 years ago: age of mt-DNA haplogroup L ("Mitochondrial Eve").

• 210,000 years ago: modern human presence in southeast Europe (Apidima, Greece).

• "Epipaleolithic" or "Mesolithic" are terms for a transitional period between the Last Glacial Maximum and the Neolithic Revolution in Old World (Eurasian) cultures.

•     67,000–40,000 years ago: Neanderthal admixture to Eurasians.

HOLOCENE:  The terms "Neolithic" and "Bronze Age" are culture-specific and are mostly limited to cultures of the Old World. Many populations of the New World remain in the Mesolithic cultural stage until European contact in the modern period.

•     11,600 years ago (9,600 BC): An abrupt period of global warming accelerates the glacial retreat; taken as the beginning of the Holocene geological epoch.

•     11,200–11,000 years ago: Meltwater pulse 1B, a sudden rise of sea level by 7.5 m within about 160 years.

•     11,000 years ago (9,000 BC): Earliest date recorded for construction of temenoi ceremonial structures at Göbekli Tepe in southern Turkey, as possibly the oldest surviving proto-religious site on Earth.

•     10,000–8,000 years ago (8000 BC to 6000 BC): The post-glacial sea level rise decelerates, slowing the submersion of landmasses that had taken place over the previous 10,000 years.

•     9,500–5,500 years ago: Neolithic Subpluvial in North Africa. The Sahara desert region supports a savanna-like environment. Lake Chad is larger than the current Caspian Sea. An African culture develops across the current Sahel region.

•     8,200–8,000 years ago: 8.2 kiloyear event: a sudden decrease of global temperatures, probably caused by the final collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which leads to drier conditions in East Africa and Mesopotamia.

•     8,200–7,600 years ago (6200–5600 BC): sudden rise in sea level (Meltwater pulse 1C) by 6.5 m in less than 140 years; this concludes the early Holocene sea level rise and sea level remains largely stable throughout the Neolithic.

PAST BELIEF WAS ICE AGES OVER THE LAST MILLION YEARS EXPANDED AND RETREATED EVERY 100,000 YEARS.  LATEST BELIEF IS NOW EVERY 41,000 YEARS UNTIL AT LEAST 400,000YA...

Fresh understanding of ice age frequency

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/12/221206204807.htm

"Until this research, it was common knowledge that over the last million years global ice volume, which includes Antarctica's ice sheets, expanded and retreated every 100,000 years.  "However, this research shows they actually advanced and retreated much more often -- every 41,000 years -- until at least 400,000 years ago,"...

"I conducted a paleomagnetic analysis on the core, which reconstructs changes in the earth's magnetic field, and found a magnetic reversal showing it was much older and had a record spanning more than 1 million years."...

LIFE ON GREENLAND 2 MILLION YEARS OLD....

Discovery of world's oldest DNA breaks record by one million years

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/12/221207142356.htm

Two-million-year-old DNA has been identified... Microscopic fragments of environmental DNA were found in Ice Age sediment in northern Greenland.... fragments are one million years older than the previous record for DNA sampled from a Siberian mammoth bone. The ancient DNA has been used to map a two-million-year-old ecosystem which weathered extreme climate change.... Scientists discovered evidence of animals, plants and microorganisms including reindeer, hares, lemmings, birch and poplar trees. Researchers even found that Mastodon, an Ice Age mammal, roamed as far as Greenland before later becoming extinct....   

Perhaps there is no one single origin for all people.  Instead each people may had their origins in different parts of the world.  We all do not come from the same single common ancestor.  Each separate and unique kind of man had its own separate origins unrelated to other original mankinds.  Each having their own unique and separate common ancestor.  This find does not prove evolution.  This find possibly proves that mankind had separate and distinct origins different from other kinds of man.

Europe was the birthplace of mankind, not Africa, scientists find

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2017/05/22/europe-birthplace-mankind-not-africa-scientists-find/

    But two fossils of an ape-like creature which had human-like teeth have been found in Bulgaria and Greece, dating to 7.2 million years ago....The discovery of the creature, named Graecopithecus freybergi, and nicknameded ‘El Graeco' by scientists, proves our ancestors were already starting to evolve in Europe 200,000 years before the earliest African hominid. ...“Graecopithecus is not an ape. He is a member of the tribe of hominins and the direct ancestor of homo....

7.2 million-Year-Old Pre-Human Fossil Suggests Mankind Arose in Europe NOT Africa

http://www.ancient-origins.net/human-origins-science/72-million-year-old-pre-human-fossil-suggests-mankind-arose-europe-not-africa

A new analysis of two 7.2 million-year-old fossils belonging to a hominin species nicknamed “El Graeco” from Mediterranean Europe, suggests that mankind emerged in Europe and not in Africa. The new study could reshape history, since it openly challenges the “out of Africa theory.”...  “El Graeco is the oldest known potential hominin. He is several hundred thousand years older than the oldest potential pre-human from Africa: 6–7-million-year-old Sahelanthropus from Chad,” ...  If this theory is true, then it’s very possible that his descendants could have evolved into Neanderthals, Denisovans, and the other early humans known from these geographical areas that are directly related to people of European and Asian origin nowadays....

ARCHAIC MANKINDS BEING SEPARATED BY NATURAL BOUNDARIES FORMED 6.25MYA SOME IN AFRICA, AND OTHERS IN EUROPE AND EURASIA.  THOSE ARCHAICS IN AFRICA BEGAN TO INTERBREED WITH APES, AND WITH THE HYBRIDS CREATED BY THE ARCHAIC PART HOMOS-PART APES WHICH LATER CREATES NIGGERS IN AFRICA OF THE A YDNA HG.  THE ARCHAIC MANKINDS SEPARATED IN EUROPE AND EURASIA BECAME NEANDERTHAL, DENISOVAN, AND OTHER EXTINCT MANKINDS WHICH LATER BECAME THE C YDNA HG.

THIS ARTICLE REVEALS A TWO MILLION YEAR OLD SPINE FROM SOUTH AFRICA OF A TRANSITIONAL APE-NIGGER HYBRID THAT WALKS UPRIGHT AND CLIMBS TREES WITH LONG ARMS....

Spinal Missing Link Is Discovered Unifying Apes, Neanderthals and Us

https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/spinal-missing-link-0016108

A team of scientists has analyzed a set of two-million-year-old so-called ‘missing link’ fossils. Unlike anything presented before, their new study shows how the ancient human relative, Australopithecus sediba , 'walked like a human, but climbed like an ape'....  two million years old fossilized spine of the new species of ancient human relatives. Researchers call this female skeleton “Issa,” which means ‘protector’ in Swahili, after she was found at Malapa Cave, in the self-proclaimed Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa... anthropologists discovered ’the most complete lower back ever discovered’ of a male sediba at the same site....  lumbars inform scientists as to whether any given species could walk on two legs, like modern humans do. Previous lumbar studies were all based on incomplete lower spines. Until now, it was not noticed that sediba had ‘a relatively straight spine, without the curvature, or lordosis, typically seen in modern humans,’ according to the paper....  

‘Lordosis’ is the inward curve of the lumbar spine associated with tendencies towards bipedalism. The research showed how the lordosis of sediba was ‘more extreme than any other australopithecines yet discovered.’ This indicates ‘a powerful trunk musculature, perhaps for arboreal [tree climbing] behaviors,’ according to Russo. And, Issa’s spine was found to be more similar to ‘Neanderthals, and other more primitive species of ancient hominins older than two million years’.   The study concluded that the new spine research demonstrates sediba’s ‘transitional nature’ being able to walk like a human and climb trees like an ape: ‘a missing link’ showing another intermediate species between the great apes, Neanderthals and modern humans. 

Part Ape, Part Human:  The Fossils... 28:27

https://youtu.be/FFuwyBEq1IA

REAL EUROPEANS ARE NOT MONKEYS WITH A HOMO ERECTUS...

The human skull that challenges the Out of Africa theory

https://www.ancient-origins.net/human-origins-science/human-skull-challenges-out-africa-theory-001283

    The ‘Petralona man’, or Archanthropus of Petralona, as it has since been called, was found to be 700,000 years old, making it the oldest human europeoid (presenting European traits) of that age ever discovered in Europe. Dr Poulianos’ research showed that the Petralona man evolved separately in Europe and was not an ancestor of a species that came out of Africa. ...   Further research in the cave discovered isolated teeth and two pre-human skeletons dating back 800,000 years, as well as other fossils of various species.

    Today, most academics who have analyzed the Petralona remains say that the cranium of the Archanthropus of Petralona belongs to an archaic hominid distinguished from Homo erectus, and from both the classic Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans, but showing characterists of all those species and presenting strong European traits.  A skull dating back 700,000 which is either Homo sapien or part Homo sapien is in direct conflict with the Out of Africa theory of human evolution. 

400,000-year-old fossil human cranium is oldest ever found in Portugal

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/03/170313192729.htm

Researchers have found the oldest fossil human cranium in Portugal, marking an important contribution to knowledge of human evolution during the middle Pleistocene in Europe and to the origin of the Neanderthals. ...The cranium represents the westernmost human fossil ever found in Europe during the middle Pleistocene epoch and one of the earliest on this continent to be associated with the Acheulean stone tool industry.

EURASIANS AND EUROPEANS ARE NOT DESCENDANTS OF OUT OF AFRICAN APE HUMAN HYBRIDS.  ITS THE OTHER WAY AROUND.  THE EURASIAN HOMININ WAS BEING CUTOFF FROM ITS SOURCE AS NATURAL BOUNDARIES WERE BEING FORMED BY THE MEDITERANEAN, AND THE SAHARA DESERT 6.25 MYA.  THIS EARLY HOMININ CUTOFF IN AFRICA THEN INTERBRED WITH APES IN AFRICA WHICH HYBRIDIZED NIGGERS, A PART APE PART HOMININ WHICH GOES ON TO PRODUCE ADAM Y IN AFRICA ABOUT 200KYA TO 300KYA.  

BACK IN EURASIA THESE ORIGINAL ARCHAIC HOMININS LIVED APART FROM THESE AFRICAN APE HOMININ HYBRIDS UNTIL A FIRST OUT OF AFRICAN MIGRATION ABOUT 200KYA TO 275KYA WHICH LEFT A TINY FRAGMENT OF DNA.  A 2ND WAVE OF OUT OF AFRICA ABOUT 125KYA, AND ANOTHER ABOUT 60KYA TO 80KYA.  THESE MORE RECENT APE HUMAN BASTARDS CAUSED MASS GENOCIDES OF THE ARCHAIC EUROPEAN AND EURASIAN PEOPLES....   

Cretan Footprints Challenge Darwin’s Out of Africa Theory, Says Study

https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/crete-footprints-0015962

The evolution of human bipedalism is supposed to be 4 million years old, beginning with primates, which caused the separation of the first hominids from the rest of the four-legged apes....the Crete footprints found in 2002 on a sedimentary stone slab, and concluded that they were made by pre-humans 6.05 million years ago. This makes the Crete footprints the oldest in world by a couple of million years and thus challenges Darwin’s Out-of-Africa theory....  possibility that these tracks are linked to Graecopithecus freybergi , a pre-human uncovered in Athens, who lived 7.2 million years ago.... Böhme has linked this to the short-term expansion of the Sahara Desert, which began 6.25 million years ago, due to increased aridification in the Mesopotamian regions, pushing many mammals, particularly primates, out of Eurasia and into Africa, with the expansion also sealing off the two continents from one another. This so-called “Desert Swing” theory could be the possible reason for the evolutionary separation of ancient hominins and primates....

Age constraints for the Trachilos footprints from Crete

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-98618-0

We present an updated time frame for the 30 m thick late Miocene sedimentary Trachilos section from the island of Crete that contains the potentially oldest hominin footprints.... suggest an age of the section within the Mediterranean biozone MMi13d, younger than ~ 6.4 Ma.... deposition during calcareous nannofossil biozone CN9bB, between 6.023 and 6.727 Ma.... the Trachilos section...between 6.272 and 6.023 Ma....  we constrain the Trachilos footprints age at ~ 6.05 Ma, roughly 0.35 Ma older than previously thought....

The evolutionary history and dispersal patterns of hominins are matters of debate. One unresolved aspect is the origin and identification of the first representatives of the hominin lineage. Despite numerous publications suggesting an origin in Africa there are evidences that the earliest hominins might have evolved in Eurasia. Evidence for a Miocene hominin presence in Europe includes both body and trace fossils....

the Trachilos footprints cluster in the same anatomical space with other hominin footprints and are clearly separated from non-hominin primates.... Without information on the missing time between the Trachilos sediments and the MSC, however, a much older age is also possible....  reveals a temporal overlap between Orrorin and the Trachilos footprints....if correct, it implies that Orrorin and the Trachilos footprints may together constitute the oldest evidence for bipedal hominids....  This will allow future descriptive and comparative analyses to be based on a robust temporal framework...

'First of our kind' found in Morocco

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40194150

The idea that modern people evolved in a single "cradle of humanity" in East Africa some 200,000 years ago is no longer tenable, new research suggests.  Fossils of five early humans have been found in North Africa that show Homo sapiens emerged at least 100,000 years earlier than previously recognised. ... The latest material has been dated by hi-tech methods to be between 300,000 and 350,000 years old. And the skull form is almost identical to modern humans. ... Before our species evolved there were many different types of primitive human species, each of which looked different and had its own strengths and weaknesses. ... "This shows that there are multiple places in Africa where Homo sapiens was emerging. We need to get away from this idea that there was a single 'cradle'."  And he raises the possibility that Homo sapiens may even have existed outside of Africa at the same time: "We have fossils from Israel that are probably the same age and they show what could be described as proto-Homo sapiens features." ...

THE GODS OR GODDESS' HAD SEX WITH CHIMPS AND GORRILLAS ABOUT 4.4 MILLION YEARS AGO CREATING A NEW HOMININ HYBRID WHICH BECAME HUMAN.  THE RECYCLING OF SEX WITH THIS HYBRID MONKEY MAN WITH ITSELF AND OTHER MONKEYS AND GODS AND GODDESS' EVOLVED INTO NEW HOMININS AND NEW MONKEYS AND APES.  IT IS NOT SPECIES WHICH DETERMINE REPRODUCTION BUT RATHER THE GENETIC CLOSENESS WHICH ALLOW HYBRIDS, AND SPECIES TO REPRODUCE.  SOME PEOPLE LOOK MORE LIKE MONKEYS BECAUSE THEY ARE GENETICALLY CLOSER TO MONKEYS AND APES WHILE SOME PEOPLE LOOK MORE LIKE THE GODS BECAUSE THEY HAVE NO OR LESS MONKEY AND APES GENES, AND MORE GODLIKE GENETICS.....

Evidence for a Great Evolutionary Leap Finally Found?

https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/evolutionary-leap-0014993

    The researchers analyzed a 4.4 million-year-old skeleton from an Ardi hominid ( Ardipithecus ramidus , Ardipithecus)  that was discovered in Ethiopia, and their new observations were made in its “exceptionally well preserved hands.” ... The aforementioned “large evolutionary leap,” however, was found when Dr. Prang compared Ardi’s hand with those of later hominins, including the species to which  Lucy belonged ( Australopithecus)....  “is important because it potentially sheds light on the species of ancestors from which humans and chimpanzees descended.”... Major changes in the anatomy of Ardi’s hands, and in the way all later hominins evolved, between approximately 4.4 and 3.3 million years ago, coincides with the earliest evidence for the loss of the  grasping big toe  in human evolution, according to the researchers....

Ancient Anomalous Human Skeletons: Humanity Could be Much Older Than We Think

https://www.ancient-origins.net/human-origins-science/anomalous-skeletons-0011224

THE GODS(ESS') BRED WITH MONKEYS TO MAKE MAN. THE MORE THOSE MONKEY MAN BRED WITH THE GODS(ESS') THE MORE GODLIKE APPEARANCE IT BECAME.  THE MORE MONKEY MAN BRED WITH ITSELF AND WITH MORE MONKEYS THE MORE MONKEYLIKE APPEARANCE IT REMAINED...

The Faces of Ancient Hominids Brought to Life in Remarkable Detail

https://www.ancient-origins.net/human-origins-science/ancient-hominids-001465

        In the last 8 million years, at least a dozen human-like species have lived on Earth....

like modern-day humans, no two hominids were alike and it is difficult to determine whether variations in skull features represent distinct species or variations within the same species....Bones can only say so much, and experts are forced to make educated guesses to fill in the gaps in an ancient hominid family tree that extends back 8 million years.  With each new discovery, paleoanthropologists have to rewrite the origins of mankind's ancestors...

Sahelanthropus tchadensis...Djurab desert in Chad, Western Africa...Dating back 6.8 million years, it is one of the oldest hominid specimens ever found... The braincase, being only 320 cm³ to 380 cm³ in volume, is similar to that of existing chimpanzees...

    Australopithecus afarensis, is believed to have lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago and had a brain capacity between 380 and 430 cc. A number of remains of this species have been found in Ethiopia...

    Australopithecus africanus, unearthed in Sterkfontein, South Africa...lived 2.5 million years ago and had a brain capacity of 485 cc....massive jaws and teeth...

    Paranthropus aethiopicus is a species of hominid that is believed to have lived between 2.7 and 2.5 million years ago....west shore of Lake Turkana in Kenya...cranial capacity of 410 cc...shape of his mouth indicates that he had a strong bite...

    Paranthropus boisei species... Paranthropus boisei lived in Eastern Africa from about 2.3 to 1.2 million years ago. They had a brain volume of about 500 to 550cc...strong jaw...

    Homo rudolfensis lived from 1.9 to 1.7 million years ago and had a larger cranial capacity than his contemporaries, ranging from 530 to 750cc....Koobi Fora, Kenya,...

    Homo ergaster ...1.8 and 1.3 million years ago and had a cranial capacity of 700 to 900 cc. Remains have been found in Tanzania, Ethiopia, Kenya, and South Africa....

    Homo heidelbergensis group, discovered in Sima de los Huesos (“the pit of bones”), Spain, in 1993. More than 5,500 human fossils of this species, which are considered to be the direct ancestor of Neanderthals...lived between 1.3 million and 200,000 years ago. Their cranial volume of 1100 to 1400 cc overlaps the 1350 cc average of modern humans. Fossils of this species have been found in Spain, Italy, France and Greece....

    Homo neanderthalensis ...The first humans with proto-Neanderthal traits are believed to have existed in Europe as early as 600,000–350,000 years ago, and they died out around 30,000 years ago. The Neanderthal's cranial capacity was notably larger than the 1350 cc average for modern humans. However, they also had a larger body size. Recent research now points to the fact that they had the same or similar levels of intelligence as modern humans.

    Homo floresiensis, found in Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia...“The Hobbit” ... about 1 meter tall (about 3'3") and lived about 18,000 years ago....This hominid is remarkable for its small body and brain (420 cc) ...

    Homo sapiens (Latin: "wise man") is the scientific name for the human species.  Anatomically modern humans first appear in the fossil record in Africa about 195,000 years ago....

WHEN THE GODS AND/OR GODDESS' BRED WITH THE MONKEYS AND APES MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO THE HYBRID HOMOS WERE MORE MONKEY AND APE LOOKING. THE MORE THE GODS AND THE MONKEY HOMOS CONTINUED TO BREED WITH EACH OTHER THE MORE THE HOMOS EVOLVED INTO MORE GODLIKE PHYSICAL FEATURES. ABOUT 1.5 MILLION YEARS AGO THE MONKEY HOMOS BEGAN TO DEVELOP A GODLIKE BRAIN....

It Really Was a Planet of the Apes Two Million Years Ago

https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/ape-0015180

    New genetic research shows early humans’ brains were “much more ape-like” than what is measured in modern humans....  Homo skulls discovered at Dmanisi, Georgia, “were much more like apes.”...  the fossilized skulls of hominins were studied, including five individuals who lived in Western Asia more than 1.7 million years ago. The paper explains that these brains were about “half the size of modern brains” and that they were organized more like the brains of modern great apes.  The new research, unexpectedly, shows “the brain of  Homo to be ape-like.” ... 

    an older human ancestor, Australopithecus afarensis  (Lucy), had an ape-like brain. Now it is understood that at the early stages of hominid evolution, Homo also had “ape-like-appearing cerebral cortices,” according to the most recent paper. When then did our brains begin to evolve into the powerhouses we wield today? The new research suggests the emergence of a more complex frontal lobe occurred from 1.7–1.5 million years ago....

THE FIRST BATCH OF MONKEY HOMOS TO EXIT AFRICA WAS ABOUT 125,000 YEARS AGO.  THE 2ND EXIT OUT OF AFRICA WAS 65,000 YEARS AGO.  THESE MONKEY HOMOS BRED WITH THE NEANDERTHALS, DENISOVANS, AND SEVERAL OTHER HOMONINS.  ABOUT 45,000 YEARS AGO SOME OF THESE MONKEY-HOMO-NEANDERTHAL AND OTHER HOMONIN HYBRIDS BEGIN TO MIGRATE TO EUROPE.  OTHERS MIGRATE TO EURASIA, EAST ASIA, AND ON INTO AMERICAS....

Genomes of the earliest Europeans:   Ancient genomes shed new light on the earliest Europeans and their relationships with Neanderthals

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/04/210407122217.htm

    An international research team has sequenced the genomes of the oldest securely dated modern humans in Europe who lived around 45,000 years ago in Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria. By comparing their genomes to the genomes of people who lived later in Europe and in Asia the researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, show that this early human group in Europe contributed genes to later people, particularly present-day East Asians. The researchers also identified large stretches of Neanderthal DNA in the genomes of the Bacho Kiro Cave people, showing that they had Neanderthal ancestors about five to seven generations back in their family histories. This suggests that mixture with Neanderthals was the rule rather than the exception when the first modern humans arrived in Europe....

    The oldest individuals found in the cave were directly radiocarbon dated to between 43,000 and 46,000 years ago. They are thus the earliest known dispersal of modern humans across the mid-latitudes of Eurasia.... the oldest Bacho Kiro Cave individuals, or groups closely related to them, contributed genes to present-day people. Surprisingly, this contribution is found particularly in East Asia and the Americas rather than in Europe where the Bacho Kiro Cave people lived....  "The results suggest that the first modern humans that arrived in Eurasia mixed frequently with Neanderthals. They may even have become absorbed into resident Neanderthal populations. Only later on did larger modern human groups arrive and replace the Neanderthals"...

45-65KYA JAWBONE FROM IBERIA MAY BE UNKNOWN POPULATION OF HOMO SAPIENS, OR A HYBRID OF HOMO SPECIES...

Jawbone may represent earliest presence of humans in Europe

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/12/221206204814.htm

For over a century, one of the earliest human fossils ever discovered in Spain has been long considered a Neanderthal...   this fossil is not a Neanderthal; rather, it may actually represent the earliest presence of Homo sapiens ever documented in Europe....

The Banyoles fossil likely dates to between approximately 45,000-65,000 years ago, at a time when Europe was occupied by Neanderthals...  Banyoles lacks a chin, one of the most characteristic features of Homo sapiens mandibles...."We were confronted with results that were telling us Banyoles is not a Neanderthal, but the fact that it does not have a chin made us think twice about assigning it to Homo sapiens,"...  

Banyoles mandible may represent: a member of a previously unknown population of Homo sapiens that coexisted with the Neanderthals; or a hybrid between a member of this Homo sapiens group and a non-Neanderthal unidentified human species....

‘Dragon Man’ Skull Found in China May Be ANOTHER New Human Species

https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/new-human-species-0015499

    The scientists say the Harbin skull belonged to a 50-year-old man who lived sometime between 146,000 and 296,000 years ago. This dates him to the Middle Pleistocene, or Middle Stone Age...“The discovery of the Harbin cranium and our analyses suggest that there is a third lineage of archaic human [that] once lived in Asia, and this lineage has [a] closer relationship with  H. sapiens  than the Neanderthals,” ...Based on its huge head, the team have named their new species Homo longi , which means ‘Dragon Man’ in Chinese. ...It is the largest hominin skull ever discovered. ...

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/dragon-man-fossil-skull-may-represent-new-human-species-in-china

New Type of Homo Species in Levant Changes Human History Forever

https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/homo-species-0015498

    fossil evidence has just revealed a new kind of Homo species that we didn’t know about, which lived side by side with Homo sapiens more than 120,000 years ago. This pre-Neanderthal Homo species has been called the Nesher Ramla Homo – the name referring to the site at which it was found....  shares features with both Neanderthals (teeth and jaws) and Homo sapiens (the skull), but is very distinct from modern humans. The skull structure is different, the teeth are very large and the chin is almost entirely absent! ... 

    “There are several human fossils from the caves of Qesem, Zuttiyeh and Tabun that date back to that time that we could not attribute to any specific known group of humans. But comparing their shapes to those of the newly uncovered specimen from Nesher Ramla justify their inclusion within the [new human] group.".... The Nesher Ramla Homo is probably one of many groups that existed in this historical region. Fossilized human remains have been found in Israel at Tabun cave (dated to 160,000 years ago), Zuttiyeh https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-origins-ancestry-dna-test-0012985Cave (250,000 years ago) and Qesem Cave (400,000 years ago). ...

Pleistocene sediment DNA from Denisova Cave

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/06/210623113857.htm

    Denisova Cave is located in the Altai Mountains in southern Siberia and is famous for the discovery of Denisovans, an extinct form of archaic humans that is thought to have occupied large parts of central and eastern Asia. Neandertal remains have also been found at the site, as well as a bone from a child who had a Neandertal mother and Denisovan father...  we detected the DNA of Denisovans, Neandertals or ancient modern humans in 175 of the samples," ... the earliest hominin DNA belonged to Denisovans, indicating that they produced the oldest stone tools at the site between 250,000 and 170,000 years ago. The first Neandertals arrived towards the end of this time period, after which both Denisovans and Neandertals frequented the site -- except between 130,000 and 100,000 years ago, when no Denisovan DNA was detected in the sediments. The Denisovans who came back after this time carried a different mitochondrial DNA, suggesting that a different population arrived in the region.

Modern human mitochondrial DNA first appears in the layers containing Initial Upper Palaeolithic tools and other objects, which are much more diverse than in the older layers....

    The scientists studied animal DNA and identified two time periods where changes occurred in both animal and hominin populations. The first, around 190,000 years ago, coincided with a shift from relatively warm (interglacial) conditions to a relatively cold (glacial) climate, when hyaena and bear populations changed and Neandertals first appeared in the cave. The second major change occurred between 130,000 and 100,000 years ago, along with a shift in climate from relatively cold to relatively warm conditions. During this period, Denisovans were absent and animal populations changed again....

A new type of Homo unknown to science

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/06/210624141540.htm

Researchers from Tel Aviv University and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem have identified a new type of early human at the Nesher Ramla site, dated to 140,000 to 120,000 years ago. According to the researchers, the morphology of the Nesher Ramla humans shares features with both Neanderthals (especially the teeth and jaws) and archaic Homo (specifically the skull). At the same time, this type of Homo is very unlike modern humans -- displaying a completely different skull structure, no chin, and very large teeth. Following the study's findings, researchers believe that the Nesher Ramla Homo type is the 'source' population from which most humans of the Middle Pleistocene developed. In addition, they suggest that this group is the so-called 'missing' population that mated with Homo sapiens who arrived in the region around 200,000 years ago -- about whom we know from a recent study on fossils found in the Misliya cave....

 Even though they lived so long ago, in the late middle Pleistocene (474,000-130,000 years ago), the Nesher Ramla people ...This is the first type of Homo to be defined in Israel, and according to common practice, it was named after the site where it was discovered -- the Nesher Ramla Homo type....

TOALEAN PEOPLE NOT LINKED TO ANY KNOWN MODERN HUMAN TYPE BUT, BECAME EXTINCT INTEGRATING WITH THE SAME ANCESTORS AS MODERN DAY AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES AND NEW GUINEA...

Ancient DNA Sample From Indonesia Is From An Extinct Human Lineage

https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/extinct-human-0015740

Genetic researchers have confirmed what archaeologists had previously suspected. A 7,200-year-old fossilized skeleton found in a cave on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi in 2015  cannot be linked  to any previously discovered type of modern human. Through the sequencing of a recovered DNA sample, the researchers proved the skeletal remains belonged to a young woman from an extinct human lineage known as the Toaleans, who lived exclusively in southern Sulawesi for tens of thousands of years before finally going extinct in the fifth century AD....   Toalean people, whose ancestors arrived on the island sometime between 50,000 and 65,000 years ago....  

The Toaleans are believed by most researchers to have been the original inhabitants of the island of Sulawesi (although  that has been disputed ). Modern Indonesians, including those who reside on Sulawesi, are descended from Asian Neolithic-era  hunter-gatherers who arrived just 3,500 years ago. Since the Toaleans survived to the fifth century AD, it seems the two groups must have peacefully co-existed on Sulawesi for quite some time....  Toaleans came from the same ancient ancestors as modern-day  Australian Aborigines  and the indigenous people of the island of  New Guinea . This ancestral group migrated by sea from continental Asia...  Most settled in New Guinea and Australia, which during that time were part of one large Oceanic supercontinent known as  Sahul....  

THIS NEW SPECIES OF HUMAN IS BEING CLAIMED AS A DIRECT ANCESTOR OF MODERN HUMANS.  THIS SPECIES MAY BE THE TRANSITION BETWEEN AN ARCHAIC MAN THAT INTERBRED WITH APES IN AFRICA TO CREATE CHIMPANZEES, NIGGERS, AND OTHER APE HUMAN HYBRIDS.  THE ARCHAIC MAN THAT DID NOT INTERBREED WITH AFRICAN APES WRE NEANDERTHALS CONFINING THEMSELVES IN EUROPE AND EURASIA...

New species of human ancestor named: Homo bodoensis

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/10/211028143648.htm

    Palaeoanthropologists have announced the naming of a new species of human ancestor, Homo bodoensis. This species lived in Africa during the Middle Pleistocene, around half a million years ago, and was the direct ancestor of modern humans....

The Middle Pleistocene (now renamed Chibanian and dated to 774,000-129,000 years ago) is important because it saw the rise of (Homo sapiens) in Africa, and the Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) in Europe.

However, human evolution during this age is poorly understood, a problem which paleoanthropologists call "the muddle in the middle." The announcement of Homo bodoensis hopes to bring some clarity to this puzzling, but important chapter in human evolution.  The new name is based on a reassessment of existing fossils from Africa and Eurasia from this time period. Traditionally, these fossils have been variably assigned to either Homo heidelbergensis or Homo rhodesiensis, both of which carried multiple, often contradictory definitions.  Recently, DNA evidence has shown that some fossils in Europe called H. heidelbergensis were actually early Neanderthals, making the name redundant....

The name "bodoensis" derives from a skull found in Bodo D'ar, Ethiopia, and the new species is understood to be a direct human ancestor. Under the new classification, H. bodoensis will describe most Middle Pleistocene humans from Africa and some from Southeast Europe, while many from the latter continent will be reclassified as Neanderthals...

Ancestors' diet of game revealed

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/06/170607133246.htm

New fossil finds from the Jebel Irhoud archaeological site in Morocco do more than push back the origins of our species by 100,000 years. They also reveal what was on the menu for our oldest-known Homo sapiens ancestors 300,000 years ago:

Plenty of gazelle meat, with the occasional wildebeest, zebra and other game and perhaps the seasonal ostrich egg...

June 8 issue of Nature: "Human origins: Moroccan remains push back date for the emergence of Homo sapiens."...

Most of the animal bones came from gazelles. Among the other remains, Steele also identified hartebeests, wildebeests, zebras, buffalos, porcupines, hares, tortoises, freshwater molluscs, snakes and ostrich egg shells. Small game was a small percentage of the remains. ...

Prehistoric Europe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe

    From the Lower Paleolithic, approximately 1.8 million years ago, until 40,000 years ago, Europe was populated by Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis. In the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic, from about 43,000 to 6,000 years ago, Europe had Homo sapiens hunter-gatherer populations. During the last glacial maximum, much of Europe was depopulated and re-settled, about 15,000 years ago. The European Neolithic began about 9,000 years ago in southeastern Europe, and reached northern Europe by about 5,000 years ago.

    The forerunner to the Bronze age was the Chalcolithic or Copper age; an archaeological site in Serbia contains the worlds oldest securely dated evidence of copper making at high temperature, from 7,500 years ago.

    The European Bronze Age begins from about 3200 BC in Greece. The European Iron Age begins from about 1200 BC, spreading to northern Europe by 500 BC. During the Iron Age, Europe gradually enters the historical period. Literacy came to the Mediterranean world from as early as the 8th century BC (Classical Antiquity), but northern Europe, including northern Russia, remained in the prehistoric period until as late as the Middle Ages, around AD 1200. Around that date, Swedish and German expansion in the Northern Crusades brought the lands of the eastern Baltic into the historical record, while present-day northern Russia entered the historical record as a result of Russian expansion northward under the Novgorod Republic. Thus, much of Europe was in a stage of proto-history for a long period.

DNA secrets of Ice Age Europe unlocked

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36150502

    Neanderthal ancestry in Europeans has been shrinking over time, perhaps due to natural selection....

Some of the earliest arrivals on the continent contributed little to later populations. But between 37,000 years ago and 14,000 years ago, different groups of Europeans were descended from a single founder population....

    people belonging to one of Europe's most important Ice Age cultures - the Aurignacian - were displaced between 34,000 and 26,000 years ago by another group of humans called the Gravettians.

After 14,000 years ago, Europeans became more closely related to populations from the Middle East, the Caucasus and Turkey. This happens to coincide with the first major warming period at the end of the Ice Age and could reflect an expansion of people from the South-East.

"We see multiple, huge movements of people displacing previous ones," ...

    Research on that last fifth of population history has revealed that mass movements of people in the Neolithic period (from 7,000 years ago) and the Bronze Age (5,000 years ago) transformed the genetic landscape of Europe....

A world map of Neanderthal and Denisovan ancestry in modern humans

http://phys.org/news/2016-03-world-neanderthal-denisovan-ancestry-modern.html

    Most non-Africans possess at least a little bit Neanderthal DNA. But a new map of archaic ancestry—published March 28 in Current Biology—suggests that many bloodlines around the world, particularly of South Asian descent, may actually be a bit more Denisovan, a mysterious population of hominids that lived around the same time as the Neanderthals. ...

Neanderthal extinction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal_extinction

    Neanderthal man as far as we know may be the original Native European.

Neanderthals bred themselves out of existance, rather they interbred themselves out of existance as a new hybridized man.  But, only 2% to 4% remain of Neanderthal in the mixed genetics of the new European peoples.

    Neanderthal was hunter gatherer, and hunted Europe as far as the Ice age allowed.  As the Ice age waxed it pushed the animals and the Neanderthal southward.  AS Neanderthal escaped the Ice Glaciers they encountered the modern man migrations from Eurasia which were expanding to the west and north.

    Some theories claim all humans have an origin out of Africa theory.  This assumes all life on earth came from one single place in Africa.  Yet Neanderthal has no trace to Africa.  In fact, only non-african people today have Neanderthal DNA.  Pure African people do not.

    The out of africa theory is incorrect, and has never been proven.  In fact the opposite holds.  Migration does not prove origin.   Although some peoples, and animals are out of Africa but, not all peoples and animals are out of africa.

    Earth has seen many different kinds of man, and animals.

Some within the same species, and some of different species.

Most have become extinct, others hybridized.

Neanderthal man was alive in Britain at start of Ice Age - 40,000 years earlier than previously thought

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1283104/Neanderthal-man-arrived-Britain-40-000-years-earlier-thought.html

20 Percent of Neanderthal Genome Lives On in Modern Humans, Scientists Find

https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/01/140129-neanderthal-genes-genetics-migration-africa-eurasian-science/

    We know that at least some encounters between the two kinds of human produced offspring, because the genomes of people living outside Africa today are composed of some 1 to 4 percent Neanderthal DNA....  Some parts of non-African genomes are totally devoid of Neanderthal DNA, but other regions abound with it, including those containing genes that affect our skin and hair....  Despite their different approaches, both teams converged on similar results. They both found that genes involved in making keratin—the protein found in our skin, hair, and nails—are especially rich in Neanderthal DNA.

For example, the Neanderthal version of the skin gene POU2F3 is found in around 66 percent of East Asians, while the Neanderthal version of BNC2, which affects skin color, among other traits, is found in 70 percent of Europeans....

    Sankararaman also found Neanderthal variants in genes that affect the risk of several diseases, including lupus, biliary cirrhosis, Crohn's disease, and type 2 diabetes. The significance of these sequences is "even less clear."...

    It is becoming increasingly clear that the Pleistocene was awash with many different groups of early humans, hooking up with each other to various degrees. Recent studies, for instance, have found tantalizing hints of unknown groups from Asia and Africa that left genes in Denisovans and modern humans, respectively. Akey's method could give us our first glimpse at these mystery humans....

Research Confirms that Neanderthal DNA Makes Up About 20% of the Modern Human Genome

https://www.ancient-origins.net/human-origins-science/research-confirms-neanderthal-dna-makes-20-modern-human-genome-009817

Modern Humans Interbred With At Least Five Archaic Human Groups

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190715094918.htm

    Genetic analysis has revealed that the ancestors of modern humans interbred with at least five different archaic human groups as they moved out of Africa and across Eurasia.  While two of the archaic groups are currently known -- the Neandertals and their sister group the Denisovans from Asia -- the others remain unnamed and have only been detected as traces of DNA surviving in different modern populations.... "These archaic groups were widespread and genetically diverse, and they survive in each of us....The arrival of modern humans was followed quickly by the demise of the archaic human groups in each area....

Modern Human Ancestry Won’t Be Traced to a Single Point

https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/modern-human-ancestry-0014926

    no specific starting point can currently be identified when we’re talking about modern human ancestry....“no specific point in time can currently be identified at which modern human ancestry was confined to a limited birthplace, and that patterns of the first appearance of anatomical or behavioural traits that are used to define Homo sapiens are consistent with a range of evolutionary histories.”...

    The first of the three points of interest is given in the paper as “the worldwide expansion of modern humans between 40 and 60 thousand years ago (ka) and their last known contacts with archaic groups such as Neanderthals and Denisovans.” A second focus “is associated with a broadly construed African origin of modern human diversity between 60 and 300 ka.” Finally, the experts believe there should be more interest in “the complex separation of modern human ancestors from archaic human groups from 0.3 to 1 million years ago.”...

Paleolithic Europe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe

    Paleolithic Europe refers to the Paleolithic period of Europe, a prehistoric era distinguished by the development of the first stone tools and which covers roughly 99% of human technological history. It extends from the introduction of stone tools by hominids 1.8 million years ago, to the introduction of agriculture and the end of the Pleistocene around 12,000 BP.

    It is believed that Homo erectus evolved into Homo heidelbergensis and subsequently Homo neanderthalensis in Paleolithic Europe, before being replaced by modern humans migrating out of Africa approximately 50,000 years ago.

The oldest evidence of human occupation in Eastern Europe comes from the Kozarnika cave in Bulgaria where a single human tooth and flint artifacts have been dated to at least 1.4 million years ago. In Western Europe at Atapuerca in Spain, human remains have been found that are from 1.2 million years ago.

Cro-Magnon

The first early modern humans (early Homo sapiens sapiens) that lived in the European Upper Paleolithic....

The earliest known remains of Cro-Magnon-like humans are radiocarbon dated to 43-45,000 years before present that have been discovered in Italy and Britain, with the remains found of those that reached the European Russian Arctic 40,000 years ago....

Being the oldest known modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) in Europe, the Cro-Magnons were from the outset linked to the well-known Lascaux cave paintings and the Aurignacian culture, the remains of which were well known from southern France and Germany. As additional remains of early modern humans were discovered in archaeological sites from Western Europe and elsewhere...

Europe's Ancestors: Cro-Magnon 28,000 Years Old Had DNA Like Modern Humans

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080715204741.htm

They conclude that the Neandertal people, who lived in Europe for nearly 300,000 years, are not the ancestors of modern Europeans.

Europe’s ‘Founding Fathers’ –

DNA reveals all Europeans are related to a group that lived 35,000 years ago near Belgium

http://www.ancient-code.com/europes-founding-fathers-dna-reveals-europeans-related-group-lived-35000-years-ago-near-belgium/

According to scientists, it is believed that modern humans came to Europe some 45,000 years ago. However, there is limited information about how they spread across the continent before farming was introduced into their lives. ...

According to genetic data, 37,000 years ago, all Europeans can be traced back to a single ‘founding population’ that made it through the last ice age....

Researchers say that modern-day Europeans can trace their ancestry to this group of people who inhabited the northwestern parts of Europe...

Furthermore, the so-called founding fathers were part of the Aurignacian culture which was displaced by another group of early humans members of the Gravettian culture which arrived in Europe some 33,000 years ago. Some 19,000 years ago, another population related to the Aurignacian culture re-expanded across Europe. Researchers believe that ultimately, this culture was the one which repopulated Europe after the vast ice sheets retreated from most parts of the continent. Experts conclude that based on ancestry indicators, the population is believed to have expanded from southwestern parts of Europe after the last ice age peaked.

However, researchers found out that 14,000 years ago another event occurred in Europe when people from the southeast spread into Europe, displacing the previous group of humans.

“We see a new population turnover in Europe, and this time, it seems to be from the east, not the west. We see very different genetics spreading across Europe that displaces the people from the southwest who were there before. These people persisted for many thousands of years until the arrival of farming,” said Professor Reich.

In addition to the above, the study also spotted a mixture with Neanderthals, around 45,000 years ago, when modern humans moved across Europe.

The 'founding fathers' of Europe originated in Belgium

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3569545/The-founding-fathers-Europe-DNA-reveals-Europeans-related-group-lived-Belgium-35-000-years-ago.html

TRACING EUROPEAN ANCESTRY The genetic data shows that, beginning 37,000 years ago, all Europeans come from a single population that persisted through the Ice Age. The founding population has deep branches in different parts of Europe, one of which is represented by a specimen from Belgium.  In fact, present-day Europeans can trace their ancestry back to this group of humans who lived in northwest Europe 35,000 years ago. However, this founding population, which was part of the Aurignacian culture, became displaced when another group of early humans arrived on the scene in many parts of Europe 33,000 years ago....

Oldest human genome from southern Spain

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/03/230301120829.htm

The 23,000-year-old individual from Cueva del Malalmuerzo near Granada finally adds data from the time when large parts of Europe were covered by massive ice sheets. The study describes a direct genetic link between a 35,000-year-old individual from Belgium and the new genome from Malalmuerzo. "Thanks to the high quality of our data we were able to detect traces of one of the first genetic lineages that settled Eurasia 45,000 years ago. Importantly, we found similarities with a 35,000-year-old individual from Belgium whose ancestry we can now trace further to the 23,000-year-old individual from southern Iberia,"...

It also confirms the important role of the Iberian Peninsula as a refuge for human populations during the last Ice Age. From there, humans migrated northwards and eastwards once the ice sheets had retreated. "With Malalmuerzo, we managed to find the right place and the right time period to trace a Palaeolithic human group back to one of the proposed Ice Age refugia. It is remarkable to find such a long-lasting genetic legacy on the Iberian Peninsula, especially since this pre-Ice Age ancestry had long since disappeared in other parts of Europe,"...

"In Malalmuerzo, we found no evidence of a genetic contribution from North African lineages, and conversely, there is no evidence of a genetic contribution from southern Spain in the genomes of the 14,000-year-old individuals from the Taforalt cave in Morocco,"...

THE ICE AGE MAY HAVE PUSHED THESE BELGIUM FIRST K2 PEOPLE INTO IBERIA WHERE THEY EVOLVE, OR MIX IN WITH R1b.  K2 IS THE FOREFORE FATHER OF R1b FOUND FROM WEST EUROPE TO CHINA 45KYA TO 35KYA.  THIS K2 TO R1 LINEAGE SPREADS FROM WEST EUROPE TO SIBERIA IS EVIDENT.  IT WAS AN EVOLUTIONARY EVENT IN THIS REGION FOR K2 TO R1, AND WAS NOT MASS MIGRATIONS FROM EAST TO WEST, NOR WEST TO EAST WHICH EXPLAINS PALEOLITHIC R1 IN WEST EUROPE AND IN CENTRAL ASIA.

THE 14KYA VILLABRUNA MAN HAD SAME GENETICS OF THE 19KYA IBERIANS. VILLABRUNA MAN WAS R1b/U5b WHICH ARE PALEOLITHIC IBERIANS BUT, VILLABRUNA CLUSTER HAD NEAR EASTERN INFLUENCE WHEREAS THE PALEOLITHIC IBERIANS DID NOT.

The Genetic History of Ice Age Europe

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i95jT47xphg

David Reich Harvard University

The founder race of all Europe are the Belgium 35KYA which disapears then it reapears in North Spain 19KYA.  Then it spreads out of Spain going east and north into central Europe 15KYA to 10KYA.  About 14KYA a Near Eastern people apear in West Europe...   

THE  AURIGNACIAN  CULTURE 

The Era prominent European cultures of the Northern-type hunters  43,000 – 30,000 years ago

http://www.anthropark.wz.cz/aurig.htm

Aurignacian

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurignacian

    The Aurignacian culture is an archaeological culture of the Upper Palaeolithic. It is the earliest modern human culture in Europe,... It first appeared in Eastern Europe around 43,000 BP, and in Western Europe between 40,000 and 36,000 years BP....The name originates from the type site (a site considered to be the model of a particular archaeological culture) of Aurignac, Haute-Garonne, which is a town in the south-west of France ...The people of this culture also produced some of the earliest known cave art, such as the animal engravings at Trois Freres and the paintings at Chauvet cave in southern France. ...  the work led archaeologists to consider the makers of Aurignacian artifacts the first modern humans in Europe. ...

For what they were… we are   Category Archives: Chatelperronian

https://forwhattheywereweare.wordpress.com/category/chatelperronian/

For what they were… we are  Category Archives: Aurignacian

https://forwhattheywereweare.wordpress.com/category/aurignacian/

The Protoaurignacian Didn’t Trigger Anything

https://bioculturalevolution.net/2015/06/12/the-protoaurignacian-didnt-trigger-anything/

    Protoaurignacian archaeological artifact pattern–or technocomplex, which I will describe in a bit more detail below–has a clear relationship to anatomically modern human expansion into western Eurasia around 40,000 years ago.

Mellars (2006) suggested that the Protoaurignacian artifact pattern is actually a key component of a complex archaeological marker that traces anatomically modern human colonization of western Eurasia … and thus, also of Neandertal extinction...

    Did the Protoaurignacian Originate in the Near East?  Answer: Maybe, but We Just Don’t know Yet.:   Although the “Protoaurignacian” archaeological technocomplex was initially named for artifact patterns in key sites from Italy–including one of the main sites studied in the recent report by Benazzi et al. (2015)–the Protoaurignacian in the wide sense may be considered to encompass finds from France in the West to Iran in the East, and central Russia in the north....Thus, although Protoaurignacian-like technologies may have persisted in the Levant until as late as ca. 35-30 kya, the Protoaurignacian in Europe was superceded by classic Early Aurignacian technologies roughly around the same time, ca. 38-35 kya, likely over an even wider geographic extent than the Protoaurignacian had reached...

    As Mellars has argued, the spread of anatomically modern humans out of Africa—and any diagnostic technologies that facilitated their range expansion—constitutes only part of the story. It is vital to remember that anatomically modern humans did not spread out of Africa into a Eurasian landmass devoid of humans. Neandertals and other more ancient Eurasian populations were well established, isolated from Africa by distance—and during cooler, drier periods in the Middle Pleistocene (ca. 800-130 kya), separated by the Saharo-Arabian desert belt. ...The Early Upper Paleolithic in western Eurasia was the result of social interaction, family formation, and population admixture between anatomically modern humans and Neandertals....

    So, the most recent–and what I’d argue are quite reliable–results confirm that the Protoaurignacian spread over a remarkable stretch of western Eurasia ... So the Protoaurignacian isn’t the be-all and end-all of Neandertal extinction, in northern Italy, or anywhere else. It didn’t “trigger” anything. ...Mellars (2006) may have been right that recognizable Neandertals went extinct by around 38 kya....anatomically modern human-Neandertal biological turnover. And the recent report of Qiamei Fu’s work, with colleagues, on the ancient DNA from Oase 1 appears to document ongoing interbreeding in the Early Upper Paleolithic period....

Races/Subraces that Have ALREADY Gone Extinct

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5H6pDmvUl4I

Unique Races that Might Go Extinct Soon

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBq4P8Q9ntg

7 Homo species close to present human that existed on the Earth

http://www.ancienthistorylists.com/people/7-homo-species-close-present-human-existed-earth/#ixzz4J49wtdLA

10 Mysterious Extinct Human Species 

https://youtu.be/BwQWNpgdP6U

11 Mysterious Human Species That Most People Don’t Know Existed

https://www.ancient-origins.net/human-origins-science/11-mysterious-extinct-human-species-0011564

Modern humans, Homo Sapiens , are now the only surviving member of the homo genus....homo genus was once rife with different species. ...

Why are we the only human species still alive?

http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150929-why-are-we-the-only-human-species-still-alive  

Rewind to 30,000 years ago. As well as modern humans, three other hominin species were around: the Neanderthals in Europe and western Asia, the Denisovans in Asia, and the "hobbits" from the Indonesian island of Flores. ...Neanderthals evolved long before us, and lived in Europe well before we arrived. By the time we got to Europe, just over 40,000 years ago, Neanderthals had been successfully living there for over 200,000 years, ample time to adapt to the chilly climate. They wore warm clothes, were formidable hunters and had sophisticated stone tools. ...By 40,000 years ago, humans in Europe were making things any of us would recognise as art. One of the most striking is a wooden carving of a lion-human statue, called the Löwenmensch, found in a cave in Germany. ...We now have genetic evidence to suggest that our DNA changed at some point after we split from the common ancestor we shared with Neanderthals....When peering into our genetic make-up, there are important differences between us and our Neanderthal and Denisovan relatives. Geneticists have identified several dozen points in our genome that are unique to us,...

Is this proof that man bred with monkeys producing a hybrid species?...

New Human Ancestor Species Discovered… And it had a Tail!

https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/human-ancestor-species-0011685

    a new hominid species that interbred with our own species, Homo sapiens, leaving genetic traces that can be seen in living people today spanning the Ukraine and Russia and down through Mongolia, Korea, and China. The most shocking aspect of the finding is that this species had a visible tail... 

    Scientists found fragments of bone deep in a cave in Siberia in April of last year, including parts of the pelvic bone, tailbone, a femur, and a lower jaw fragment. ...  DNA analysis revealed that the bones belonged to a distinct species, which has now been named Homo apriliensis after the month in which it was first found. ...  The new species also showed traces of DNA from Denisovans and Homo sapiens indicating that the three species had interbred at some point.  But the most shocking aspect of the discovery is that experts have determined that Homo apriliensis would have had a small visible tail....  

New species of ancient human discovered in Philippines cave

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/apr/10/new-species-of-ancient-human-homo-luzonensis-discovered-in-philippines-cave

    A new species of ancient human, thought to have been under 4ft tall and adapted to climbing trees...The specimen, named Homo luzonensis, was excavated from Callao cave on Luzon island in the northern Philippines and has been dated to 50,000-67,000 years ago ...

DNA remnants of three separate Denisovan populations found in human genomes

https://cosmosmagazine.com/palaeontology/dna-remnants-of-three-separate-denisovan-populations-found-in-human-genomes

Last woolly mammoths 'died of thirst'

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36945909

The lost world of Old Europe - The Danube Civillization

https://youtu.be/vQDc4Ji0bUA

The Danube Civilization , Old Europe ,Tartaria Tablets (Im Deutsche Sprache)

https://youtu.be/dUSefgpyT38

The Danube From the Black Forest to the Black Sea

 https://youtu.be/1ntkY-PxnXs

The Bronze Age - A Spark That Changed the World

https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-important-events/bronze-age-0013179

Chalcolithic is more commonly known as the Copper Age, an archaeological period that is considered as the final phase of the Stone Age. It began at different stages in the world, but more or less around the 5th millennium BC....It lasted for more than a thousand years, before the earliest discovery of smelting - a process in which molten copper and tin were mixed together to produce bronze, a tougher, more precious metal that brought on the Bronze Age. The earliest archaeological proof of copper smelting dates to 7,000, to a site called Belovode, on Rudnik Mountain in modern Serbia....The earliest known use of tin alloy to create bronze dates to the 5th millennium BC, once more in today’s Serbia, and connected with one of the world’s earliest civilizations - the Vinča culture....it generally lasted for 2,000 years at most...

Regular trade and communication routes were established between Denmark and the Eastern Alps, between Sumer, Zagros, and Caucasus, Egypt, and Sinai....One of the regions that saw the earliest use of bronze was ancient Egypt. It began around 3,150 BC in the so-called Protodynastic Period of Egypt. It lasted until roughly 2,686 BC,...

Eupedia

http://www.eupedia.com

What do we mean by ‘ Europe ’?

Europe

http://www.ancient.eu/europe/       

Europe is the second smallest of the seven continents covering roughly 2% of the earth’s surface.

       The name 'Europe’ has long been thought to have been derived from the ancient myth of Zeus and Europa....

       Herodotus, however, does not believe the tale of the Phoenician princess had anything to do with the naming of the continent, writing in Book Four of his Histories,...nobody knows where it got its name from, or who gave it, unless we are to say that it came from Europa, the Tyrian woman, and before that was nameless like the rest. This, however, is unlikely; for Europa was an Asiatic and never visited the country which we now call Europe.”

List of countries in Europe

https://www.countries-ofthe-world.com/countries-of-europe.html

Europe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe

Europa (mythology)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(mythology)

Contrary to modern belief most Native Europeans are not Caucasians.

The Distribution of Europe by People Types (incl. Caucasians, hunter-gatherer, farmer, mideast, asia, etc...)

http://www.eupedia.com/europe/autosomal_maps_dodecad.shtml#.V9wBnS_HHVo.google_plusone_share

Genetic Profiles

https://evolutionistx.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/haak_k16-20.png

https://evolutionistx.wordpress.com/2015/10/30/genetic-history-of-the-finno-ugrics/

With a few isolated exceptions (eg, the Basque,) almost all Europeans have a fairly similar genetic profile reflecting three main ancestral groups.

•     The original “orange” and “blue” tribes have been identified via DNA sequencing of ancient European skeletons....

•     “Blue-Teal” tribe is therefore believed to be the original Indo-Europeans....

•     The red/yellow combination is found throughout most of the “Asian” countries–Japan, China, Korea, Mongolia, etc., but not in Cambodia or Thailand. You can see them on the big chart at the top. The two pure yellow groups, the Ami and Atayal, are indigenous people of Taiwan.

•     The Red, therefore, is found in large quantities in Siberia/polar peoples. In Asia it mixes with the yellow, with the ration of yellow/red increasing as you go south. Red finds its maximum in far northern Siberia, and yellow in Taiwan. I therefore speculate that the red started in Siberia and worked its way south, while the yellow started somewhere around southern China and moved outwards from there.

•     The Blue is found in all Europeans but is rare in the Middle East; it appears in small quantities in Central Asia, India, and Siberia. Small quantities could just be the result of thousands of years of people moving around ancient trade routes, but the relatively larger quantities in Siberia seem less likely to be the result of trade.

•     Teal appears to be found in all Indo-European and Middle Eastern regions; it is even more wide-spread than orange, which never made it to India.

PREHISTORIC Y DNA HAPLOGROUPS

8000BCE HAPLOGROUPS

Y DNA HAPLOGROUPS

 Y DNA HAPLOGROUPS WORLDWIDE

Balto-Slavic & World Genetic Profile

http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0135820#sec001

BLOOD GROUP TYPES OAB DISTRIBUTION

mtDNA HAPLOGROUPS 1500AD

https://naturalishistoria.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/mitochondrial-haplotypes-global-distribution.png

Distribution maps of mitochondrial haplogroups in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa

http://www.eupedia.com/europe/maps_mtdna_haplogroups.shtml

Figure 2: The distribution of rare and common variants.

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v491/n7422/fig_tab/nature11632_F2.html

Keep in mind the following article is based entirely on a few burials.  Some opinions given are based on only one persons burial at only one site.  Thus we can learn alot but caution not to make more than what the facts reveal.  Anything more is speculation.

Composition of a European:  1. Neanderthal  2. Paleolithic Ancient Hunter-Gatherers  3. Near East Farmers  4. Ancient North Eurasian

Peopling of Europe 2014 – Identifying the Ghost Population

https://dna-explained.com/2014/10/21/peopling-of-europe-2014-identifying-the-ghost-population/

    Previously, it was believed that Europe was peopled by the ancient hunter-gatherers, the Paleolithic, who originally settled in Europe beginning about 45,000 years ago. At this time, the Neanderthal were already settled in Europe but weren’t considered to be anatomically modern humans, and it was believed, incorrectly, that the two groups did not interbreed.  These hunter-gatherers were the people who settled in Europe before the last major ice age, the Younger Dryas, taking refuge in the southern portions of Europe and Eurasia, and repeopling the continent after the ice receded, about 12,000 years ago.  By that time, the Neanderthals were gone, or as we now know, at least partially assimilated....

    The second settlement wave, the agriculturalist farmers from the Near East either overran or integrated with the hunter-gatherers in the Neolithic period, depending on which theory you subscribe to, about 8000-10,000 years ago.

    Beginning in 2012, we began to see hints of a third lineage that contributed to the peopling of Europe as well, from the north. ...The new population was termed Ancient North Eurasian, or ANE. ...ANE came in the form of ancient DNA analysis of a 24,000 year old Siberian boy that has come to be named Mal’ta (Malta) Child. ... the Ancestor of Native Americans in Asia was 30% Western Eurasian. ...What this paper did show was that Europeans and Native Americans shared a common ancestor, and that the Siberian population had contributed to the European population as well as the Native American population.  In other words, descendants settled in both directions, east and west. ...As you can see, MA-1, Malta Child, matches the Native American population most closely, followed by the northern European and Greenland populations. The further south in Europe and Asia, the more distant the matches and the darker the blue.

    In 2013, there were a total of 32 burials from the Neolithic period, after farmers arrived from the Near East, and haplogroup R did not appear. Instead, haplogroups G, I and E were found....What this tells us is that haplogroup R, as well as other haplogroup, weren’t present in Europe at this time. Having said this, these burials were in only 4 locations and, although unlikely, R could be found in other locations.

     Most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians3, who contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harboured west European hunter-gatherer related ancestry. We model these populations’ deep relationships and show that early European farmers had ~44% ancestry from a ‘basal Eurasian’ population that split before the diversification of other non-African lineages....

    Until recently, it was assumed that the genes of the Neolithic farmers replaced those of the Paleolithic hunter-gatherers. Ancient DNA is suggesting that this is not true ...

    Information from papers and recent research suggests that Europeans also have genes from a third source lineage, nicknamed the “ghost population of North Eurasia.”...

    These burials also show that southern Europe has more Neolithic farmer genes and northern Europe has more Paleolithic/Mesolithic hunter-gatherer genes...

    We can conclude that haplogroup I is a good candidate to be identified as a Paleolithic/Mesolithic haplogroup.  This information shows that the past is very different from today....

    This suggests that haplogroup I is a good candidate to be the father of the Paleolithic/Mesolithic and haplogroup G, the founding father of the Neolithic....

    Last year’s revelation that R was maybe only 7000-8000 years old in Europe was a bit of a whammy, but the age of R in Europe in essence just got halved again and the source of R1b changed from the Near East to the Asian steppes....

    Haplogroup R1b was not found in an ancient European context prior to a Bell Beaker period burial in Germany 4.8-4.0 kya (thousand years ago, i.e. 4,800-4,000 years ago).  R1b arrives about 4.6 kya and is also found in a Corded Ware culture burial in Germany.  A late introduction of these lineages which now predominate in Europe corresponds to the autosomal signal of the entry of Asian and Eastern European steppe invaders into western Europe....

    ANE entered the European population with the steppe invaders; the same group that brought us haplogroup R and possibly I1...

    The further east you go, meaning the closer to the steppes and Volga region, the less well this fits the known models. In other words, we still don’t have the whole story....

COMPOSITION OF EUROPEANS % BY COUNTRY

The original Native European is extinct in his pure bloodline

existing today only as a new hybrid man from 4 ancestral groups:

      (The following populations are greatest in North Europe, and decrease in South Europe,

except for Near East population which decrease in the North and increase in the South.)

                                                                Neanderthal                     1% to 4%          +N,  -S

                                                                Indigenous European      0% to 50%       +N,  -S

                                                                Ancient North Eurasian   1% to 18%       +N,  -S 

                                                                Near East                          32% to 93%     -N, +S

GENETIC PROFILE OF THE COMPOSITION BY COUNTRY

Y and mt DNA MESOLITHIC TO PRESENT DAY

R1b and the People of Europe: An Ancient DNA Update (slideshow)

https://www.slideshare.net/FamilyTreeDNA/r1b-and-the-people-of-europe-an-ancient-dna-update

A story of 69 ancient Europeans

http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2015/02/a-story-of-69-ancient-europeans.html

The indigenous western hunter gatherer was U5 and U6 mtDNA hg's in whole, or in part.  U5 are Saami, and U6 are Imazighen.  And if U-mtdna hg was the female companion of the R-Ydna hg then it stands to reason that the R1b were the decendants, and were in Britain at least 10,000 to 15,000 years ago just based on the Goughs cave, and Cheddar man finds.   Malta boy found in Siberia was R Ydna dated to 24,000 ybp along with Venus figurines similar to ones found in Europe.  U, U2, and U6 mtdna in Europe 43,000 ybp, and her ancestor mother N mtdna in Europe 47,000 ybp.  U5 in Europe at least 31,000 ybp.  Summing just this little bit of evidence tells that west Europe and Siberia were connected throughout the last 47,000 years at least.

Prehistoric European DNA : mtDNA & Y-DNA haplogroup frequencies by period

http://www.eupedia.com/europe/ancient_european_dna.shtml

    (mtDNA and further info click on above link.)

Paleolithic Y-chromosomal haplogroups by chronological period

    Proto-Aurignacian (47,000 to 43,000 years before present ; eastern Europe): F

    Aurignacian Culture (43,000 to 28,000 ybp ; all ice-free Europe): CT, C1a, C1b, I

    Gravettian Culture (31,000 to 24,000 ybp ; all ice-free Europe): BT, CT, F, C1a2

    Solutrean Culture (22,000 to 17,000 ybp ; France, Spain): ?

    Epiravettian Culture (22,000 to 8,000 ybp ; Italy): R1b1a

    Magdalenian Culture 17,000 to 12,000 ybp ; Western Europe): IJK, I

    Epipaleolithic France (13,000 to 10,000 ybp): I

    Azilian Culture (12,000 to 9,000 ybp ; Western Europe): I2

Paleolithic mitochondrial haplogroups by chronological period

    Proto-Aurignacian (47,000 to 43,000 years before present ; eastern Europe): N, R*

    Aurignacian Culture (43,000 to 28,000 ybp ; all ice-free Europe): M, U, U2, U6

    Gravettian Culture (31,000 to 24,000 ybp ; all ice-free Europe): M, U, U2'3'4'7'8'9, U2 (x5), U5 (x5), U8c (x2)

    Solutrean Culture (22,000 to 17,000 ybp ; France, Spain): U

    Epiravettian Culture (22,000 to 8,000 ybp ; Italy): U2'3'4'7'8'9, U5b2b (x2)

    Magdalenian Culture 17,000 to 12,000 ybp ; Western Europe): R0, R1b, U2'3'4'7'8'9, U5b (x2), U8a (x5)

    Epipaleolithic France (13,000 to 10,000 ybp): U5b1, U5b2a, U5b2b (x2)

    Epipaleolithic Germany (13,000 to 11,000 ybp): U5b1 (x2)

    Azilian Culture (12,000 to 9,000 ybp ; Western Europe): U5b1h

Mesolithic Y-chromosomal haplogroups by country

    France: I (x2)

    Germany, Luxembourg: I2a1b

    Spain: C1a2

    Russia: J, R1a1* (x2), R1b1a

    Sweden: I2a1 (x2), I2a1a1a*, I2a1b (x2), I2c2

Mesolithic mitochndrial haplogroups by country

Note that the very late Mesolithic Pitted Ware culture (c. 3200–2300 BCE) in Sweden is listed separately as it is possible that intermarriages with Neolithic or Chalcolithic neighbours took place.

    Croatia: U5b2a5

    France: U5a2 (x2), U5b1, U5b1b

    Germany, Luxembourg: U2e, U4, U5a, U5a2c (x2), U5a2c3, U5b (x2), U5b1a, U5b1d1 (x2), U5b2a2, U5b2c1

    Greece: K1c (x2)

    Italy: U5b1

    Lithuania: U4, U5b (x3)

    Poland: U5a, U5b (x2), U5b1b

    Spain: U5b, U5b1, U5b2c1 (x2)

    Russia: C, C1g, C5d, D, H, U2e, U4 (x3), U4a, U4a1, U5a (x3), U5a1 (x2), U5a1d, T, Z1a (x2)

    Sweden: U2e1 (x2), U4b1, U5a1 (x3), U5a2, U5a2d (x2)

    Sweden (Pitted Ware): H, H1f, HV0 (x2), K1a, K1a1 (x3), T2b (x2), U, U4 (x8), U4a1, U4d (x3), U5a, U5a1a'g (x2), U5b (x2), U5b1, U5b2b1a

Neolithic Y-chromosomal haplogroups by culture

    Neolithic Greece (c. 9,000 to 5,200 ybp): G2a2a1b

    Starčevo–Kőrös–Criş Culture (c. 8,000 to 6,500 ybp ; Southeast Europe): F (x2), G2, G2a (x5), G2a2b (x2), H2, I, I2a, I2a1

    Linear Pottery Culture (aka LBK, c. 8,000 to 6,500 ybp ; Central Europe): C1a2 (x2), F (x2), G2a2a (x3), G2a2a1 (x2), G2a2b (x3), I1, T1a (x2)

    Sopot & Lengyel Cultures (7000 to 5400 ybp ; Central Europe): E1b1b-M78, I2a, J2

    Cardium Pottery Culture (c. 8,400 to 4,700 ybp ; Mediterranean Europe): E1b1b-V13, G2a (x3), I2a1b1, R1b1c-V88

    Atlantic Megalithic Culture (c. 7,000 to 4,000 ybp ; Western Europe): G2a (x20); H2, I2a1 (x4), I2a2a1b2

    Funnelbeaker Culture (aka TRB, c. 6,000 to 4,700 ybp ; Northern Europe):

        Baalberge group (c. 5,800 to 5,350 ybp ; central Germany): I, R1

        Salzmünde group (5,400 to 5,000 ybp : East Germany): G2a2a (x2), I2a1b1a (x2)

Neolithic mitochondrial haplogroups by culture

    Neolithic Greece (c. 9,000 to 5,200 ybp): X2b

    Cardium Pottery Culture* (c. 8,400 to 4,700 ybp ; Mediterranean Europe): H (x3), H1 (x3), H3 (x5), H4a1a (x2), HV0 (x2), J1 (x6), J1c3, K(x2), K1a (x3), K1a2a (x2), K1a4a1, N, N1a1a1, T2b (x4), T2c1d, U, U5 (x5), U5b1c, V (x2), X1, X2 (x4), X2c

    Starčevo–Kőrös–Criş Culture (c. 8,000 to 6,500 ybp ; Southeast Europe): H, H5, HV0, J, J1c (x4), K (x4), K1 (x2), K1a (x7), N1a1, N1a1a, N1a1a1, R3, T1a, T2, T2b (x7), T2c, T2e, U3, U4, V (x2), V6, W (x2), X2 (x3)

    Linear Pottery Culture (aka LBK, c. 8,000 to 6,500 ybp ; Central Europe): H (x12), H1, H1j, H5 (x2), H26b, HV (x2), J (x7), J1c17, K (x10), K1a (x8), K1a2, K1a3a3, K2a5, N1a1a (x3), N1a1a1, N1a1a1a, N1a1a1a1, N1a1a1a2, N1a1a1a3 (x5), N1a1a3, T (x3), T1a, T2 (x3), T2b (x9), T2b23 (x2), T2b23a, T2c (x2), T2c1, T2c1b, T2e (x4), U2, U3, U5a1, U5a1a'g, U5b, U5b2c, V, W (x2), X2d1

        Alföld Linear Pottery Culture (c. 7,850 to 7,350 ybp : Hungary): H, J1c1, N1a

        Rubané récent du Bassin parisien (aka RRBP, c. 7,500 to 6,300 ybp : northern France): H (x5), H1 (x8), H3 (x2), J (x3), J1, J2, K (x8), N1a (x3), T (x2), U, U4, U5 (x5), U5b, U5b2b1a, V (x2), X, X2b

        Neolithic Alsace (c. 7,500 to 6,300 ybp : northern France): H, H1, HV, J1 (x2), K, K1a, K1a4a1e, N1a1a1a (x2), U5, V, X

        Rössen Culture (c. 6,600 to 6,300 ybp ; Germany, Low Countries, France, Switzerland): H1, H5, H5b, H16, H89, HV0 (x2), K (x2), N1a1a, T2e, T2f7, U5b, V, X2c

        Schöningen group (c. 6,200 to 5,950 ybp ; Germany): H (x2), H1e7, H10i, HV, J, J1c, J2b1a, K (x3), K1a (x3), N1a1a1a3, T2b, T2c, T2f, U5b3, U5b2a2c, U8b1b, W1c (x2), X2b1'2'3'4'5'6

        Other samples from Middle Neolithic Germany (c. 5,900 to 5,000 ybp): H1c3, H2 (x2), H5 (x3), H11a, HV0 (x2), J, T2b, U3a1, U5b2a2 (x2), U5b2a5, X2

    Sopot & Lengyel Cultures (7000 to 5400 ybp ; Central Europe): H (x2), H1, H5, H39, HV0, J1c1, N1a1a1a, T2b (x3), U5a, U8b1b

    Cucuteni-Trypillian Culture (c. 7,500 to 4,750 ybp ; Romania, Moldova, western Ukraine): R0, H(x3), H5*, H5b*, H1b1*, HV, HV0, HV6-24, J, T2a1b1, T2b, U8b1a2b, U8b1b

    Atlantic Megalithic Culture (c. 7,000 to 4,000 ybp ; Western Europe): H1, H3, HV0, J, K (x2), K1a, K1a1, K1a1b1 (x2), N1a, T2a1b, T2b (x2), U4, U5b (x3), U5b1, U5b2b3, U5b3, V, X (x2), X2

    Funnelbeaker Culture (aka TRB, c. 6,000 to 4,700 ybp ; Northern Europe): H (x3), H1, H24, J1d5, J2b1a, K1a5, T2b

        Baalberge group (c. 5,800 to 5,350 ybp ; central-east Germany): H (x3), H1e1a, H7d5, HV, J, K1a (x2), N1a1a, T1a1, T2b, T2c (x2), T2e1, U5b2a2, U8a1a, X, X2c

        Walternienburg-Bernburg group (c. 5,100 to 4,700 ybp ; central-east Germany): H, H1e1a3, H5, K1, K1a (x2), T2b, U5a, U5b, U5b1c1, U5b2a1a, V, W, X

        Salzmünde group (5,400 to 5,000 ybp : central-east Germany): H (x2), H3 (x2), H5, HV, HV0, J, J1c (x2), J2b1a, K1, K1a, K1a4a1a2, N1a1a1a3 (x2), T2b (x2), U3a, U3a1, U5b, V, X2b1'2'3'4'5'6

    Middle Neolithic Portugal (c. 5,800 to 5,400 ybp): H, H1, H10e, HV0, J (x2), K1a2a1, T2b, U4, U5, U5b

    Globular Amphora Culture (c. 4,850 to 4,450 ybp : Poland): K, K2a

* includes the sites of Treilles and El Trocs

Geographic spread and ethnic origins of European haplogroups

http://www.eupedia.com/europe/origins_haplogroups_europe.shtml

Chronological development of Y-DNA haplogroups:

  AS OF AUGUST 25, 2019:

    C => 66,000 years ago (in the East Africa)

    E => 62,500 years ago (in Africa)

    G => 48,000 years ago (in the Middle East)

    K => 46,000 years ago (between the Caucasus and India)

    I => 43,000 years ago (around the Black Sea)

    J => 43,000 years ago (in the Middle East or the Caucasus)

    T => 42,000 years ago (around the Iranian Plateau)

    C1a2 => 41,500 years ago (in the Middle East)

    E1b1b => 35,000 years ago (in Northeast Africa)

    Q & R => 32,000 years ago (in the Central Asia or Siberia)

    J1 => 31,000 years ago (in the Caucasus or Zagros mountains)

    J2 => 31,000 years ago (in northern Mesopotamia or the Caucasus)

    I1 & I2 => 27,500 years ago (in Europe)

    T1a => 27,000 years ago (around the Iranian Plateau)

    R1b => 23,000 years ago (around the Caspian Sea or in Russia)

    R1a => 23,000 years ago (in Russia)

    E-M78 => 20,000 years ago (in north-eastern Africa)

    G2a => 20,000 years ago (in the Middle East)

    I2a1a (M26) & I2a1b (M423) => 18,500 years ago (in southern Europe)

    J2a1 => 18,500 years ago (in northern Mesopotamia or in the Caucasus)

    E-M123 => 18,000 years ago (around the Red Sea or in the Levant)

    I2a2a (M223) => 17,500 years ago (in southern Europe)

    J2b1 & J2b2 => 16,000 years ago (around the Iranian Plateau or the Caucasus)

    N1c1 => 15,500 years ago (in northern China)

    E-M81 => 14,000 years ago (in North Africa)

    R1b-M269 => 13,500 years ago (around the Caspian Sea)

    I2a2b (L38) => 12,500 years ago (in central Europe)

    J1-P58 => 11,500 years ago (in the Middle East or the Caucasus)

    I2a2a-L801 => 9,500 years ago (in central or northern Europe)

    R1a1a1 (M417) => 8,500 years ago (in Northeast Europe)

    T1a-CTS2214 => 8,500 years ago (in the Middle East)

    E-V13 => 7,500 years ago (in Central or Southeast Europe)

    N1c1-L1026 => 6,500 years ago (in Northeast Europe)

    Q1b1a-L245 => 6,500 years ago (in central Asia or in the Middle East)

    R1b-L23 => 6,500 years ago (around the Caucasus)

    J1-L858 => 5,500 years ago (in the Middle East)

    R1b-U106 & R1b-P312 => 5,000 years ago (in Central Europe)

    I1a (DF29) => 4,500 years ago (in Scandinavia)

    Q1a2-Y4827 => 3,000 years ago (in Scandinavia)

Chronological development of mtDNA haplogroups

https://www.eupedia.com/europe/origins_haplogroups_europe.shtml#mtDNA

    All mtDNA haplogroups found in Europe descend from the N group some 60,000 to 80,000 years ago...the tiny size of mitochondrial DNA (approximately 16,500 base pairs as opposed to 60 million for Y-DNA) does not allow a very accurate tracing of ancestry. Basal mitochondrial haplogroups all arose during the Ice Age, a period when humans were nomadic hunter-gatherers, and do not necessarily match any recognisable historical ethnic and linguistic groups. One likely reason is that women, through whom mtDNA is passed, tended to marry outside their ethnic group more often than men... The error margin for the dates below is typically of +-5,000 years, but could even exceed that for older haplogroups.

    N => 75,000 years ago (arose in North-East Africa)

    R => 70,000 years ago (in South-West Asia)

    U => 60,000 years ago (in North-East Africa or South-West Asia)

    pre-JT => 55,000 years ago (in the Middle East)

    JT => 50,000 years ago (in the Middle East)

    U5 => 50,000 years ago (in Western Asia)

    U6 => 50,000 years ago (in North Africa)

    U8 => 50,000 years ago (in Western Asia)

    pre-HV => 50,000 years ago (in the Near East)

    J => 45,000 years ago (in the Near East or Caucasus)

    HV => 40,000 years ago (in the Near East)

    H => over 35,000 years ago (in the Near East or Southern Europe)

    X => over 30,000 years ago (in north-east Europe)

    U5a1 => 30,000 years ago (in Europe)

    I => 30,000 years ago (Caucasus or north-east Europe)

    J1a => 27,000 years ago (in the Near East)

    W => 25,000 years ago (in north-east Europe or north-west Asia)

    U4 => 25,000 years ago (in Central Asia)

    J1b => 23,000 years ago (in the Near East)

    T => 17,000 years ago (in Mesopotamia)

    K => 16,000 years ago (in the Near East)

    V => 15,000 years ago (arose in Iberia and moved to Scandinavia)

    H1b => 13,000 years ago (in Europe)

    K1 => 12,000 years ago (in the Near East)

    H3 => 10,000 years ago (in Western Europe)

Y DNA  

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982209020697

mt DNA

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982209020697

NEANDERTHAL, R1b, R1a, AND I ARE THE ONLY NATIVE EUROPEANS.  R1b THE FIRST INTO EUROPE....

Haplogroup - an overview

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/haplogroup

30.3.1.1 Global distribution of Y haplogroups:

    Y DNA haplogroup A like haplogroup B, it only appears in Africa,...

    Clade C was found in Central Asia, South Asia, and East Asia....

    Haplogroup D appears in Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and in Japan...

    Haplogroup E is one of the most branched...Northeast Africa, and the Near East...

    Haplogroup F ...Indian continent...

    Haplogroup G... Caucasus region, Mediterranean areas, and the Middle East

    Haplogroup H ...Indian continent

    Haplogroup I is a clear European haplogroup

    Haplogroup J was dispersed by the westward movement of people from the Middle East to North Africa, Europe, Central Asia, Pakistan, and India...

    Haplogroup K is the ancestral haplogroup of major groups L to R...

    Haplogroup L India and Pakistan, Middle East ...

    Haplogroup M Melanesia...Papuan languages....

    Haplogroup N northern Eurasia...

    Lineage O East Asia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, South China, Japan, and Korea....

    The P clade is the parent of haplogroups Q and R, and is rarely found. It has been detected at low frequencies in the Caucasus and India.

    Haplogroup Q Asia, the Americas, Europe, and the Middle East. One of its sub-clades, group Q3 is almost exclusively associated with the Native Americans.

    Haplogroup R1b are believed to be the descendants of the first modern humans who entered Europe, and is now the most common Y haplogroup in Europe....

    Haplogroup R1a central and western Asia, India, Slavic populations of Eastern Europe.

    MtDNA:

    All the mtDNA lineages outside Africa are derived from three deep-rooted (old) founder haplogroups: M, N, and R. This is reminiscent of what is seen in relation to the Y chromosome in which all haplogroups in Eurasia descend from three ancient haplogroups, C, D, and F. ...  it is likely that both sets of relic haplogroups (maternally and paternally derived) accompanied each other in the departure and trek from Northeast Africa, arriving in India as part of the same second phase of the Out of Africa II dispersal about 65,000 ya. The very similar ages of haplogroups M, N, and R, 61,300, 64,100, and 65,500 ya, respectively....

mtDNA M lineage characterizes populations of East Eurasia, including South Asia, whereas West Eurasian populations feature mtDNA haplogroups N and R and their derivatives....

Q AND R SIBLINGS OF P.  Q THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF THE AMERICAS, AND R THE INDIGENOUS OF EUROPE AND PART OF ASIA.  THE OTHER HAPLOGROUPS ARRIVE AT MORE RECENT TIMES IN EUROPE CAUSING ADMIXTURES.  I MALES COME IN THOUSANDS OF YEARS AFTER THE INDIGENOUS R.  I DEVELOP IN EUROPE AS THE IJ MOVED INTO EUROPE FROM THE NEAR EAST.  THIS I INVASION INTO EUROPE IS CLEARLY SHOWN WITH A BELT RUNNING FROM THE NEAR EAST RIGHT UP INTO CENTRAL EUROPE ALL THE WAY NORTH TO SCANDINAVIA SPLITTING THE R1 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF EUROPE. R1b TO THE WEST, AND R1a TO THE EAST WITH THE I INVADERS STEALING CENTRAL EUROPE FROM THE R1 PEOPLE AS EVIDENT BY THE Y-DNA HAPLOGROUP MAP.

  POST LGM EXPANSION FROM THE ICE REFUGIAS CAUSE REPLACEMENTS OF THE ORIGINAL COMMON ANCESTRIES AS THEY MIGRATE.  THIS ARTICLE BARELY TOUCHES THE ADMIXTURES WITH THE INDIGENOUS R MALES.  THE NEAR EASTERN GROUPS HAVING A SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE ON EUROPE, AND N.AFRICA BEGINNING IN PALEOLITHIC BUT MORE SO IN THE NEOLITHIC.  THE REPLACEMENT OF R IN THE SAAMI IS CLEAR AFTER THEY LEAVE THE IBERIAN REFUGE AND MIGRATE NORTH AND EAST.  R MALES ARE REPLACED WITH I AND N MALES.  AND THE BERBER IS ALSO SO MISIDENTIFIED.  THE 3,000 YEAR OLD E-M81 IN THIS ARTICLE IS CALLED A BERBER WHILE THE AT LEAST 45,000 YEAR OLD U6 FEMALE IS CALLED A BERBER.  THIS ARTICLE ALSO DESCRIBES A MIGRATION OF R1 BACK INTO AFRICA.  IS IT A COINCIDENCE THAT THE INDIGENOUS R MALE AND THE INDIGENOUS U FEMALES ARE SEPARATED ALONG THEIR EXPANSIONS AS SEEN IN THE SAAMI.  SIMILAR POSSIBILTY EXISTS WITH THE BERBER PEOPLE WHERE THE U FEMALE IS SEPARATED FROM HER COMMON ANCESTORS AND REPLACED WITH THE E MALE IN N.AFRICA TO DEVELOP INTO U6...

History and geography of human Y-chromosome in Europe:  a SNP perspective

https://www.academia.edu/3081112/History_and_geography_of_human_Y-chromosome_in_Europe_a_SNP_perspective

    Haplogroup I:  . The haplogroup I, related with haplogroup J by common mutations, is characterized by the SNP M170. It is a primarily European haplogroup and may be arrived in Europe in Upper Paleolithic with the spread of the Gravettian culture. . The overall distribution presents a frequency cline from eastern to western Europe (Fig. 4a) but, given its ancient presence in Europe and consequent local diversification, different sub-clades present clues of independent pathways of expansion....

    Haplogroup J:  Haplogroup J, defined by the 12f2 polymorphism, presents an east-west gradient in Europe, indicating its arrival from the Near East....

    Haplogroup P:  This rare haplogroup, defined by M45 and 92R7 among other markers, probably arose in northern Eurasia, possibly Siberia, and soon gave origin to two sister haplogroups much more successful: Q, that encompass with the Q3 sub-clade almost the totality of the Amerindian (not Na-Dene) Y-chromosomes, and R, that is the most frequent European haplogroup....

    Haplogroup R:  Haplogroup R, characterized by the M207 change, was originated probably in north west Eurasia and it is divided in two sub-clades. .The less frequent is R2-M124: this is mainly an Asian haplogroup, that can be found only at the edge of Europe, such as the Caucasus, Turkey, and in the Sinte Roma (Gypsy) of known Indian origin. Surprisingly, a few R2-M124 individuals were found in the Tyrrhenian islands of Sardinia and Corsica.  The sub-clade R1, defined by the mutation M173, is the most common European haplotype, although its early branches can be found also elsewhere, and notably in northern Cameroon, where it represents an ancient back migration to Africa from Asia. . The European lineages are believed to arrive in the Upper Paleolithic, carrying the Aurignatian culture, and they were confined in southern refuges during the LGM. After the withdrawal of the glaciers, R1, already differentiated in separate sub-clades, began to recolonize Europe. . Thee expansion of R1b1c-M269 was originated from the Iberian refuge, and it is now typical of western Europe, reaching frequencies as high as 85% in Ireland. A sister clade, R1b1a-M18 is a private haplogroup of Sardinia, where it is present at low frequencies all over the island. Another R1 subclade, R1a1-M17, has a very different distribution, having its maximum in eastern Europe with frequencies passing the 50% among Slavic people such as Sorbs, Ukrainians, Polish and Belarusians, but also in the linguistically nonSlavic Hungarians. . This haplogroup may be originated in the Ukrainian refuge during the LGM but its expansion is more likely related to the diffusion of the Kurgan culture, carried by horsemen speaking proto-Indo-European languages, as hypothesized by Semino et al.....

    . The first two principal components, accounting for the 25,47% of the total variance, clearly separated the peripheral populations (Anatolia, the Caucasus, the Levant and North Africa) from the more homogeneous proper European ones. . The main discriminant contribution is given, in the first component, by the J2-M172 haplogroup in respect to I-M170, and, in the second component, by E3b1-M35 in respect to R1-M173. . The first principal component (showing the Levantine and Anatolian populations on the positive portion of the axis, and the northern and western Europeans on the negative, with Italians and Balkan population in intermediate position) reflects the main demographic event of the peopling of Europe: the demic diffusion westward of Neolithic farmers.      However, from the standpoint of Y-chromosome variability, this important migration wave seems to be limited to the south-eastern European areas, while the north-west keeps its ancient Paleolithic features. .

    The second component separates the Anatolian and Caucasian regions from the Levant and north Africa, two broad areas subject to different peopling histories: the former characterized by the presence of ancient haplogroups, such as F-M89, G-M201 and K-M9 and by central Asian influence; the latter signed by the admixture between Berber haplogroups, such as E3b1b-M81, with markers of the Arab expansion, such as J1-M267. . The more ancient event, but with reduced demographic impact, of the Mesolithic repeopling of Europe after the LGM, eastward from the Iberian refuge, and westward from the Balkan (and possibly Ukrainian) refuge, can be seen, less clearly, in the second component. In fact, the north-eastern populations, characterized by high frequencies of I-M170, N3-Tat and R1a1-M17, tend to be placed in the positive portion of the axis, while the north-westerns populations, showing high frequencies of the R1b1c-M269 sub-clade, are mainly located in the opposite position. An outlier of the European variation is represented by the Macedonian Roma people, whose exogenous origins is well known. . The third principal component separates Sardinia from the rest of Europe, having I1b1b-M26 as the major contributing variable to this component....

    Iberian peninsula:  T.he region was a refuge during the LGM and its Y-chromosome pool reflects features of isolation, differentiation, and subsequent expansion, being the source of the Mesolithic repeopling of the inhabited areas toward north and east. Among the haplogroups here originating, R1b1c-M269 is particularly important, accounting for the majority of western European Y-chromosomes.  It encompasses the large majority of Basque variability and it is generally predominant everywhere in the region. Although relatively infrequent in its territory, the Iberian peninsula also originated sub-clades belonging to the I haplogroup, such as I1b1b-M26, and possibly, I1a-M253, presently showing elevated percentages in Sardinia and Scandinavia respectively.  Traces of the ancient Neolithic expansion wave can be observed mainly in the south at a frequency of about 10%, while the contribution of a north African gene flow is negligible in spite of the long-time Arab rule.

    British Isles:  The region presents different paternal ancestries in a continuous range from the more autochthonous populations, with a clear Iberian post glacial footprint and are characterized by high frequencies of R1(xR1a1)-M173 haplotypes, to the areas more interested by foreign gene flow, such as the south-east, that denotes the Anglo-Saxon influence for the higher incidence of the I(xI1b2)-M170, and the Scottish Isles, where

the Viking occupation is documented by the signifi cant occurrence of R1a1-M17. . The Neolithic markers (E3b-M35and J2-M172) are relatively rare in the south and virtually absent in Scotland. Ireland shows a homogeneous peopling of predominant Iberian origin, while the contacts with the Norse left a limited genetic trace....

    Conclusions:  ...the rapid between-population divergence of unilinear markers and the ability to preserve elements of common ancestry, make the mitochondrial genome and the Y-chromosome unique tools for investigating migration events and relative degree of admixture with pre-existing populations....

Genetic history of Europe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe

    New technologies have allowed for DNA haplotypes to be studied directly with increasing speed and accuracy, giving more refined data than was available in the original studies of Cavalli-Sforza.

    Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups.  There are four main Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups that account for most of Europe's patrilineal descent:

Haplogroup R1b is common all over Europe but especially common in Western Europe...  Haplogroup I is found in the form of various sub-clades throughout Europe ... Haplogroup R1a, almost entirely in the R1a1a sub-clade, is prevalent in much of Eastern and Central Europe ... About 99% of European mtDNAs fall into one of ten haplogroups: H, I, J, K, M, T, U, V, W or X...

     From 37,000 to 14,000 years ago, the population of Europe consisted of an isolated population descended from a founding population that didn't interbreed significantly with other populations...

    Around 14,000 years ago,...started to show more affinity with the Near East, a shift which coincided with the warming temperatures of the Bølling-Allerød interstadial....

    Researchers identified three major waves of human migrations into Europe: the original mesolithic hunter-gatherers, neolithic farmers from the Levant about 8000 years ago, and a third wave about 5000 years ago from the Yamna culture, horse-riding herders from the Pontic–Caspian steppe....

    The Yamna component contains partial ancestry from an Ancient North Eurasian component first identified in Mal'ta.  According to Iosif Lazaridis, "the Ancient North Eurasian ancestry is proportionally the smallest component everywhere in Europe, never more than 20 percent, but we find it in nearly every European group we’ve studied." This genetic component does not come directly from the Mal'ta lineage itself, but a related lineage that separated from the Mal'ta lineage.  Half of the Yamna component is derived from a Caucasus hunter-gatherer strand (Satsurblia) ...

    "The question of where the Yamnaya come from has been something of a mystery up to now....we can now answer that as we've found that their genetic make-up is a mix of Eastern European hunter-gatherers and a population from this pocket of Caucasus hunter-gatherers who weathered much of the last Ice Age in apparent isolation."...

    In a 2015 study based on 230 ancient DNA samples, researchers traced the origins of several genetic adaptations found in Europe. The original mesolithic hunter-gatherers were dark skinned and blue eyed. The HERC2 and OCA2 variations for blue eyes are derived from the original mesolithic hunter-gatherers, and the genes were also found in the Yamna people. The HERC2 variation for blue eyes first appears around 13,000 to 14,000 years ago in Italy and the Caucasus.  The migration of Neolithic farmers into Europe brought along several new adaptations. The variation for light skin colour was introduced to Europe by the neolithic farmers....

    Relation between Europeans and other populations:  Principal component analysis clearly identified four widely dispersed groupings, corresponding to Africa, Europe, Central Asia and South Asia. PC1 separated Africans from the other populations, PC2 divided Asians from Europeans and Africans, whilst PC3 split Central Asians apart from South Asians...

    "four several distinct regions" within Europe:

    *  Finland, showing the greatest distance to the rest of Europeans.

    *  The Baltic region (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), western Russia and eastern Poland.

    *  Central and Western Europe.

    *  Italy, "with the southern Italians being more distant"....

Autosomal DNA:   A similar study in 2007 using samples exclusively from Europe found that the most important genetic differentiation in Europe occurs on a line from the north to the south-east (northern Europe to the Balkans), with another east-west axis of differentiation across Europe ... Despite these stratifications, it noted the unusually high degree of European homogeneity: "there is low apparent diversity in Europe with the entire continent-wide samples only marginally more dispersed than single population samples elsewhere in the world"....

Ethnic groups in Europe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe

87 distinct peoples of Europe, of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities....

    Indigenous minorities:  Most of Europe's indigenous peoples, or ethnic groups known to have the earliest known historical connection to a particular region, have gone extinct or been absorbed by (or, perhaps, contributed to) the dominant cultures. Those that survive are largely confined to remote areas.

    Groups that have been identified as indigenous include the Sami of northern Scandinavia, the Basques of northern Spain and southern France, the Bretons of western France and a many of the western indigenous peoples of Russia. Groups in Russia include Circassians of the northeastern Black Sea and the northwestern Caucasus (also indigenous to parts of Ukraine), Finno-Ugric peoples such as the Komi and Mordvins of the western Ural Mountains, northeastern Caucasus peoples of southwestern Russia, and Samoyedic peoples such as the Nenets people of northern Russia.

    In Europe, present-day indigenous populations as recognized by the UN are relatively few. Nevertheless, the ethnic groups traditionally inhabiting most, if not all, European countries are considered to be indigenous to Europe....

    Non-indigenous minorities: ...

Category:Indigenous peoples of Europe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_Europe

    This category is intended for "indigenous" peoples in the narrow sense, i.e. such peoples as have been marginalized by an immigrant population in recent times....

Indigenous peoples

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples

    Indigenous peoples, also known as first peoples, aboriginal peoples, native peoples, or autochthonous peoples, are ethnic groups who are descended from and identify with the original inhabitants of a given region, in contrast to groups that have settled, occupied or colonized the area more recently. ...

    Indigenous peoples by region: ...

Mal'ta–Buret' culture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture

    The only discovered case of basal R* haplogroup (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the Mal'ta Boy. ...

    The Mal'ta–Buret' culture is an archaeological culture of the Upper Paleolithic (c. 24,000 to 15,000 BP) on the upper Angara River in the area west of Lake Baikal in the Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia, Russian Federation....

    According to research published in 2013 and 2016 the Mal'ta people belonged to a now extinct population closely related to a population who contributed substantially to the genetic ancestry of Siberians, Native Americans and Bronze Age Yamnaya people....

     Until they were discovered in Mal'ta, "Venus figurines" were previously found only in Europe....Around thirty female statuettes of varying shapes have been found in Mal'ta....

    At first glance, what is obvious is that the Mal'ta Venus figurines are of two types: full figured women with exaggerated forms, and women with a thin, delicate form. Some of the figures are nude, while others have etchings that seem to indicate fur or clothing. Conversely, unlike those found in Europe, some of the Venus figurines from Mal'ta were sculpted with faces....

    The reason why these Mal'ta figurines garner so much interest is that they seem to be nearly identical to European female figurines of roughly the same time period. The suggested similarity between Mal'ta and Upper Paleolithic civilizations of Western and Eastern Europe coincides with a long-held belief that the ancient people of Mal'ta were related to the Paleolithic societies of Europe. These similarities can be established by their tools, dwelling structures, and art. These commonalities draw into question the origin of Upper Paleolithic Siberian people, and whether the migrating peoples[clarification needed] originated from Southeastern Asia or quite possibly from Europe.  On the other hand, one can argue that, as a group, the Mal'ta Venus figurines are rather different from the female figurines of Western and Central Europe....A 2016 genomic study shows that the Mal'ta people have no genetic connections to the Dolní Věstonice people from the Gravettian culture, which suggests that the similarities are primarily due to cultural diffusion....

    Mal'ta had a type of R* y-dna that diverged before the hg R1 and R2 split and an unresolved clade of haplogroup U mtdna. Between 14 and 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate from gene flow from the Mal'ta Buret people, while the other geneflow in Native Americans appears to have an Eastern Eurasian origin....

    The term "Ancient North Eurasian" (ANE) is the name given ... to an ancestral component that represents descent from the people of the Mal'ta–Buret' culture or a population closely related to them. ...According to a 2016 study, it was found that the global maximum of ANE ancestry occurs in modern-day Kets, Mansi, Native Americans, Nganasans and Yukaghirs ... in ancient Bronze-age-steppe Yamnaya and Afanasevo cultures.  Genomic study also indicates that the Yamnaya migration from steppes introduced "Ancient North Eurasian" admixture into Europe. "Ancient North Eurasian" genetic component is visible in tests of the Yamnaya people, which makes up 50% of their ancestry. It is also reported in modern-day Europeans (5%-18% ANE admixture), but not of Europeans predating the Bronze Age

Ancient DNA from Siberian boy links Europe and America

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25020958

    Dr Willerslev and a colleague obtained a sample from the boy's arm bone, extracted DNA and compared it with that of present-day populations.  Image caption DNA was extracted from the boy's arm bone.  "When we sequenced this genome, something strange appeared," he explained. "Parts of the genome you find today in western Eurasians, other parts of the genome you find today in Native Americans - and are unique today to Native Americans."  DNA from the boy's Y chromosome and from the mitochondria (the cell's batteries) were of types found today in a region encompassing Europe, West and South Asia and North Africa, but rare or absent in Central Asia, East Asia and the Americas.  The researchers estimate that 14-38% of the ancestry of Native Americans traces to a population like the one living at Mal'ta 24,000 years ago.

    But the most puzzling part of this finding was that the boy showed no clear affinities with East Asian populations such as the Chinese, Koreans or Japanese.  Today's Native Americans are most closely related to East Asians, so the scientists had to work out how the Mal'ta boy could be related to indigenous Americans, but not to East Asians.  The most likely scenario, they argue, is that a population like the one living in Siberia 24,000 years ago mixed with the ancestors of East Asians at some point after the boy died.  "Native Americans are composed of the meeting of two populations - an East Asian group and these Mal'ta west Eurasian populations," said Dr Willerslev. However, it remains unclear where this mixing took place.

Mal'ta - Upper Paleolithic Site in Siberia

https://www.thoughtco.com/malta-upper-paleolithic-site-in-siberia-173064

    15,000 and 24,000 calendar years ago (cal BP). Mal'ta includes a double burial of two human children, ...A double burial of two children was identified at Mal'ta, covered by a stone slab. ... the bones are morphologically most closely related to Upper Paleolithic Europeans....Recent DNA analysis (see Raghavan et al.) of the older child's genome showed that his genes include markers for Haplogroup U. This haplogroup is in high frequency in hunter-gatherer groups from Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe, however, suggesting a connection between pre-agricultural Europe and Upper Paleolithic Siberia....

Mal'ta-Buret' culture   

https://wn.com/mal'ta-buret'_culture

Various Videos 48:59

Yamna culture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamna_culture

    The Yamna culture (also known as the Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture) was a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester and Ural rivers (the Pontic steppe), dating to 3500–2300 BCE. The Yamna culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans, and is the strongest candidate for the Urheimat (homeland) of the Proto-Indo-European language....

    The people of the Yamnaya culture were the likely result of admixture between eastern European hunter-gatherers (via whom they also descend from the Mal'ta-Buret' culture or other, closely related people) and a Near Eastern people, with some research identifying the latter as hunter-gatherers from the Caucasus or a related people also related to Chalcolithic people from what is now Iran. Their culture is materially very similar to that of the people of the Afanasevo culture, their contemporaries in the Altai Mountains; furthermore, genetic tests have confirmed that the two groups are genetically indistinguishable...

    According to Jones et al. (2015) and Haak et al. (2015), autosomic tests indicate that the Yamnaya-people were the result of admixture between two different hunter-gatherer populations: distinctive "Eastern European hunter-gatherers" with high affinity to the Mal'ta-Buret' culture or other, closely related people from Siberia and a population of "Caucasus hunter-gatherers" who probably arrived from somewhere in the Near East, probably the Caucasus. Each of those two populations contributed about half the Yamnaya DNA.  According to co-author Dr. Andrea Manica of the University of Cambridge:      "The question of where the Yamnaya come from has been something of a mystery up to now [...] we can now answer that, as we've found that their genetic make-up is a mix of Eastern European hunter-gatherers and a population from this pocket of Caucasus hunter-gatherers who weathered much of the last Ice Age in apparent isolation."

    Eastern European hunter-gatherers:

According to Haak et al. (2015), "Eastern European hunter-gatherers" who inhabited today's Russia were a distinctive population of hunter-gatherers with high affinity to a ~24,000-year-old Siberian from Mal'ta-Buret' culture, or other, closely related people from Siberia.  Remains of the "Eastern European hunter-gatherers" have been found in Mesolithic or early Neolithic sites in Karelia and Samara Oblast, Russia, and put under analysis. Three such hunter-gathering individuals of the male sex have had their DNA results published. Each was found to belong to a different Y-DNA haplogroup: R1a, R1b, and J.  R1b is also the most common Y-DNA haplogroup found among both the Yamnaya and modern-day Western Europeans.

    Near East population:

The Near East population were most likely hunter-gatherers from the Caucasus (CHG) c.q. Iran Chalcolithic related people with a CHG-component, who partially descended from the early neolithic Zagros Farmers.

Jones et al. (2015) analyzed genomes from males from western Georgia, in the Caucasus, from the Late Upper Palaeolithic (13,300 years old) and the Mesolithic (9,700 years old). These two males carried Y-DNA haplogroup: J* and J2a. The researchers found that these Caucasus hunters were probably the source of the farmer-like DNA in the Yamnaya, as the Caucasians were distantly related to the Middle Eastern people who introduced farming in Europe. Their genomes showed that a continued mixture of the Caucasians with Middle Eastern took place up to 25,000 years ago, when the coldest period in the last Ice Age started.

According to Lazaridis et al. (2016), "a population related to the people of the Iran Chalcolithic contributed ~43% of the ancestry of early Bronze Age populations of the steppe."  According to Lazaridis et al. (2016), these Iranian Chalcolithic people were a mixture of "the Neolithic people of western Iran, the Levant, and Caucasus Hunter Gatherers."

    Proto-Indo-European:

The Yamna culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans (PIE)... It is the strongest candidate for the Urheimat (homeland) of the Proto-Indo-European language,...

The culture was predominantly nomadic, with some agriculture practiced near rivers and a few hillforts.... Characteristic for the culture are the inhumations in pit graves under kurgans (tumuli). The dead bodies were placed in a supine position with bent knees and covered in ochre....

    Physical characteristics:

they were genetically tall, overwhelmingly dark-eyed (brown), dark-haired and had a skin colour that was moderately light, though somewhat darker than that of the average modern European....

    Yamna-related migrations

    Western Europe:

Haak et al. (2015) conducted a genome wide study of 69 ancient skeletons from Europe and Russia. They concluded that Yamnaya autosomal characteristics are very close to the Corded Ware culture people, with an estimated a 73% ancestral contribution from the Yamnaya DNA in the DNA of Corded Ware skeletons from Germany. The same study estimated a 40–54% ancestral contribution of the Yamnaya in the DNA of modern Central & Northern Europeans, and a 20–32% contribution in modern Southern Europeans, excluding Sardinians (7.1% or less), and to a lesser extent Sicilians (11.6% or less).  Haak et al. also note that their results "suggest" that haplogroups R1b and R1a "spread into Europe from the East after 3,000 BCE."

    Autosomal tests also indicate that the Yamnaya are the most likely vector for "Ancient North Eurasian" admixture into Europe. "Ancient North Eurasian" is the name given in literature to a genetic component that represents descent from the people of the Mal'ta-Buret' culture or a population closely related to them. That genetic component is visible in tests of the Yamna people as well as modern-day Europeans, but not of Europeans predating the Bronze Age.

Eurasian Steppe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe

    ... the horse gave the nomads the supreme advantage of mobility. Horsemen can raid a village and be gone with their loot before a land army can be gathered.  But the steppe nomads were relatively few and their rulers had difficulty holding together enough clans and tribes to field a large army. If they conquered an agricultural area they often lacked the skills to administer it. If they tried to hold agrarian land they gradually absorbed the civilization of their subjects, lost their nomadic skills and were either absorbed by their subjects or driven out.

Eurasian nomads

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_nomads

Aurora Borealis, the Northern Lights, in Mythology and Folklore.

http://www.luminarium.org/mythology/revontulet.htm

    The Lapps, or the Saami, ...Northern Finland, Sweden, and Norway — traditionally believed that the lights were the energies of the souls of the departed. ... The Lapps believed these fires to have magical effects; Lappish shaman drums often have runes depicting the fires to harness their energy.

    In Norwegian folklore, the lights were the spirits of old maids dancing in the sky and waving — in Scotland, which had an influx of Viking settlers, the lights are sometimes called "the merry dancers." ...   

    The belief that the northern lights were caused by ancient heroes battling in the skies can be traced (in writing) as far as Pliny.  Beliefs that the aurora were portents of war and sickness also can be read in the Greeks; one can only imagine how frightening these mysterious lights must have been in places where the lights were a rare phenomenon. Tacitus recorded in his description of Germany the belief that the fires were the Valkyries riding through the air. ...

The Vikings and the Northern Lights Bridge

http://www.bivrost.com/the-vikings-and-the-northern-lights-bridge/

The Bridge of the Gods, Bivröst (“Moving Way” in Old Norse) is mentioned in Snorri Sturluson’s Prose Edda, written around 1220  and in the Poetic Edda which is probably much older. In Snorri’s account, Bivröst/Bifraust is described as such:

    Gvðín gerþu bru af iorþu til himins, er heitir Bifravst: “The gods made a bridge from earth to the heavens which is called Bifravst” ... Indeed, if the oldest texts are to be trusted, the Bivröst is red, flame-like and is associated with the Otherworld and fighting, which is exactly how the Aurora has been described in other parts of the world for centuries, both before, during and after the Viking age....

    Firstly, the description of the Aurora as a bridge/path to another world is commonly found in places as far away as Canada and as close as North-Norway. In Canada, the Hudson Bay-Inuits believed that Auroras were torches dead people carried on their way to heaven. In North-Norway, a Sámi riddle tells about a man being taken away from earth by the Aurora. Overall, people the world over have associated Auroras with death and the Otherworld just like Bivröst is associated with the Old Norse heavens.

    Linking Northern Lights with fighting is also widespread: The Roman historian Julius Obsequens describes the Aurora as “Military Spears” and even in the XVIth century, Europeans often explained the Northern Lights as battles in the heavens. In the XIIIth century, several Russian chronicles mention Auroras as being heavenly armies fighting each other. Again, Bivröst´s link with fighting is clear, both regarding the Ragnarök battle and individual warriors. ...

    The last elements identifying Auroras in the Medieval Norse sources are the color red and fire. Already 2500 years ago the Greek Plutarch described Auroras as fire (17) and New-Zealand’s Maori believed that Auroras were fire lit by their ancestors (18). Such descriptions go hand-in-hand with poems describing a flaming red Bivröst....

Mythology of the Northern Lights

https://www.theaurorazone.com/about-the-aurora/aurora-legends

    The Greeks held that Aurora was the sister of Helios and Seline, the sun and moon respectively, and that she raced across the early morning sky in her multi-coloured chariot to alert her siblings to the dawning of a new day.

    The Romans also associated the Northern Lights with a new day believing them to be Aurora, the goddess of dawn.

    The poor residents of France and Italy for example believed the lights to be a bad omen...

Norrsken history

https://www.irf.se/norrsken/Norrsken_history.html   

    Three old Nordic explanations are mentioned in the book "Kongespeilet" from the thirteenth century. At that time people thought the Earth was flat and surrounded by oceans. One explanation was that the oceans were surrounded by fire and that auroras were the light from those fires, reflected in the sky.

    One other possibility was that the sun threw its beams high in the sky although the sun itself was located beneath the edge of the earth plate.

    A third possibility was that glaciers could absorb so much power that they began to shine.

Raw foodies: Europe's earliest humans did not use fire

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/12/161214212012.htm

    Europe's earliest humans did not use fire for cooking, but had a balanced diet of meat and plants -- all eaten raw, new research reveals for the first time.

Fires set by Ice Age hunters destroyed forests throughout Europe

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/12/161201092823.htm

    Large-scale forest fires started by prehistoric hunter-gatherers are probably the reason why Europe is not more densely forested, researchers report.

Fossil DNA Proves Greenland Once Had Lush Forests; Ice Sheet Is Surprisingly Stable

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070705153019.htm

Scientists Find 280-Million-Year-Old Fossilized Forest…in Antarctica

https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-general/scientists-find-280-million-year-old-fossilized-forest-antarctica-009447

    A team of geologists have discovered remnants of a 280-million-year-old fossil forest in Antarctica. They suggest that the trees of the forest survived through periodic extremes of total darkness and uninterrupted sunlight.  Older than the Dinosaurs ...  The scientists believe that the trees of the polar forest survived under particularly unusual conditions, as they were living for about seven months in absolute darkness, followed by nearly five months of continuous light. During the Permian Period, Antarctica was much warmer than it is these days, and plant life became dominated by fern-like plants such as Glossopteris (the largest and best-known genus of the extinct order of seed ferns), which grew in swamps. Over time, these swamps became deposits of coal in the Transantarctic Mountains.

A new picture of the last ice age

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160317095002.htm

Blue eyes, dark skin: How European hunter-gatherer looked, 7,000-year-old genome shows

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140126134643.htm

La Brana 1, the name used to baptize a 7,000-year-old individual from the Mesolithic Period whose remains were recovered at La Brana-Arintero site in Valdelugueros (Leon, Spain), had blue eyes and dark skin, new research reveals.

Baltic hunter-gatherers began farming without influence of migration, ancient DNA suggests

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/02/170202122800.htm

New research indicates that Baltic hunter-gatherers were not swamped by migrations of early agriculturalists from the Middle East, as was the case for the rest of central and western Europe. ... "Almost all ancient DNA research up to now has suggested that technologies such as agriculture spread through people migrating and settling in new areas."  "However, in the Baltic, we find a very different picture, as there are no genetic traces of the farmers from the Levant and Anatolia who transmitted agriculture across the rest of Europe."...

"That we see no farmer-related genetic input, yet we do find this Steppe-related component, suggests that at least the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family originated in the Steppe grasslands of the East, which would bring later migrations of Bronze Age horse riders."...

Old Texts:

Atlantis

http://www.sacred-texts.com/atl/index.htm

Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population

http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/02/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population

    First, a group of hunter-gatherers arrived in Europe about 37,000 years ago. Then, farmers began migrating from Anatolia (a region including present-day Turkey) into Europe 9000 years ago, but they initially didn’t intermingle much with the local hunter-gatherers because they brought their own families with them. Finally, 5000 to 4800 years ago, nomadic herders known as the Yamnaya swept into Europe. They were an early Bronze Age culture that came from the grasslands, or steppes, of modern-day Russia and Ukraine, bringing with them metallurgy and animal herding skills and, possibly, Proto-Indo-European, the mysterious ancestral tongue from which all of today’s 400 Indo-European languages spring. They immediately interbred with local Europeans, who were descendants of both the farmers and hunter-gatherers. Within a few hundred years, the Yamnaya contributed to at least half of central Europeans’ genetic ancestry....

    roughly equal numbers of men and women took part in the migration of Anatolian farmers into Europe. ...10 men for every woman in the migration of Yamnaya men to Europe (with a range of five to 14 migrating men for every woman)....

    one explanation is that the Yamnaya men were warriors who swept into Europe on horses or drove horse-drawn wagons; ...But warfare isn’t the only explanation. The Yamnaya men could have been more attractive mates than European farmers because they had horses and new technologies ...The finding that Yamnaya men migrated for many generations also suggests that all was not right back home in the steppe.... such as chronic epidemics or diseases,” .... Or, he says it could be the beginning of cultures that sent out bands of men to establish new politically aligned colonies in distant lands, as in later groups of Romans or Vikings.

Researchers model climate changes caused by the submersion of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/06/170606112753.htm

The Arctic Ocean was once a gigantic freshwater lake. Only after the land bridge between Greenland and Scotland had submerged far enough did vast quantities of salt water pour in from the Atlantic. ... the region that is today completely submerged was above the sea at that time.  Only once the land bridge between Greenland and Scotland disappeared did the first ocean passages emerge, connecting the Arctic with the North Atlantic and making water exchange possible... "Interestingly, the greatest changes in the circulation patterns and characteristics of the of the Arctic Ocean only occurred when the land bridge had reached a depth of over 50 metres below the surface." ..."Once the ocean passage between Greenland and Scotland had reached this critical depth, the saline Arctic Ocean as we know it today was created." ... The theory that the Arctic Basin was once isolated is supported by the discovery of freshwater algae fossils in Eocene deep-sea sediments that have been obtained during international drilling near the North Pole in 2004. What was once a land bridge now lies ca. 500 metres under the ocean and consists almost entirely of volcanic basalt. Iceland is the only section remaining above the surface.

Stone Circles

https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are-stone-circles-2562648

    Stone circles are found all over the world, although most are in Europe. There are a number in Great Britain and Ireland, and several have been found in France as well.... A few stone circles have appeared in Poland and Hungary, and are attributed to eastward migration of European tribes. ...The earliest known stone circles appear to have been erected in coastal areas about five thousand years ago in what is now the United Kingdom, during the Neolithic period. ...In addition to being solar and lunar observatories, they were likely places of ceremony, worship and healing. In some cases, it's possible that the stone circle was the local social gathering place.

Stone circle construction seems to have ceased around 1500 B.C.E., during the Bronze Age, and mostly consisted of smaller circles built further inland.

Europeans drawn from three ancient 'tribes'

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29213892

    The modern European gene pool was formed when three ancient populations mixed within the last 7,000 years,...Blue-eyed, swarthy hunters mingled with brown-eyed, pale skinned farmers as the latter swept into Europe from the Near East.  But another, mysterious population with Siberian affinities also contributed to the genetic landscape of the continent.  The findings are based on analysis of genomes from nine ancient Europeans....

    It really does look like the indigenous West European hunter gatherers had this striking combination of dark skin and blue eyes that doesn't exist any more ... The hunters arrived in Europe thousands of years before the advent of agriculture, hunkered down in southern refuges during the Ice Age and then expanded during a period called the Mesolithic, after the ice sheets had retreated from central and northern Europe....

    But, puzzlingly, while the early farmers share genetic similarities with Near Eastern people at a global level, they are significantly different in other ways.... more recent migrations in the farmers' "homeland" may have diluted their genetic signal in that region today....

    Pigmentation genes carried by the hunters and farmers showed that, while the dark hair, brown eyes and pale skin of the early farmer would look familiar to us, the hunter-gatherers would stand out if we saw them on a street today.

"It really does look like the indigenous West European hunter gatherers had this striking combination of dark skin and blue eyes that doesn't exist any more,"...

     "If you look at all the reconstructions of Mesolithic people on the internet, they are always depicted as fair skinned. And the farmers are sometimes depicted as dark-skinned newcomers to Europe. This shows the opposite."...

    When the researchers looked at DNA from 2,345 present day people, they found that a third population was needed to capture the genetic complexity of modern Europeans.  This additional "tribe" is the most enigmatic and, surprisingly, is related to Native Americans ... Dubbed Ancient North Eurasians,...this third ancestor was added to the continental mix after farming was already established in Europe. 

    The study also revealed that the early farmers and their European descendents can trace a large part of their ancestry to a previously unknown, even older lineage called Basal Eurasians. This group represents the earliest known population divergence among the humans who left Africa 60,000 years ago.

How Europe is slowly dying despite an increasing world population

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/11414064/How-Europe-is-slowly-dying-despite-an-increasing-world-population.html

 Europe and the West is not that different, especially in eastern Europe where World Bank data shows the average birth rate in central Europe and the Baltic countries is 12.6 per 1,000 people compared to 38 in sub-Saharan Africa.

M269 is Paleolithic, and Neolithic in West Europe.  Having had at least a major migration during each of these time periods.  M269 is Native European.

New clues to the evolutionary history of the main European paternal lineage M269: dissection of the Y-SNP S116 in Atlantic Europe and Iberia

http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v24/n3/full/ejhg2015114a.html?foxtrotcallback=true

    The new population data highlight the high frequencies of M529 found in Brest (>50%) outside the British Isles, which may raise doubts about whether it originated in the European continent or in the British Isles...

    One of the main reasons leading to the proposal of the hypothesis of origin and/or expansion of M269 from the Franco–Cantabrian refuge is its maximum frequency and pattern of decreasing frequency with increasing distance from this area. The Basque population is located in the heart of the refuge area, and our results indicate that almost all of their M269 lineages belong to sublineage S116 (Basque Country; M269–82%; S116-80%, Supplementary Table S1). If M269 had originated in this area, it would seem logical to find higher variability of M269 sublineages, such as M269xL11, L11 or U106*. Thus, the dissection of M269 in the refuge area raises questions about its origin in this region. Unfortunately, the homogeneity in the variability of Y-STRs within M269 makes it impossible to pinpoint a more likely origin, but the frequency distribution of M269 sublineages in the European continent suggests an origin in the East with a subsequent migration westwards, with the appearance of its sublineages during the advance of the migration wave.

    However, the Basque region has maximum frequencies of S116 and its sublineages S116* and DF27, the latter showing a decreasing gradient with distance. Meanwhile, M529 and U152 frequencies are extremely low. This may indicate that this region is a source for S116 and its sublineage DF27. ...

    In summary, this study provides new genetic evidence indicating the absence of diversity of M269 lineages over S116 in the current population of what once was the refuge, the maximum frequencies of S116, S116* and DF27 in the refuge area and their spatial distributions in Iberia and Western European coast. This is in addition to the evidence from previous studies: the homogeneity in Y-STR diversity within M269 in Europe and the emergence of new sublineages such as L11 on the wave of the advance of M269 into Western Europe consistent with the scenario proposed in Figure 1.

    This scenario proposes an origin in the East for M269, in contrast to the classical theories. The controversy in calculating TMRCAs makes it impossible to reliably date these evolutionary episodes, at least until the more complete Ychr allows more accurate time scales and/or until genotyped and firmly dated archaeological remains become available.

    However, the authors believe that it is unlikely that an arrival to Europe of M269 during the Neolithic period has generated such a complex scenario of expansions for its sublineages, especially when genetic evidence of cultural diffusion has been found for Ychr in Anatolia and for mtDNA in the refuge. Thus, the spread of Neolithic culture would mean a lower demic movement. The theories that argue for an origin in the East and during the Neolithic period assume a rapid expansion of M269 throughout Europe, replacing most of the previously settled haplogroups, which would be compatible with a main scenario of demic diffusion.

    The scenario proposed here would be most compatible with an arrival of M269 from the East occurring in Palaeolithic times. The Wurm glaciation had numerous ups and downs in temperature that would have led to the existence of multiple glacial refugia, which has been proposed both for mtDNA and Ychr. Improved weather conditions would allow colonization of more northern territories from all refuges simultaneously. Similarly, the mtDNA-H and Ychr-R lineages that evolved in the East from Palaeolithic times, could have expanded westwards during the Neolithic period, thereby mixing with other H and R lineages that arrived to Western Europe in Paleolithic times and evolved independently in these western territories. This may be one reason for the complexity of interpreting the results, in addition to the assumption that post-Neolithic movements may be masking and confounding the oldest traces.

    FIGURE 1.  New clues to the evolutionary history of the main European paternal lineage M269: dissection of the Y-SNP S116 in Atlantic Europe and Iberia     http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v24/n3/fig_tab/ejhg2015114f1.html#figure-title

Indo European & Proto Indo European

https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/russia/Indo%20European.rtf

Ancient Eurasian DNA sequencing is revealing links with modern humans

http://popular-archaeology.com/issue/winter-2018/article/ancient-eurasian-dna-sequencing-is-revealing-links-with-modern-humans

    The authors summarized work that investigated the genomes of more than 20 ancients in the Eurasian family tree, including the 45,000-year-old Ust'-Ishim individual from Central Siberia, for their paper....

    The researchers learned that in Eurasia between 35,000 and 45,000 years ago, at least four distinct populations were present. These were early Asian and Europeans, as well as populations with ancestry hardly found or not at all in modern populations. By 15,000-34,000 years ago, however, DNA sequencing showed that modern humans in Eurasia are similar to either Europeans or to Asians, suggesting that a genetic Asian-European separation likely occurred prior to 40,000 years ago. By 7,500-14,000 years ago, the populations across Eurasia shared genetic similarities, suggesting greater interactions between geographically distant populations.

These analyses also revealed at least two Neanderthal population mixing events, one approximately 50,000-60,000 years ago and a second more than 37,000 years ago. This Neanderthal ancestry gradually declined in archaic ancestry in Europeans dating from ~14,000-37,000 years ago....

How A Handful of Yamnaya Culture Nomads Became the Fathers of Europe

https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-europe/yamnaya-culture-0012105

    Before about 9,000 BP Europe was still in the Palaeolithic. It was populated largely by hunter-gatherers, living not very differently from how they had lived when they first arrived in Europe roughly 37,000 years ago.

Beginning around 9,000 BP however, agriculture and village life began to spread across Europe and by 5,000 BP the continent was mostly settled by Neolithic farmers. Around 5,000 BP or 3,000 BC a Bronze Age culture began to spread across Europe, probably from the steppes of Eurasia....  Recent studies over the years have revealed that most central and northern Europeans, as well as some groups in central Asia, are descended from the Yamnaya.... 

    One interesting aspect of the Yamnaya migration is that it seems to have consisted mostly of men. The genetic evidence suggests overwhelmingly that Yamnaya men intermarried with European women to create some modern European populations, particularly the people of central and northern Europe. The Yamnaya also appear to be behind the Corded Ware culture ....  The Yamnaya were nomadic pastoralists who originally lived on the steppes of Eurasia before moving west. One thing that has been suggested about the Yamnaya is that they are responsible for the concept of property being owned by particular families and transmitted only to individuals within those families.  Before the arrival of the Yamnaya, European tombs were large and communal and appear to have belonged to more than one family. Yamnaya tombs, however, consist of more individual grave sites....

IN MY QUEST TO FIND WHOM THESE RESEARCH CALL THE WESTERN HUNTER GATHERER I HAVE FOUND THE FOLLOWING. AND BOY WHAT A LAFF.  37,000 YEAR OLD DNA SHOWS CONTINUITY OF SIBERIA WITH WEST EUROPE. NOW THE FUNNY PART: WESTERN HUNTER GATHERERS FROM 45,000 YEARS AGO ARE BEING REPRESENTED BY 7,000 AND 8,000 YEAR OLD REMAINS. LOL. I WONDER IF ANY CHANGES OF GENETIC PROFILES BETWEEN WEST EUROPE AND SIBERIA WOULD ILLUMINATE A DIVERSE ANCESTRY OVER 30,000 YEARS. LMFAO. BUT, THIS DOES CONFIRM MY BELIEF THAT WEST EUROPE AND SIBERIA WERE CONNECTED. AND THAT CAN ALSO CONFIRMS A POSSIBILITY OF U-mtDNA AS COMPANION TO R-YDNA.  APPEARS mtDNA U5 AND U6 WERE PROBABLY THE FIRST WAVE OF PEOPLE TO MIGRATE TO WEST EUROPE KNOWN AS SAAMI TODAY....

Oldest European genome illuminates diverse ancestry

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn26523-oldest-european-genome-illuminates-diverse-ancestry/

    DNA of Kostenki-14, a man whose 37,000-year-old body was found on the banks of the Don river in southern Russia, ...They found that Kostenki-14’s DNA was closely related to early European hunter-gatherers, contemporary Europeans and some contemporary Siberians. What they did not find was any relation to East Asians, suggesting that by the time Kostenki-14 was born the European and Asian lineages had already split from each other....By contrast, another ancient genome published just a few weeks ago, belonging to a 45,000-year-old west-Siberian known as Ust’-Ishim, was related to both Europeans and Asians. That suggests the two groups parted ways between 45,000 and 37,000 years ago and makes Kostenki-14 the oldest European to have his genome sequenced.  What’s more, Kostenki-14’s Y-chromosome shares features with a 7000-year-old hunter-gatherer from Spain. “This shows some level of continuity in European populations across almost 30,000 years,” ...

Maps of autosomal DNA based on academic papers, admixture calculators from the Dodecad Project and Eurogenes, as well as 23andMe's Ancestry Components.

https://www.eupedia.com/europe/autosomal_maps_dodecad.shtml

    Eurogenes EEF-WHG-ANE calculator:

    Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) admixture

This map compares the genes of modern people to the DNA of a Central Siberian mammoth hunter (known as MA-1), who lived 24,000 years ago and belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup R* and mtDNA haplogroup U*. The Paleolithic sample was tested by Raghavan et al. (2014). This admixture was absent from Mesolithic European samples, except in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe, and was completely absent from all Neolithic European samples tested to date...

    West European Hunter-Gatherer (WHG) admixture

This map compares the genes of modern people to the DNA of a Mesolithic hunter-gatherer from the Loschbour cave in Luxembourg, who lived 8,000 years ago and belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup I2a1b and mtDNA haplogroup U5b1a....

    Early European Farmer (EEF) admixture

This map compares the genes of modern people to the DNA of a Neolithic individual from Stuttgart in Germany, who lived 7,500 years ago....The closest modern populations are the Ashkenazi Jews (93%), Maltese (93%) and Sicilians (90%)....

    Eurogenes K15 calculator:

    Atlantic admixture

This admixture peaks in the Basque population and appears to be a blend of Near Eastern Neolithic farmers and Mesolithic European Hunter-Gatherers. It matches mostly the extent of the Atlantic Megalithic culture....

    Dodecad K12 calculator

    Northwest European admixture

This admixture was the main component of Mesolithic Europeans (including in the Pontic-Caspian Steppe), making up about two thirds of their genome. It was designed to correlate with the present distribution of haplogroup R1b-L51, representing essentially the Italic, Celtic and Germanic branches of the Indo-Europeans. When merged with the East European admixture below it should correspond roughly to the WHG map above.

    East European admixture

This East European component represents about a third of the Mesolithic European admixture in the Dodecad K12 calculator, the rest being made up of the Northwest European above. Note the resemblance with the distribution of Y-DNA haplogroup R1a.

    Mediterranean admixture

The Mediterranean admixture was was brought by Near Eastern Neolithic farmers and peaks in the Sardinian population today. It is similar to the EEF map above, but probably contains some Mesolithic North African and South European ancestry (Y-DNA E-M78, mtDNA H and V) not included in the WHG, Northwest European and East European admixtures above. That would explain why it is higher around the Mediterranean than in the Near East. The Mediterranean admixture was not found in any Mesolithic Central or North European, nor in the Yamna and Afanasievo cultures in the Eurasian Steppe.

    West Asian admixture

This admixture seems to have originated around the Caucasus and the Iranian plateau. It was absent in Neolithic European farmers, but starts appearing at low frequency in Chalcolithic farmers in the Balkans and Central Europe (including Ötzi the Iceman). ...Note the resemblance with the distribution of Y-DNA haplogroup J2....

    Southwest Asian admixture

This admixture was found at low frequency among European Neolithic farmers, and possibly at much higher frequency among South Levantine and North African Neolithic farmers. Note the resemblance with the distribution of Y-DNA haplogroup J1.

    African admixture

The African admixture was computed by adding up the Northwest African, East African, Neo African and Paleo African components, which were too minor in Europe on their own. African admixture was found among Neolithic farmers, and especially those from the southern Levant, who assimilated the Mesolitic Natufians (confirmed to belong to Y-haplogroup E1b1b)....Some individuals from the Funnelbeaker culture in Scandinavia, which derives partly from the Atlantic Megalithic, carried as much as 11% of this African admixture....This admixture is essentially a Northwest African, but contains some Sub-Saharan African too, like in North Africa itself. Note the resemblance with the distribution of Y-DNA haplogroup E-M81.

    East Asian admixture

The East Asian admixture combines Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia. This admixture was brought to Europe by Mongoloid people via Siberia. Some of it was already present in Russia during the Mesolithic period, but the largest East Asian migration to Europe took place with the arrival of Proto-Uralic people during the Neolithic. They originated in Manchuria and carried Y-haplogroup N1c. North Siberian Y-haplogroup Q1a (which is also the main paternal lineage of Amerindians) was also found in the Proto-Indo-European Khvalynsk culture in the Pontic-Caspian Steppe, the precursor of the Yamna culture. Since then, 5000 years of migrations from the Steppe brought wave upon wave of Siberian invaders to Eastern Europe and the northern Middle East....

    Caucasian admixture

The Caucasian admixture was brought to Europe by Near Eastern Neolithic farmers. It wasn't found among Mesolithic European nor among Proto-Indo-European Steppe people.

    Gedrosian admixture

The Gedrosian admixture was not found at all in Mesolithic or Neolithic Europeans. Ancient DNA tests confirmed that it was found at high frequencies among Proto-Indo-European people from the Yamna culture (± 30%), and was spread west with the Indo-European migrations. It is especially linked to Y-DNA haplogroup R1b, although its distribution in Asia correlates more with Y-haplogroups G, J2 and L.

    Dodecad K10a calculator

    Red Sea admixture

The Red Sea admixture peaks in Ethiopia and Somalia, the region of origin of Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b, to which its distribution is closely linked, except in northwestern Europe.

    23andMe Ancestry Composition

...were made using customers's data for 23andMe's Ancestry Composition. Whereas the Dodecad and Eurogenes admixtures tried to capture prehistoric ancestry reflecting the populations that merge with one another from the Mesolithic period to the Bronze Age (c. 12,000 to 2,500 years ago), 23andMe focuses on more recent ancestry from the Iron Age to the Early Medieval period c. 2,500 to 1,000 years ago)....

Genetic history of Europe  (as of May 2017)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe

    The genetic history of Europe since the Upper Paleolithic is inseparable from that of wider Western Eurasia. By about 50,000 years ago (50 ka) a basal West Eurasian lineage had emerged (alongside a separate East Asian lineage) out of the undifferentiated "non-African" lineage of 70 ka. The basal Western Eurasians were early exposed to significant Neanderthal admixture. Introgression of Neanderthal traits persisted in European populations into the present, affecting traits such as skin tone and hair color, height, sleeping patterns and mood.

    European early modern humans (EEMH) lineages between 40 to 26 ka (Aurignacian) were still part of a large Western Eurasian "meta-population", related to Central and Western Asian populations. Divergence into genetically distinct sub-populations within Western Eurasia is a result of increased selection pressure and founder effects during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, Gravettian). By the end of the LGM, after 20 ka, A Western European lineage, dubbed West European Hunter-Gatherer (WHG) emerges from the Solutrean refugium during the European Mesolithic.  All of the successfully tested Mesolithic, West european Hunter-gather, Y-chromosomes, one from Luxembourg and four from Motala, Sweden, belonged to haplogroup I. Haplogroup I is the main candidate for Europe's indigenous Y-haplogroup. Which is today the most common Y-haplogroup in most of Scandinavia. These mesolithic hunter-gatherer cultures are substantially replaced in the Neolithic Revolution by the arrival of Early European Farmers (EEF) lineages derived from mesolithic populations of West Asia (Anatolia and the Caucasus). In the European Bronze Age, there were again substantial population replacements in parts of Europe by the intrusion of Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) lineages from the Pontic–Caspian steppes. These Bronze Age population replacements are associated with the Beaker culture archaeologically and with the Indo-European expansion linguistically.

    As a result of the population movements during the Mesolithic to Bronze Age, modern European populations are distinguished by differences in WHG, EEF and ANE ancestry. Admixture rates varied geographically; in the late Neolithic, WHG ancestry in farmers in Hungary was at around 10%, in Germany around 25% and in Iberia as high as 50%. WHG ancestry is also strongest in northeastern Europe, with contributions close to 50% found in the Baltic. The contribution of EEF is more significant in Mediterranean Europe, and declines towards northern and northeastern Europe, where WHG ancestry is stronger; the Sardinians are characterized by almost pure derivation from EEF. ANE ancestry is found through throughout Europe, with maxima of about 20% found in Baltic people and Finns.

    Ethnogenesis of the modern ethnic groups of Europe in the historical period is associated with numerous admixture events, primiarily those associated with the Roman, Germanic, Norse, Slavic, Arab and Turkish expansions. ...

    The research continues and so theories rise and fall. Although it is possible to track migrations of people across Europe using founder analysis of DNA, most information on these movements comes from archaeology....

    From a purely patrilineal, Y-chromosome perspective, it is possible that the old haplogroups C, F and/or E may be those with the oldest presence in Europe. They have been found in some very old human remains in Europe. However, other haplogroup are far more common among living European males....  Haplogroup I (M170), which is now relatively common and widespread within Europe, may represent a Palaeolithic marker – its age has been estimated at ~ 22,000 BP. While it is now concentrated in Europe, it probably arose in a male from the Middle East or Caucasus, or their near descendants, c. 20–25,000 years BP,...

    Thus the genetic data suggests that, at least from the perspective of patrilineal ancestry, separate groups of modern humans took two routes into Europe: from the Middle East via the Balkans and another from Central Asia via the Eurasian Steppe, to the north of the Black Sea....  MtDNA haplogroup U5, dated to be ~ 40–50 kYa, arrived during the first early upper Palaeolithic colonisation. Individually, it accounts for 5–15% of total mtDNA lineages. Middle U.P. movements are marked by the haplogroups HV, I and U4. HV split into Pre-V (around 26,000 years old)...  Haplogroup H accounts for about half the gene lines in Europe, with many subgroups. The above mtDNA lineages or their precursors, are most likely to have arrived into Europe via the Middle East. This contrasts with Y DNA evidence, whereby some 50%-plus of male lineages are characterised by the R1 superfamily, which is of possible central Asian origin....

    The Last Glacial Maximum ("LGM") started c. 30 ka BCE, at the end of MIS 3, leading to a depopulation of Northern Europe. According to the classical model, people took refuge in climatic sanctuaries (or refugia) as follows:      1)  Northern Iberia and Southwest France, together making up the "Franco-Cantabrian" refugium.  2) The Balkans.  3)  Ukraine and more generally the northern coast of the Black Sea.  4)  Italy....   As the glaciers receded from about 16,000–13,000 years ago, Europe began to be slowly repopulated by people from refugia, leaving genetic signatures....  the survivors bearing I2 lineages expanded predominantly through south-eastern and central-eastern Europe....  Cinnioglu sees evidence for the existence of an Anatolian refuge, which also harboured Hg R1b1b2....  Semino, Passarino and Pericic place the origins of haplogroup R1a within the Ukrainian ice-age refuge....  From an mtDNA perspective, Richards et al. found that the majority of mtDNA diversity in Europe is accounted for by post-glacial re-expansions during the late upper Palaeolithic/ Mesolithic. "The regional analyses lend some support to the suggestion that much of western and central Europe was repopulated largely from the southwest when the climate improved. The lineages involved include much of the most common haplogroup, H, as well as much of K, T, W, and X."...

    From around 37,000 years ago, all ancient Europeans began to share some ancestry with modern Europeans. This founding population is represented by GoyetQ116-1, a 35,000 year old specimen from Belgium. This lineage disappears from the record and is not found again until 19,000 BP in Spain at El Mirón, which shows strong affinities to GoyetQ116-1. During this interval, the distinct Věstonice Cluster is predominant in Europe, even at Goyet. The re-expansion of the El Mirón Cluster coincided with warming temperatures following the retreat of the glaciers during the Last Glacial Maximum. From 37,000 to 14,000 years ago, the population of Europe consisted of an isolated population descended from a founding population that didn't interbreed significantly with other populations....

    By the end of the LGM, around 19 to 11 ka, the familiar varieties of Eurasian phenotypes had emerged. However, the lineage of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers of Western Europe (WHG) does not survive as a majority contribution in any modern population. They were most likely blue eyed, and retained the dark skin pigmentation of pre-LGM EEMH. The HERC2 and OCA2 variations for blue eyes are derived from the WHG lineage were also found in the Yamnaya people....  The HERC2 variation for blue eyes first appears around 13,000 to 14,000 years ago in Italy and the Caucasus.  The light skin pigmentation characteristic of modern Europeans is estimated to have spread across Europe in a "selective sweep" during the Mesolithic (19 to 11 ka). The associated TYRP1 SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 alleles emerge around 19 ka, still during the LGM, most likely in the Caucasus....

    The Neolithic started with the introduction of farming, beginning in SE Europe approximately 10,000–3000 BCE, and extending into NW Europe between 4500–1700 BCE. During this era, the Neolithic revolution led to drastic economic as well as socio-cultural changes in Europe and this is also thought to have had a big effect on Europe's genetic diversity, especially concerning genetic lineages entering Europe from the Middle East into the Balkans. There were several phases of this period:...

    The genetic variations for lactase persistence and greater height came with the Yamnaya people.  The derived allele of the KITLG gene (SNP rs12821256) that is associated with – and likely causal for – blond hair in Europeans is found in populations with Eastern but not Western Hunter-Gatherers ancestry, suggesting that its origin is in the Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) population and may have been spread in Europe by individuals with Steppe ancestry. Consistent with this, the earliest known individual with the derived allele is a ANE individual from the Late Upper Paleolithic Afontova Gora archaeological complex in central Siberia....

    There are four main Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups that account for most of Europe's patrilineal descent.    Haplogroup I is found in the form of various sub-clades throughout Europe and is found at highest frequencies in the Nordic Countries as I1...This clade is found at its highest expression by far in Europe ...

Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly known as E3b) represents the last major direct migration from Africa into Europe. It is believed to have first appeared in the Horn of Africa approximately 26,000 years ago and dispersed to North Africa and the Near East during the late Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods....

Haplogroup R1b is common all over Europe, with R1b1a1a2 especially common in Western Europe.  Nearly all of this R1b in Europe is in the form of the R1b1a2 (2011 name) (R-M269) sub-clade, specifically within the R-L23 sub-sub-clade whereas R1b found in Central Asia, western Asia and Africa tends to be in other clades....Some have posited that this haplogroup's presence in Europe dates back to the LGM, while others link it to the spread of the Centum branch of the Indo-European languages....The oldest human remains found to carry R1b so far are an individual from the Epigravettian culture context in Italy (Villabruna) who lived c. 12,000 BCE and reportedly belonged to R1b1a (L754), and the 7,000 year-old remains of a hunter-gatherer, belonging to the Samara culture of the Volga River area who carried R1b1* (R-L278*)....  Haplogroup R1a, almost entirely in the R1a1a sub-clade, is prevalent in much of Eastern and Central Europe (also in South and Central Asia)....  Haplogroup G, the original Neolithic Europeans (Caucasians), is common in most parts of Europe at a low frequency,...  Haplogroup N, the Neolithic deer hunters is common only in the northeast of Europe...  Haplogroup J2, in various sub-clades (J2a, J2b)...  Apart from the outlying Saami, all Europeans are characterised by the predominance of haplogroups H, U and T (mtDNA)...

    A recent genetic study published in the "European Journal of Human Genetics" in Nature (2019) showed that modern Europeans are closely related to Northern Africans and West Asians as well as to Southwest Asians. These mentioned groups can be clearly distinguished from most populations in East Asia or Western Africa and Africans south of the Sahara....

Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4170574/

    the ancient hunter gatherers La Braña (from Iberia), Motala, and Loschbour had 5, 6 and 13 copies respectively, whereas the Stuttgart farmer had 16 (SI7). Both Loschbour and Stuttgart had dark hair (>99% probability); and Loschbour, like La Braña and Motala, likely had blue or intermediate-colored eyes (>75%) while Stuttgart likely had brown eyes (>99%) (SI8). Neither Loschbour nor La Braña carries the skin-lightening allele in SLC24A5 that is homozygous in Stuttgart and nearly fixed in Europeans today, but Motala carries at least one copy of the derived allele, showing that this allele was present in Europe prior to the advent of agriculture....

    Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers from Siberia like the MA1 (Mal’ta) individual project at the northern end of the PCA, suggesting an “Ancient North Eurasian” meta-population (ANE). European hunter-gatherers from Spain, Luxembourg, and Sweden fall beyond present-day Europeans in the direction of European differentiation from the Near East, and form a “West European Hunter-Gatherer” (WHG) cluster including Loschbour and La Braña, and a “Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer” (SHG) cluster including the Motala individuals and ~5,000 year old hunter-gatherers from the Pitted Ware Culture. An “Early European Farmer” (EEF) cluster includes Stuttgart, the ~5,300 year old Tyrolean Iceman and a ~5,000 year old Swedish farmer....

    The successful model (Fig. 2A) confirms the existence of MA1-related admixture in Native Americans, but includes the novel inference that Stuttgart is partially (44 ± 10%) derived from a lineage that split prior to the separation of eastern non-Africans from the common ancestor of WHG and ANE. The existence of such “Basal Eurasian” admixture into Stuttgart provides a simple explanation for our finding that diverse eastern non-African populations share significantly more alleles with ancient European and Upper Paleolithic Siberian hunter-gatherers than with Stuttgart (that is, f4(Eastern non-African, Chimp; Hunter-gatherer, Stuttgart) is significantly positive), but that hunter-gatherers appear to be equally related to most eastern groups (SI14). ... 

    The ANE/WHG split must have occurred >24,000 years ago (as it must predate the age of MA13), and the WHG/Eastern non-African split must have occurred >40,000 years ago (as it must predate the Tianyuan individual from China which clusters with Asians to the exclusion of Europeans). The Basal Eurasian split must be even older, and might be related to early settlement of the Levant or Arabia prior to the diversification of most Eurasians, or more recent gene flow from Africa. However, the Basal Eurasian population shares much of the genetic drift common to non-African populations after their separation from Africans, and thus does not appear to represent gene flow between sub-Saharan Africans and the ancestors of non-Africans after the out-of-Africa bottleneck (SI14).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=4170574_nihms613260f2a.jpg

     assuming only that MA1 is an unmixed descendent of ANE, Loschbour of WHG, and Stuttgart of EEF (SI17). We infer that EEF ancestry in Europe today ranges from ~30% in the Baltic region to ~90% in the Mediterranean, consistent with patterns of identity-by-descent (IBD) sharing (SI18) and shared haplotype analysis (chromosome painting) (SI19) in which Loschbour shares more segments with northern Europeans and Stuttgart with southern Europeans. Southern Europeans inherited their European hunter-gatherer ancestry mostly via EEF ancestors (Extended Data Fig. 6), while Northern Europeans acquired up to 50% of WHG ancestry above and beyond the WHG-related ancestry which they received through their EEF ancestors. Europeans have a larger proportion of WHG than ANE ancestry in general. By contrast, in the Near East there is no detectable WHG ancestry, but up to ~29% ANE in the Caucasus (SI14). A striking feature of these findings is that ANE ancestry is inferred to be present in nearly all Europeans today (with a maximum of ~20%), but was absent in both farmers and hunter-gatherers from central/western Europe during the Neolithic transition. At the same time, we infer that ANE ancestry was not completely absent from the larger European region at that time: we find that it was present in ~8,000 years old Scandinavian hunter-gatherers, since MA1 shares more alleles with Motala (SHG) than with Loschbour, and Motala fits as a mixture of 81% WHG and 19% ANE (SI14).

    Two sets of European populations are poor fits for the model. Sicilians, Maltese, and Ashkenazi Jews have EEF estimates of >100% consistent with their having more Near Eastern ancestry than can be explained via EEF admixture (SI17). They also cannot be jointly fit with other Europeans (SI14), and they fall in the gap between European and Near Easterners (Fig. 1B). Finns, Mordovians and Russians (from the northwest of Russia) also do not fit (SI14; Extended Data Table 3) due to East Eurasian gene flow into the ancestors of these northeastern European populations. These populations (and Chuvash and Saami) are more related to East Asians than can be explained by ANE admixture, likely reflecting a separate stream of Siberian gene flow into northeastern Europe (SI14)....

Loschbour man

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loschbour_man

Loschbour man lived over 8,000 years ago, making the skeleton the oldest human remains found in the country. The remains contained Y-DNA of the Haplogroup I-M423*  ... Waldbillig, Luxembourg...  male, had dark skin (with a likelihood of 97%), brown or black hair (99%), and likely blue eyes (53%). In contrast to 90% of modern Europeans, he was lactose-intolerant.

La Braña 1 carried the very rare Y-DNA haplogroup C (possibly C6-V20)

http://forwhattheywereweare.blogspot.com/2014/01/la-brana-1-carried-very-rare-y-dna.html

The late Epipaleolithic forager from NW Iberia (previously discussed here) had the patrilineal haplogroup C6, found so far only very rarely among modern Europeans....  7,000-year-old Mesolithic skeleton discovered at the La Braña-Arintero site in León, Spain,

Villabruna Hunter-Gatherer dated from ~ 14 Kya) found in  ‘Villabruna  Cluster’  (Italy)

Y-DNA haplogroup R1b1a (R-L754).

 U5b2b MtDNA

Ancient DNA in Europe

www.jb.man.ac.uk/~mcdonald/genetics/report-2017-ancient-revised.pdf

Nov 23, 2017 - Part 2: Ancient DNA and migrations around the U106 origin. 2 ... information to tie that man to a particular culture that lived at that .... Villabruna.

The genetic history of Ice Age Europe

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4943878/

    We analyze genome-wide data from 51 Eurasians from ~45,000-7,000 years ago. Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3–6% to around 2%, ...

Whereas the earliest modern humans in Europe did not contribute substantially to present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans. A ~35,000 year old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across a broad region, before reappearing in southwest Europe during the Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a new genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners appears in Europe. These results document how population turnover and migration have been recurring themes of European pre-history....

    Y chromosomes, mitochondrial DNA and phenotypically important mutations:

    haplogroup R1b in the ~14,000-year-old Villabruna individual from Italy. While the predominance of R1b in western Europe today is owes its origin to Bronze Age migrations from the eastern European steppe, its presence in Villabruna and in a ~7,000-year-old farmer from Iberia document a deeper history of this haplotype in more western parts of Europe. Additional evidence of an early link between west and east comes from the HERC2 locus, where a derived allele that is the primary driver of light eye color in Europeans appears nearly simultaneously in specimens from Italy and the Caucasus ~14,000-13,000 years ago....

     When analyzing the mitochondrial genomes we note the presence of haplogroup M in a ~27,000-year-old individual from southern Italy (Ostuni1) in agreement with the observation that this haplogroup, which today occurs in Asia and is absent in Europe, was present in pre-Last Glacial Maximum Europe and became lost during the Ice Age. We also find that the ~33,000 year old Muierii from Romania carries a basal version of haplogroup U6, in agreement with the hypothesis that the presence of derived versions of this haplogroup in North Africans today is due to back-migration from western Eurasia....

    Among the newly reported individuals, GoyetQ116-1 from present-day Belgium is the oldest at ~35,000 years ago. It is similar to the ~37,000 year old Kostenki14 and all later samples in that it shares more alleles with present-day Europeans (e.g. French) than with East Asians (e.g. Han). In contrast, Ust’-Ishim and Oase1, which predate GoyetQ116-1 and Kostenki14, do not show any distinctive affinity to later Europeans.  Thus, from at least about 37,000 years ago, populations in Europe shared at least some ancestry with present Europeans....

    Extended Data Table 5

Allele counts at SNPs thought to be affected by selection in samples that have at least 1.0-fold coverage.rs4988235 is responsible for lactase persistence in Europe. The SNPs at SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 are responsible for light skin pigmentation. The SNP at EDAR affects tooth morphology and hair thickness. The SNP at HERC2 is the primary determinant of light eye color in present-day Europeans. We present the fraction of fragments overlapping each SNP that are derived; the observation of a low rate of derived alleles does not prove that the individual carried the allele, and instead may reflect sequencing error or ancient DNA damage. We highlight in light gray sites that we judge (based on the derived allele count) are likely to be heterozygous for the derived allele, and in dark gray sites that are likely to be homozygous.

    Conclusions:

    Only from around 37,000 years ago do all the European individuals analyzed share ancestry with present-day Europeans...

Palaeolithic

https://indo-european.info/ie/Palaeolithic

The evolutionary history of human populations in Europe

https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1805/1805.01579.pdf

    Abstract:  I review the evolutionary history of human populations in Europe with an emphasis on what has been  learned  in  recent  years  through  the  study  of  ancient  DNA.  Human  populations  in  Europe ~430-39kya (archaic Europeans) included Neandertals and their ancestors,who were genetically differentiated  from  other  archaic  Eurasians  (such  as  the  Denisovans  of  Siberia),  as  well  as modern humans. Modern humans arrived to Europe by ~45kya, and are first genetically attested by  ~39kya when they  were  still  mixing  with Neandertals.  The  first  Europeans  who  were recognizably genetically related to modern ones appeared in the genetic record shortly thereafterat ~37kya. At~15kya  a  largely  homogeneous  set  of  hunter-gatherers  became  dominant  in  most of  Europe, but with some admixture  from  Siberian  hunter-gatherers  in  the  eastern  part  of  the continent.  These  hunter-gatherers  were  joined  by  migrants  from  the  Near  East  beginning  at ~8kya:  Anatolian  farmers  settled  most  of  mainland  Europe,  and  migrants  from  the  Caucasus reached  eastern  Europe,  forming  steppe  populations.  After  ~5kya  there  was  migration  from  the steppe into mainland Europe and vice versa. Present-day Europeans (ignoring the long-distance migrations  of  the  modern  era)  are  largely  the  product  of  this  Bronze  Age  collision  of  steppe pastoralists with Neolithic farmers....

    Archaic Europeans:  The oldest sampled  nuclear  DNA  from  Europe  dates  to  ~430kya  from  Sima  de  los  Huesos  in Spain and it was found to bemore closely related to Neandertals than to Denisovans, unlike mtDNA from the same population, which formed a clade with Denisovan mtDNA....The  Neandertal  population  that  contributed  DNA  to  all  non-Africans  was  more closely  related  to  European  Neandertals  than  to an  early  (~150 kya?)  Neandertal from  the  Altai region in Siberia....Modern human and Neandertal Y-chromosomes  shared a most  recent  common  ancestor  ~450-800kya also  pointing to an earlier  split  of  the  two  lineages. Neandertal  mtDNA  shared  a  most recent  common  ancestor ~270kya...the  common  ancestor  of  Neandertal  and present-day human mtDNA  was  dated to  ~300-500kya   [IF THIS IS TRUE WHAT IS THE Y AND mtDNA HAPLOGROUPS OF NEANDERTHAL?  HAPLOGROUPS ARE ONLY GIVEN FOR MODERN HUMANS.]...

    Upper Paleolithic Europeans:  It is only by ~39-36kya that the first sample that clearly shares ancestry with Europeans but not East Asians is evident (Kostenki14 in European Russia), with the earliest known such sample from  western  Europe  at  ~35-34kya  (GoyetQ116-1  from  Belgium).  Did  these  and  other early Europeans represent a migration into Europe post the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) volcanic eruption~39kya, or are they survivors of this eventwhich set off a short period of intense  cooling?  The  ~42-37kya  sample  from  Oase1  in  Romania is  the  earliest  known  modern human  from  Europe,  and may  predate  this  event.  Oase1  has  an  excess  of  6-9%  Neandertal ancestry  within  a  genealogical  timeframe  of  4-6  generations  and  no  specific  affinity  to Europeans,  suggesting  that  at  least  some  of  the  pre-CI  Europeans  were  replaced after  this event.  It  may  be  that  both  the  modern  human  and  Neandertal  inhabitants  of  Europe  suffered  a common demise~39kya.  Intriguingly,  GoyetQ116-1  and  Kostenki14—two  of  the  earliest  samples  on  the  lineage  leading to later Europeans—were not symmetrically related to non-Europeans, with GoyetQ116-1 being genetically  closer  to  a  ~40kya  sample  from  China  (Tianyuan).  In  a  similar  vein,  mtDNA haplogroup M,  rare  in  Europe  today,  but  common  in  eastern  non-Africans  was  present  in  pre-Last   Glacial   Maximum   Europeans....

    Western European hunter-gatherers (WHG), first described in three sites of western Europe are  now  known  to also have  lived  in southeastern  Europe, Switzerland, the Baltics, and Italy; the early example from Villabruna in Italy ~15kya has given this  population  the  alternative  name  “Villabruna  cluster”.The  appearance  of WHG~15kya corresponds to the Bølling-Allerød interstadial warmperiod, and marked a genetic attraction of European and  Near Eastern population...WHG-like ancestry may represent a partial source of ancestry of populations bordering Europe, for  example in  Anatolia  whose  early  farmers  ~8kya are  genetically  closer  to  WHG  than  other Near  Eastern  populations  are,or  in  the  Atlantic  where  pre-colonial  Guanche  inhabitants of the Canary Islands had some European hunter-gatherer affinity in addition to their mainly North African origin. WHG did not, however, appear to make any quantifiable genetic contribution to  the  Upper  Paleolithic  inhabitants  of  geographically  proximate  Morocco  ~15kya  in  North Africa.

    Eastern  European  hunter-gatherers  (EHG),  a  population  of  mixed WHG and  Upper  Paleolithic Siberian  ancestry (related  to  the  Mal’ta  and  Afontova Gora  specimens  from  Lake  Baikal ~24-17kya) are  attested  in  European  Russia  ~8kya.  This  group contributed  ancestry  to hunter-gatherers in Sweden ~8-5kya, Norway, the Balkans and Ukraine, and the  Baltic.  The  spread  of  this  ancestry  across  northern  Europe  was  followed  by >3.5kya  by  the  spread  of  Siberian  ancestry that  seems  to  be associated  with Finno-Ugrian speakers.

    First Farmers:  The dominance of the WHG across much ofmainland Europe was relatively short-lived, as they were  largely  replaced  beginning  in  the  7th millennium  BC  by  farmers  from  Anatolia  via southeastern  Europe...

    Steppe migrants:  Steppe populations during the Eneolithic to Bronze Age were a mix of at least two elements, the  EHG  who  lived  in  eastern  Europe  ~8kya  and  a  southern  population  element  related  to present-dayArmenians, and ancient Caucasus hunter-gatherers, and farmers from Iran.  Steppe  migrants made a massive  impact in Central and  Northern  Europe post-5kya.  Some of them expanded eastward,founding the Afanasievo  culture and also eventually reached India....those from Iberia lacking steppe ancestry that was omnipresent in those from Central Europe...

    Recent  studies  have  shown  that people associated  with  the Corded Ware culture in the Baltics were genetically similar to those from Central Europe and  to  steppe pastoralists,  and the people associated with  the Bell  Beaker culture  in Britain  traced ~90% of their  ancestry  to  the  continent,  being  highly  similar  to  Bell  Beaker populations  there.Bell  Beaker-associated  individualswere  bearers  of  steppe  ancestry  into  the British  Isles  that  was  also  present  in  Bronze  Age  Ireland, and Iron  Age  and  Anglo-Saxon England. The high genetic similarity between people from the British Isles and those of the continent makes it more difficult to trace migrations into the Isles....

    Steppe ancestry did arrive into Iberia during the Bronze Age, but to a much lesser degree. A limited  effect  of  steppe  ancestry  in  Iberia  is  also  shown  by  the  study  of  mtDNA,which shows no detectible change during the Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age, in contrast to central Europe....

Europes Evolutionary Flowchart Graphic

https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1805/1805.01579.pdf#page=10&zoom=120,-31,432

Cataclysm, Mass Extinctions, and the Consequent Myths

https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-important-events/cataclysm-0012949

    According to geologists, in the interval from 10,000 to 8,000 BC, some 35 to 45 species of large mammals became extinct. This is called a mass extinction . Mass extinctions can be defined as species death within a relatively short interval of time.  None of the mainstream theories which attempt to account for these great extinctions are entirely satisfactory....  geologic time is marked by a relatively sudden change in climate about 10,000 years ago or more, from a cold glacial to warm interglacial environment.... 

During this time, there were catastrophic changes across the planet. For example, the asphalt and tar seeps of California, like those in South America and Africa, host a rich assemblage of evidence of faunal and floral life, the most spectacular having occurred in Rancho La Brea where the remains of numerous animals are tightly packed together. ...

Approximately 700 skulls of saber-toothed tigers have been systematically excavated, accompanied by a huge number of remains from horses, camels, bison, mammoths, mastodons, coyotes, wolves, sloths, and other faunal contemporaries, broken, mashed, and contorted. This suggests a sudden mass extinction where animals, predator and prey alike, were suddenly thrown together.  The Beresovka mammoth in Siberia was found with daises in its stomach. The intense refrigeration of this mammoth and others suggests that this happened very suddenly.  The Beresovka mammoth, except for head, it is an almost wholly preserved, mummified mammoth carcass discovered in Siberia. It froze the ground solid, turned lake and ground water into great lenses of ice, and froze dead and dying animals and plants throughout the region into grim memorials which have survived, unchanged, in that condition, down to our own day. Among these have been the frozen carcasses of mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, and other large mammals. ...

    What could have caused the climate to change so suddenly?...  A modeled path of a rapid polar shift is shown. It is a spiral, starting in Greenland and ending in the Arctic sea....If the pole was at Hudson Bay instead of the Arctic Circle, as it is today, Siberia and Alaska would have been south of the pole and hence in a warmer climate. These large creatures could have survived, even flourished, in such an environment....Some theorists have proposed...the poles shifted from Hudson Bay to the Arctic Circle suddenly with dire consequences.... 

    Normal mantle viscosity, enhanced by powerful external influence, combined with sudden deglaciation, thus seemingly caused not only sudden crustal slippage and fracturing, volcanism, seismic activity but also a change in the actual inclination of the Earth’s spin axis. Proportional to the Earth as a whole, the crust is scarcely thicker than an onionskin is to an onion.  According to Hapgood, the last crustal displacement, around 11,500 years ago greatly affected North and South America, Australia, as well as parts of Asia. Hancock suggests some parts of Europe were impacted as well. The continent of Africa was not as greatly affected. ...

    Another theory is that an extraterrestrial object struck the planet, a catastrophic event....proposes that a comet struck North America 12,900 years ago and then again 11,600 years ago,...called the Younger Dryas comet impact theory, first proposed in 2007...

    Myths of the Great Flood...  The Berbers of North Africa have a legend of a land across the sea called Attala, which was rich in tin, silver, and gold but was submerged by the sea. The Basques of northern Spain and southern France consider themselves descendants of Atlaintika, or Atlantis....  Ancient Celtic legends called the continent reclaimed by the sea, Avalon. Arabian legends refer to the land of Ad, reputed to be the seat of civilization located across the western ocean. The ancient Indian texts refer to a continent called Atyantika, which was the scene of a catastrophic destruction. ...

R1b IS STRONGEST IN EUROPE WITH A WEST TO EAST FLOW BEING IN MORE RECENT TIMES POST PALEOLITHIC.  THE J1 HG NOT A USEFUL JEW OR ARABIC INDICATOR. FORCED CONVERSIONS CREATED ADMIXTURES ESPECIALLY IN MIDEVIL TIMES.  BERBER PRESCENCE IN ANDALUSIA NOT FROM ISLAMIC PERIOD. 

ROMA GYPSIES FROM INDIA H1 HG MIXED WITH J2, I, AND Q IN BALKANS, AND WITH R1b AND MORE J2 IN IBERIA.  LINGUISTICS CANNOT IDENTIFY GENETICS.  IN RUSSIA GENETICS IS A NORTH TO SOUTH CLINE BEFORE EAST WEST SLAVIC LINGUISTIC SPLIT WITH A FINNO UGRIC N1c INFLUENCE IN THE NORTH.  A GERMAN AND SLAV DIFFERENTIATION.  BALTICS ARE GENERALLY HOMOGENOUS BUT 20TH CENTURY IMMIGRATIONS ARE TURNING MAJOR TOWNS OF SWEDEN INTO BASTARDS.  SICILIANS ARE 37% GREEK AND 6% NORTH AFRICAN.  I, E, J HG's ARE THE NEOLITHIC FARMERS OF THE BALKANS.  A COASTAL INLAND IN THE LEVANT SHOWS PRESENCE OF THE PHOENICIANS AND WEST EUROPEANS.  THE IBERIAN R1b IS THE MOST PUREST OF PEOPLE ISOLATED WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE BASTARD SEPHARDIC JEW LYING WITH THE ANATOLIAN GROUP...

The History and Geography of the Y Chromosome SNPs in Europe: an update

Journal of Anthropological Sciences  Vol. 88 (2010), pp. 207-214

https://www.academia.edu/18348274/The_history_and_geography_of_the_Y_chromosome_SNPs_in_Europe_an_update

    J1-M267...This hg and its subclades showed to be not useful as Arabic or Jewish markers, rather indicating prehistoric climate-driven demographic dynamics.... 

    Eurasian hg R1a-M17 (now R1a1) has been commonly associated with the Indo-European linguistic family....Among these markers, M434 has a low frequency and a late origin in West Asia, in agreement with a recent gene flow over the Arabian Sea. On the other hand, M458 has a significant frequency in Europe, and its virtual absence outside Europe is not in agreement with the hypothesized link between Europe and India. 

    The Paleolithic origin of the commonest European Y chromosomal lineage, R1b1b2-M269, decreasing clinally from western to eastern Europe...The remarkable ancient pre-Neolithic substrate in the Pyrenean mountains...a high proportion of R1b1b2-M269 and I2a2-M26 coming from the Franco-Cantabrian glacial refuge, with some level of structuring between western and eastern Pyrenees. The paper...was focused on recent historical process of admixture in the Iberian Peninsula among people with different geographical origin and religious background, such as North African Muslims and Sephardic Jews. The observed degree of integration was related to high level of religious conversion, due to social and religious intolerance, while the presence of North African variability nowadays does not reflect the medieval colonization and withdrawal but it is the result from later movements.

    The population relationship between Iberia and Northern Africa was also investigated... who studied a Berber settlement in Andalusia, where the low levels of the “Berber” marker E3b1b-M81 (now E1b1b1b) rejects the hypothesis of a gradual genetic assimilation of Berber settlers during the Islamic period. [HOW DOES A RECENT 3 THOUSAND YEAR OLD Y-DNA HAPLOGROUP BECOME THE BERBER MARKER FOR THE 45 THOUSAND YEAR OLD mt-DNA HAPLOGROUP PALEOLITHIC BERBER?]

    The former nomadic population of Roma (Gypsies) now settled in Portugal was analyzed...The Y chromosome detected in this sample showed traces of their migration routes, from their homeland (with the Indian haplotype H1a-M82) to the permanence in the Balkans (J2a1b-M67 now J2a2, J2a1b1-M92 now J2a2a, I-M170 and Q-M242), with traces of contacts with European populations preceding the entrance in the Iberian Peninsula (R1b1c-M269 now R1b1b2 and J2b1a-M241 now J2b2) and a high proportion of admixture with the non-Gypsy population from Iberia. A forensic study on central Portugal was carried out...No significant differences were found comparing this population with other samples from Portugal.

    The genetic variation of Y chromosome in Russia and neighboring populations... recognized a general north-south clinal pattern, predating the linguistic split between west and east Slavonic-speaking people, with a relevant influence in the north from the Finno-Ugric population, as showed by the high frequencies of hg N3-Tat (now N1c).  Intraethnic variation signals did not cross interethnic borders, except between Poles, Ukrainians, and central-southern Russians, thereby revealing their overwhelmingly shared patrilineal ancestry.

The second paper followed the linguistic affiliation in the region, with the absence of statistically significant structure between Slavic populations (Russians and Poles) and remarkable differentiation with Germans. A third study, increased the resolution of three sub-hgs (N1b, N1c1 and R1a1) using 15 microsatellite loci to point out the lack of correlation with linguistic or geographical proximity in population from northwestern Russia and the Uralic mountains.  Finally, a couple of papers by scholar of forensic science outlined the Y chromosome variation in Hungary and in three town areas from Germany, Poland and eastern Russia.

    Finnish researchers investigated the genetic relationships in the Baltic Sea, finding a general homogeneity in the area...  different regions of Sweden, finding a mostly clinal population structure.  Moreover, the recent immigration waves of the 20th century are visible in hg frequencies, increasing diversity in the major towns. 

    The historical influences of ancient Greeks and North African populations were detected in the Mediterranean island of Sicily...estimated the genetic contribution of Greek Y chromosomes to the Sicilian gene pool to be about 37%,...and the contribution of North African populations in about 6%....

    The Balkan Peninsula is of crucial importance to understand the modality of the spread of agriculture in Europe tracing three Y chromosome clades, I-M423, E-V13 and J-M241,

informative in distinguishing between Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers. Balkan Mesolithic populations were the earliest to adopt agriculture maintaining their genetic background and thus indicating a case of cultural diffusion....suggested two possible expansion routes of farming, one toward continental Europe through the Peloponnesus, and one maritime from Anatolia to Crete and southern Italy.

    The area of Levant has a great importance for showing the effects of both ancient and historical population waves. A microdifferentiation coastal-inland was detected...the differential impact of the newcomers from the Arabic Peninsula and from western Europe in Lebanon, studying the present day Lebanese Muslims and Christians. The predominance of hg J*(xJ2) in the former group, and haplogroup R1b in the latter,...  The historical diffusion of Phoenicians, who were the dominant traders in the Mediterranean Sea in the first Millennium BC, was studied...  Comparing Y chromosomes from samples drawn in their Lebanese homeland and in former Phoenician colonies all over the Mediterranean, the authors identified hg J2, in general, and six Y STR haplotypes, in particular, that accounted for about 6% to the modern Phoenician-influenced populations examined....

    in a population sample from Algeria, North Africa....The main discriminant contribution is given in the first component, by the hg J2-M172 in respect to I-M170, while in the second and third component by E3b1b1-M35 and R1-M173 in respect to R1a1-M17. The peripheral populations (Anatolia,the Caucasus, the Levant and North Africa) are clearly separated from the more homogeneous proper European ones. The isolated Iberian population lying within the Anatolian group is actually represented by Sephardic Jews.... Along the third component axis can be observed a population sample continuity towards Scandinavia from Iberia through the British Isles and Central Europe, and, separately, from the Balkans through Eastern Europe, following the two main Mesolithic repeopling routes from the glacial refugia, traced by R1b1b2-M269 and I-M170 respectively. Italian samples mostly lie in the intermediate position between the north-south (Scandinavia - Levant) and west east (Iberia – Balkan) clines.

MY THOUGHTS:

    WHAT IS EVIDENT IS R1 LINEAGE HAS HAD A PRESENCE IN THE PALEOLITHIC FROM ATLANTIC WEST EUROPE TO SIBERIA. THIS R1 LINEAGE HAS MOVED AROUND WITHIN THIS GEOGRAPHICAL AREA SINCE AT LEAST PALEOLITHIC. AS THEY MOVE AROUND THEIR ADMIXTURES CAUSE GENETIC MUTATIONS TO FORM NEW SUBCLADES. THEN THESE NEW SUBCLADES ALSO MOVE AROUND WITHIN ITS AREA WHICH CREATE MORE SUBCLADES THROUGHOUT THE AGES. NEOLITHIC R1b PEOPLES MIX WITH PALEOLITHIC R1 AND/OR R1b, AND MESOLITHIC WITH NEO AND PALEO, THEN BRONZE AGE R1b MIXES WITH R1 AND R1b, AND DOWN TO PRESENT TIMES. SAME R1 LINEAGE BUT DIFFERENT AGES OF R1b. SOME R1 TRIBES WERE MORE ISOLATED AND DIDN'T MIX MAINTAINING THEIR SUBCLADE HIERARCHY.

    THUS THE R1b HG IS DOMINATE IN WEST EUROPE BECAUSE R1 HAS HAD A PRESENCE IN EUROPE AND EURASIA SINCE PALEOLITHIC TIMES AND SINCE THEN R1 AND R1b TRIBES FROM THEIR ENTIRE RANGE OF IBERIA TO SIBERIA HAVE SINCE MIGRATED WESTWARD BRINGING IN MORE R1b SUBCLADES WHICH HAVE CREATED EVEN MORE R1b SUBCLADES IN WEST EUROPE.

    THESE SUBCLADES THEN CAN BE USED TO TRACE THE TIME OF THEIR MOVEMENTS. BUT, ALTHOUGH THE SUBCLADE MAY BE TIMED TO THE PALEO, NEO, MESO, ETC. WITHIN THE SUBCLADES WILL CONTAIN OLDER SUBCLADES IN THEIR ADMIXTURE IN DIFFERENT DEGREES UNLESS THE PREVIOUS INHABITANTS WERE WIPED OUT ENTIRELY BY CERTAIN EVENTS.

    OTHER ARTICLES EXPLAIN THIS ADMIXTURE OF R1b WITHIN ITSELF. SOME CLAIM NORTHWEST-EUROPEANS CONTAIN THE MOST PALEOLITHIC R1b DECREASING TOWARDS THE NEAR EAST WHICH IS MOSTLY ALL NEOLITHIC PEOPLES OF DIFFERENT HAPLOGROUPS.

    FOR EXAMPLE: R-L21 WOULD BE THE FOUNDER OF THE IRISH / BRIT ISLES IN ITS PUREST EARLIEST FORM. AND ITS SUBCLADES WOULD BE THE MUTATED ADMIXED DESCENDANTS OF THE FOUNDER GROUP. BUT, R-L21 IS A DESCENDANT OF THE WEST EUROPEAN ATLANTIC P312, AND DESCEND ON DOWN TO THE PALEOLITHIC R1 LINEAGE.

    R1 HAD AT LEAST TWO MAIN ICE AGE REFUGIAS, ONE IN IBERIA SW EUROPE AND ONE IN THE YAMNA AREA OF URAL CARPATHIAN AREA. IF R-M269 IS FROM THE YAMNA REFUGIA THEY WOULD HAVE MET UP WITH THEIR IBERIAN REFUGIA WHICH WERE PROBABLY WELL CONNECTED EVEN DURING THE PALEOLITHIC AND NEOLITHIC AND TIL TODAY.  SAME R1 LINEAGE BUT THE NEOLITHIC CREATED AN EXPLOSION OF R1b SUBCLADES DUE TO THE MASSIVE INFLUX OF NEOLITHIC PEOPLES ESPECIALLY FOREIGN HAPLOGROUPS FROM THE NEAR EAST WHO INVADED R1 IBERIA TO SIBERIA TERRITORY...

Haplogroup R-M269

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269

Possible time of origin    4,500–9,000 BP

Possible place of origin    Neolithic Expansion

Ancestor    R1b1a1a (R-P297)

    Haplogroup R-M269, also known as R1b1a1a2, is a sub-clade of human Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b. It is of particular interest for the genetic history of Western Europe. It is defined by the presence of SNP marker M269....  The R-L23 (R-Z2103) subclade has been found to be prevalent in ancient DNA associated with the Yamna culture....  European R1b is dominated by R-M269. It has been found at generally low frequencies throughout central Eurasia, but with relatively high frequency among the Bashkirs of the Perm region (84.0%) and Baymaksky District (81.0%)....  

    The frequency is about 92% in Wales, 82% in Ireland, 70% in Scotland, 68% in Spain, 60% in France (76% in Normandy), about 60% in Portugal,  45% in Eastern England, 50% in Germany, 50% in the Netherlands, 42% in Iceland, 43% in Denmark, and 39% in Italy. It is as high as 95% in parts of Ireland. It is also found in some areas of North Africa, where its frequency peaks at 10% in some parts of Algeria. M269 has likewise been observed among 8% of the Herero in Namibia. The R-M269 subclade has been found in ancient Guanche (Bimbapes) fossils excavated in Punta Azul, El Hierro, Canary Islands, which are dated to the 10th century (~44%). In western Asia, R-M269 has been reported in 29.2% of Assyrian males from Iran. Haplogroup R1b1 and its subclades in Asia.[20] M269* (xL23) is found at highest frequency in the central Balkans notably Kosovo with 7.9%, North Macedonia 5.1% and Serbia 4.4%. Kosovo is notable in having a high percentage of descendant L23* or L23(xM412) at 11.4% unlike most other areas with significant percentages of M269* and L23* except for Poland with 2.4% and 9.5% and the Bashkirs of southeast Bashkortostan with 2.4% and 32.2% respectively. Notably this Bashkir population also has a high percentage of M269 sister branch M73 at 23.4%. Five individuals out of 110 tested in the Ararat Valley, Armenia belonged to R1b1a2* and 36 to L23*, with none belonging to known subclades of L23. Trofimova et al. (2015) found a surprising high frequency of R1b-L23 (Z2105/2103) among the peoples of the Idel-Ural. 21 out of 58 (36.2%) of Burzyansky District Bashkirs, 11 out of 52 (21.2%) of Udmurts, 4 out of 50 (8%) of Komi, 4 out of 59 (6.8%) of Mordvins, 2 out of 53 (3.8%) of Besermyan and 1 out of 43 (2.3%) of Chuvash were R1b-L23 (Z2105/2103), the type of R1b found in the recently analyzed Yamna remains of the Samara Oblast and Orenburg Oblast....

    Sub-clades:

    R-L23* (R1b1a1a2a*) is now most commonly found in Europe, Anatolia, the Caucasus.

    R-L51* (R1b1a1a2a1*) is now concentrated in a geographical cluster centred on southern France and northern Italy.

    R-L151 also known as R1b1a1a2a1, and its subclades, include most males with R1b in Western Europe.

    (R-U106) It appears to represent over 25% of R1b in Europe. In terms of percentage of total population, its epicenter is Friesland, where it makes up 44% of the population. In terms of total population numbers, its epicenter is Central Europe, where it comprises 60% of R1 combined.

    R-P312 better known as R-P312 (or R-S116) is one of the most common types of R-M269 in Europe, alongside R-U106. Myres et al. described it as originating in and spreading from the west of the Rhine basin.

    R-M153 has been found mostly in Basques and Gascons, among whom it represents a sizeable fraction of the Y-DNA pool, though is also found occasionally among Iberians in general. The first time it was located it was described as H102 and included seven Basques and one Andalusian.

    R-M167 is relatively common among Basques (13/117: 11%) and Catalans (7/32: 22%). Other occurrences were found among other French, British, Spaniards, Béarnais, and Germans...found mainly among Basques (19%), in lower frequencies among French (5%), Bavarians (3%), Spaniards (2%), Southern Portuguese (2%)...Further regional studies have located it in significant amounts in Asturias, Cantabria and Galicia, as well as again among Basques. Cases in the Azores have been reported.

    R-L165  It is found in England, Scandinavia, and Scotland (in this country it is mostly found in the Northern Isles and Outer Hebrides). It has been suggested, therefore, that it arrived in the British Isles with Vikings.

    R-U152 "is most frequent (20–44%) in Switzerland, Italy, France and Western Poland, with additional instances exceeding 15% in some regions of England and Germany."... frequency peaks in Northern and Central Italy and France. Out of a sample of 135 men in Tyrol, Austria, 9 tested positive for U152/S28. Far removed from this apparent core area, Myres et al. also mention a sub-population in north Bashkortostan, where 71% of 70 men tested belong to R-U152. They propose this to be the result of an isolated founder effect....Ancient samples from the central European Bell Beaker culture, Hallstatt culture and Tumulus culture belonged to this subclade.

    R-L21 is also known as R-M529 and R-S145...most common in Ireland, Scotland and Wales (25–50% of the whole male population).

    R-M222  This subclade within R-L21 is defined by the presence of the marker M222 and is estimated to have arisen between 1400 and 2000 BCE.  It is particularly associated with male lines which are Gaelic (Irish or Scottish), but especially north-western Irish. In this case, the relatively high frequency of this specific subclade among the population of certain counties in northwestern Ireland may be due to positive social selection, as it is suggested to have been the Y-chromosome haplogroup of the Uí Néill dynastic kindred of ancient Ireland, often referred to as that of the prominent Dark Age monarch Niall of the Nine Hostages. However, it is not restricted to the Uí Néill as it is associated with the closely related Connachta dynasties, the Uí Briúin and Uí Fiachrach.  M222 is also found as a substantial proportion of the population of Scotland which may indicate substantial settlement from northern Ireland or at least links to it.  Those areas settled by large numbers of Irish and Scottish emigrants such as North America have a substantial percentage of M222.

    R-L159.2 This subclade within R-L21 is defined by the presence of the marker L159 and is known as L159.2 because of a parallel mutation that exists inside haplogroup I2a1 (L159.1). L159.2 appears to be associated with the Kings of Leinster and Diarmait Mac Murchada; Irish Gaels belonging to the Laigin. It can be found in the coastal areas of the Irish Sea including the Isle of Man and the Hebrides, as well as Norway, western and southern Scotland, northern and southern England, northwest France, and northern Denmark.

    R-L193 This subclade within R-L21 is defined by the presence of the marker L193. Many surnames with this marker are associated geographically with the western "Border Region" of Scotland. A few other surnames have a Highland association. R-L193 is a relatively young subclade likely born within the last 2000 years.

    R-L226 This subclade within R-L21 is defined by the presence of the marker L226, also known as S168. Commonly referred to as Irish Type III, it is concentrated in central western Ireland and associated with the Dál gCais kindred.

    R-DF21 This subclade within R-L21 is defined by the presence of the marker DF21 aka S192. It makes up about 10% of all L21 men and is c.3000 years old.

    R-L371 This subclade within R-L21 is defined by the presence of the marker L371, referred to as the Welsh modal and associated with ancient Welsh Kings and Princes.

The Geography of the Ice Age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pg0Z3LappEM

THIS THEORY SUPPORTS A SINGLE SOUTHERN ROUTE OUT OF AFRICA.  OTHER THEORIES EXIST OF MULTIPLE ROUTES.  LOOKING AT THIS THEORY SAYS THAT

6 MYA THE GODS OR AN ARCHAIC HOMONIN HAD SEX WITH A CHIMPANZEE PRODUCING MODERN MAN AKA MONKEYMAN.  SOMETIMES AFTERWARD THIS MONKEYMAN HAD SEX WITH OTHER HOMONINS.  THE OTHER MONKEYS AND ARCHAIC MAN OR THE GODS DIDNT LIKE THIS BASTARD MONKEYMAN KICKING HIS BASTARD KIND OUT OF AFRICA.  MONKEYMAN WENT INTO SOUTH ASIA ABOUT 65KYA WHERE HIS KIND BASTARDIZED AGAIN WITH MORE HOMONINS, OR MORE MONKEYS IN SOUTH ASIA BECOMING M, N, AND R FEMALES AND C, D, AND F MALES.  OR MONKEYMAN MUTATED IN AFRICA BEFORE THEY EXIT.

THESE NEW MONKEYMAN HYBRIDS EXPAND RAPIDLY FROM SOUTH ASIA.  F MALES IMMEDIATELY WENT TO WEST EURASIA ALONG WITH N AND R FEMALES.  C AND D MALES REMAINED IN SOUTH AND EAST ASIA ALONG WITH M FEMALES AND SOME N, AND R FEMALES.  A SECOND EXPANSION FOR N AND R FEMALES 30-20KYA OCCURS IN AREA OF NEAR EAST TO WEST INDIA.   

CENTRAL ASIA IS A MEETING POINT OF ADMIXING RATHER THAN AN EXPANSION POINT WHICH IS CONTRARY AND DEBATES OTHER THEORIES.  AS THE MONKEYMEN EXPANDED THEY MIXED WITH NEANDERTHAL, DENISOVAN, AND SEVERAL OTHER EARLIER NATIVE HOMONINS NOW EXTINCT AS THEY BASTARDIZED THEMSELVES OUT OF EXISTANCE....       

Genetic evidence on modern human dispersals in South Asia:

Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA perspectives: The world through the eyes of two haploid genomes

https://www.academia.edu/34394552/0_Genetic_evidence_on_modern_human_dispersals_in_South_Asia_Y_chromosome_and_mitochondrial_DNA_perspectives_The_world_through_the_eyes_of_two_haploid_genomes

    African populations display the highest degree of variation in terms of the number of polymorphisms witnessed on average between individuals, and that the deepest splitting branches within both the mtDNA and Y chromosome trees are found exclusively in African populations. In contrast to the diversity we observe within Africa, all non-African mtDNA and Y chromosome lineages trace their ancestry back, in each case, to just three founder lineages: M, N, and R for mtDNA, and C, D, and F for the Y chromosome.... Viewed from the general perspective of these two uni-parental loci this suggests that all extant modern humans originate from Africa.

    The continental distributions of non-African mtDNA and Y chromosome haplogroups are not uniform. All three mtDNA founder haplogroups (M, N and R) can be found in present day populations from South Asia to Australia, while in West Eurasian populations only haplogroups derived from the N and R founders are present. Similarly, all West Eurasian Y chromosome variability can be seen as being derived from a single haplogroup, F. Within Asia the picture for the Y chromosome mirrors that of mtDNA quite closely with all three founder haplogroups being present. Y chromosome haplogroup F has a broad spread from Europe to Australia while founder group C is restricted, like mtDNA haplogroup M to the area East of and including South Asia. The third Y chromosome haplogroup, D, today is found at a noticeable frequency only in Tibet, Japan, Southwest China, and the Andaman Islands and does not have any obvious parallel in the mtDNA phylogeography. Another exception in the Y chromosome phylogeny to this general pattern is haplogroup E3b, which can be considered as a relatively young actor on the scene of West Eurasian genetic diversity, appearing likely from East Africa only after the Last Glacial Maximum. Its absence in India suggests that the E3b transfer from East Africa to West Asia had to occur later than the transfer of those mtDNA (e.g., H, J, T, U, W, I) and Y chromosome (e.g., J2) haplogroups in India considered to have a recent origin in West Asia. The distribution of such supposedly “recent” haplogroups  is largely concentrated in the northwest of Indian subcontinent....

    The phylogeography of mtDNA haplogroup M concords with the southern route dispersal because it is absent among the populations that would immediately derive from the northern route migration over Sinai. The spread of the other mtDNA founder, N, can however be explained by either of the routes....mtDNA haplogroup M proceeded south while haplogroup N went north... 

    human populations outside Africa. The concordant presence of all three mtDNA and Y chromosome founder haplogroups together in the Indian subcontinent is indicative of an early settlement of the region from Africa.  Because neither the phylogeographies of mtDNA haplogroup M, nor Y chromosome haplogroups C and D, could be explained by the northern route dispersal, this settlement likely occurred along the southern route...In fact, Western Eurasians are descended from two of the three mtDNA founder lineages present amongst the Australians....

     As haplogroup M, except for the African sub-clade M1, is not notably present in regions west of the Indian subcontinent, while it covers the majority of Indian mtDNA variation, it seems plausible that the split into daughter populations may have occurred somewhere within this zone...  But when focusing our quest more specifically to the time frame relevant to the initial settlement of Eurasia and Australia the current evidence from mtDNA and Y loci can be explained by a single migration only.  The coalescence times of mtDNA haplogroups M, N and R are remarkably similar and ancient, ~65,000 years and are more concordant with a single migration hypothesis.  So far the dates of 30 ka in Sri Lanka are the earliest in South Asia for modern human remains and these are associated with some of the earliest deposits of microlithic technology in Eurasia...

    the Amerind D1 clade is nested within East Asian haplogroup D phylogeny... Given the molecular clock calibrated over human and chimpanzee divergence at six million years ago,... However, the analysis of complete mtDNA genomic sequences has provided no evidence for such nested structuring of region-specific haplogroups...  the evidence from mtDNA is very much in favor of a rapid continuous dispersal occurring during a time frame of thousands rather than tens of thousands of years....  

    in Central Asia one cannot find autochthonous M, N or R lineages arising from the roots of these founder haplogroups....  variation in Central Asia can be explained by an admixture scenario implicating movements from West, East, and South Eurasian sources.  The complex nature of Central Asian Y chromosome lineages can be explained not only as the region appearing as a “heartland” of genetic variation but also, more parsimoniously, as a meeting point of paternal lineages coming from the east, west and south; thereby, leaving South Asia as the crossroads of early human migration.

    A number of South Asian specific sub-clades of the three founder mtDNA haplogroups (M, N and R) show coalescence times equal to those of the founders themselves. This indicates that the first population expansion in South Asia took place shortly after the initial colonization. Yet, a secondary expansion of haplogroup N and R derived lineages (W, U7 and R2), in the region spanning from the Near East to western India, can be inferred. Judging from the coalescence times of these haplogroups this expansion probably took place around 30–20 ka. The coalescence times of the region-specific subclades of U7 indicate that the geographic segregation of this expansion between India and West Asia occurred during the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum. At their root level both haplogroups U and W are more divergent in the Middle East and Europe than in South Asia. Haplogroup W is a sister clade to N2a, and only W has been reported from South Asia.  As for haplogroup U – most of its many equally deep rooted subclades are specific to western Eurasia while only three subclades of U2 are specific to South Asia.

    This pattern would suggest that the presence of haplogroups U and W in India might be due to an import rather than local origin. It has to be kept in mind though that the Indian varieties of haplogroup U2 are absent outside India and show coalescence times similar to the general founder haplogroups M, N, and R suggesting their recent import during the Holocene is unlikely.  Indian specific branches of haplogroup U7, as well as several local varieties of haplogroup M (e.g., M3a, M4a, M6 and M25) and R (e.g., R6), coalesce around 30–20 ka. The starlike radiation of these clusters is indicative of population expansions during the relatively favorable climate period before the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum around 18 ka...

    On the basis of such approaches, claims for the external origin of major Y haplogroups of India (other than J2) have been made (R1a, R2, L).  Yet their distributions can more parsimoniously be seen as local developments with movements taking place in the opposite direction. For example, R1a has been shown to have lower diversity in Central Asia and Eastern Europe and, as such, these are unlikely sources for the Indian variants. Interestingly, R1a also displays high concentrations in the northwest of India suggesting a possible source of expansion in this region. As there is general agreement that the maternal heritage of India displays no recent widespread intrusion of mtDNA, the search for a haploid marker for the spread of the caste system, Indo-Aryan languages, or agriculture, lies with these particular Y haplogroups. As yet the evidence is equivocal and there is no strong genetic signal for a major genetic component accompanying either the spread of Indo-Aryan languages or the caste system within India. Attempts to take this association of genetics with cultural continuums into the realms of subsistence categories are unlikely to be more successful.

    The simplistic division between castes and tribes, or between subsistence categories, is most unlikely to be reflected in separate genetic histories, and might lead to misunderstanding amongst those not familiar with the limitations and biases of different types of analysis. Cultural change operates within a very different time frame to genetics and is likely to cross-cut and overlay the underlying genetic diversity of India, which appears, in the main, to derive from the late Pleistocene founder populations. Only the intrusion of Tibeto-Burman speakers appears to be clearly identifiable via distinct mtDNAs and Y chromosomes but this is due to the event having occurred relatively recently....

    Concluding Remarks:

    Evidence from both mtDNA and the Y chromosome argues for a rapid dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa and subsequent settlement of South Asia. A single exodus along a southern, possibly coastal, route is a parsimonious conclusion to draw from contemporary patterns of haploid genetic distribution and diversity. The picture from the mtDNA perspective is clear, a predominantly late Pleistocene heritage with subsequent gene flow being limited and circumscribed in both space and time. In other words, it is not possible to detect any major population replacement events. To the contrary, it is still possible to detect demographic expansions from before the Last Glacial Maximum within the original gene pool. The Y chromosome tells a similar story of ancient inheritance, and like mtDNA, bears witness to multiple minor intrusions still visible due to their young age.  The population movements of the Holocene, together with the appearance of West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in the period 40–20 ka, indicate that South Asia has indeed been ‘at the crossroads’ for much of modern human prehistory, but that the autochthonous elements of its genetic heritage have not been dominated by these later comings and goings.  Rather, only along the boundaries do we see significant changes in frequencies of different haplogroup distributions. As the sampling of extant populations will be increased and more detailed phylogenetic structure is recovered from the Y chromosome, together with information from diploid loci, our understanding of the complex history of this region, crucial to human prehistory, will become more refined....

THIS STUDY ONLY LOOKS AT THE ICE AGE REFUGIA PEOPLE WHO HAD MIXED AT THAT TIME OF 19,000KYA AND MORE RECENT.

THE PALEOLITHIC mt HG WERE U CLADES.  EARLY NEOLITHIC WERE HVO,

K1_ ,J1, X2b.  ACCORDING TO THIS STUDY THE PALEOLITHIC Y HG WERE C1, I1/I2, R1b.  BUT C AND I WERE NOT THE FIRST PEOPLE OF EUROPE.  C WAS AN ANCIENT GROUP MAINLY WENT EAST ASIA AND SOUTH ASIA BUT A SMALL GROUP WENT TO EUROPE WITH OR AFTER THE R LINEAGE.  THE I HG CAME AFTER THE R1 AND AFTER C.  R1 WAS FIRST MODERN MAN IN WEST EUROPE PALEOLITHIC. THE I CAME FROM BALKENS AND A GROUP OF I GO TO THE R1b IBERIAN REFUGIA WHERE THEY LATER EXPAND.  AS IT APPEARS FROM A 19,000 YEAR OLD REMAINS OF DUAL ANCESTRY OF BOTH VILLABRUNA R1b AND MAGDALENIAN MIX(CROMAGNON+35kyaR1+I).  LATER ABOUT 7,600KYA ANATOLIAN FARMERS ARRIVE THAT CARRY MORE R1b.  BUT, THE NEOLITHIC FEMALES OF HVO HAD REPLACED THE FIRST PALEOLITHIC U FEMALES...

Survival of Late Pleistocene Hunter-Gatherer Ancestry in the Iberian Peninsula

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982219301459

    Highlights:

Iberian hunter-gatherers show dual Late Pleistocene genetic ancestry.

Dual hunter-gatherer ancestry is the result of admixture from different refugia.

This mixed Late Pleistocene ancestry can be traced in Iberian Neolithic farmers.

    In Brief:

Villalba-Mouco et al. generate genomewide data from prehistoric Iberian huntergatherers and early farmers and show that two lineages of Late Pleistocene ancestry survived in Iberian foragers, likely as a result of admixture from different southern refugia. Newly arrived Neolithic farmers retain this genetic signature, suggesting local admixture....

    We show that all Iberian HGs, including the oldest, 19,000-year-old individual from El Miron in Spain, carry dual ancestry from both Villabruna and the Magdalenian-related individuals.  Thus, our results suggest an early connection between two potential refugia, resulting in a genetic ancestry that survived in later Iberian HGs. Our new genomic data from Iberian Early and Middle Neolithic individuals show that the dual Iberian HG genomic legacy pertains in the peninsula, suggesting that expanding farmers mixed with local HGs...   This cline also includes El Miro´n  (the oldest individual from Iberia), which had previously been considered representing its own El Miro´n cluster together with all individuals of the GoyetQ2 cluster...   Here, Iberian HG Canes 1 and La Bran˜ a 1 share more Villabruna-like ancestry while El Miro´n, Moita do Sebastia˜ o, and Chan share more Goyet Q-2-like ancestry....  Having established two potential Paleolithic source populations surviving in Iberia from 19,000 years calBP onward....

    the two-source admixture model assigns a higher proportion of Goyet Q-2-like ancestry to Iberian HGs (ranging from 23.7% to 75.3%) than to contemporaneous Western HG (WHG) outside of Iberia.  In fact, Balma Guilanya`, La Bran˜ a 1, and Canes 1 show elevated Villabruna admixture proportions but still higher Goyet Q-2 proportions than non-Iberian HGs (Figure 3D and Data S1I). We notice an additional contribution of Villabruna-like ancestry in the 12,000-year-old Balma Guilanya` individual from northeastern Iberia. Villabruna-like ancestry becomes even stronger during the Mesolithic in the Cantabrian region (La Bran˜ a 1 and Canes 1), suggesting extra HG flux into north/northeastern Iberia, which must have had a higher impact in this region.  We were able to track a correlation between increasing Villabruna-like ancestry and time in this region (Figure S3A), while Mesolithic HGs outside this region (Chan and Moita do Seba˜ stiao) retain more GoyetQ2 ancestry and do not fit this pattern (Figures S3A and S3C). Interestingly, we find no traces of African ancestry.

    Dual Hunter-Gatherer Genetic Legacy in Iberian Neolithic Individuals:

During the Neolithic transition ~7,600 years ago, human expansions reached the Iberian Peninsula relatively swiftly via expanding early farmers from western Anatolia....subtle regional differences between WHG individuals and used the proportion of HG ancestry from La Bran˜a 1 in Neolithic Iberians to trace the expansion from southwestern Europe along the Atlantic coast to Britain. This movement corresponds well with the megalithic burial practices of these regions observed in the archaeological record...  the new Neolithic Iberian individuals spread along a cline from Neolithic Anatolia to WHG, on which the new individuals cluster with contemporaneous Iberian Neolithic individuals...

    we aimed to trace and quantify the proportion of Goyet Q-2- and Villabruna-like HG ancestry in EN and MN groups from Iberia and western/central Europe as a mixture of three ancestral sources: Anatolian Neolithic, Goyet Q-2, and Villabruna, respectively.  We show that EN Iberians shared a higher proportion of Goyet Q-2-like ancestry than EN individuals from outside Iberia (Figure 4B and Data S1J). Goyet Q-2-like ancestry is higher in EN from southern Iberia (Andalusia), suggesting additional admixture with local Iberian HGs, who carried mixed Upper Paleolithic ancestry.  Goyet Q-2 ancestry is continuously detectable in all Iberian MN individuals, including broadly contemporaneous individuals from Scotland, Wales, Ireland, and France, but not in Neolithic England... Goyet Q-2-like ancestry is, however, highest in all IberianMN(except Chaves MN) when compared with other MN populations...

    Olalde and colleagues reported an elevated signal of La Bran˜ a 1 ancestry in Neolithic individuals from Wales and England...thus argued for an Iberian contribution to the Neolithic in Britain...Goyet Q-2-like ancestry in MN individuals outside Iberia hints at Iberia as one possible source, but not the exclusive source, of the Neolithic in Britain....

    Conclusions

Our results highlight the unique genetic structure observed in Iberian HG individuals, which results from admixture of individuals related to the GoyetQ2 and Villabruna clusters. This suggests a survival of two lineages of Late Pleistocene ancestry in Holocene western Europe, in particular the Iberian Peninsula, whereas HG ancestry in most other regions was largely replaced by Villabruna-like ancestry. With an age estimate of ~18,700 years cal BP for the El Miro´n individual, the oldest representative of this mixed ancestry, the timing of this admixture suggests an early connection (terminus ante quem) between putative ancestries from different LGM refugia. It is possible that Goyet Q-2 ancestry could have existed in Iberia in unadmixed form, where it was complemented by Villabruna ancestry as early as ~18,700 years ago. Alternatively, both Magdalenian-associated Goyet Q-2 and Villabruna ancestries originated in regions outside Iberia and arrived in Iberia independently, where both lineages admixed, or had already existed in admixed form outside Iberia. Interestingly, the dual Upper Paleolithic ancestry was also found in EN individuals from the Iberian Peninsula, supporting the hypothesis of additional local admixture with resident HGs in Iberia during the time of the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition....

    The Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe is understood as a periglacial refugium for Pleistocene hunter-gatherers (HG) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The post-LGM genetic signature in western and central Europe was dominated by ancestry similar to the Villabruna individual, commonly described as WHG ancestry or ‘Villabruna’ cluster. This Villabruna cluster had largely replaced the earlier El Miro´n genetic cluster, comprised of 19,000-15,000-year-old individuals from central and western Europe associated with the Magdalenian culture....

mt DNA WAS U HG's.  MAGDALENIAN YDNA WAS MIX OF THE NEW I HG WHO MIXED WITH THE FIRST AURIGNACIAN CULTURE BELGIUM 35KYA (CRO-MAGNON + C AND/OR R LINEAGE) WHO HAD MIXED WITH THE IBERIAN REFUGIA OF THE R1 LINEAGE.  THE MAGDALENIAN ARE THE PEOPLE AFTER THEY EXPAND OUT OF THE IBERIAN REFUGIA AS THEY MIGRATE NORTH AND EAST MIXING IN WITH OTHERS WHO ARE MIGRATING NORTH AND WEST FROM THE EAST...

Magdalenian

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalenian

    are later cultures of the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic in western Europe. They date from around 17,000 to 12,000 years ago.  It is named after the type site of La Madeleine, a rock shelter located in the Vézère valley, commune of Tursac, in France's Dordogne department....

    The Magdalenian epoch is associated with reindeer hunters, although Magdalenian sites contain extensive evidence for the hunting of red deer, horses, and other large mammals present in Europe toward the end of the last glacial period. The culture was geographically widespread, and later Magdalenian sites stretched from Portugal in the west to Poland in the east, and as far north as France, the Channel Islands, England, and Wales.

    The later phases of Magdalenian culture are contemporaneous with the human re-settlement of north-western Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum during the Late Glacial Maximum. As hunter gatherers, Magdalenians did not re-settle permanently in northwest Europe, instead following herds and seasons....   In northern Spain and south-west France this tool culture was superseded by the Azilian culture. In northern Europe it was followed by variants of the Tjongerian techno-complex. It has been suggested that key Late-glacial sites in south-western Britain may be attributed to Magdalenian culture, including Kent's Cavern....

    Genetics:

The genes of seven Magdalenians, the El Miron Cluster in Iberia, have shown close relationship to a population who had lived in Northern Europe some 20,000 years previously. The analyses suggested that 70-80% of the ancestry of these individuals was from the population represented by Goyet Q116-1, associated with the Aurignacian culture of about 35,000 BP, from the Goyet Caves in modern Belgium.

The three samples of Y-DNA included two samples of haplogroup I and one sample of HIJK. All samples of mtDNA belonged to U, including five samples of U8b and one sample of U5b.

Goyet Caves

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goyet_Caves

    Namur province, Belgium. The site is a significant locality of regional Neanderthal and European early modern human occupation...from 120,000 years ago, the Middle Palaeolithic to less than 5.000 years ago, the late Neolithic....  Between 45,500 and 40,500 years ago Neanderthals lived in the Troisième Caverne, where 99 bones were discovered, that belong to at least five individuals. This represents the largest collection of Neanderthal fossils in Northern Europe. The condition of the fossils suggests cannibalism.... Goyet accounts for fossils of European populations from different junctures, including fossils that are among the earliest branch of modern Europeans (ca. 35,000 BP)... 

    Based on mitochondrial DNA of five local fossils it was concluded that the first modern Europeans have arrived directly from Africa without a detour via Asia. The 35,000 year old humerus of a man from Goyet has been associated with the Aurignacian culture. Shortly thereafter, the population associated with this culture was ousted by a genetically distinct Gravettian rural population (from 34,000 BP), but around 25,000 BP descendants reappear in Spain in the context of Magdalenian culture. After 19,000 years ago the population begins to spread all over Europe....

    GoyetQ116-1 (35,160-34,430 BP) and GoyetQ376-3 (33,940-33,140 BP) from the Aurignacian;...  GoyetQ-2 (15,230-14,780 BP) from the Magdalenian... GoyetQ-2 was found to cluster genetically with several other Magdalenian individuals from Europe in the El Mirón Cluster.  All later Europeans after GoyetQ116-1 show some genetic affinity for this individual. GoyetQ116-1 also exhibits more genetic affinity for Tianyuan man than any other ancient individual from West Eurasia.

mtDNA B.  YDNA K2b.  R LINEAGE DESCENDS DOWN FROM K.  K SPLIT FROM IJK.  IJ IS IN MID EAST WHILE K2 APPARENTLY IS FOUND FROM BELGIUM TO CHINA.  THE K2 IN BELGIUM IS THE FIRST FOUNDING BASE OF MODERN EUROPEANS KNOWN AS THE R LINEAGE OR R1b IN WEST EUROPE.

Tianyuan man

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianyuan_man

    Tianyuan Cave near Beijing, China.... between 42,000 and 39,000 years old...

Tianyuan man is related "to many present-day Asians and Native Americans". He had also clearly diverged genetically from the ancestors of modern Europeans. He belonged to mitochondrial DNA haplogroup B.

    Tianyuan man exhibits a unique genetic affinity for GoyetQ116-1 from Goyet Caves that is not found in any other ancient individual from West Eurasia. He shares more alleles with today's people from the Surui and Karitiana tribes in Brazil than other Native American populations, suggesting a population related to Tianyuan man was once widespread in eastern Asia.  His Y haplogroup was K2b.

The genetic history of Ice Age Europe

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4943878/

    Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago,...Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3–6% to around 2%,...Whereas the earliest modern humans in Europe did not contribute substantially to present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans. A ~35,000 year old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across a broad region, before reappearing in southwest Europe during the Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a new genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners appears in Europe....

    haplogroup R1b in the ~14,000-year-old Villabruna individual from Italy. While the predominance of R1b in western Europe today owes its origin to Bronze Age migrations from the eastern European steppe...

    We also find that the ~33,000 year old Muierii2 from Romania carries a basal version of haplogroup U6, in agreement with the hypothesis that the presence of derived versions of this haplogroup in North Africans today is due to back-migration from western Eurasia....

    The “Vestonice Cluster” is composed of 14 pre-Ice Age individuals from 34,000-26,000 years ago, who are all associated with the archaeologically defined Gravettian culture. The “Mal’ta Cluster” is composed of three individuals from the Glacial Maximum 24,000-17,000 years ago from the Lake Baikal region of Siberia. The “El Mirón Cluster” is composed of 6 Late Glacial individuals from 19,000-14,000 years ago, who are all associated with the Magdalenian culture.

    The “Villabruna Cluster” is composed of 13 post-Ice Age individuals from 14,000-7,000 years ago, associated with the Azilian, Epipaleolithic and Mesolithic cultures. The “Satsurblia Cluster” is composed of two individuals from 13,000-10,000 years ago from the northern Caucasus.  There were ten samples that we did not assign to any cluster, either because of evidence of representing distinct early lineages, (Ust’-Ishim, Oase1, Kostenki14, GoyetQ116-1, Muierii2, Cioclovina1, Kostenki12), or because they were admixed between major clusters (Karelia or Motala12), or of very different ancestry (Stuttgart)....

    Prior to this work, the most ambitious genetic analysis of early modern humans in Europe was based on the ~37,000-year-old Kostenki14... With our more extensive sampling of Ice Age Europe, we find no support for this model...  widespread presence of Mal’ta1-related ancestry in present-day Europeans is due to migrations from the Eurasian steppe in the Neolithic and Bronze Age periods it is not due to population structure within pre-Neolithic Europe as proposed in the initial analysis of the Kostenki14 genome.

    Resurgence of an early branching European lineage during the Last Glacial Maximum: 

    Among the newly reported individuals, GoyetQ116-1 from present-day Belgium is the oldest at ~35,000 years ago. It is similar to the ~37,000 year old Kostenki14 and all later samples in that it shares more alleles with present-day Europeans (e.g. French) than with East Asians (e.g. Han). In contrast, Ust’-Ishim and Oase1, which predate GoyetQ116-1 and Kostenki14, do not show any distinctive affinity to later Europeans.  Thus, from at least about 37,000 years ago, populations in Europe shared at least some ancestry with present Europeans.  GoyetQ116-1 differs from Kostenki14 and from all individuals of the succeeding Vestonice Cluster that it shares more alleles with members of the El Mirón Cluster who lived 19,000-14,000 years ago than with other pre-Neolithic Europeans. Thus, GoyetQ116-1 has affinity to individuals who lived more than fifteen thousand years later. While at least half of the ancestry of all El Mirón Cluster individuals comes from the GoyetQ116-1 cluster, this proportion varies, with the largest amount in individuals outside Iberia.

    A drawing together of the ancestry of Europe and the Near East after ~14,000 years ago:

Beginning around 14,000 years ago with the Villabruna Cluster, the strong affinity to GoyetQ116-1 seen in El Mirón Cluster individuals who belong the Late Glacial Magdalenian Culture is greatly attenuated...  If no gene flow from exogenous populations occurred, this statistic is expected to be zero. Figure 4b shows that it is consistent with zero (|Z|<3) for nearly all individuals dating to between about 37,000 and 14,000 years ago. However, beginning with the Villabruna Cluster, it becomes highly significantly negative in comparisons where the non-European population (Y) is Near Easterners.  This must reflect gene flow into the Villabruna Cluster from a population related to present-day Near Easterners rather than gene flow in the reverse direction, because we do not see similar patterns in earlier Europeans although they share substantial amounts of their ancestry with the Villabruna Cluster....  an excess of allele sharing with East Asians in a subset of Villabruna Cluster individuals - beginning with a ~13,000 year old sample from Switzerland...

    This statistic was originally interpreted as evidence of Basal Eurasian ancestry in Kostenki14. However, because this statistic is consistent with zero when Han is replaced with Ust’-Ishim, these findings cannot be driven by Basal Eurasian ancestry (as we also discuss above), and must instead be driven by gene flow between populations related to East Asians and the ancestors of some Europeans.

Conclusions

We have shown that the population history of pre-Neolithic Europe was complex in several respects. First, at least some of the initial modern humans to appear in Europe, exemplified by Ust’-Ishim and Oase1, failed to contribute appreciably to the current European gene pool.  Only from around 37,000 years ago do all the European individuals analyzed share ancestry with present-day Europeans.  Second, from the time of Kostenki14 about 37,000 years ago until the time of the Villabruna Cluster about 14,000 years ago, all individuals seem to derive from a single ancestral population with no evidence of substantial genetic influx from elsewhere. It is interesting that during this time, the Mal’ta Cluster is not represented in any of the individuals we sampled from Europe....

GoyetQ116-1 derives from a different deep branch of the European founder population than the Vestonice Cluster which became predominant in many places in Europe between 34,000 and 26,000 years ago including at Goyet Cave... 

    the population represented by GoyetQ116-1 did not disappear, as its descendants became widespread again after ~19,000 years ago in the El Mirón Cluster when we detect them in Iberia.  The El Mirón Cluster is associated with the Magdalenian culture and may represent a post-ice age expansion from southwestern European refugia.  Fifth, beginning with the Villabruna Cluster at least ~14,000 years ago, all European individuals analyzed show an affinity to the Near East.  Thus, the appearance of the Villabruna Cluster may reflect migrations or population shifts within Europe at the end of the Ice Age, an observation that is also consistent with the evidence of turnover of mitochondrial DNA sequences at this time.  One scenario that could explain these patterns is a population expansion from southeastern European or west Asian refugia after the Ice Age, drawing together the genetic ancestry of Europe and the Near East. Sixth, within the Villabruna Cluster, some, but not all, individuals have affinity to East Asians....

Vestonice Cluster:  mtDNA U AND U8.  YDNA CT, BT, F, AND C1a2....

Dolní Věstonice (archaeological site)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doln%C3%AD_V%C4%9Bstonice_(archaeological_site)

     Upper Paleolithic archaeological site near the village of Dolní Věstonice, Moravia in the Czech Republic...dating to approximately 26,000 BP, ... Gravettian period, which spanned roughly 27,000 to 20,000 B.C....

    Genetics:  Three inhabitants of Dolni Vestonice, lived 31,155 years ago (calibrated date) and to have mitochondrial haplogroup U, and one inhabitant mitochondrial haplogroup U8.  In the Vestonice 13 sample, the Y chromosomal haplogroup CT (not IJK-L16) (CTS109+, CTS5318+, CTS6327+, CTS8243+, CTS9556+, Z17718+, Y1571+, M5831+) was determined, for the Vestonice 15 sample, the Y chromosome haplogroup BT (PF1178+), in the Vestonice 43 sample, the Y chromosome haplogroup F (not I) (P145+, P158+). In the Vestonice 16 sample, the Y chromosomal haplogroup C1a2 (V20+, V86+).

DNA secrets of Ice Age Europe unlocked

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36150502

    Researchers analysed the genomes of 51 individuals who lived between 45,000 years ago and 7,000 years ago....Some of the earliest arrivals on the continent contributed little to later populations. But between 37,000 years ago and 14,000 years ago, different groups of Europeans were descended from a single founder population....

    people belonging to one of Europe's most important Ice Age cultures - the Aurignacian - were displaced between 34,000 and 26,000 years ago by another group of humans called the Gravettians.  After 14,000 years ago, Europeans became more closely related to populations from the Middle East, the Caucasus and Turkey. This happens to coincide with the first major warming period at the end of the Ice Age and could reflect an expansion of people from the South-East.  "We see multiple, huge movements of people displacing previous ones," said Prof Reich....

    Research on that last fifth of population history has revealed that mass movements of people in the Neolithic period (from 7,000 years ago) and the Bronze Age (5,000 years ago) transformed the genetic landscape of Europe.  Analysis of genes carried by Ice Age Europeans shows, among other things, that they had dark complexions and brown eyes. Only after 14,000 years ago did blue eyes begin to spread, and pale skin only appeared across much of the continent after 7,000 years ago - borne by early farmers from the Near East.

    The Aurignacians:  (GOYET Q116-1)  A 35,000-year-old male from Goyet, Belgium, belonged to a distinctive branch of the Ice Age population. DNA was extracted from the upper arm bone of the hunter, who was associated with the Aurignacian archaeological culture.

    The Gravettians: (VESTONICE) This ancestral group displaced the Aurignacians to dominate much of Europe from 34,000 to 26,000 years ago. Though they carried distinct genetic signatures, the Gravettians and Aurignacians were descended from the same ancient founder population.

    The Magdalenians: (EL MIRON) The Aurignacian genetic signature disappeared from much of Europe when the Gravettians arrived. But it resurfaced 15,000 years later in the "Red Lady of El Mirón Cave" from northern Spain (pictured). This tall, robust woman was a member of the Magdalenian archaeological culture, which expanded north as the ice sheets melted.

    The Villabruna cluster: (AZILIAN, EPIPALEOLITHIC, MESOLITHIC)  From about 14,000 years ago, the gene pools of Europe and the Middle East draw closer together - perhaps reflecting an expansion of people from the south-east. This genetic cluster is named after a male hunter from Villabruna, Italy, who had dark skin and blue eyes.

BLOOD GROUP B PREDATES THE A, AND O IN EUROPE.  THE B GENE WAS PALEOLITHIC, AND THEN CAME AGAIN FROM MORE RECENT MIGRATIONS FROM THE EAST.  THE PALEOLITHIC B GENE WAS PUSHED TO THE EXTREME WEST EUROPE BEING RUN OUT OF HIS NATIVE GROUNDS FROM WEST EUROPE TO SIBERIA.  RHESUS NEGATIVE WAS ALSO MORE COMMON AMONG THE PALEOLITHIC EUROPEANS BUT, IT HAS BEEN REPLACED BY MONKEY PEOPLE INVASIONS.  REMOTE AREAS OF PALEOLITHIC PEOPLE OF EUROPE CONTAIN SKULLS FROM IRELAND, WALES, DORDOGNE, N.PORTUGAL, CERTAIN BERBERS, GUANCHES, AND BASQUES RESEMBLE CRO-MAGNON MAN.  HOW IS RHESUS NEGATIVE A PHENOMENOM OF PALEOLITHIC EUROPEANS?  IF NEANDERTHAL WAS RHESUS POSITIVE THEN CRO-MAGNON MAY BE THE LIKELY SOURCE FOR THE RHESUS NEGATIVE.  THIS COULD INDICATE THIS FIRST EARLY EUROPEAN HUMAN HAD NOT INTERBRED WITH MONKEY PEOPLE AND FURTHER SUPPORT HE DID NOT DESCEND FROM EITHER A HG, NOR BT HG.  CRO-MAGNON WOULD DESCEND FROM EURASIAN ADAM, AND NOT AFRICA ADAM.  ELSE NEANDERTHAL MAY HAVE BEEN NEGATIVE ORIGINALLY, AND HAD MIXED WITH EARLIER MONKEY PEOPLE MUCH EARLIER THAN MONKEY PEOPLE OUT OF AFRICA.  AN EARLIER MONKEY PEOPLE MAY HAVE MIXED WITH NEANDERTHAL ANYTIME BETWEEN 200KYA TO 60KYA PRIOR TO MODERN HUMAN.  THIS WOULD HAVE CAUSED THE MONKEY DISEASE TO MAKE HIS PEOPLE INFERTILE AND INCOMPATIBLE.  THIS FIRST CONTAMINATION OF MONKEY GENE INFECTED HIM BEFORE MODERN HUMANS HAD MIXED WITH NEANDERTHAL AS HIS RHESUS GENE IS NOT FOUND IN MODERN HUMANS.  IN SUMMARY, THE FIRST EARLY PALEOLITHIC EUROPEANS WERE BASQUE LIKE K2/R1b LINEAGE, WERE B BLOOD TYPE, AND RHESUS NEGATIVE UNMIXED WITH MONKEY PEOPLE....

BLOOD GROUPS, ANTHROPOLOGY AND LANGUAGE IN WALES AND THE WESTERN COUNTRIES

https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy19522.pdf?origin=ppub

people akin to the Basques once occupied a large part of Europe, and, mixing with mainly D-positive invaders, was the main source of the d gene through out the continent.... 

ANTHROPOMETRY...Fleure and Vallois have drawn attention to resemblances between the late palolithic inhabitants of Europe and certain small relict populations in islands and mountainous areas.  Some of these have been found to show unusual blood group distributions. The Basques are one population showing such ancient skeletal features, and others are found in remote areas of Ireland and Wales, in the Dordogne region of France, in Northern Portugal and in Sardinia. Certain Berbers, and the aboriginal Guanches of the Canary Islands are said to resemble Crô-Magnon man.  Hawkes believes that "a fair proportion of the later inhabitants of Europe have drawn in the network of their descent upon the stocks  of upper paholithic times,"...

It has already been mentioned that the frequency of the B gene is higher in the "Celtic" lands than elsewhere in Western Europe, but in these mountain areas it is higher still. The B gene in Europe as a whole is mainly associated with the Slavonic speaking peoples and this gene in Western Europe may be derived in part from the east. The far western rise in B is, however, clearly a different and probably a much older phenomenon.  A consideration of some of the details of the distribution of the B gene in Wales suggests that it may have been introduced at a very early period indeed in the human settlement of the country....  The B gene reaches its greatest frequency in those regions where the physical anthropologist informs us that the present population contains a palolithic foundation...  a high B wave entered the country not merely before the moderately high A current, but probably even before the very high 0 stream. Relics of the former much wider distribution of the high B people are probably to be seen in the moderately high B frequencies found elsewhere in Wales as well as in Ireland, Scotland and Brittany.... there is some evidence that both [Basque type and B gene people] of these populations have been present since palolithic times and that both were once more widely spread than at present....

That there should exist in most of North Wales, in some mountain regions of South Wales, in Ireland, in Scotland and, to a certain extent, even south of Hadrian's Wall, people whose ABO group frequencies are almost identical with those of certain tribes belonging to the North African White Race may, at first sight, seem rather strange. Nevertheless, there is much evidence—anthropological,archological and linguistic—to suggest that such a finding is more than an accidental coincidence....

Herodotus. "The Celts,"he writes, "areoutside the Pillars of Hercules and they border onthe Kynesii who dwell the furthest away towards the west of theinhabitants of Europe." He repeats the statement in his fourth bookwhere he states that the Celts are the furthest away towards thesetting of the sun, "with the exception of the Kynetes"...  The duality of the population in Southern Britain at the time of the Romans is considered by Huxley to be "one of the few fixed points in British ethnology." Strabo informs us that the prisoners taken in the south-eastern part of Britain were six inches taller than the tallest men in Rome. Their colouring was blond. In the interior on the other hand, there dwelt according to Caesar, a vastly different people who regarded themselves as the autocthonous children of the soil.  The swarthy visages and twisted locks of the South Welsh tribe of Silures, states Tacitus, pointed to their Iberian origin...  The institution of marriage, as practised by the Romans, was unknown to the former and, as a consequence, every                              relationship was counted through the mother. Schrader states that the primeval Aryan family was, on the other hand, patrilineal. In referring to the matrilineality of the early inhabitants of Britain...Amidst the Berbers and in other parts of the East, the same state of affairs exists to this day...

7. CONCLUSION:  In view of the evidence presented there appear to us reasonable grounds for the belief that, prior to the advent of Celtic-speaking immigrants, the British Isles were inhabited by a people whose domain had at one time extended over a considerable part of Europe and North Africa but who under ever increasing pressure from the east had been driven from their homelands. Some, no doubt, found refuge in the more isolated mountain regions, but the remainder were gradually driven westwards and finally came to occupy a limited area near the Atlantic seaboard of Europe....

SUMMARY: 

1. In Europe three main zones of ABO blood group distribution can be distinguished, one of relatively high B in the east, one of high A in the centre and west and one of high 0 in the extreme west, with B slightly but significantly more frequent than in the central zone.

The Rh groups are fairly evenly distributed in Northern and Central Europe with about 16 per cent, of Rh-negatives. The frequency of Rh-negatives is about 30 per cent, in the Basques and varies from 5-16 per cent, in Southern Europe.

2. Wales displays significant local variations in the frequencies of the O, A and B genes. On the remoter moorlands where physical anthropologists postulate the existence of very early human stocks, B gene frequencies exceeding 10 per cent. are common, and in the Black Mountain of Carmarthenshire even exceed 16 per cent, In the Marches they fall below 5 per cent.

3. Apart from one or two mountain regions in South Wales, very high O gene frequencies of 70-75 per cent, similar to those found in Scotland and Ireland are confined to the north of the principality—a fact which supports the obvious view that a less accessible NorthWales has not been subjected to the human migrations which have affected the southern half of the country.

4. It appears that a high B wave entered Wales not merely before the moderately high A current, but probably even before the very high O stream.  It has formerly been supposed that populations with high B frequencies were among the latest to enter Europe and were confined to the east.

5. O frequencies similar to those in North Wales, Scotland and Ireland are also to be found among the Berbers in North Africa and elsewhere in the Mediterranean region. That the early inhabitants of Western Britain had strong White North African affinities is suggested by the pre-Aryan syntax of Celtic. Philologists have pointed out that "the Celts show in the whole structure of their language a close affinity to the language of the White Mediterranean peoples of North Africa."