Embedded Files
The Banshee
https://stairnaheireann.net/2017/09/23/the-banshee-2/
A banshee is a female spirit in Irish mythology who heralds the death of a family member, usually by shrieking or keening. Her name is connected to the mythologically-important tumuli or “mounds” that dot the Irish countryside, which are known as side (singular síd) in Old Irish....
The Ua Briain banshee is thought to be named Aibell and the ruler of twenty-five other banshees who would always be at her attendance. It is possible that this particular story is the source of the idea that the wailing of numerous banshees signifies the death of a great person. The tales sometimes recounted that the woman, though called a fairy, was a ghost, often of a specific murdered woman, or a mother who died in childbirth.
The banshee tradition occurs throughout Ireland and parts of Scotland. The gaelic terms used most frequently to describe the banshee are the “bean-si” (a female dweller of a side, or fairy mound), the “bean chaointe” (a female keener, a term found in some parts of Leinster) and the “badhb” (referring to a more dangerous, frightening banshee). Although “bean-si” implies an Otherworld or fairy being, the banshee is a solitary creature without male counterpart who never partakes in communal human or fairie social enterprise. Speculation also links the banshee with the mystical race Tuatha Dé Dannan, from whence the fairy folk are descended...
She is heard more often than seen, wailing as she approaches the abode in the late evening or early morning, sometimes perching on the windowsill two to three hours or even days before a death. As she moves off into the darkness witnesses describe a fluttering sound, such as the sound made by birds flying at night. Hence, the mistaken belief that banshees manifest as birds such as the crow. The inaccurate association with crows is probably due to confusion of the banshee with the primitive Celtic goddess Badb, the goddess of war who appeared frequently in the form of a crow...
Witchcraft Symbols
http://www.cyberwitchcraft.com/witchcraft-symbols.html
The Pentagram: The five pointed star within the circle... It was a secret Pagan symbol of the Goddess Ishtar. ... Pythagoras used the Pentagram to symbolize the five Elements that made up man, Earth, Air, Fire, Water, and mind or Spirit. Those same five Elements are still represented by the Pentagram in Witchcraft today. ... The Pentagram is a Witchcraft symbol of protection.
In Witchcraft, the Pentagram symbolizes the five Elements of Earth, Air, Fire, Water, and Spirit. Those in turn correspond to the colors of green, yellow, red, blue, and white, respectively. These correspondences are significant when working magick. ... Typically, the Pentacle is warn with one point up, though in the Gardnerian tradition, it is warn with one point down to symbolize the person has achieved the Second Degree of knowledge.
The Crescent Moon: The Crescent Moon is a Witchcraft symbol of the Goddess, and therefore usually worn only by women.... This is a symbol of female fertility, and the ability of women to create life.
The Triple Goddess: It shows the moon in three of its four phases, waxing, full, and waning. The phases of the moon are linked with the monthly phases of a woman’s cycle, each running about 28.5 days in length. The lunar phases are also symbolic of the human lifespan. The waxing moon equates to growing up, the full moon is the peak of adulthood, the waning moon is old age, and the Dark Moon is death.
The Triple Goddess is usually warn as a circlet on the brow, and denotes the woman as a Priestess.
Antlers or Horns: Just as women wear the moon symbol, men wear antlers or horns. For centuries Christians have incorrectly identified this as a Satanic symbol. Many Witchcraft symbols were purposely misidentified as Satanic. It is actually a masculine symbol of the God. The God in Witchcraft almost always has horns or antlers. In nature, most animals that are used for food, weather hunted or domesticated, the male of the species has horns or antlers.
The horns worn by male Witches are typically goat shaped, and antlers are shaped like a deer. This is a symbol of masculine virility, since antlers are used during rutting season to battle rival males for mating rights.
Silver vs. Gold: In Witchcraft just about everything has either a masculine or feminine aspect. Almost all Witchcraft symbols have either a masculine or feminine association. Because the moon is a symbol of the female, and its glow is a cool silver, that color as well as the precious metal are associated with the feminine. The Sun, with its warm golden radiance is a male symbol, so Gold is the color and metal of the masculine. Typically, jewelry for a man will be made of gold, and for a woman will be made of silver.
The Wheel of The Year: The eight-spoked wheel, symbolizes the cycle of the year. Each spoke represents one of the eight Sabbats, Imbolc, Ostara, Beltane, Litha, Lamas, Mabon, Samhain, and Yule. The significance of the wheel is that there is no beginning or end, it is continual....
The Cross: Typically in Witchcraft, the cross has arms of equal length, This is because it is a symbol of balance. A Witch may wear a cross as a way to gain balance in their lives, or as a reminder to maintain balance. In ritual, anointing oil is used to mark those who enter the Circle. Each person has a Pentagram drawn on their forehead, and those who have become a Priest or Priestess will have crosses marked on their wrists, and feet. This is a way of showing that they have learned to work in balance, and to walk in balance.
Witch Runes: There are many forms of writing that Witches can employ for symbolism, secrecy, These include Ogham, Theban, and Futhark runes.
The Spiral: To Witches, the Spiral is a Witchcraft symbol of the Goddess. It’s also symbolic of the journey of life. This is a contemplative Witchcraft symbol. By following the spiral line with a finger, or just eyeballing it, this symbol forces you to slow down and relax. This symbolism is demonstrated in the Spiral Dance. (The single spiral represented the sun in sumerian.)
The Triangle: The Triangle is a purely feminine symbol. The three points represent the Triple Goddess of Maiden, Mother, and Crone. The bristles of the broom form a triangle. Inverted, it is the female pubic area. The triangle is a symbol of strength. It cannot be crushed as the narrow point is supported by the wide base.
What is a Witchcraft and Wicca Symbol?
http://www.wicca-spirituality.com/wicca-symbol.html#pentacle
Pentacle, Inverted: The downward-pointing Pentacle is commonly associated with Satanism, although it is not a Satanic symbol. The Inverted Pentacle is simply a Pentacle of releasing, undoing, giving back to the Earth. It can also be used for grounding. In some traditions, the Inverted Pentacle also stands for a Witch who has taken a 2nd degree initiation.
The Witches Full AMAZING Documentary HDTV
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqtUQ55kXVA
Witchcraft Articles
http://afwcraft.blogspot.com/2011/
Pentagram
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram
Pentagrams were used symbolically in ancient Greece and Babylonia, and are used today as a symbol of faith by many Wiccans, akin to the use of the cross by Christians and the Star of David by Jews. The pentagram has magical associations,... Christians once more commonly used the pentagram to represent the five wounds of Jesus. The pentagram has associations with Freemasonry and is also utilized by other belief systems....
In early (Ur I) monumental Sumerian script, or cuneiform, a pentagram glyph served as a logogram for the word ub, meaning "corner, angle, nook; a small room, cavity, hole;...
The word Pentemychos "five corners" or "five recesses" was the title of the cosmogony of Pherecydes of Syros. Here, the "five corners" are where the seeds of Chronos are placed within the Earth in order for the cosmos to appear.
In Neoplatonism, the pentagram was said to have been used as a symbol or sign of recognition by the Pythagoreans, who called the pentagram ὑγιεία hugieia "health"...
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa and others perpetuated the popularity of the pentagram as a magic symbol, attributing the five neoplatonic elements to the five points, in typical Renaissance fashion. By the mid-19th century a further distinction had developed amongst occultists regarding the pentagram's orientation. With a single point upwards it depicted spirit presiding over the four elements of matter, and was essentially "good". However, the influential writer Eliphas Levi called it evil whenever the symbol appeared the other way up.
(Note: Agrippa used the Pentagram point down in the 15th century before it was called bad in the 19th century.> English: Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim (September 14, 1486 – February 18, 1535) was a German magician, occult writer, theologian, astrologer, and alchemist.
Pentagram from Heinrich Cornelius Agrippas Libri tres de occulta philosophia scanned by Jörgen Nixdorf.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inverted_pentacle.PNG
Use in modern occultism: (Note again the inverted Pentagram did not become evil, nor a sign of satan until the 19th century.)
A goat's head inscribed in a downward-pointing pentagram, from La Clef de la Magie Noire by Stanislas de Guaita (1897).
Based on Renaissance-era occultism, the pentagram found its way into the symbolism of modern occultists.
Following Anton LaVey, and ultimately based on a drawing by French nobleman and occultist Stanislas de Guaita (La Clef de la Magie Noire, 1897), the Sigil of Baphomet, a pentagram with two points up inscribed in a double circle with the head of a goat inside the pentagram is the copyrighted logo of the Church of Satan.
Aleister Crowley made use of the pentagram in his Thelemic system of magick: an adverse or inverted pentagram represents the descent of spirit into matter, according to the interpretation of Lon Milo DuQuette. Crowley contradicted his old comrades in the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, who, following Levi, considered this orientation of the symbol evil and associated it with the triumph of matter over spirit.
Other religious use: (Many other uses of the Pentagram are in use religious, and non religious purposes.)
"Hexagram" better known today as the "Star of David." The truth is, King David of Israel never carried this emblem that is now the symbol of Israel. This emblem was adopted from witchcraft by some Jewish priests who had explored deep into the Babylonian religion during their captivity in Babylon. From here sprang witchcraft in another garb called the Cabala.
The Hexagram is one of the most evil signs in Witchcraft. It is worn by decieved Jews and some Christians.
The worship of the serpent, because the number SIX has ever been connected with the serpent.
The hexagram in witchcraft has nothing to do with any religion. It is only a part of witchcraft hexing.
Hexagram
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagram
In antique papyri, pentagrams, together with stars and other signs, are frequently found on amulets bearing the Jewish names of God, and used to guard against fever and other diseases. Curiously the hexagram is not found among these signs. In the Greek Magical Papyri (Wessely, l.c. pp. 31, 112) at Paris and London there are 22 signs side by side, and a circle with twelve signs, but neither a pentagram nor a hexagram.
Within Indic lore, the shape is generally understood to consist of two triangles—one pointed up and the other down—locked in harmonious embrace. The two components are called "Om" and the "Hrim" in Sanskrit, and symbolize man's position between earth and sky. The downward triangle symbolizes Shakti, the sacred embodiment of femininity, and the upward triangle symbolizes Shiva, or Agni Tattva, representing the focused aspects of masculinity. The mystical union of the two triangles represents Creation, occurring through the divine union of male and female. The two locked triangles are also known as 'Shanmukha'—the six-faced, representing the six faces of Shiva & Shakti's progeny Kartikeya. This symbol is also a part of several yantras and has deep significance in Hindu ritual worship and history.
In Buddhism, some old versions of the Bardo Thodol, also known as The "Tibetan Book of the Dead", contain a hexagram with a Swastika inside. ...
Usage by Jews: The Magen David is a generally recognized symbol of Judaism and Jewish identity and is also known colloquially as the Jewish Star or "Star of David." Its usage as a sign of Jewish identity began in the Middle Ages, though its religious usage began earlier, with the current earliest archeological evidence being a stone bearing the shield from the arch of a 3–4th century synagogue in the Galilee....
Usage by Christians: The hexagram may be found in some Churches and stained-glass windows. ...In Orthodox Christian churches, for example in Balkan countries, hexagrams can be found more often than in Roman Catholic churches....
Usage by Muslims: In various places in the Qur'an, it is written that David and King Solomon (Arabic, Suliman or Sulayman) were prophets and kings and therefore they are revered figures by Muslims. The Medieval pre-Ottoman Hanafi Anatolian beyliks of the Karamanids and Jandarids used the star on their flag. The symbol also used on Hayreddin Barbarossa flag. Even today, the star can be found in mosques and on other Arabic and Islamic artifacts....
Usage in occultism: The hexagram, like the pentagram, was and is used in practices of the occult and ceremonial magic and is attributed to the 7 "old" planets outlined in astrology.
The six-pointed star is commonly used both as a talisman and for conjuring spirits and spiritual forces in diverse forms of occult magic...
Traditionally, the Hexagram can be seen as the combination of the four elements. Fire is symbolized as an upwards pointing triangle, while Air (its elemental opposite) is also an upwards pointing triangle, but with a horizontal line through its center. Water is symbolized as a downwards pointing triangle, while Earth (its elemental opposite) is also a downwards pointing triangle, but with a horizontal line through its center. When you combine the symbols of Fire and Water, a hexagram (six-pointed star) is created. The same follows for when you combine the symbols of Air and Earth. When you combine both hexagrams, you get the double-hexagram. Thus, a combination of the elements is created.
In Rosicrucian and Hermetic Magic, the seven Traditional Planets correspond with the angles and the center of the Hexagram as follows, in the same patterns as they appear on the Sephiroth and on the Tree of Life. Saturn, although formally attributed to the Sephira of Binah, within this frame work nonetheless occupies the position of Daath.
Other uses: The Hexagram has been used extensively, and does not always indicate a religious purpose, nor any particular religion, nor a religious intent.
The Hexagon(satanic symbol!!!)
http://www.spellsofmagic.com/coven_ritual.html?ritual=2333&coven=6
six pointed star is a very ancient symbol, and one of the most powerful.? ?The hexagram is used in magic, witchcraft, sorcery and occultism and the casting of zodiacal horoscopes by astrologers. ??It was considered to posses mysterious powers,? says A Concise Cyclopedia of Freemasonry. ...
The sorcerers believed it represented the footprints of a special kind of DEMON called a "trud" and used it in ceremonies both to call up demons and to keep them away? (O. J. Graham, The Six Pointed Star, New Puritan Library, 1988, p.35).
In fact, the hexagram was also used by the ancient Hindus in the worship of their divine ?Trinity? ? Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva ? as the ?unity? of three gods in one. ?J. S. M. Ward adds that it is ?strictly the sign of Trimurti, the Three in One, typifying the creative, preservative and destructive natures of the Deity.?
If you examine the so-called ?Star of David,? or hexagram, closely, you will discover something astonishing. ?It has six points, forms six equilateral triangles, and in its interior forms a six sided hexagon -- thus it reveals the number of Satan the devil, or the beast of Revelation -- 66, and 6 -- 666 !!!
Truth About The Star Of David, Who's Star Is This Really?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASNMcCzhcD0
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The following articles are mainly Jewish, and Hebrew, use of Pentagram, Hexagram, and other symbols. It appears the Jews made big use of Kabballa witchcraft from Mesopotamian influence, and kept it apart of their belief system in their travels. How much was original and how much was added over the centuries?...
Twilit Grotto: Archives of Western Esoterica
http://www.esotericarchives.com/esoteric.htm
In 1453, Constantinople fell to the Turks, ending the Byzantine empire. This date also marks the beginning of the Renaissance, since the waves of Greek refugees spread knowledge of Greek throughout Europe. Included with the newly available Greek manuscripts were the Corpus Hermetica, Plotinus, and the works of the Neoplatonists.
Shortly thereafter in 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand expelled the Jews from Spain. This sent waves of Jewish refugees throughout Europe, spreading knowledge of Hebrew and of the Kabbalah.
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa: Of Occult Philosophy
http://www.esotericarchives.com/agrippa/
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486-1535) is the most influential writer of Renaissance esoterica, and indeed all of Western occultism. Without doubt, his book de occulta philosophia should be at the top of any required reading list for those interested in Western magic and esoteric traditions.
Written in three books between the years 1509 and 1510 (he would have been 23 at the time), it was an ambitious attempt to rejuvenate the art of magic which had degenerated during the dark ages.
https://archive.org/details/cu31924028928236
http://www.impiousdigest.com/wp-content/uploads/Of-Occult-Philosophy.pdf
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa: his Fourth Book of Occult Philosophy
http://www.esotericarchives.com/agrippa/agrippa4.htm
Of Occult Philosophy, or Of Magical Ceremonies: The Fourth Book.
Written by Henry Cornelius Agrippa.
Translated into English by Robert Turner. London. 1655.
The so-called Fourth Book appeared in Latin some thirty years after Agrippa's death. Johann Weyer, a student of Agrippa's, denounced this work to be spurious (cf. Praestigiis Daemonum, 1563) and that evaluation has rarely been questioned. An exception to this is Stephen Skinner in his 1978 introduction to the facsimile edition published by Askin Publishers.
This book quotes from and expands on certain themes in Agrippa's Third Book of occult philosophy, to create a more concise and practical synopsis of the techniques for summoning spirits. The descriptions of the spirits seem to be derived from Liber Iuratus Honorii (The Sworn Book of Honorius), (chapters CXVIII ff) or a closely related text.
(Note: The characters of the good spirits> Starry translation shows 6 points but, original is 5 points.)
[Concerning Pentacles and Sigils.] (scroll down about half way)
But we now come to speak of the holy and sacred Pentacles and Sigils. Now these pentacles, are as it were certain holy signes preserving us from evil chances and events, and helping and assisting us to binde, exterminate, and drive away evil spirits, and alluring the good spirits, and reconciling them unto us. And these pentacles do consist either of Characters of the good spirits of the superiour order, or of sacred pictures of holy letters or revelations, with apt and fit versicles, which are composed either of Geometrical figures and holy names of God, according to the course and maner of many of them; or they are compounded of all of them, or very many of them mixt. And the Characters which are useful for us to constitute and make the pentacles, they are the Characters of the good Spirits, especially and chiefly of the good spirits of the first and second order, and sometimes also of the third order. And this kinde of Characters are especially to be named holy; and then those Characters which we have above called holy. What Character soever therefore of this kinde is to be instituted, we must draw about him a double circle, wherein we must write the name of his Angel: and if we will adde some divine name congruent with his Spirit and Office, it will be of the greater force and efficacy. And if we will draw about him any angular figure, according to the maner og his numbers, that also shall be lawful to be done. But the holy pictures which do make the pentacles, are they which everywhere are delivered unto us in the Prophets and sacred Writings, as well of the old as of the new Testament.... And we have spoken of them in our third book of Occult Philosophy, where we have made mention of holy things... And if there shall be written any Angular figure, let him be taken according to the reason and rule of the numbers, as we have taught in our second book of Occult Philosophy, where we have treated of the numbers, and of the like operations. ...
Oftentimes also we constitute Pentacles, by making the revolution of some kinde of name, in a square Table, and by drawing about it a single or double Circle, and by writing therein some holy Versicle conpetent and befitting this name, or from which that name is extracted. And this is the way of making the Pentacles, according to their several distinct forms and fashions, which we may as we please either multiply or commix together by course among themselves, to work the greater efficacie, and extension and enlargement of force and vertue. ...
The Key of Solomon the King
http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/ksol.htm
The Key of Solomon
http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/ksol.htm#h5596
The Key of Solomon the King Now first Translated and Edited from Ancient Manuscripts in the
British Museum by S. Liddell MacGregor Mathers Author of "The Kabbalah Unveiled," "The Tarot," &c.
LONDON 1889 Revised edition by Joseph H. Peterson, copyright 2005.
THE PENTACLES
The pentacles are perhaps the biggest puzzle on the textual tradition of Clavicula Salomonis. Unfortunately Mathers does nothing to elucidate or even acknowledge the puzzle. The order of the pentacles varies widely from manuscript to manuscript. The oldest manuscripts only identify some of them with the planets, and it is apparent that attempts have been made in later manuscripts to identify the rest with planets too, and to reorganize them accordingly.... There is a series of 24 pentacles in the Greek manuscript; ...Some of the pentacles found in the manuscripts used by Mathers are also reminiscent of the Greek and Hebrew ones, but many are clearly late inventions based on Agrippa, Archidoxes, and other sources....
CHAPTER VIII
CONCERNING PENTACLES, AND THE MANNER OF CONSTRUCTING THEM ...
CHAPTER XVIII
CONCERNING THE HOLY PENTACLES OR MEDALS
The medals or pentacles, which we make for the purpose of striking terror into the spirits and reducing them to obedience, have besides this wonderful and excellent virtue. If thou invokest the spirits by virtue of these pentacles, they will obey thee without repugnance, and having considered them they will be struck with astonishment, and will fear them, and thou shalt see them so surprised by fear and terror, that none of them will be sufficiently bold to wish to oppose thy will. They are also of great virtue and efficacy against all perils of earth, of air, of water, and of fire, against poison which hath been drunk, against all kinds of infirmities and necessities, against binding, sortilege, and sorcery, against all terror and fear, and wheresoever thou shalt find thyself, if armed with them, thou shalt be in safety all the days of thy life.
Through them do we acquire grace and good-will from man and woman, fire is extinguished, water is stayed, and all creatures fear at the sight of the names which are therein, and obey through that fear.
These pentacles are usually made of the metal the most suitable to the nature of the planet; and then there is no occasion to observe the rule of particular colours. They should be engraved with the instrument of art in the days and hours proper to the planet.
Saturn ruleth over lead; Jupiter over tin; Mars over iron; the Sun over gold; Venus over copper; Mercury over the mixture of metals; and the Moon over silver.
They may also be made with exorcised virgin paper [with the quill pen and ink of the Art],2 writing thereon with the colours adopted for each planet, referring to the rules already laid down in the proper chapters, and according to the planet with which the pentacle is in sympathy.
Wherefore unto Saturn the colour of black is appropriated; Jupiter ruleth over celestial blue; Mars over red; the Sun over gold, or the colour of yellow or citron ; Venus over green: Mercury over mixed colours; the Moon over silver, or the colour of argentine earth.
The matter of which the pentacle is constructed should be virgin, never having been used for any other purpose; or if it be metal it should be purified by fire.
As regards the size of the pentacles it is arbitrary, so long as they are made according to the rules, and with the requisite solemnities as hath been ordained.
Adore5 and revere the most holy names of God which are found in these pentacles and characters, for without this never shalt thou be able to come to the end of any enterprise, nor to accomplish the Mystery of Mysteries.
Above all things, remember that to perform any of these operations thou must be pure in body and mind, and without blemish, and omit not any of the preparations.
This Key, full of mysteries, hath been revealed unto me by an angel.
Accursed be he who undertaketh our art without having the qualities requisite to thoroughly understand our Key, accursed be he who invoketh the name of God in vain, for such an one prepareth for himself the punishments which await the unbelievers, for God shall abandon them and relegate them unto the depths of Hell amongst the impure spirits.
For God is great and immutable; he hath been for ever, and he shall remain even unto the end of the ages.
END OF THE FIRST BOOK
HERE FOLLOW THE HOLY PENTACLES, EXPRESSED IN THEIR PROPER FIGURES AND CHARACTERS, TOGETHER WITH THEIR ESPECIAL VIRTUES; FOR THE USE OF THE MASTER OF ART.
THE ORDER OF THE PENTACLES...
MERCURY.
Figure 44.-- The first pentacle of Mercury.-- It serveth to invoke the spirits who are under the Firmament.
[Pentacles from the Greek Key of Solomon ]
The Lesser Key of Solomon
http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/lemegeton.htm
Welcome to The Key of Solomon
http://www.keyofsolomon.org/part2.php
The original manuscript of the Key of Solomon is lost, and only copies of the original script are in circulation. Like the Bible, these copies have been rewritten, retranslated, edited etc. over and over again. The original author of the original manuscript is believed to be the biblical Solomon, the son of King David of the Israelites. For the most part, the Key of Solomon book contains a lot of ‘witchcraft’ spells both affirmative and positive magic spells but also negative magic spells to be used to destroy enemies. Our concern in the context of this article is the so called ‘pentacles’ related to the Sun in the medieval version of the Key of Solomon, the Clavicula Salomonis dated 1572, and regarded as the oldest manuscript. The author of the original script that was used for the translation of the medieval Clavicula Salomonis is believed to be Ptolomy the Grecian. The pentacles in the Key of Solomon manuscripts vary from manuscript to manuscript and the oldest manuscripts dealt only with the planets and their virtues in their astrological context. ...
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa's Demon Seals
http://68.media.tumblr.com/4f857c23c215665cbccad0b6ab832407/tumblr_nmiarqNHC01rqq7lro1_1280.jpg
(There is an inverted pentagram here but the description is unreadable)
Reginald Scot's collection of magical texts
Discoverie of Witchcraft by Reginald Scot London, 1584
http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/scot16.htm
CHAP. IV. How to Consecrate all manner of Circles, fumigations, Fire, Magical Garments, and Utensills.
The sacred Pentacles are as signs and charms for the binding of Evil Demons, consisting of Characters and Names of the Superior order of the good Spirits opposite unto those evil ones whom the Magitian is about to Invocate: And of sacred Pictures, Images,and Mathematical Figures adapted to the names and natures of separated Substances whither good or evil. Now the form of Consecrating such Magical Pentacles is to name the vertue of the holy Names and Figures, their Antiquity and Institution with the intention of the Consecration purifying the Pentacle by consecrated fire, and waving the same over the flames thereof.
Lesser Key of Solomon: Book 4: Ars Almadel
http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/almadel.htm
The Almadel is a kind of portable altar. ... According to Boudet, there are two different versions of Almadel (or Almandal), known from at least six Latin manuscripts and two German translations dating from the fifteenth century. ...In the first version, the Almadel figure is constructed on a metal plate, and the littere written on the candles which are placed at the corners. It is fumigated and exorcised for a week, whereupon the spirits will obey you in everything. The second version is similar but structured differently, and the almadel is made of wax. ...
In the corners should be the seal of Solomon [according to editor it is a six angled star.] and between those signs should be written: Honoyteon, Pneumathon, Yatha, and Anabona. ...
The early 16th century example in Boudet has six-pointed stars in each of the 4 corners, and the following words: (outer-most border) adonay selem pius / elyon eloy ely / Ioth heth agla / tetragramathon saday ya; (inside border) henoytheon / primeuiuaton [=*primuematon?] / jatha / anabona ; (around inner hexagram) hel / hel / hel / hel / hel / hel.
By this Rule [art] Salomon obtained great wisdom from the cheefe Angells that governe the 4 Altitudes of the world for you must observe [that] there be 4 Altitudes, representing the 4 corners of the world, East, West, North and South. The which are divided into 12 parts, that is, every part or Altitude into 3, and the Angells of every of these altitudes have their particulars vertues and powers, as shall be shewed in this following matter...
[The Making of the Almadel]...
Note: all the other three Altitudes with their signes and princes have power over goods [146v] and riches, and can make any man Rich or poor, and as the first Chora giveth Encrease and maketh fruitfull, so these giveth decrease and Barrenness,...
[Of the proper times for invoking these angells]...
The Invocation [for to call forth any of the aforesaid angells]...
[Note this invocation is to be altered according to the Altitude and angell you wish to call forth.]
When he is appeared, give him or them a kind entertainement, and then Aske what is Just and lawfull; and that which is proper and suetable to his office, and you shall Obtaine it.
pics of pendants for sale
The Pentacles of Solomon:
http://www.renaissanceastrology.com/solomonpentacles.html
6th Mars Pentacle ,2nd Sun Pentacle ,
Frequently confused symbols: The pentacle, pentagram, & the Sigil of Baphomet
http://www.religioustolerance.org/wic_pent.htm
Upright pentacles and pentagrams are among the most widely used religious symbols. They have been used in many eras and by many cultures and religions of the world: by ancient Pagans, ancient Israelites, Christians, magicians, Wiccans and others. The following pentagram-using groups are listed in chronological order:
This symbol apparently originated as the symbol of a Goddess who was worshiped over an area which extends from present-day England to Egypt and beyond. Her name was Kore (a.k.a. Car, Cara, Carnac, Ceres, Core, Kar, Karnak, Kaur, Kauri, Ker, Kerma, Kher, Kore, Q're, etc.)...
In ancient Greece, Pythagoras (586 - 506 BCE). The Masonic Order has traditionally traced its origins back 2,500 years to the Pythagoreans....
Kore was worshiped within the Coptic Gnostic Christian religion in Alexandria, Egypt, during the 4th century CE....
In England, the Koreion became the Kirn ...
During the times of the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament), the pentacle was the first and most important of the Seven Seals ...
The Celts believed that the pentacle was the sign of the Goddess of the Underground, who they called Morgan (a.k.a. Morrigan). The concept of five points seems to have permeated at least one of the Celtic lands. "Ireland had five great roads, five provinces and five paths of the law. The fairy folk counted by fives, and the mythological figures wore five-fold cloaks." ...
In Christian times: ...
Modern times: ...
Pentagrams & Pentacles
https://www.paganspath.com/magik/pentacle.htm
Inverted Pentacle
Often associated with the Church of Satan or the Devil, this version of the pentacle is not common used by modern Witchcraft traditions. Truth be told however, the negative view of this version of the symbol is based on misconceptions of Witchcraft employed during the European Inquisition. If the upright version represented "God" or a deity, then the inverted pentacle represented Satan or the underworld. The two lower points pointing upward were said to represent the horns of Horned God Cernunnos (the Celtic pagan god).
In the 19th Century Eliphas Levi reported that the symbol represented the goat of Satan, facing heaven horns upward ready to battle heaven. In the Key Of Mysteries, Levi reports "It is the goat of lust attacking the Heavens with it's horns. It is a sign execrated by initiates of a superior rank, even at the Sabbath".
When the Church of Satan was established in the U.S. in 1966, this version of the pentacle was adopted as their symbol of Baphomet. In this form the pentacle is inscribed with a goats head, and Cabalistic symbols which spell out 'Leviathan" an infernal serpent associated with Satan.
It's important to note that the Church of Satan in this form is not a church of the Christian devil. Satan is the Hebrew name of the Egyptian God Set.
Satan is an Abrahamic Religious figure from the near east religions. Satan is not native European....
Satan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan
Satan (Hebrew: שָּׂטָן satan, meaning "enemy" or "adversary"; Arabic: شيطان shaitan, meaning; "astray", "distant", or sometimes "devil") is a figure appearing in the texts of the Abrahamic religions who brings evil and temptation, and is known as the deceiver who leads humanity astray... In the Hebrew Bible Satan is primarily an (or "the") accuser or adversary. In some later Jewish writings and in the New Testament, Satan is described as a more malevolent entity opposed to God, also called the devil, who possesses abhorrent qualities....
The original Hebrew term satan is a noun from a verb meaning primarily "to obstruct, oppose", as it is found in Numbers 22:22, 1 Samuel 29:4, Psalms 109:6. Ha-Satan is traditionally translated as "the accuser" or "the adversary". ...
Book of Job: Satan points out that God has given Job everything that a man could want, so of course Job would be loyal to God; Satan suggests that Job's faith would collapse if all he has been given (even his health) were to be taken away from him. God therefore gives Satan permission to test Job....
Second Temple period: Subsequent development of Satan as a "deceiver" has parallels with the evil spirit in Zoroastrianism, known as the Lie, who directs forces of darkness...
Dead Sea scrolls and Pseudepigrapha: In Enochic Judaism, the concept of Satan being an opponent of God and a chiefly evil figure among demons seems to have taken root in Jewish pseudepigrapha during the Second Temple period, particularly in the apocalypses. The Book of Enoch contains references to Satariel, thought also to be Sataniel and Satan'el (etymology dating back to Babylonian origins). The similar spellings mirror that of his angelic brethren Michael, Raphael, Uriel, and Gabriel, previous to the fall from Heaven.
The Second Book of Enoch, also called the Slavonic Book of Enoch, contains references to a Watcher (Grigori) called Satanael. It is a pseudepigraphic text of an uncertain date and unknown authorship. The text describes Satanael as being the prince of the Grigori who was cast out of heaven and an evil spirit who knew the difference between what was "righteous" and "sinful". A similar story is found in the book of 1 Enoch; however, in that book, the leader of the Grigori is called Semjâzâ.
In the Book of Wisdom, the devil is represented as the being who brought death into the world.
In the Book of Jubilees, Mastema induces God to test Abraham through the sacrifice of Isaac. He is identical to Satan in both name and nature.
Rabbinical Judaism: In Judaism, the term "satan" used since its earliest biblical contexts to refer to a human opponent....In Hasidic Judaism, the Kabbalah presents Satan as an agent of God whose function is to tempt one into sin, then turn around and accuse the sinner on high...
Modern Judaism: Judaism today sees the concept of Satan in multiple different forms. In Reform Judaism, Satan is seen more greatly incorporating his Talmudic equatability as the yezter hara, and is seen as the symbolic representation of innate human qualities such as selfishness, whereas Conservative Judaism maintains the traditional view of Satan as an agent of God, though tends to stray away the Talmud's equation of the being with the yetzer hara and the Angel of Death. Orthodox Judaism, on the other hand, outwardly embraces Talmudic teachings on Satan, and involves Satan in religious life far more inclusively than other sects. Satan is mentioned explicitly in some daily prayers, including during Shacharit and certain post-meal benedictions, as described in Talmud and the Jewish Code of Law,..
Christianity: Satan is traditionally identified as the serpent who tempted Eve to eat the forbidden fruit, as he was in Judaism. Thus Satan has often been depicted as a serpent... From the fourth century, Lucifer is sometimes used in Christian theology to refer to Satan, as a result of identifying the fallen "son of the dawn" of Isaiah 14:12 with the "accuser" of other passages in the Old Testament.... For most Christians, Satan is believed to be an angel who rebelled against God. In the New Testament he is called "the ruler of the demons" (Matthew 12:24), "the ruler of the world", and "the god of this world" (2 Corinthians 4:4). The Book of Revelation describes how Satan was cast out of Heaven, having "great anger" and waging war against "those who obey God's commandments". Ultimately, Satan will be thrown into the lake of fire....
Islam: Shaitan (شيطان) is the equivalent of Satan in Islam... Iblis (Arabic pronunciation: [ˈibliːs]) is the personal name of the Devil who is mentioned in the Qur'anic account of Genesis. According to the Qur'an, Iblis (the Arabic name used) disobeyed an order from God to bow to Adam, and as a result Iblis was forced out of heaven. However, he was given respite from further punishment until the day of judgment. ...
Bahá'í Faith: In the Bahá'í Faith, Satan is not regarded as an independent evil power as he is in some faiths, but signifies the lower nature of humans. ...
Theistic Satanism: commonly referred to as "devil worship", holds the view that Satan is an actual deity or a force to revere or worship that individuals may contact and supplicate to,...
Atheistic Satanism: most commonly referred to as LaVeyan Satanism, holds that Satan does not exist as a literal anthropomorphic entity, but rather as a symbol of a cosmos which Satanists perceive to be permeated and motivated by a force that has been given many names by humans over the course of time....
...the current High Priest of the Church of Satan, Peter H. Gilmore, further expounds that "...Satan is a symbol of Man living as his prideful, carnal nature dictates. The reality behind Satan is simply the dark evolutionary force of entropy that permeates all of nature and provides the drive for survival and propagation inherent in all living things. Satan is not a conscious entity to be worshiped, rather a reservoir of power inside each human to be tapped at will". LaVeyan Satanists embrace the original etymological meaning of the word "Satan" (Hebrew: שָּׂטָן satan, meaning "adversary"). According to Peter H. Gilmore, "The Church of Satan has chosen Satan as its primary symbol because in Hebrew it means adversary, opposer, one to accuse or question. We see ourselves as being these Satans; the adversaries, opposers and accusers of all spiritual belief systems that would try to hamper enjoyment of our life as a human being."
History of Satan
https://www.allaboutgod.com/history-of-satan.htm
The history of Satan is described in the Bible in Isaiah 14:12-15 and Ezekiel 28:12-19. These two biblical passages also reference the king of Babylon, the King of Tyre, and the spiritual power behind the kings. ... (Genesis 3:1-16, Isaiah 14:12-15; Ezekiel 28:12-19; Matthew 4:1-11). ... Christians believe Satan acts as leader of the fallen angels. These demons, existing in the invisible spirit realm yet affecting our physical world, rebelled against God...
Atheist Satanists. God, Satan, Heaven, Hell do not exist...
Welcome to the official website of the Church of Satan.
To us, Satan is the symbol that best suits the nature of we who are carnal by birth—people who feel no battles raging between our thoughts and feelings, we who do not embrace the concept of a soul imprisoned in a body. He represents pride, liberty, and individualism—qualities often defined as Evil by those who worship external deities, who feel there is a war between their minds and emotions. ...
Where Did Satan Come From?
https://www.livescience.com/56341-where-did-satan-come-from.html
The Gospel of Satan: Grand Grimoire is One of the Creepiest Medieval Manuscripts Out There!
The Grand Grimoire, sometimes referred to as the ‘Red Dragon’ or the ‘Gospel of Satan’, is a medieval grimoire believed to possess immense powers. According to legend, it was written by an apocryphal figure by the name of Honorius of Thebes, who is claimed to have been possessed by Satan himself. The Grand Grimoire is said to be one of the most potent occult books in existence, and contains instructions for the summoning of demons. This grimoire is often said to have been written during the 16 th century. During the 18 th century, when there was a ‘cheap grimoire boom’ in France, a version of the Grand Grimoire was produced, and then published in the following century....
History of the Devil: Israel
http://www.sacred-texts.com/evil/hod/hod08.htm
Azazel, the God of the Desert ... The name Azazel is derived from aziz, which means strength, and El, God. The god of war at Edessa is called Asisos the strong one. Bal-aziz was the strong god,... Azazel, accordingly, means the Strength of God. ... Azazel, the god of the desert, ceased to be the strong god, and became a mere shadow of his former power, for the scapegoat is no longer a sacrifice. Yahveh's goat alone is offered for a sin-offering, while the scapegoat carries out into the desert the curse of the people's sin, and thus the worship of Azazel changed into a mere recognition of his existence. ...Hebrew literature of an older dualism in which the power of evil received an equal share of worship with the power of good....
It is evident from various passages that the Israelites believed in evil spirits dwelling in darkness and waste places. (See Lev. xvii. 7; Deut. xxx. 17,; ib. xxxii. 17; 2 Chron. xi. 15; Isaiah xiii. 21; ib. xxxiv. 14; Jer. 1. 39; Psalms cvi. 37.) Their names are Seirim (chimeras or goat-spirits), Lilith (the nightly one), Shedim (demons). The Seirim remind us of Assyrian pictures which represent evil spirits in the shape of goats. It is difficult to say whether these various demons of the Hebrews are to be regarded as the residuum of a lower religious stage preceding the period of the monotheistic Yahveh cult,...
When Azazel began to be neglected, Satan rose into existence. The belief in a God of Evil was replaced by the belief in all evil demon. And Satan, the tempter and originator of all evil, was naturally identified with the serpent ...Satan, the fiend, as a name in the sense of Devil, is rarely mentioned in the Old Testament. The word Satan, which means "enemy" is freely used, but, as a proper name, signifying the Devil, appears only five times. ...In all the older books of Hebrew literature, especially in the Pentateuch, Satan is not mentioned at all. All acts of punishment, revenge, and temptation are performed by Yahveh himself, or by his angel at his direct command. ...
The prophet Zechariah speaks of Satan as an angel whose office it is to accuse and to demand the punishment of the wicked. In the Book of Job, where the most poetical and grandest picture of the Evil One is found, Satan appears as a malicious servant of God, who enjoys performing the functions of a tempter, torturer, and avenger. He accuses unjustly, like a State's attorney who prosecutes from a mere habit of prosecution, and delights in convicting even the innocent, while God's justice and goodness are not called in question.
It is noteworthy that Satan, in the canonical books of the Old Testament, is an adversary of man, but not of God; he is a subject of God and God's faithful servant.
The Jewish idea of Satan received some additional features from the attributes of the gods of surrounding nations. Nothing is more common in history than the change of the deities of hostile nations into demons of evil. In this way Beelzebub, the Phoenician god, became another name for Satan; and Hinnom (i. e. Gehenna), the place where Moloch had been worshipped, in the valley of Tophet, became the Hebrew name for hell in place of the word Sheol, the world of the dead under ground....
LUCIFER : THE REBEL ANGEL Full Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNiEABRgXVo
The Story of Osiris: How the First Ruler of Egypt Became God of the Underworld
Osiris is best known for being the god of the Underworld, a role that enabled him to judge the dead. His dominion over the dead can be seen in the fact that this god is often depicted as a mummified figure...
Atum was the first god to have existed as a result of self-creation. The god then proceeded to create the god Shu and the goddess Tefnut. The union of these two deities resulted in the birth of Geb and Nut. Finally, the offspring of Geb and Nut were Osiris, Set, Isis and Nephthys....
The ancient Egyptians believe that Osiris was the first ruler of Egypt, and that he brought civilization to the land. Agriculture, laws, religious institutions and culture were given to the people of Egypt by the god. His reign was a time of prosperity for the ancient Egyptians, and everyone was happy, except his brother Set, who was jealous, and grew resentful of Osiris’ success. Therefore, the jealous sibling plotted to get rid of Osiris.
Set had a beautiful coffin made that only Osiris could fit into, and then threw a feast. During the feast, Set announced that the coffin would be given to the person who fitted perfectly into it. One by one, Set’s guests tried their luck, but none succeeded. Finally, Osiris climbed inside the coffin to see if it fitted him. Seizing this contrived opportunity, Set had the coffin sealed shut, and threw it, along with his brother, into the Nile. The waters of the Nile carried the coffin into the sea, and it finally came to rest in a tamarisk tree growing near Byblos in Phoenicia. Osiris remained there until he died.
Eventually, Isis succeeded in finding and retrieving the body of her husband, and brought it back to Egypt. The goddess then sought to revive Osiris, but Set found out about his brother’s return and cut his body up into many pieces, and scattered them all over Egypt. Isis managed to retrieve all of Osiris’ body parts except his penis, which had been eaten by an oxyrhyncus fish. Nevertheless, somehow Isis was able to revive her husband, and the god Horus was conceived during this time. Still, being incomplete, Osiris could no longer rule in the land of the living, and therefore became the ruler of the Underworld....
Book II gives info about Egypt written by Herodotus.
Below is just a few hilites about the Egyptian Religious beliefs from book II:
The History of Herodotus By Herodotus
BOOK II EGYPT
http://classics.mit.edu//Herodotus/history.2.ii.html
They are religious to excess, far beyond any other race of men, and use the following ceremonies...
JUPITER THE FACE OF A RAM. JUPITER = AMUN = AMMONIANS
RAM IS SACRED TO MENDES, DO NOT SACRIFICE GOATS, ONLY SHEEP. THEBANS DO NOT SACRIFICE SHEEP, ONLY GOATS.
Such Egyptians as possess a temple of the Theban Jove, or live in the Thebaic canton, offer no sheep in sacrifice, but only goats; for the Egyptians do not all worship the same gods, excepting Isis and Osiris, the latter of whom they say is the Grecian Bacchus. Those, on the contrary, who possess a temple dedicated to Mendes, or belong to the Mendesian canton, abstain from offering goats, and sacrifice sheep instead. The Thebans, and such as imitate them in their practice, give the following account of the origin of the custom: "Hercules," they say, "wished of all things to see Jove, but Jove did not choose to be seen of him. At length, when Hercules persisted, Jove hit on a device- to flay a ram, and, cutting off his head, hold the head before him, and cover himself with the fleece. In this guise he showed himself to Hercules." Therefore the Egyptians give their statues of Jupiter the face of a ram: and from them the practice has passed to the Ammonians, who are a joint colony of Egyptians and Ethiopians, speaking a language between the two; hence also, in my opinion, the latter people took their name of Ammonians, since the Egyptian name for Jupiter is Amun. Such, then, is the reason why the Thebans do not sacrifice rams, but consider them sacred animals. Upon one day in the year, however, at the festival of Jupiter, they slay a single ram, and stripping off the fleece, cover with it the statue of that god, as he once covered himself, and then bring up to the statue of Jove an image of Hercules. When this has been done, the whole assembly beat their breasts in mourning for the ram, and afterwards bury him in a holy sepulchre. ...
The Egyptians do not think it allowable even to sacrifice cattle, excepting sheep, and the male kine and calves, provided they be pure, and also geese. ...
MENDES = PAN = GOAT
I mentioned above that some of the Egyptians abstain from sacrificing goats, either male or female. The reason is the following:- These Egyptians, who are the Mendesians, consider Pan to be one of the eight gods who existed before the twelve, and Pan is represented in Egypt by the painters and the sculptors, just as he is in Greece, with the face and legs of a goat. They do not, however, believe this to be his shape, or consider him in any respect unlike the other gods; but they represent him thus for a reason which I prefer not to relate. The Mendesians hold all goats in veneration, but the male more than the female, giving the goatherds of the males especial honour. One is venerated more highly than all the rest, and when he dies there is a great mourning throughout all the Mendesian canton. In Egyptian, the goat and Pan are both called Mendes.
The pig is regarded among them as an unclean animal, so much so that if a man in passing accidentally touch a pig, he instantly hurries to the river, and plunges in with all his clothes on. Hence, too, the swineherds, notwithstanding that they are of pure Egyptian blood,
are forbidden to enter into any of the temples, which are open to all other Egyptians; and further, no one will give his daughter in
marriage to a swineherd, or take a wife from among them, so that the swineherds are forced to intermarry among themselves. They do not
offer swine in sacrifice to any of their gods, excepting Bacchus and the Moon, whom they honour in this way at the same time, sacrificing
pigs to both of them at the same full moon, and afterwards eating of the flesh. There is a reason alleged by them for their detestation
of swine at all other seasons, and their use of them at this festival, with which I am well acquainted, but which I do not think it proper
to mention. The following is the mode in which they sacrifice the swine to the Moon...
To Bacchus, on the eve of his feast, every Egyptian sacrifices a hog before the door of his house, which is then given back to the swineherd by whom it was furnished, and by him carried away. In other respects the festival is celebrated almost exactly as Bacchic festivals are in Greece, excepting that the Egyptians have no choral dances. ...
Almost all the names of the gods came into Greece from Egypt. My inquiries prove that they were all derived from a foreign source, and my opinion is that Egypt furnished the greater number. For with the exception of Neptune and the Dioscuri, whom I mentioned above, and Juno, Vesta, Themis, the Graces, and the Nereids, the other gods have been known from time immemorial in Egypt. This I assert on the authority of the Egyptians themselves. ...
Greeks have borrowed from Egypt. The peculiarity, however, which they observe in their statues of Mercury they did not derive from the Egyptians, but from the Pelasgi...
The Egyptians do not hold a single solemn assembly, but several in the course of the year. Of these the chief, which is better attended
than any other, is held at the city of Bubastis in honour of Diana. The next in importance is that which takes place at Busiris, a city
situated in the very middle of the Delta; it is in honour of Isis, who is called in the Greek tongue Demiter (Ceres). There is a third
great festival in Sais to Minerva, a fourth in Heliopolis to the Sun, a fifth in Buto to Latona, and a sixth in Papremis to Mars....
The animals that do exist in the country, whether domesticated or otherwise, are all regarded as sacred. If I were to explain why they are consecrated to the several gods, ...Their custom with respect to animals is as follows:- For every kind there are appointed certain guardians, some male, some female, whose business it is to look after them; and this honour is made to descend from father to son. The inhabitants of the various cities, when they have made a vow to any god, pay it to his animals in the way which I will now explain...
They have also another sacred bird called the phoenix which I myself have never seen, except in pictures. Indeed it is a great rarity,
even in Egypt, only coming there (according to the accounts of the people of Heliopolis) once in five hundred years, when the old phoenix dies. Its size and appearance, if it is like the pictures, are as follow:- The plumage is partly red, partly golden, while the general make and size are almost exactly that of the eagle. They tell a story of what this bird does, which does not seem to me to be credible:
that he comes all the way from Arabia, and brings the parent bird, all plastered over with myrrh, to the temple of the Sun, and there
buries the body. In order to bring him, they say, he first forms a ball of myrrh as big as he finds that he can carry; then he hollows
out the ball, and puts his parent inside, after which he covers over the opening with fresh myrrh, and the ball is then of exactly the
same weight as at first; so he brings it to Egypt, plastered over as I have said, and deposits it in the temple of the Sun. Such is
the story they tell of the doings of this bird. ...
With respect to divination, they hold that it is a gift which no mortal possesses, but only certain of the gods: thus they have an oracle of Hercules, one of Apollo, of Minerva, of Diana, of Mars, and of Jupiter. Besides these, there is the oracle of Latona at Buto, which
is held in much higher repute than any of the rest. The mode of delivering the oracles is not uniform, but varies at the different shrines....
The Egyptians maintain that Ceres and Bacchus preside in the realms below. They were also the first to broach the opinion that the soul of man is immortal and that, when the body dies, it enters into the form of an animal which is born at the moment, thence passing on from one animal into another, until it has circled through the forms of all the creatures which tenant the earth, the water, and the air, after which it enters again into a human frame, and is born anew. The whole period of the transmigration is (they say) three thousand years. There are Greek writers, some of an earlier, some of a later date, who have borrowed this doctrine from the Egyptians, and put it forward as their own. I could mention their names, but I abstain from doing so. ...
. The Bubastis of the Egyptians is the same as the Artemis (Diana) of the Greeks....
then Egypt had gods for its rulers, who dwelt upon the earth with men, one being always supreme above the rest. The last of these was Horus, the son of Osiris, called by the Greeks Apollo. He deposed Typhon, and ruled over Egypt as its last god-king. Osiris is named Dionysus (Bacchus) by the Greeks. The Greeks regard Hercules, Bacchus, and Pan as the youngest of the gods. With the Egyptians, contrariwise, Pan is exceedingly ancient, and belongs to those whom they call "the eight gods," who existed before the rest. Hercules is one of the gods of the second order, who are known as "the twelve"; and Bacchus belongs to the gods of the third order, whom the twelve produced. I have already mentioned how many years intervened according to the Egyptians between the birth of Hercules and the reign of Amasis. From Pan to this period they count a still longer time; and even from Bacchus, who is the youngest of the three, they reckon fifteen thousand years to the reign of that king. In these matters they say they cannot be mistaken, as they have always kept count of the years, and noted them in their registers. But from the present day to the time of Bacchus, the reputed son of Semele, daughter of Cadmus, is a period of not more than sixteen hundred years; to that of Hercules, son of Alcmena, is about nine hundred; while to the time of Pan, son of Penelope (Pan, according to the Greeks, was her child by Mercury), is a shorter space than to the Trojan war, eight hundred years or thereabouts. ...
To me, therefore, it is quite manifest that the names of these gods became known to the Greeks after those of their other deities, and that they count their birth from the time when they first acquired a knowledge of them. Thus far my narrative rests on the accounts given by the Egyptians. ...
(According to the Egyptians, Apollo and Diana are the children of Bacchus and Isis, while Latona is their nurse and their preserver.
They call Apollo, in their language, Horus; Ceres they call Isis; Diana, Bubastis. From this Egyptian tradition, and from no other,
it must have been that Aeschylus, the son of Euphorion, took the idea, which is found in none of the earlier poets, of making Diana the daughter of Ceres.) ...
The Egyptians call by the name of barbarians all such as speak a language different from their own....
The Origins of the Goat of Mendes
http://www.angelfire.com/empire/serpentis666/Goat.html
The origins of the "Goat of Mendes" can be traced back to Ancient Egypt. Goats and Rams were worshipped in many cities throughout Egypt thousands of years ago. The Goat is synonymous with Satanism. The horns represent the Horned Gods/Goddesses. Goats also symbolized fertility in many different cultures and times. The Goat as a symbol of fertility and focus of religious rites dates all the way back to Sumeria.
The goat symbolizes fertility- fertility in multiplying the life force, vril, which activates and raises the serpent. The "Goat of a Thousand Young" is referring to the crown chakra, "Sahasrara" in Sanskrit which means "Thousand Petal Lotus."
The Goat of Mendes
Ptah the Egyptian God of Magick, knowledge and wisdom (an alias of Satan) *became* the goat, and sometimes a ram in the city of Mendes where he was worshipped as such. The Goat/Ram of Mendes represented the "Ba" which was the Egyptian word for the "soul." Ptah was considered to be a great magician and "Lord of the Serpents."¹
There are many false claims, based upon ignorance that the Goat was invented as a reaction to the "lamb" of Christianity. The Christian use of the lamb came much later and in truth is based upon the sign of Aries (The spring Easter lamb). Everything in Christianity has been stolen and corrupted from religions preceding it.
The Horned Goat is also directly of Enki (Satan). The constellation of the Horned Goat (Capricorn) is the time of the winter solstice, known as "The Southern Gate of the Sun." ²
“The Goat was known in early Babylonian times as the God ‘Ea’ (Enki/Satan). Ea was known as ‘He of vast intellect and Lord of the Sacred Eye’ protector of his people and the bringer and giver of knowledge and civilization to humanity. Represented as a snake, he ended up in the ‘Garden of Eden as the Snake in the tree of life, encouraging learning and knowledge rather than blissful ignorance.’ Whenever Ea roamed the Earth, he took the form of a goat. Ea was considered the Father of Light" and his celebrations dating back to 15,000 B.C.E., were carried out wearing goat skins.³
Satanism is in truth, the world's oldest religion. Satanism is not an "invention" or "inversion" of Christianity.
A Condensed History of Goat Worship Through the Ages
http://www.invisibleoranges.com/a-condensed-history-of-goat-worship/
The Demonization of Pan
www.mesacc.edu/~thoqh49081/StudentPapers/pan.html
Banebdjedet
http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/religion/banebdjedet.htm
A fertility god, the "Ba of the Lord of Mendes" was originally a ram with horns shaped like cork-screws, later he was often thought of as a billy-goat. He was the ba of Re, Shu, Geb and Osiris. He replaced the fish goddess Hatmehit as the main deity of Mendes...
According to Herodotus his devotees did not sacrifice goats:
[2.42.1] Those, on the contrary, who possess a temple dedicated to Mendes, or belong to the Mendesian canton, abstain from offering goats, and sacrifice sheep instead.
[2.46.1] I mentioned above that some of the Egyptians abstain from sacrificing goats, either male or female. The reason is the following:- These Egyptians, who are the Mendesians, consider Pan to be one of the eight gods who existed before the twelve, and Pan is represented in Egypt by the painters and the sculptors, just as he is in Greece, with the face and legs of a goat. They do not, however, believe this to be his shape, or consider him in any respect unlike the other gods; but they represent him thus for a reason which I prefer not to relate. The Mendesians hold all goats in veneration, but the male more than the female, giving the goatherds of the males especial honour. One is venerated more highly than all the rest, and when he dies there is a great mourning throughout all the Mendesian canton. In Egyptian, the goat and Pan are both called Mendes.
Herodotus, Euterpe
According to Diodorus Siculus the ram represented the most basic of urges and was thus the prime originator of life:
The Egyptians have deified the ram for the same reasons for which the worship of Priapos was introduced among the Greeks: because of his member of procreation. They attribute the strongest copulation drive to these animals and consider the member, to which all living things owe their existence, to be worthy of veneration. They claim that it was considerd holy as the fount of animal life during secret initiation ceremonies in all other lands as well, it was this deity into the secrets of which the priests of Egypt when entering into the office of their fathers were initiated first. For the same reason the Pans and satyrs were venerated; and for the same reason their images in the temples were endowed with erect penes so that they would resemble the ram which was a very fertile animal. With such images the people wanted to express their thanks for the large number of their children
Diodorus Siculus
The cult of Banebdjedet at Mendes is claimed to have included sexual intercourse between humans and goats as part of fertility rites. Herodotus reported a case of a woman having sex with a billy-goat and Strabo quotes Pindar saying: "Mendes, along the crag of the sea, farthermost horn of the Nile, where the goat-mounting he-goats have intercourse with women."
Goat Symbolism
https://gnosticwarrior.com/goat.html
Goat
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat
Religion, mythology and folklore:
Archaeologists excavating the ancient city of Ebla in Syria discovered, among others, the tomb of some king or great noble which included a throne decorated with bronze goat heads. That led to this tomb becoming known as "The Tomb of the Lord of the Goats".
According to Norse mythology, the god of thunder, Thor, has a chariot that is pulled by the goats Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr....
Possibly related, the Yule Goat is one of the oldest Scandinavian and Northern European Yule and Christmas symbols and traditions. Yule Goat originally denoted the goat that was slaughtered around Yule,...
The Greek god Pan is said to have the upper body of a man and the horns and lower body of a goat...
The goat is one of the twelve-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar....
Several mythological hybrid creatures are believed to consist of parts of the goat, including the Chimera. The Capricorn sign in the Western zodiac is usually depicted as a goat with a fish's tail. Fauns and satyrs are mythological creatures that are part goat and part human....
Popular Christian folk tradition in Europe associated Satan with imagery of goats. A common superstition in the Middle Ages...
JOVE: FATHER SKY. THUNDER GOD....
Jupiter
https://www.ancient.eu/jupiter/
Among the many gods of the Romans, Jupiter, the son of Saturn, was the supreme god, associated with thunder, lightning, and storms. The first citizens of what would become Rome believed they were watched over by the spirits of their ancestors, and they added a triad of gods to these spirits. These new gods included Mars, the god of war; Quirinus, the deified Romulus who watched over the people of Rome; and lastly, Jupiter, the supreme god.... He protected Rome in time of war and maintained the welfare of the people during peace. He was most often portrayed with a long, white beard, and his symbol was the eagle atop a scepter which he carried as he sat upon his majestic throne. As with Zeus, his reputation for violence often caused men to tremble in fear for he could easily punish them with one of his thunderbolts. Of course, he would give them a fair warning before the final, destructive bolt, and punishment was usually carried out only with the consent of the other gods....
Jupiter (mythology)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)
Jove. Lightning bolt, eagle, oak tree.
Consort: Juno. Children: Mars, Vulcan, Minerva, Hercules, Bellona, Mercury, Apollo, Diana, Muses, Nona, Decima, Morta, Lucina, Juventas, Discordia, Graces, Dike, Venus, Bacchus, Invidia?
Parents: Saturn and Ops. Siblings Roman tradition: Juno, Ceres, Vesta.
Siblings Greco-Roman: Pluto and Neptune. Greek equivalent: Zeus.
Jove is the god of the sky and thunder and king of the gods in Ancient Roman religion and mythology.... Jupiter is usually thought to have originated as a sky god. His identifying implement is the thunderbolt and his primary sacred animal is the eagle... The two emblems were often combined to represent the god in the form of an eagle holding in its claws a thunderbolt... His sacred tree was the oak.... equivalent of the Greek Zeus,...Jupiter was the brother of Neptune and Pluto, the Roman equivalents of Poseidon and Hades respectively... they offered him a white ox (bos mas) with gilded horns... sacrifice of a ram to Jupiter on each of the nundinae, the "market" days of a calendar cycle, comparable to a week....
The role of Jupiter in the conflict of the orders is a reflection of the religiosity of the Romans. Whereas the patricians were able to claim the support of the supreme god quite naturally being the holders of the auspices of the State, the plebs (also known as the plebeians) argued that as Jupiter was the source of justice he was on their side since their cause was just....
Tullus Hostilius: Throughout his reign, King Tullus had a scornful attitude towards religion. His temperament was warlike, and he disregarded religious rites and piety. After conquering the Albans with the duel between the Horatii and Curiatii, Tullus destroyed Alba Longa and deported its inhabitants to Rome. As Livy tells the story, omens (prodigia) in the form of a rain of stones occurred on the Alban Mount because the deported Albans had disregarded their ancestral rites linked to the sanctuary of Jupiter. In addition to the omens, a voice was heard requesting that the Albans perform the rites. A plague followed and at last the king himself fell ill. As a consequence, the warlike character of Tullus broke down; he resorted to religion and petty, superstitious practices. At last, he found a book by Numa recording a secret rite on how to evoke Iuppiter Elicius. The king attempted to perform it, but since he executed the rite improperly the god threw a lightning bolt which burned down the king's house and killed Tullus....
Sacrifices: Sacrificial victims (hostiae) offered to Jupiter were the ox (castrated bull), the lamb (on the Ides, the ovis idulis) and the wether (on the Ides of January). The animals were required to be white. The question of the lamb's gender is unresolved; while a lamb is generally male, for the vintage-opening festival the flamen Dialis sacrificed a ewe. This rule seems to have had many exceptions, as the sacrifice of a ram on the Nundinae by the flaminica Dialis demonstrates. During one of the crises of the Punic Wars, Jupiter was offered every animal born that year....
The cult of Iuppiter Latiaris was the most ancient known cult of the god: it was practised since very remote times near the top of the Mons Albanus on which the god was venerated as the high protector of the Latin League under the hegemony of Alba Longa....
After the destruction of Alba by king Tullus Hostilius the cult was forsaken. The god manifested his discontent through the prodigy of a rain of stones: the commission sent by the Roman senate to inquire was also greeted by a rain of stones and heard a loud voice from the grove on the summit of the mount requesting the Albans perform the religious service to the god according to the rites of their country. In consequence of this event the Romans instituted a festival of nine days (nundinae). Nonetheless a plague ensued: in the end Tullus Hostilius himself was affected and lastly killed by the god with a lightning bolt.The festival was reestablished on its primitive site by the last Roman king Tarquin the Proud under the leadership of Rome....
Religious calendar
Ides: The Ides (the midpoint of the month, with a full moon) was sacred to Jupiter, because on that day heavenly light shone day and night. Some (or all) Ides were Feriae Iovis, sacred to Jupiter. On the Ides, a white lamb (ovis idulis) was led along Rome's Sacred Way to the Capitoline Citadel and sacrificed to him. Jupiter's two epula Iovis festivals fell on the Ides, as did his temple foundation rites as Optimus Maximus, Victor, Invictus and (possibly) Stator....
There were two festivals called epulum Iovis ("Feast of Jove"). One was held on September 13, the anniversary of the foundation of Jupiter's Capitoline temple. The other (and probably older) festival was part of the Plebeian Games (Ludi Plebei), and was held on November 13....
The Latin name Iuppiter originated as a vocative compound of the Old Latin vocative *Iou and pater ("father") and came to replace the Old Latin nominative case *Ious. Jove is a less common English formation based on Iov-, the stem of oblique cases of the Latin name. Linguistic studies identify the form *Iou-pater as deriving from the Indo-European vocative compound *Dyēu-pəter (meaning "O Father Sky-god"; nominative: *Dyēus-pətēr)... The terms are similar in etymology and semantics (dies, "daylight" and Dius, "daytime sky"), but differ linguistically. Wissowa considers the epithet Dianus noteworthy. Dieus is the etymological equivalent of ancient Greece's Zeus and of the Teutonics' Ziu (genitive Ziewes). The Indo-European deity is the god from which the names and partially the theology of Jupiter, Zeus and the Indo-Aryan Vedic Dyaus Pita derive or have developed....
Jove was the original namesake of Latin forms of the weekday now known in English as Thursday (originally called Iovis Dies in Latin)...
Another most ancient epithet is Lucetius: although the Ancients, followed by some modern scholars such as Wissowa, interpreted it as referring to sunlight, the carmen Saliare shows that it refers to lightning.... Other early epithets connected with the atmospheric quality of Jupiter are Pluvius, Imbricius, Tempestas, Tonitrualis, tempestatium divinarum potens, Serenator, Serenus and, referred to lightning, Fulgur, Fulgur Fulmen, later as nomen agentis Fulgurator, Fulminator: the high antiquity of the cult is testified by the neutre form Fulgur and the use of the term for the bidental, the lightning well dug on the spot hit by a lightning bolt....
Jupiter is the god of heaven and retains his identification with the sky among the Latin poets (his name is used as a synonym for "sky"....it is a derivative of the Indo-European word for "bright, shining sky". His residence is found atop the hills of Rome and of mountains in general;... Jupiter assumed atmospheric qualities; he is the wielder of lightning and the master of weather....
In Vedic religion, Dyaus Pitar remained confined to his distant, removed, passive role and the place of sovereign god was occupied by Varuna and Mitra. In Greek and Roman religion, instead, the homonymous gods *Diou- and Διϝ- evolved into atmospheric deities; by their mastery of thunder and lightning, they expressed themselves and made their will known to the community....
Minerva Capta, who was brought from Falerii, Minerva's association to Jupiter and relevance to Roman state religion is mainly linked to the Palladium, a wooden statue of Athena.... It was stored in the...temple of Vesta and considered the most important... In Roman traditional lore it was brought from Troy by Aeneas. Scholars though think it was last taken to Rome in the third or second century BC....
Myths of Greece and Rome: Zeus (Jove, Jupiter)
http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/mgr/mgr04.htm
He is the Indo-European sky-god in its two aspects; he is the god of the Bright Sky and the shining ether, and also of the Dark Sky, the god of thunder and rain....long before Homer, were Ouranos and Gaia, Heaven and Earth; and of Ouranos Zeus had preserved many characteristics....
Has similarities with the Pentacles from the Greek Key of Solomon
The meaning of the Vegvísir
http://www.englishnews.org/news-central/germanic-symbols/vegvisir.html
The Vegvisir is of pure Northern Germanic, Old Norse origin to be precise, it has no equivalents in any other symbol, it is unique, mysterious and its exact age as a symbol has been lost... The Vegvisir is recorded only as an ancient Icelandic magical stave... The symbolic meaning of the Vegvisir is recorded only symbolically in the Huld Manuscript, as being a symbol designed to help the bearer navigate through storms, heavy seas and similar weathers such as heavy snow. The Vegvisir is depicted on the 60th page of the Huld Manuscript, beneath the heading Vegvisir, adjacent to the Þjófastafur. ... The meaning of Vegvísir means 'sign post'....
"If this sign is carried, one will never lose one's way in storms or bad weather, even when the way is not known". 60th page of the Huld Manuscript, description of the Vegvisir....
Vegvísir
https://norse-mythology.org/vegvisir/
The Vegvisir (Icelandic Vegvísir, “That Which Shows the Way;” pronounced “VEGG-vee-seer”) is a symbol found only in one modern Icelandic collection of spells, the so-called Huld manuscript. That book has nothing more than this one sentence to say about it: “If this sign is carried, one will never lose one’s way in storms or bad weather, even when the way is not known.”
The Huld manuscript was compiled during the nineteenth century – about eight centuries after the end of the Viking Age. While some of its material may date from the time when the pre-Christian Norse religion was still a living tradition, much of the rest of it is heavily influenced by Christianity and magical practices imported from more southerly parts of Europe. Thus, the simple fact that something is found in the Huld manuscript is no guarantee that the pre-Christian Norse and/or other Germanic peoples knew anything about it, let alone embraced it as part of their religion.
In the case of the Vegvisir, there’s no evidence whatsoever that it was known or used during the Viking Age or earlier. It’s possible that it was indeed known and used during that time, but it’s at least equally possible that it was imported or invented after that. In the end, we simply don’t know.
Calling the Vegvisir a definite “Viking symbol” or the like therefore requires quite a leap of faith.
Furthermore, the above information is the entirety of what we know about the Vegvisir. Anyone who tells you otherwise is just making stuff up. Many people find this to be disappointing, but that’s the way it is.
Huld Manuscript of Galdrastafir Witchcraft Magic Symbols and Runes - English Translation
https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/imaging/is/IB04-0383#page/Front+(r)+(1+of+68)/mode/2up
http://northern-witch.tumblr.com/post/125196836745/english-translation-of-the-huld-manuscript-by
Aegishjalmur
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegishjalmur
Aegishjalmur or ægishjálmur is a magical symbol of protection used by Vikings .
Of Icelandic origin, it is also known as a spell of terror or fear . Drawn between the eyes, he was granted the ability to make the bearer invincible and frighten his enemies. It appears in several Nordic sagas, where it is mentioned with several names as an aspect of terror or dominant character .
There is evidence written in the following Nordic sagas, where they may have other interpretations related to the protective function: Saga Eyrbyggja, Saga Reykdæla ok Biga-Skútu, Saga Njal,
Saga Vatnsdœla. One of the most famous appointments of aegishjalmur is found in the Volsunga Saga
Zalmoxis may have just been picked up by a small group integrating Zalmoxis into the Goth belief structure perverting, and or contaminating the original Goth belief system by goals of foreign people. Zalmoxis was a Greek slave who migrated into Gothland. Thor is the true God of the Goths according to the British Edda.
THE BRITISH EDDA http://www.thechristianidentityforum.net/downloads/British-Edda.pdf
AS the migrations into and out of Gothland different tribes mixed combing beliefs. So the practice of Zalmoxis followers shooting arrows up to the Thunder God Thor was either a sign of honor to Thor, or as a sign of rebellion to overthrow Thor. I really do not know for sure personally but, to my understanding Thor is the only true God of the Goths. However, Thor had several other names as his people moved about. But, personally I doubt Zalmoxis a slave of Pythagoras was ever used to represent Thor. My personal thought is Zalmoxis was a cult started by a rival or friendly group, who migrated into Gothland, and integrating Zalmoxis Pythagoras' education with the original Goth beliefs. The two beliefs combining with that certain group(s) forming a newer belief. Again this is based on my limited knowledge. But, one thing is certain is Thor is the only true God of the Goths.
Zalmoxis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalmoxis
Zalmoxis is a supposed divinity of the Getae and Dacians (a people of the lower Danube), mentioned by Herodotus in his Histories Book IV, 93–96, written before 425 BC.
According to Jordanes's Getica, he was a learned man, philosopher, before whom, two other learned men existed, by the names of Zeuta and Deceneus.
Herodotus writes about Zalmoxis in book 4 of his Histories:
93. ...the Getae are the bravest of the Thracians and the most just.
94. They believe they are immortal forever living in the following sense: they think they do not die and that the one who dies joins Zalmoxis, a divine being; some call this same divine being Gebeleizis. Every four years, they send a messenger to Zalmoxis, who is chosen by chance. They ask him to tell Zalmoxis what they want on that occasion. The mission is performed in the following way: men standing there for that purpose hold three spears; other people take the one who is sent to Zalmoxis by his hands and feet and fling him in the air on the spears. If he dies pierced, they think that the divinity is going to help them; if he does not die, it is he who is accused and they declare that he is a bad person. And, after he has been charged, they send another one. The messenger is told the requests while he is still alive. The same Thracians, on other occasions, when he thunders and lightens, shoot with arrows up in the air against the sky and menace the divinity because they think there is no god other than their own....
He built a banquet hall, and received the chiefs and his fellow countrymen at a banquet. He taught that neither his guests nor their descendants would ever die, but instead would go to a place where they would live forever in a complete happiness. He then dug an underground residence. When it was finished, he disappeared from Thrace, living for three years in his underground residence. The Thracians missed him and wept fearing him dead. The fourth year, he came back among them and thus they believed what Zalmoxis had told them....
In fact, not all the ancient sources depict Zalmoxis as a god, while Jordanes Iamblichus (in his Life of Pythagoras) says that Zalmoxis was a man who became a god....
A number of etymologies have been given for the name. In his Vita Pythagorae, Porphyrius (3rd century) says that he was so named because he had been wrapped in a bearskin at birth, and zalmon is the Thracian word for "hide". Hesychius (ca. 5th century) has zemelen as a Phrygian word for "foreign slave"....
Herodotus asserts that Zalmoxis was originally a human being, a slave who converted the Thracians to his beliefs. The Greeks of the Hellespont and the Black Sea tell that Zalmoxis was a slave of Pythagoras, son of Mnesarchos, on the island of Samos. After being liberated, he gathered huge wealth and, once rich, went back to his homeland. Thracians lived simple hard lives. Zalmoxis had lived among the wisest of Greeks, such as Pythagoras, and had been initiated into Ionian life and the Eleusinian Mysteries. ...
ZAMOLXIS, THE GOD OF THE GETAE?
http://www.angelfire.com/md/Orastie/zamolxis.html
...Moreover when there is thunder and lightning these same Thracians shoot arrows skyward as a threat to the god, believing in no other god but their own. ...
380 BC CHARMIDES OR TEMPERANCE (Selections) by Plato, translated by Benjamin Jowett:
Thracian king Zamolxis,... Zamolxis, he added, our king, who is also a god, ...
THE DRUIDS; PROGENITORS OF THEIR SYSTEM.:
And the Celtic Druids investigated to the very highest point the Pythagorean philosophy, after Zamolxis, by birth a Thracian, a servant of Pythagoras, became to them the originator of this discipline. Now after the death of Pythagoras, Zamolxis, repairing thither, became to them the originator of this philosophy. The Celts esteem these as prophets and seers, on account of their foretelling to them certain (events), from calculations and numbers by the Pythagorean art; on the methods of which very art also we shall not keep silence, since also from these some have presumed to introduce heresies; but the Druids resort to magical rites likewise.
Full text of "Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft"
"Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft" PDF
https://web.stanford.edu/~tplarson/Bucklands-Complete-Book-of-Witchcraft.pdf
https://www.scribd.com/doc/106680729/Buckland-s-Complete-Book-of-Witchcraft
Full text of "The Volsunga Saga Translated From The Icelandic"
https://archive.org/stream/volsungasagatran009188mbp/volsungasagatran009188mbp_djvu.txt
The Story of the Volsungs Translated by William Morris and Eirikr Magnusson [1888]
http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/vlsng/index.htm
It appears that it was Jewdaism, and Jewdao Christianity that demonized a once good Ba‘al Zəbûl, "lord of the (heavenly) dwelling" into Ba'al Zebub a derogatory pun and icon of evil.
Similar stories with other mythologies of a heavenly being that goes to the underworld to rule. Just different names, and deviations in stories among different peoples. Each people demonizing the other people's God(s) to make their own God(s) the ruling God/ Goddess. ...
Beelzebub
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beelzebub
"Baalzebub" redirects here. Beelzebub or Beelzebul ( bee-EL-zib-ub or BEEL-zib-ub; Hebrew: בַּעַל זְבוּב, Ba'al Zəvûv) is a name derived from a Philistine god, formerly worshipped in Ekron, and later adopted by Abrahamic religions as a given name to a major demon. The name Beelzebub is associated with the Canaanite god Baal. In theological sources, predominately Christian, Beelzebub is sometimes another name for the Devil, similar to Satan. He is known in demonology as one of the seven princes of Hell. The Dictionnaire Infernal describes Beelzebub as a being capable of flying, known as the "Lord of the Flyers", or the "Lord of the Flies".
The source for the name Beelzebub is in 2 Kings 1:2-3, 6, 16, written Ba‘al Zəbûb, referring to a deity worshipped by the Philistines. The title Ba'al, meaning "Lord" in Ugaritic, was used in conjunction with a descriptive name of a specific god. Opinions differ on what the name is.
In one understanding, Ba‘al Zəbûb is translated literally as "lord of the flies" It was long ago suggested that there was a relationship between the Philistine god, and cults of flies - referring to a view of them as pests, feasting on excrement - appearing in the Hellenic world, such as Zeus Apomyios or Myiagros. This is confirmed by the Ugaritic text when we examine how Baal affects the expulsion of the flies which are the patient's sickness....
Alternatively, the deity's actual name was Ba‘al Zəbûl, "lord of the (heavenly) dwelling", and Ba'al Zebub was a derogatory pun used by the Israelites. In regard to the god of Ekron, the belief that zebub may be the original affix to Baal and that it is a substitute for an original zbl which, after the discoveries of Ras Shamra, has been connected with the title of "prince", frequently attributed to Baal in mythological texts. Ba'al Zebub was used in Hebrew as a pun with Ba'al Zebul, where Zebul meant "of the manor," and in a derogatory manner Ba'al Zebub was used to offend the enemies of the Israelites. ...
The Septuagint renders the name as Baalzebub (βααλζεβούβ) and as Baal muian (βααλ μυιαν, "Baal of flies"). ...
In the Testament of Solomon, Beelzebul (not Beelzebub) appears as prince of the demons and says (6.2) that he was formerly a leading heavenly angel who was (6.7) associated with the star Hesperus (which is the normal Greek name for the planet Venus (Αφροδíτη) as evening star). Seemingly, Beelzebul here is synonymous with Lucifer. Beelzebul claims to cause destruction through tyrants, to cause demons to be worshipped among men, to excite priests to lust, to cause jealousies in cities and murders, and to bring on war....
Christian Bible: In Mark 3:22, the scribes accuse Jesus of driving out demons by the power of Beelzebul, prince of demons, the name also appearing in the expanded version in Matthew 12:24,27 and Luke 11:15, 18–19. The name also occurs in Matthew 10:25.... Beelzebub is also identified in the New Testament as the devil, "prince of the demons". Biblical scholar Thomas Kelly Cheyne suggested that it might be a derogatory corruption of Ba‘al Zəbûl, "Lord of the High Place" (i.e., Heaven) or "High Lord".
In Arabic translations, the name is rendered as Baʿlzabūl (بعلزبول)....
Gnostic tradition: Texts of the Acts of Pilate (also known as the Gospel of Nicodemus) vary; they use Beelzebul or Beelzebub. The name is used by Hades as a secondary name for the Devil, but it may vary with each translation of the text; other versions give the name Beelzebub as Beelzebub, but separates him from the devil.
Christian demonology and occult: Beelzebub is commonly described as placed high in Hell's hierarchy. According to the stories of the 16th-century occultist Johann Weyer, Beelzebub led a successful revolt against the Devil, is the chief lieutenant of Lucifer, the Emperor of Hell, and presides over the Order of the Fly. Similarly, the 17th-century exorcist Sebastien Michaelis, in his Admirable History (1612), placed Beelzebub among the three most prominent fallen angels, the other two being Lucifer and Leviathan, whereas two 18th-century works identified an unholy trinity consisting of Beelzebub, Lucifer, and Astaroth. John Milton featured Beelzebub seemingly as the second-ranking of the many fallen angels in his epic poem Paradise Lost, first published in 1667. Milton wrote of Beelzebub, "than whom, Satan except, none higher sat." ...
Within religious circles, the accusation of demon possession has been used as both an insult and an attempt to categorise unexplained behavior. ...
Judaism: The name Ba'al Zəvûv (Hebrew: בעל זבוב) is found in Melachim II 1:2-3, 6, 16, where King Ahaziah of Israel, after seriously injuring himself in a fall, sends messengers to inquire of Ba‘al Zebûb, the god of the Philistine city of Ekron, to learn if he will recover: [Now Ahaziah fell through the lattice in his upper chamber that was in Samaria, and he became ill; and he sent messengers and said to them, "Go inquire of Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron, whether I will recover from this illness."]
Elijah the Prophet then condemns Ahaziah to die by God's words because Ahaziah sought counsel from Ba‘al Zebûb rather than from God.
[But an angel of the Lord spoke to Elijah the Tishbite [saying], "Arise, go up toward the king of Samaria's messengers, and speak to them, [saying], 'Is it because there is no God in Israel, that you go to inquire of Baal-zebub the god of Ekron? Therefore, so has the Lord said, "From the bed upon which you have ascended you will not descend, for you shall die." ' " And Elijah went.]
Rabbinical literature commentary equates Baal Zebub of Ekron as lord of the "fly". The word Ba‘al Zebûb in rabbinical texts is a mockery of the Ba'al religion, which ancient Hebrews considered to be idol worship.
Jewish scholars have interpreted the title of "Lord of Flies" as the Hebrew way of calling Ba'al a pile of dung and comparing Ba'al followers to flies.
Beelzebub
http://www.occultopedia.com/b/beelzebub.htm
The name of a demon mentioned in the New Testament as chief of the demons (Matthew 12:24-27; Mark 3:22; Luke 11:15-18).
Beelzebub was also known as Achor by the Cyreneans, which probably meant 'Lord of the High House', referring to the Canaanite chief god 'Baal the prince'. This title could only properly apply to Solomon in his temple, so the Jews changed the name to Beelzebub which translates as 'Lord of Flies', possibly because of his supposedly role as creator and controller of the flies in the Philistine city of Ekron.
One of the oldest and most famous demonic figures, Beelzebub also had command over disease — flies congregate around the corpses of the dead, and spread disease from the dead to the living — and his role is to tempt men with pride. He was called the prince of devils by the Pharisees.
According to the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus, Jesus gave Beelzebub dominion over Hell in gratitude for helping remove Adam and other pre-Christian, unbaptized 'saints in prison' and bringing them to Heaven, over Satan's objections. In those early days, Satan outranked Beelzebub. By the sixteenth century, however, demonologist Johann Wierus was listing Beelzebub as supreme chieftain of Hell, with Satan below him.
Beelzebub appears several times in the New Testament, but only once in the Old Testament, and never in apocalyptic literature.
According to demonology's lore, when Satan first rebelled, he recruited several very powerful seraphim, Beelzebub among them, to fight at his side. Once he took up his new residence in Hell, Beelzebub learned to tempt men with pride. When summoned by witches or sorcerers, he appeared in the form of a fly, because "Lord of the Flies" was his nom de guerre, as it were. He'd acquired it by visiting a plague of flies upon the harvest of Canaan, or, perhaps, simply because flies were once believed to be generated in the flesh of decaying corpses. Another tale suggests that God created every creature, except the fly — which was made by the Devil.
Beelzebub came to be regarded as the leading representative of the fallen gods, referred to as the Devil himself; in Matthew 12:24 he is mentioned as 'Prince of the Devils' and this appellation has stuck, even though Milton has him next in rank to Satan (Paradise Lost, I, 79).
Differences of dates between different articles and researchers is a common discrepency. Some articles claim the El castillo cave art to date more than 40,000 years old made by Neanderthal. But, I am looking at the reasoning of a people to go into a cave, often quite a distance inside the cave, for the sole purpose of making their art there. My personal opinion based on what little I have read on it was for Religious purposes. Looking at religious belief in the underworld, maybe the cave, or temple, was seen as an entrance to the underworld where the religious leader went to ask the God / Goddess for blessings such as in their hunts, to heal sickness, and every blessing for survival. The cave wall may have been an altar of sort, and the art may have been what the religious leader was asking to be blessed? Perhaps the hand art was a person who needed to be cured of disease, and the animal art may have asked the God / Goddess for food?
This cave art may have been the religious belief of its time in the underworld, or Mother Earth. Was this belief a sole belief in the underworld, or Mother Earth? Or was it part of a Heavenly God / Goddess which existed with Mother Earth? Or was it a belief that came priot to, or after the Heavenly Father?
Cave painting
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting
Cave paintings are also known as "parietal art".They are painted drawings on cave walls or ceilings, mainly of prehistoric origin, dated to some 40,000 years ago (around 38,000 BCE) in Eurasia. The exact purpose of the Paleolithic cave paintings is not known. ... other theories ascribe a religious or ceremonial purpose to them. The paintings are remarkably similar around the world, with animals being common subjects that give the most impressive images. Humans mainly appear as images of hands, mostly hand stencils made by blowing pigment on a hand held to the wall.
The earliest known cave paintings/drawings of animals are at least 35,000 years old and were found in ... Indonesia, according to datings announced in 2014. ... The earliest figurative paintings in Europe date back to the Aurignacian period, approximately 30,000 to 32,000 years ago, and are found in the Chauvet Cave in France, and in the Coliboaia Cave in Romania. The earliest non-figurative rock art dates back to approximately 40,000 years ago, the date given both to a disk in the El Castillo cave and a hand stencil in Timpuseng cave Sulawesi, Indonesia. There are similar later paintings in Africa, Australia and South America, ...
Initially, the age of the paintings had been a contentious issue, since methods like radiocarbon dating can produce misleading results if contaminated by samples of older or newer material,...
Cave paintings in El Castillo cave were found to date back to at least 37,300 years old by researchers at Bristol University, making them the oldest known cave art in Europe,... The earliest known European figurative cave paintings are those of Chauvet Cave in France. These paintings date to earlier than 30,000 BCE ... However, more than 80 radiocarbon dates had been obtained by 2011, with samples taken from torch marks and from the paintings themselves, as well as from animal bones and charcoal found on the cave floor. The radiocarbon dates from these samples show that there were two periods of creation in Chauvet: 35,000 years ago and 30,000 years ago. ...In 2009, cavers discovered drawings in Coliboaia Cave in Romania, stylistically comparable to those at Chauvet. An initial dating puts the age of an image in the same range as Chauvet: about 32,000 years old....
Other examples may date as late as the Early Bronze Age, but the well-known Magdalenian style seen at Lascaux in France (c. 15,000 BCE) and Altamira in Spain died out about 10,000 BCE, coinciding with the advent of the Neolithic period. Some caves probably continued to be painted over a period of several thousands of years.
The next phase of surviving European prehistoric painting, the rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin, was very different, concentrating on large assemblies of smaller and much less detailed figures, with at least as many humans as animals. This was created roughly between 10,000 and 5,500 years ago, and painted in rock shelters under cliffs or shallow caves, in contrast to the recesses of deep caves used in the earlier (and much colder) period....
Spanish cave painting of bulls. The most common subjects in cave paintings are large wild animals, such as bison, horses, aurochs, and deer, and tracings of human hands as well as abstract patterns, called finger flutings. The species found most often were suitable for hunting by humans, but were not necessarily the actual typical prey found in associated deposits of bones; for example, the painters of Lascaux have mainly left reindeer bones, but this species does not appear at all in the cave paintings, where equine species are the most common. Drawings of humans were rare and are usually schematic as opposed to the more detailed and naturalistic images of animal subjects....
Pigments used include red and yellow ochre, hematite, manganese oxide and charcoal. Sometimes the silhouette of the animal was incised in the rock first, and in some caves all or many of the images are only engraved in this fashion, taking them somewhat out of a strict definition of "cave painting".
Similarly, large animals are also the most common subjects in the many small carved and engraved bone or ivory (less often stone) pieces dating from the same periods. But these include the group of Venus figurines, which have no real equivalent in cave paintings....
Some walls contain many hand stencils. Similar hands are also painted in the usual fashion. A number of hands show a finger wholly or partly missing, for which a number of explanations have been given. Hand images are found in similar forms in Europe, Eastern Asia and South America....
Theories and interpretations: Henri Breuil interpreted the paintings as being hunting magic, meant to increase the number of animals.
Another theory, developed by David Lewis-Williams and broadly based on ethnographic studies of contemporary hunter-gatherer societies, is that the paintings were made by paleolithic shamans.[20] The shaman would retreat into the darkness of the caves, enter into a trance state, and then paint images of their visions, perhaps with some notion of drawing power out of the cave walls themselves....
What does cave art mean?
http://myweb.usf.edu/~dlroger4/Cosquerweb/art.htm
Scientists have explained the meaning behind cave art of the Paleolithic period in a number of ways. Some of the main theories include: Art for Art's sake, the Sympathetic Theory and Shamanism.
Art for Art's Sake: The simplest theory to explain the existence of art in this period is that it has no meaning - that it is simply the idle doodlings and graffiti of a playful activity. ...
Sympathetic Magic Theory: Proponents of the sympathetic magic theory believe that the animals in the paintings were created to control or influence real animals. One of the most popular of the sympathetic magic theories is the idea of "hunting magic."...
A Systematic Approach
Leroi-Gourhan decided to take a purely statistical approach to prehistoric cave paintings and began a systematic investigation in which he spent years classifying 72 groups of pictures in 66 caves.
He recorded: 610 horses, 510 bisons, 205 mammoths, 175 rhinos, 9 nondescript monsters, 8 large-horned deer, 8 fish, 6 birds, 3 nondescript beasts of prey, 2 wild boars, and 2 chamoix.
Leroi-Gourhan found correlations between the types of animals and their positions in the cave.
To Leroi-Gourhan, the Paleolithic cave "temples" seemed similar to modern religious structures, with a certain images in similar places, a specific route of direction, the altar and entrance in the same order, and typical stations of initiation.
Leroi-Gourhan believed that cave art portrays a culture with a very sophisticated religious or philosophical view of the world.
Shamanism: The concept involves a complex cosmos in which at least two worlds - or more - coexist, be they side by side, or one above the other. These worlds are thought to interact with one another. In our own world, most events are believed to be the consequence of an influence from the other-world(s).
Scholars interpreted composite figures (drawings which have one animal superimposed upon another), as sorcerers, or shamans in masks.
Some scholars said the paintings were of "spirit animals," and that some portrayed "fights" between a Shaman in disguise and an evil spirit.
Glory said that many of the figures were "ongones," (spirits taking other forms, then answering requests from mortals dealing with matters of hunting or health).
He said the substance spewing from some of the animals' mouths or noses in the paintings could be explained as "evil spirits" being excised.
Fertility Magic and Sex..., Hallucinogenic Theory...
Indo European Religion: Is God a man or woman? According to this article the different beliefs are similar but, the gender of the important deities are different amongst the Indo Europeans. Matriarch vs. Patriarch Cultures. An obvious battle of the sexes....
Proto-Indo-European religion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion
Although this belief system is not directly attested, it has been reconstructed by scholars of comparative mythology based on the similarities in the belief systems of various Indo-European peoples. Various schools of thought exist regarding the precise nature of Proto-Indo-European religion, which do not always agree with each other. Vedic mythology, Roman mythology, and Norse mythology are the main mythologies normally used for comparative reconstruction... The Proto-Indo-European pantheon includes well-attested deities such as *Dyḗus Pḥatḗr, the god of the daylit skies, his daughter *Haéusōs, the goddess of the dawn, the Horse Twins, and the storm god *Perkwunos. Other probable deities include *Péh2usōn, a pastoral god, and *Seh2ul, a Sun goddess.
Well-attested myths of the Proto-Indo-Europeans include a myth involving a storm god who slays a multi-headed serpent that dwells in water, a myth about the Sun and Moon riding in chariots across the sky, and a creation story involving two brothers, one of whom is sacrificed by the other in order to create the world. The Proto-Indo-Europeans may have believed that the Otherworld was guarded by some kind of watchdog and could only be reached by crossing a river. They also may have believed in some kind of world tree, bearing fruit of immortality, either guarded by or gnawed on by a serpent or dragon of some kind and tended to by three goddesses, who were believed to spin the thread of life....
One of the earliest and most important of all Indo-European mythologies is Vedic mythology, especially the mythology of the Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedas.... Another of the most important source mythologies for comparative research is Roman mythology.... Despite its relatively late attestation, Norse mythology is still considered one of the three most important of the Indo-European mythologies for comparative research, simply due to the vast bulk of surviving Icelandic material.... Greek mythology is generally seen as having little importance in comparative mythology due to the heavy influence of Pre-Greek and Near Eastern cultures, which overwhelms what little Indo-European material can be extracted from it....
Heavenly deities
Sky Father: The supreme ruler of the Proto-Indo-European pantheon was the god *Dyḗus Pḥatḗr, whose name literally means "Sky Father". He is believed to have been regarded as the god of the daylit skies. He is, by far, the most well-attested of all the Proto-Indo-European deities. The Greek god Zeus, the Roman god Jupiter, and the Illyrian god Dei-Pátrous all appear as the head gods of their respective pantheons. The Norse god Týr, however, seems to have been demoted to the role of a minor war-deity prior to the composition of the earliest Germanic texts. *Dyḗus Pḥatḗr is also attested in the Rigveda as Dyáus Pitā, a minor ancestor figure mentioned in only a few hymns. The names of the Latvian god Dievs and the Hittite god Attas Isanus do not preserve the exact literal translation of the name *Dyḗus Pḥatḗr, but do preserve the general meaning of it.
*Dyḗus Pḥatḗr may have had a consort who was an earth goddess. This possibility is attested in the Vedic pairing of Dyáus Pitā and Prithvi Mater, the Roman pairing of Jupiter and Tellus Mater from Macrobius's Saturnalia, and the Norse pairing of Odin and Jörð. Odin is not a reflex of *Dyḗus Pḥatḗr, but his cult may have subsumed aspects of an earlier chief deity who was. This pairing may also be further attested in an Old English ploughing prayer and in the Greek pairings of Ouranos and Gaia and Zeus and Demeter.
Dawn Goddess: *Haéusōs has been reconstructed as the Proto-Indo-European goddess of the dawn.... Examples include the Anatolian Estan, Istanus, and Istara, the Greek Hestia, goddess of the hearth, the Latin Vesta, the Armenian Astghik, a star goddess, the Baltic goddess Austija, and possibly also the Germanic Ēostre or *Ostara...
Sun and Moon: *Seh2ul and *Meh1not are reconstructed as the Proto-Indo-European goddess of the Sun and god of the Moon respectively. *Seh2ul is reconstructed based on the Greek god Helios, the Roman god Sol, the Celtic goddess Sul/Suil, the Norse goddess Sól, the Germanic goddess *Sowilō, the Celtic Sul, the Hittite goddess "UTU-liya", and the Vedic god Surya. *Meh1not- is reconstructed based on the Norse god Máni, the Slavic god Myesyats, and the Lithuanian god *Meno, or Mėnuo (Mėnulis). They are often seen as the twin children of various deities... one of these celestial deities is male and the other female, though the exact gender of the Sun or Moon tends to vary among subsequent Indo-European mythologies.... the Proto-Indo-Europeans also visualized the sun as the eye of *Dyḗus Pḥatḗr, as seen in various reflexes: Helios as the eye of Zeus, Hvare-khshaeta as the eye of Ahura Mazda, and the sun as "God's eye" in Romanian folklore....
Divine Twins
Horse Twins: The Horse Twins are a set of twin brothers found throughout nearly every Indo-European pantheon who usually have a name that means 'horse' *ekwa-,... In most Indo-European pantheons, the Horse Twins are brothers of the Sun Maiden or Dawn goddess, and sons of the sky god.... The Proto-Indo-European Creation myth seems to have involved two key figures: *Manu- ("Man"; Indic Manu; Germanic Mannus) and his twin brother *Yemo- ("Twin"; Indic Yama; Germanic Ymir). Reflexes of these two figures usually fulfill the respective roles of founder of the human race and first human to die.
Storm deities: Ancient Celtic statue of the storm-god Taranis, clutching a wheel and thunderbolt, from Le Chatelet, Gourzon, Haute-Marne, France
*Perkwunos has been reconstructed as the Proto-Indo-European god of lightning and storms. His name literally means "The Striker." He is reconstructed based on the Norse goddess Fjǫrgyn (the mother of Thor), the Lithuanian god Perkūnas, and the Slavic god Perúnú. The Vedic god Parjánya may also be related, but his possible connection to *Perkwunos is still under dispute. The name of *Perkwunos may also be attested in Greek as κεραυνός (Keraunós), an epithet of the god Zeus meaning "thunder-shaker."
Water deities: Some authors have proposed *Neptonos or *H2epom Nepōts as the Proto-Indo-European god of the waters. The name literally means "Grandson [or Nephew] of the Waters." ... A river goddess *Dehanu- has been proposed based on the Vedic goddess Dānu, the Irish goddess Danu, the Welsh goddess Don and the names of the rivers Danube, Don, Dnieper, and Dniester. Mallory and Adams, however, dismiss this reconstruction, commenting that it does not have any evidence to support it. Some have also proposed the reconstruction of a sea god named *Trihatōn based on the Greek god Triton and the Old Irish word trïath, meaning "sea." Mallory and Adams reject this reconstruction as having no basis, asserting that the "lexical correspondence is only just possible and with no evidence of a cognate sea god in Irish."
Nature deities: *Péh2usōn, a pastoral deity, is reconstructed based on the Greek god Pan and the Vedic god Pūshān. Both deities are closely affiliated with goats... Gundestrup cauldron from Gundestrup, Denmark, thought to date between 150 BC and 1 AD, showing the Celtic god Cernunnos with horns...
Societal deities: It is highly probable that the Proto-Indo-Europeans believed in three fate goddesses who spun the destinies of mankind....
Mythology
Dragon or serpent: One common myth found in nearly all Indo-European mythologies is a battle ending with a hero or god slaying a serpent or dragon of some sort.... the serpent is usually associated with water in some way. The hero of the story is usually a thunder-god or a hero who is somehow associated with thunder. The serpent is usually multi-headed, or else "multiple" in some other way. In Hittite mythology, in which the storm god Tarhunt slays the giant serpent Illuyanka. In the Rigveda, the god Indra slays the multi-headed serpent Vritra,... Greek mythology Zeus slaying the hundred-headed Typhon ... slaying of the nine-headed Lernaean Hydra by Heracles and the slaying of Python by Apollo. ... In Norse mythology, Thor, the god of thunder, slays the giant serpent Jörmungandr, which lived in the waters surrounding the realm of Midgard. Other dragon-slaying myths are also found in the Germanic tradition. In the Völsunga saga, Sigurd slays the dragon Fafnir and, in Beowulf, the eponymous hero slays a different dragon....
Celestial myths: The Greek Sun-god Helios, the Hindu god Surya, and the Germanic goddess Sól are all represented as riding in chariots pulled by white horses. The earliest discovered chariots come from the Kurgan culture in southwest Russia, commonly identified as belonging to the Proto-Indo-Europeans.
The myth of the Sun and Moon being swallowed by some kind of predator is also found throughout multiple Indo-European language groups. In Norse mythology, the Sun goddess (Sól) and Moon god (Máni) are swallowed by the wolves Sköll and Hati Hróðvitnisson. In Hinduism, the Sun god (Surya) and Moon god (Chandra) are swallowed by the demon serpents Rahu and Ketu, resulting in eclipses.
Another possible Proto-Indo-European mytheme is one in which the goddess of the dawn is born from the sea following a conflict between a god and his enemy. In the Rigveda, the goddess Ushas and a herd of cows are freed from imprisonment after the god Indra slays the multi-headed serpent Vritra. A comparable myth in the Greek tradition is the myth of Aphrodite rising from the foam of the sea following Ouranos's castration by Kronos.
Twin founders: The analysis of different Indo-European tales indicates that the Proto-Indo-Europeans believed there were two progenitors of mankind: *Manu- ("Man") and *Yemo- ("Twin"), his twin brother....
Manu and Yemo traverse the cosmos, accompanied by the primordial cow, and finally decide to create the world. To do so, Manu sacrifices either Yemo or the cow, and with help from the sky father, the storm god and the divine twins, forges the earth from the remains. Manu thus becomes the first priest and establishes the practice of sacrifice. The sky gods then present cattle to the third man, *Trito, who loses it to the three-headed serpent *Ngwhi, but eventually overcomes this monster either alone or aided by the sky father. Trito is now the first warrior and ensures that the cycle of mutual giving between gods and humans may continue....
Romulus and Remus are twin brothers from Roman mythology... The Germanic languages have information about both Ymir and Mannus (reflexes of *Yemo- and *Manu- respectively)..Tacitus claims that Mannus, the son of Tuisto, was the ancestor of the Germanic people.... one proposed meaning of the German tribal name Alamanni is "Mannus' own people" ("all-men" being another scholarly etymology)..
Fire in water: Another important possible myth is the myth of the fire in the waters, a myth which centers around the possible deity *H2epom Nepōts, a fiery deity who dwells in water....
Binding of evil: similarities between the Norse myth in which the god Týr inserts his hand into the wolf Fenrir's mouth while the other gods bind him with Gleipnir, only for Fenrir to bite off Týr's hand when he discovers he cannot break his bindings, and the Iranian myth in which Jamshid rescues his brother's corpse from Ahriman's bowels by shoving his hand up Ahriman's anus and pulling out his brother's corpse, only for his hand to become infected with leprosy. ...
Underworld: Most Indo-European traditions contain some kind of Underworld or Afterlife. It is possible that the Proto-Indo-Europeans may have believed that, in order to reach the Underworld, one needed to cross a river, guided by an old man... In Norse mythology, Hermóðr must cross a bridge over the river Giöll in order to reach Hel.... Traditions of placing coins on the bodies of the deceased in order to pay the ferryman...
It is also possible that the Proto-Indo-Europeans may have believed that the Underworld was guarded by some kind of watchdog, similar to the Greek Cerberus, the Hindu Śárvara, or the Norse Garmr.
World tree and serpent: The Proto-Indo-Europeans may have believed in some kind of world tree. It is also possible that they may have believed that this tree was either guarded by or under constant attack from some kind of dragon or serpent. In Norse mythology, the world ash tree Yggdrasil is tended by the three Norns while the dragon Nidhogg gnaws at its roots. In Greek mythology, the tree of the golden apples in the Garden of the Hesperides is tended by the three Hesperides and guarded by the hundred-headed dragon Ladon. In Indo-Iranian texts, there is a mythical tree dripping with Soma, the immortal drink of the gods and, in later Pahlavi sources, an evil lizard is said to lurk at the bottom of it.
Dyeus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeus
Dyēus is believed to have been the chief deity in the religious traditions of the prehistoric Proto-Indo-European societies. Part of a larger pantheon, he was the god of the daylit sky, and his position may have mirrored the position of the patriarch or monarch in society.
This deity is not directly attested; rather, scholars have reconstructed this deity from the languages and cultures of later Indo-European peoples such as the Greeks, Latins, and Indo-Aryans. According to this scholarly reconstruction, Dyeus was addressed as Dyeu Ph2ter, literally "sky father" or "shining father", as reflected in Latin Iūpiter, Diēspiter, possibly Dis Pater and deus pater, Greek Zeu pater, Sanskrit Dyàuṣpítaḥ. As the pantheons of the individual mythologies related to the Proto-Indo-European religion evolved, attributes of Dyeus seem to have been redistributed to other deities. In Greek and Roman mythology, Dyeus remained the chief god; however, in Vedic mythology, the etymological continuant of Dyeus became a very abstract god, and his original attributes and dominance over other gods appear to have been transferred to gods such as Agni or Indra....
Although some of the more iconic reflexes of Dyeus are storm deities, ...The deity's original domain was over the daylight sky, and indeed reflexes emphasise this connection to light:... Dyēus's name also likely means "the daytime sky":...
Hg R1b Yamnaya people may have been the first Marijuana Dealers...
Archaeologists Think They've Discovered The World's First Marijuana "Dealers"
They actually discovered that cannabis was being used across Europe and East Asia sometime between 11,500 and 10,200 years ago. However, according to this study, it was not widely traded until the Yamnaya nomads stepped onto the scene some 5,000 years ago. The Yamnaya migrated into central Europe from the elevated ridge of the eastern Steppe region near modern-day Ukraine and Russia. These nomadic people had many uses for cannabis, from using hemp fibers to make rope and textiles to its medicinal properties, and, of course, getting high. There were also fervent traders, believed to have established a transcontinental trade route stretching the length of Europe to East Asia and across and over the Steppe....
However, the researchers added that this was not the only goods these ancient people traded. The bulk of their trade also seems to have included bronze objects, millet, wheat, barley, and horses....
Marijuana's History: How One Plant Spread Through the World
https://www.livescience.com/48337-marijuana-history-how-cannabis-travelled-world.html
From the sites where prehistoric hunters and gatherers lived, to ancient China and Viking ships, cannabis has been used across the world for ages, and a new report presents the drug's colorful history.... "For the most part, it was widely used for medicine and spiritual purposes," during pre-modern times, said Warf, a professor of geography at the University of Kansas in Lawrence. For example, the Vikings and medieval Germans used cannabis for relieving pain during childbirth and for toothaches, he said. "The idea that this is an evil drug is a very recent construction," and the fact that it is illegal is a "historical anomaly," Warf said. Marijuana has been legal in many regions of the world for most of its history....
Cannabis plants are believed to have evolved on the steppes of Central Asia, specifically in the regions that are now Mongolia and southern Siberia, according to Warf. The history of cannabis use goes back as far as 12,000 years, which places the plant among humanity's oldest cultivated crops,... Cannabis came to the South Asian subcontinent between 2000 B.C. and 1000 B.C., when the region was invaded by the Aryans — a group that spoke an archaic Indo-European language. The drug became widely used in India, where it was celebrated as one of "five kingdoms of herbs ... which release us from anxiety" in one of the ancient Sanskrit Vedic poems whose name translate into "Science of Charms."...
Cannabis came to the Middle East between 2000 B.C. and 1400 B.C., and it was probably used there by the Scythians, a nomadic Indo-European group. The Scythians also likely carried the drug into southeast Russia and Ukraine, as they occupied both territories for years, according to Warf's report. Germanic tribes brought the drug into Germany, and marijuana went from there to Britain during the 5th century with the Anglo-Saxon invasions. "Cannabis seeds have also been found in the remains of Viking ships dating to the mid-ninth century," Warf wrote in the study. Over the next centuries, cannabis migrated to various regions of the world, traveling through Africa, reaching South America in the 19th century and being carried north afterwards, eventually reaching North America.
Entheogenic use of cannabis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entheogenic_use_of_cannabis
Cannabis has been used in an entheogenic context - a chemical substance used in a religious, shamanic, or spiritual context in India and Nepal since the Vedic period dating back to approximately 1500 BCE, but perhaps as far back as 2000 BCE. There are several references in Greek mythology to a powerful drug that eliminated anguish and sorrow. Herodotus wrote about early ceremonial practices by the Scythians, thought to have occurred from the 5th to 2nd century BCE. Itinerant Hindu saints have used it in Nepal and India for centuries.
Ancient and modern India and Nepal
The earliest known reports regarding the sacred status of cannabis in India and Nepal come from the Atharva Veda estimated to have been written sometime around 2000–1400 BCE, which mentions cannabis as one of the "five sacred plants".
There are three types of cannabis used in India and Nepal. The first, bhang, a type of cannabis edible, consists of the leaves and plant tops of the marijuana plant. It is usually consumed as an infusion in beverage form, and varies in strength according to how much cannabis is used in the preparation. The second, ganja, consisting of the leaves and the plant tops, is smoked. The third, called charas or hashish, consists of the resinous buds and/or extracted resin from the leaves of the marijuana plant. Typically, bhang is the most commonly used form of cannabis in religious festivals.
Ancient China
...Cannabis has been cultivated in China since Neolithic times... "indigenous central Asian shamanistic practices"...shamans in Northeast Asia transmitted the medical and spiritual uses of cannabis to the ancient Chinese wu 巫 "shaman; spirit medium; doctor"....
Ancient Central Asia
Both early Greek history and modern archeology show that Central Asian peoples were utilizing cannabis 2,500 years ago. The (ca. 440 BCE) Greek Histories of Herodotus record the early Scythians using cannabis steam baths....What Herodotus called the "hemp-seed" must have been the whole flowering tops of the plant, where the psychoactive resin is produced along with the fruit ("seeds")...Several of the Tarim mummies excavated near Turpan in Xinjiang province of Northwestern China were buried with sacks of cannabis next to their heads. Based on additional grave goods, archaeologists concluded these individuals were shamans: "The marijuana must have been buried with the dead shamans who dreamed of continuing the profession in another world."... "the deceased was more concerned with the intoxicant and/or medicinal value of the Cannabis remains."...use as a burial shroud....
Germanic paganism
In ancient Germanic paganism, cannabis was associated with the Norse love goddess, Freya. The harvesting of the plant was connected with an erotic high festival. It was believed that Freya lived as a fertile force in the plant's feminine flowers and by ingesting them one became influenced by this divine force. Linguistics offers further evidence of prehistoric use of cannabis by Germanic peoples: The word hemp derives from Old English hænep, from Proto-Germanic *hanapiz, from the same Scythian word that cannabis derives from. ... The Celts may have also used cannabis, as evidence of hashish traces were found in Hallstatt, birthplace of Celtic culture. Also, the Dacians and the Scythians had a tradition where a fire was made in an inclosed space and cannabis seeds were burnt and the resulting smoke ingested. Hashish is known as the real Dionysos "wine".
Cannabis: A Journey Through the Ages
http://www.ancient-origins.net/history/cannabis-journey-through-ages-003084?nopaging=1
The History of Herodotus By Herodotus Book IV
http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.4.iv.html
Hemp use:
Such, then, is the mode in which the kings are buried: as for the people, when any one dies, his nearest of kin lay him upon a waggon and take him round to all his friends in succession: each receives them in turn and entertains them with a banquet, whereat the dead man is served with a portion of all that is set before the others; this is done for forty days, at the end of which time the burial takes place. After the burial, those engaged in it have to purify themselves, which they do in the following way. First they well soap and wash their heads; then, in order to cleanse their bodies, they act as follows: they make a booth by fixing in the ground three sticks inclined towards one another, and stretching around them woollen felts, which they arrange so as to fit as close as possible: inside the booth a dish is placed upon the ground, into which they put a number of red-hot stones, and then add some hemp-seed.
Hemp grows in Scythia: it is very like flax; only that it is a much coarser and taller plant: some grows wild about the country, some is produced by cultivation: the Thracians make garments of it which closely resemble linen; so much so, indeed, that if a person has never seen hemp he is sure to think they are linen, and if he has, unless he is very experienced in such matters, he will not know of which material they are.
The Scythians, as I said, take some of this hemp-seed, and, creeping under the felt coverings, throw it upon the red-hot stones; immediately it smokes, and gives out such a vapour as no Grecian vapour-bath can exceed; the Scyths, delighted, shout for joy, and this vapour serves them instead of a water-bath; for they never by any chance wash their bodies with water....
IF Cannabis has been legal throughout the history of the world then who, and how did it become criminalized? Who else? Which country is the biggest tyrant, and bully in the world forcing the world into slavery as master over all?
The United Slaves of America was the only country in the history of the world to first outlaw Cannabis. Ironically the USA first outlawed marihuana to keep out Mexicans. By demonizing, and criminalizing marihuana the USA could harrass and arrest Niggers and Mexicans. Prior to the Mexican invasion, the world enjoyed the recreational, medicinal, and religious values of cannabis as Euarasian peoples have for thousands of years. Interesting note is an oligarchy of a few corrupt lawyers calling itself Supreme Law of the Land could usurp powers over the Constitution as it has done many times since in other issues, including Gun Control laws. A few lawyers comprising a Government Supremacist Court that can determine the fate of Millions of USA citizens truely is an Oligarchy run by usurpers defeating the original founding intent of the Freedom Charter, and a country intended to be run by the people rather than slavery where the citizens must obey a government master run by a few oligarchs, or even monarchy.
Funnier yet was how the slave countries also obeyed its master called the USA...
Legal history of cannabis in the United States
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States
in the United States. Increased restrictions and labeling of cannabis as a poison began in many states from 1906 onward, and outright prohibitions began in the 1920s. By the mid-1930s marijuana was regulated as a drug in every state,...Multiple efforts to reschedule cannabis under the Act have failed, and the United States Supreme Court has ruled in United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative and Gonzales v. Raich that the federal government has a right to regulate and criminalize cannabis, even for medical purposes.
Pre-1850s
In 1619, ...Jamestown's land owners to grow and export 100 hemp plants to help support England's cause. Later the colonists would grow it to support its expansion in the Americas. George Washington grew hemp at Mount Vernon as one of his three primary crops. The use of hemp for rope and fabric later became ubiquitous throughout the 18th and 19th centuries in the United States. Medicinal preparations of cannabis became available in American pharmacies in the 1850s following an introduction to its use in Western medicine by William O'Shaughnessy a decade earlier in 1839....
A 1905 Bulletin from the United States Department of Agriculture lists twenty-nine states with laws mentioning cannabis. Eight are listed with "sale of poisons" laws that specifically mention cannabis: ...Many states did not consider cannabis a "poison" but required it be labeled....The first draft of the bill 'An act to regulate the sale of poisons' prohibited the sale of cannabis—as with the other substances—without the written order of a physician....In some states where poison laws excluded cannabis, there were nonetheless attempts to include it. ...
Criminalization (1900s)
Strengthening of poison laws (1906–1938)
The first instance was in the District of Columbia in 1906, under "An act to regulate the practice of pharmacy and the sale of poisons in the District of Columbia, and for other purposes". This act was updated in 1938 to the Federal Pure Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act of 1938 which remains in effect even today, creating a legal paradox for federal sentencing. ...Further regulation of cannabis followed in Massachusetts (1911), New York (1914), and Maine (1914)....Shortly after, several amendments were passed by the New York Board of Health, including adding cannabis to the list of habit-forming drugs....
In the West, the first state to include cannabis as a poison was California. The Poison Act was passed in 1907 and amended in 1909 and 1911, and in 1913 an amendatory act was made to make possession of "extracts, tinctures, or other narcotic preparations of hemp, or loco-weed, their preparations and compounds" a misdemeanor. There is no evidence that the law was ever used or intended to restrict pharmaceutical cannabis; instead it was a legislative mistake, and in 1915 another revision placed cannabis under the same restriction as other poisons. In 1914, one of the first cannabis drug raids in the nation occurred in the Mexican-American neighborhood of Sonoratown in Los Angeles, where police raided two "dream gardens" and confiscated a wagonload of cannabis....
One source of tensions in the western and southwestern states was the influx of Mexicans to the U.S. following the 1910 Mexican Revolution. Many Mexicans also smoked marijuana to relax after working in the fields. It was also seen as a cheaper alternative to alcohol, due to Prohibition (which went into effect nationally in 1920). Later in the 1920s, negative tensions grew between the small farms and the large farms that used cheaper Mexican labor. Shortly afterwards, the Great Depression came which increased tensions as jobs and resources became more scarce. Because of that, the passage of the initial laws is often described as a product of racism...
International Opium Convention (1925)
In 1925, the United States supported regulation of Indian hemp, also known as hashish, in the International Opium Convention. The convention banned exportation of "Indian hemp", and the preparations derived therefrom...
Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act (1925–1932)
The Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act, first tentative draft in 1925 and fifth final version in 1932, was a result of work by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. It was argued that the traffic in narcotic drugs should have the same safeguards and the same regulation in all of the states. The committee took into consideration the fact that the federal government had already passed the Harrison Act in 1914 and the Federal Import and Export Act in 1922. Many people assumed that the Harrison Act was all that was necessary. The Harrison Act, however, was a revenue-producing act and, while it provided penalties for violation, it did not give the states themselves authority to exercise police power in regard to seizure of drugs used in illicit trade, or in regard to punishment of those responsible. The act was recommended to the states for that purpose. As a result of the Uniform State Narcotic Act, the Federal Bureau of Narcotics encouraged state governments to adopt the act. By the middle of the 1930s all member states had some regulation of cannabis.
Federal Bureau of Narcotics (1930)
The use of cannabis and other drugs came under increasing scrutiny after the formation of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) in 1930, headed by Harry J. Anslinger as part of the government's broader push to outlaw all recreational drugs....
Anslinger claimed cannabis caused people to commit violent crimes and act irrationally and overly sexual. The FBN produced propaganda films promoting Anslinger's views and Anslinger often commented to the press regarding his views on marijuana.
The 1936 Geneva Trafficking Conventions
In 1936 the Convention for the Suppression of the Illicit Traffic in Dangerous Drugs (1936 Trafficking Convention) was concluded in Geneva. The U.S., led by Anslinger, had attempted to include the criminalization of all activities in the treaty – cultivation, production, manufacture and distribution – related to the use of opium, coca (and its derivatives), and cannabis, for non-medical and non-scientific purposes. Many countries opposed this...
Marihuana Tax Act (1937)
The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 effectively made possession or transfer of marihuana illegal throughout the United States under federal law, excluding medical and industrial uses...The American Medical Association (AMA) opposed the act because the tax was imposed on physicians prescribing cannabis, retail pharmacists selling cannabis, and medical cannabis cultivation and manufacturing; instead of enacting the Marihuana Tax Act the AMA proposed cannabis be added to the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act. This approach was unappealing to some legislators who feared that adding a new substance to the Harrison Act would subject that act to new legal scrutiny. Since the federal government had no authority under the 10th Amendment to regulate medicines, that power being reserved by individual states in 1937, a tax was the only viable way to legislate marijuana....
Newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst's empire of newspapers used the "yellow journalism" pioneered by Hearst to demonize the cannabis plant and spread a public perception that there were connections between cannabis and violent crime. Several scholars argue that the goal was to destroy the hemp industry, largely as an effort of Hearst, Andrew Mellon and the Du Pont family....Mellon was Secretary of the Treasury, as well as the wealthiest man in America, and had invested heavily in nylon, DuPont's new synthetic fiber. He considered[dubious – discuss] nylon's success to depend on it replacing the traditional resource, hemp....
Mandatory sentencing (1952, 1956)
Mandatory sentencing and increased punishment were enacted when the United States Congress passed the Boggs Act of 1952 and the Narcotics Control Act of 1956....
The Controlled Substances Act (1970)
In its 1969 Leary v. United States decision the Supreme Court held the Marijuana Tax Act to be unconstitutional, since it violated the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. In response, Congress passed the Controlled Substances Act as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, which repealed the Marijuana Tax Act....
Reorganization (1968, 1973).
State-level decriminalization (1973–1978).... decriminalization of possession of small amounts of marijuana....
State Office of Narcotics and Drug Abuse (1977)...The law reduced the penalty for personal possession of an ounce or less of marijuana...
Mandatory sentencing and three-strikes (1984, 1986)...The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 reinstated mandatory prison sentences, including large scale cannabis distribution. Later an amendment created a three-strikes law, which created mandatory 25-years imprisonment for repeated serious crimes – including certain drug offenses...
Compassionate Use Act of 1996...In 1996, cannabis was legalized in California for the aid of chronically ill residents....
Gonzales v. Raich (2005)
Gonzales v. Raich 545 U.S. 1 (2005) was a decision in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (6–3) that even where individuals or businesses in accordance with state-approved medical cannabis programs are lawfully cultivating, possessing, or distributing medical cannabis, such persons or businesses are violating federal marijuana laws. Therefore, under federal law violators are prosecuted because the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution grants the federal government jurisdiction, pursuant to the U.S. Controlled Substances Act, to prosecute marijuana offenses....
Advocacy
Several U.S.-based advocate groups seek to modify the drug policy of the United States to decriminalize cannabis....
State-level legalization...
Federal reform efforts (2013– )...Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act
Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act of 2015...
The Jesus Paradox: Were Gods Real Beings of Flesh and Blood, Who Once Existed on Earth in Ages Lost?
... Krishna of India, Mithra of Persia, Iao of Nepal, Hesus of the Celts, Thammuz of Babylon and Dumuzi of Sumeria, just to name a few. Horus of Egypt is the direct predecessor to Jesus, for Horus in Greek is Iesus, who is Jesus....
He believed the gods were real beings of flesh and blood that once existed on earth in an epoch lost to history. It is time we take his approach to myth seriously. Astrotheology remains a theory, not a proof. Our most ancient ancestors may have, in fact, superimposed the exploits of the gods onto the heavens to serve as a living record of a time before the age of writing.
Rigvedic deities
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedic_deities
Indra, a heroic god, slayer of Vritra and destroyer of the Vala, liberator of the cows and the rivers;
Agni the sacrificial fire and messenger of the gods; and
Soma, the ritual drink dedicated to Indra, are the most prominent deities.
Invoked in groups are the:
Vishvedevas (the "all-gods"),
the Maruts, violent storm gods in Indra's train
the Ashvins, the twin horsemen.
There are two major groups of gods:
the Devas and the Asuras. Unlike in later Vedic texts and in Hinduism, the Asuras are not yet demonized, Mitra and Varuna being their most prominent members.
Aditi is the mother both of Agni and of the Adityas or Asuras, led by Mitra and Varuna, with Aryaman, Bhaga, Ansa and Daksha.
Surya is the personification of the Sun, but Savitr, Vivasvant, the Ashvins and the Rbhus, semi-divine craftsmen, also have aspects of solar deities.
Other natural phenomena deified include:
Vayu, (the wind),
Dyaus and Prithivi (Heaven and Earth), Dyaus continuing Dyeus, the chief god of the Proto-Indo-European religion,
Ushas (the dawn), the most prominent goddess of the Rigveda,
Apas (the waters).
Rivers play an important role, deified as goddesses, most prominently the Sapta Sindhu and the Sarasvati River.
Yama is the first ancestor, also worshipped as a deity, and the god of the underworld and death.
Vishnu and Rudra, the prominent deities of later Hinduism (Rudra being an early form of Shiva), are present as marginal gods.
The names of Indra, Mitra, Varuna and the Nasatyas have also attested in a Mitanni treaty, suggesting that some of the religion of the Mitannis was very close to that of the Rigveda.
Major Deities:
Indra 289 THUNDERER, LIGHTNING (god of the heavens, lightning, thunder, storms, rains and river flows)
Agni (Fire) 218 FIRE & MESSENGER OF THE GODS
Soma 123 (most of them in the Soma Mandala) DRINK
Ishwara (Supreme god) 118 (Speculation on my part but Ishtar resembles Ishwara linguistically and other)
The Asvins 56 TWIN HORSEMEN
Varuna (Sea) 46 SEA
the Maruts 38 STORM DEITIES
Mitra 28
Ushas 21 DAWN (GODDESS)
Vayu (Wind) 12 WIND
Savitr 11 (He is sometimes associated with – and at other times distinguished from – Surya, "the Sun". When considered distinct from the Sun proper, he is conceived of as the divine influence or vivifying power of the Sun. The Sun before sunrise is called Savitr, and after sunrise until sunset it is called Sūrya.)
the Rbhus 11 (Ribhus is an ancient word whose meaning evolved over time. In early layers of the Vedic literature, it referred to a sun deity. It evolved to being a wind deity, thereafter referred to three male artisans whose abilities and austerities make them into divinities in later Vedic texts. Their individual names were Ribhu (or Rhibhu), Vaja and Vibhvan (also called Vibhu), but they were collectively called Rhibhus or Ribhus Their name's meaning is "clever, skillful, inventive, prudent")
Pushan 10 MEETING GOD, PSYCHOPOMP, (His chariot is pulled by goats. Sometimes he is described as driving the Sun in its course across the sky.)
the Apris 9 (twelve Apris...These are deified objects belonging to the fire sacrifice of Vedic religion, the fuel, the sacred grass, the enclosure, etc. The Apris are all regarded as different manifestations of Agni.)
Brhaspati 8 (refers to different mythical figures depending on the age of the text. In ancient Hindu literature Brihaspati is a Vedic era sage who counsels the gods, while in some medieval texts the word refers to the largest planet Jupiter.)
Surya (Sun) 8 SUN GOD (In some hymns, the word Surya simply means sun as an inanimate object,(Rigvedic hymns 5.47, 6.51 and 7.63); while in others it refers to a personified deity.)
Dyaus FATHER HEAVEN, SKY FATHER
Prithivi (Heaven and Earth) 6 MOTHER EARTH
Apas (Waters) 6 WATER
Adityas 6 (In the Rigveda, the Âdityas are the seven celestial deities, sons of Âditi,: Varuna, Mitra, Surya, Chandra, Kamadeva, Agni, Indra. The eighth Âditya (Mārtanda) was rejected by Aditi, thus leaving only seven sons. Hymn LXXII of the Rig Veda, Book 10, also confirms that there are nine Adityas, the eighth one being Mārtanda, who is later revived as Vivasvān. The Âdityas of the Rig Veda are "devas", a distinct class of gods and are different from other groups such as the Maruts, the Rbhus or the Viśve-devāh (although Mitra and Varuna are also associated with the latter).
Vishnu 6 (Vedic deity, but not a prominent one when compared to Indra, Agni and others... resides in that highest home where departed Atman (souls) reside... supports heaven and earth... the deity or god referred to as Vishnu is Surya or Savitr (Sun god), who also bears the name Suryanarayana.... Indra-Vishnu are equivalent and produce the sun,... Vishnu is a close friend of Indra.)
Brahmanaspati 6
Rudra 5 FRIGHTENING GOD, THE ROARER (associated with wind or storm and the hunt. ..."the roarer". personification of 'terror'.)
Dadhikras 4 (Dadhi-krā is the name of a divine horse or bird, personification of the morning Sun, which is addressed in the Rigveda. He is invoked in the morning along with Agni, Ushas and the Asvins.)
the Sarasvati River / Sarasvati 3
Yama GOD OF THE UNDERWORLD AND DEATH, FIRST ANCESTOR
Parjanya (Rain) 3 RAIN
Vāc (Speech) 2 SPEECH
Vastospati 2 (presides over the foundation of a house or homestead)
Vishvakarman 2 (Vishvakarman was originally used as an epithet for any supreme god and as an attribute of Indra and the Sun.... Brahma, the later god of creation resembles him in these aspects.... In the Vedic period the term first appeared as an epithet of Indra, Surya, and Agni. In that time the later developed creator concept of Brahma... He sacrificed himself to himself for the evolution of this visible world... He was the one who created himself from himself when there was no earth, water, light, air and akasha...)
Manyu 2 WAR GOD (Vedic Sanskrit for "spirit, temper, ardour, passion, anger" is a war god, wielder of thunder and slayer of foes. He is fierce, a queller of the foe and is self-existent.)
Kapinjala (the Heathcock, a form of Indra) 2
Through the Twelve Chambers of Hell: The Afterlife in Ancient Egypt
Death, the ancient Egyptians believed, was not the end of our struggles. They believed in an afterlife and that the worthy would go on to paradise, but their dead didn’t simply pass over to the other side. If they wanted eternal life, they would have to fight for it.
The souls of dead Egyptians had to battle their way through the twelve chambers of hell, overcoming demons and monsters, crossing over lakes of fire, and finding their way past gates guarded by fire-breathing serpents. The path through the afterlife was violent, brutal, and dangerous. They could be killed in hell, and a death there meant an eternity in oblivion.
If they made it through unscathed, they would meet their judgement day. They would stand trial before the gods, who weigh their hearts against the weight of a feather. The worthy might go on to paradise, or even become a god – but the unworthy would have their hearts cast to the demons, torn to shreds, and devoured. ...
When the body died, the Egyptians believed, two parts of the soul would split apart. The life essence that made up a man’s spark and energy would get up and move, free to roam around its tomb and to make its journey up into the afterlife. But the other part of the soul, the part that carried the personality, was left behind, trapped in the lifeless and motionless body that stayed on the earth.
The dead’s only hope for eternal life and a reunited soul was to travel through hell and face judgement. If the essence of their soul could make its way through Duat, the Egyptian netherworld, and pass judgement before the gods, their souls would be reunited – but this was no simple journey, and the clock was ticking. If the body crumbled into decay before their essence made it through the netherworld, the part of the soul trapped inside would die. It would all be for nothing.
Egyptians were mummified to keep their souls alive. Their bodies needed to stay preserved or else their chance at eternal life would be lost... Even after death, though, the soul trapped inside the body needed to eat. It could still starve – and so a sorcerer would have to call on the gods to open its own mouth. After the body was buried, priests would perform a long and complicated ritual, pulling open the mouth on the statue made in the image of the dead, begging the gods to let them eat, and leaving sacrificed animals at its foot so that the soul could feed....
Crossing the River in the Sky: While one part of the soul stayed behind in the decaying body, the essence of the soul had to make its journey through the netherworld. But this wouldn’t be an easy trip.
Between earth and the netherworld, the Egyptians believed, there was a great river in the sky that even the gods couldn’t pass . The only person who could pass it was the ferryman of the gods, a creature with eyes on the back of his head. The ferryman, though, wouldn’t always help. Sometimes, he had to be persuaded. And sometimes, he had to be threatened. When a pharaoh died, sorcerers would spend days casting magic spells to help his soul make it into the netherworld....
Passing Through the Twelve Chambers: The ferry, though, would take them through Duat, a land full of gods, demons, and monsters, many of which were out to kill the soul that tried to pass through. These creatures would prey on the souls of the dead, who had to fight them off with magic and weapons, and so the dead Egyptians were often buried with spells and amulets to help them stay in the netherworlds.
To make their way through Duat, they would pass through twelve impenetrable gates lined with sharp spears and guarded by snakes who breathed venom and fire. The only way to pass through was to say the names of the guardians. Many kings would be buried with these names, lest they forget.
Some were even buried with a map of hell. It would show a world not unlike Egypt, but dotted with supernatural wonders. Alongside caverns and deserts, a voyager travelling through Duat was promised to see forests of turquoise trees and lakes of fire....
The Judgment: If souls could make it through the twelve gates, they would arrive at the Kingdom of Osiris, the god the dead. Here they would have to plead that they had lived good and just lives by denying having committed a set of 42 sins. Then their hearts would be weighed against the feather of Ma’at, a symbol of goodness, to see if they were truly pure.
The innocent were reunited with the part of the soul left behind in the body. They would be granted eternal life and passage into paradise, where they would live with the gods in a land where the fields grew in an endless abundance.
Even here, though, a soul could meet its end. If the gods ruled you were wicked, your heart would be thrown to The Devourer, a creature that was part lion, part hippo and part crocodile. Then their souls would be cast into a pit of fire and they would be erased into oblivion.
There was no equality in the afterlife. Even in paradise, a king would become a god, while a servant’s only reward would be to till a slightly higher grade of wheat. Egyptian priests taught that only the pharaoh could enter paradise, while the rest had to stay in Duat forever, struggling to survive. Even for the pharaoh, though, the path was never easy. ...
The Cutting Truth about Circumcision: It Was All About Rites and Religion
https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-ancient-traditions/history-circumcision-0010398
The earliest literary evidence of the practice of circumcision goes back to ancient Egypt. ...There are many hypotheses regarding the roots of the practice. Early Western scholars attributed the origins of circumcision to ancient Egypt. But many scholars today believe that the origin of the practice, as it is done in the West and the Middle East, goes back farther and originates with the inhabitants of southern Arabia and parts of Africa. Over the millennia, circumcision has been most often used as a religious rite, a rite of passage into manhood, but also as a form of punishment in wartime.
Circumcision has been practiced in parts of Africa, Oceania, Judaism, and Islam. The form of circumcision that westerners are most familiar with is complete removal of the foreskin or prepuce, as it is practiced in Judaism. However, in ancient Egypt and other cultures in Africa, only part of the foreskin was removed. ...In ancient Israel, circumcision was taken as a sign of membership in the covenant community established between God and Abraham. It was an ethnic marker showing that they were a part of the Israelite nation. ... In Egypt, it was typically done on adolescent men who were about to be initiated into the priesthood or as adult males of the noble class. It is not clear that this is the case from archaeological and historical records, but Egyptian circumcision may also have been used to demarcate a special elite class....It is common among east African peoples and the Bantu, usually as a rite of passage into manhood.... A form of circumcision was also practiced in Oceania and Aboriginal Australia using sea shells as the cutting instrument. Circumcision in Oceania and Australia was a rite of passage into manhood as well as a test of bravery.
Today, the practice still continues with an estimated one-third of males worldwide being circumcised. It is most common among Muslims and Jews, for religious reasons, but it is also widespread in the United States, where it is implemented for prevention of health conditions,...
Once upon a time the God of Law & Justice ruled with the God of War. But, the God of War proved to be strongest of all Gods. The God of Law & Justice will be killed at Ragnorak by the Guard Dog of Hel because of its perjury.
Perhaps Tyr may have been a denominational Godhead, a Trinity of the mighty one Father Sky. Or Father Sky created Sons of God.
We give thanks to Father SKy that he will at Ragnorak destroy Law & Justice for his Perjury & Corruption...
Týr
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BDr
Týr (Old Norse: Týr [tyːr) is a Germanic god associated with law and heroic glory in Norse mythology, portrayed as one-handed.... In the late Icelandic Eddas, Týr is portrayed, alternately, as the son of Odin (Prose Edda) or of Hymir (Poetic Edda), while the origins of his name and his possible relationship to Tuisto (see Tacitus' Germania) suggest he was once considered the father of the gods and head of the pantheon, since his name is ultimately cognate to that of *Dyeus (cf. Dyaus), the reconstructed chief deity in Indo-European religion. It is assumed that Tîwaz was overtaken in popularity and in authority by both Odin and Thor at some point during the Migration Age, as Odin shares his role as God of war. ...
Týr in origin was a generic noun meaning "god", e.g. Hangatyr, literally, the "god of the hanged", as one of Odin's names, which was probably inherited from Týr in his role as god of justice....
Tacitus stated in his work Germania that capital punishment amongst the Germanic folk was seen as being very negative; that none could be flogged, imprisoned or executed, not even on order of the warlord, without the consent of the priest; who was himself required to render his judgement in accordance with the will of the god they believe inspires them to the field of battle....
Tacitus also named the German "Mars" as the primary deity, along with the German "Mercury" (believed to be Odin), Hercules (believed to be Thor) and "Isis" (probably Freja). In the text however, Hercules is the one to be mentioned the most often. Depending on translation, "Mercury" is stated to be the chiefly worshipped god but other translation does not provide any sort of hierarchy among the gods. Tacitus states that "Mars" and "Hercules" receive animal sacrifices while "Mercury" receives human sacrifices....
Týr, known for his great wisdom and courage, agreed, and the other gods bound the wolf. After Fenrir had been bound by the gods, he struggled to try to break the rope. Fenrir could not break the ribbon and, enraged, bit Týr's right hand off. When the gods saw that Fenrir was bound they all rejoiced, except Týr. Fenrir would remain bound until the day of Ragnarök. As a result of this deed, Týr is called the "Leavings of the Wolf"; which is to be understood as a poetic kenning for glory. As a consequence, however, his name is also associated with perjury.
According to the Prose version of Ragnarök, Týr is destined to kill and be killed by Garm, the guard dog of Hel. However, in the two poetic versions of Ragnarök, he goes unmentioned; unless one believes that he is the "Mighty One". ...
In the Hymiskviða, Týr's father is named as the etin Hymir – the term "Hymir's kin" was used a kenning for etinkind – while his mother goes unnamed, but is otherwise described in terms that befit a goddess.... Thor proves the stronger...Týr is the only deity whose strength is ever questioned in comparison to the Thunderer's....
Icelandic rune poem: Týr is a one-handed Æsir, and leavings of the wolf and prince of temples. A king (like) Mars. ... German Dienstag and Dutch dinsdag (Tuesday)...
Old Norse Týr, literally "god", ... When Týr is used in this way, joined to another name, it takes on a more general meaning of "a god" instead of referring to the god Týr. For example, Hrafntýr "raven-god" and Valtýr "god of the slain" are Old Norse names of Odin. ... Týr in origin was a generic noun meaning "god", e.g. Hangatyr, literally, the "god of the hanged", as one of Odin's names, ...
Tyr - Norse Mythology for Smart People
https://norse-mythology.org/gods-and-creatures/the-aesir-gods-and-goddesses/tyr/
Tyr is a Norse war god.....presides over matters of law and justice... his status in the later part of the Viking Age may have been correspondingly minor. But this wasn’t always the case. Other kinds of evidence show us that Tyr was once one of the most important gods to the Norse and other Germanic peoples....
Some centuries earlier, the Romans identified Tyr with Mars, their own principal war god. This connection survives in the modern English “Tuesday,” from Old English “Day of Tiw (Tyr)” (Tiwesdæg), which was in turn based on the Latin Dies Martis, “Day of Mars.” ...
his primary role seems to be that of an upholder of law and justice. ... But the most compelling evidence for Tyr’s role as divine jurist – and a heroic one at that – comes from the tale of The Binding of Fenrir, the only surviving myth to feature Tyr prominently. The dreadful wolf Fenrir was only a pup, but he was growing quickly. The gods feared for their lives, so they endeavored to tie up Fenrir in fetters from which he couldn’t escape. When Fenrir laid eyes on the chain that would eventually bind him, he was suspicious, and declared that he would only allow the gods to put it around him if one of them would stick an arm in his mouth as a pledge of good faith. Only Tyr was willing to do so. When the wolf found himself unable to break free, he bit off Tyr’s arm....
Tyr, “with his sacrifice… not only procures the salvation of the gods but also regularizes it: he renders legal that which, without him, would have been pure fraud.” In the same way that Odin showed himself to be the foremost god of wisdom by sacrificing one of his eyes in its pursuit, so Tyr showed himself to be the foremost god of law by sacrificing one of his arms to uphold it. The disfigurements of both gods are parallel, and demonstrate something essential about their characters.... For the ancient Germanic peoples, war and law were profoundly related to each other – even indissolubly intertwined....
the god *Dyeus, who would later evolve into Tyr as the Germanic religion ...Both the name *Dyeus and the basic Proto-Indo-European word for “god,” *deiwós, are variations of the root *dyeu-, “the daytime sky.”*Dyeus was the quintessential “Sky Father” and likely one of the chief deities of the Proto-Indo-European pantheon. ...
The T-rune’s name was “Tyr”...The rune has the shape of an arrow...
Valhalla
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valhalla
In Norse mythology, Valhalla (from Old Norse Valhöll "hall of the slain") is a majestic, enormous hall located in Asgard, ruled over by the god Odin. Chosen by Odin, half of those who die in combat travel to Valhalla upon death, led by valkyries, while the other half go to the goddess Freyja's field Fólkvangr. In Valhalla, the dead join the masses of those who have died in combat known as Einherjar and various legendary Germanic heroes and kings, as they prepare to aid Odin during the events of Ragnarök. Before the hall stands the golden tree Glasir, and the hall's ceiling is thatched with golden shields. Various creatures live around Valhalla, such as the stag Eikþyrnir and the goat Heiðrún, both described as standing atop Valhalla and consuming the foliage of the tree Læraðr.
The Modern English noun Valhalla derives from Old Norse Valhöll, a compound noun composed of two elements: the masculine noun valr 'the slain' and the feminine noun höll 'hall'. Valr has cognates in other Germanic languages such as Old English wæl 'the slain, slaughter, carnage', Old Saxon wal-dād 'murder', Old High German 'battlefield, blood bath'. All of these forms descend from the Proto-Germanic masculine noun *walaz. Among related Old Norse concepts, valr also appears as the first element of the nouns valkyrja 'chooser of the slain, valkyrie' and Valfreyja, one of the goddess Freyja's several names.
The second element, höll, is a common Old Norse noun. It is cognate to Modern English hall and has the same meaning. Both developed from Proto-Germanic *xallō or *hallō, meaning 'covered place, hall', itself from the Proto-Indo-European root *kol-. As philologists such as Calvert Watkins have noted, the same Indo-European root produced Old Norse hel, a proper noun employed for both the name of another afterlife location and a supernatural female entity who oversees it, as well as the modern English noun hell. In Swedish folklore, some mountains that were traditionally regarded as abodes of the dead were also called Valhall; it is therefore possible that the höll element derives from hallr, "rock", and originally referred to an underworld, not a hall. ...
the holy doors of the ancient gate Valgrind stand before Valhalla, Valhalla has five hundred and forty doors that eight hundred men can exit from at once (from which the einherjar will flow forth to engage the wolf Fenrir at Ragnarök). Within Valhalla exists Thor's hall Bilskirnir, and within it exist five hundred and forty rooms, and of all the halls within Valhalla, Odin states that he thinks his son's may be greatest. In stanzas 25 through 26, Odin states that the goat Heiðrún and the hart Eikþyrnir stand on top of Valhalla and graze on the branches of the tree Læraðr. Heiðrún produces vats of mead that liquor cannot be compared to, and from Eikþyrnir's antlers drip liquid into the spring Hvergelmir from which flows forth all waters....
Odin mans Valhalla with the Einherjar: the dead who fall in battle and become Odin's adopted sons. In chapter 36, High states that valkyries serve drinks and see to the tables in Valhalla, and Grímnismál stanzas 40 to 41 are then quoted in reference to this. High continues that the valkyries are sent by Odin to every battle, where they choose who is to die, and determine victory. ...
Oin needs nothing to eat—Odin only consumes wine—and he gives his food to his wolves Geri and Freki....the mead consumed in Valhalla is produced from the udders of the goat Heiðrún, who in turn feeds on the leaves of the "famous tree" Læraðr. The goat produces so much mead in a day that it fills a massive vat large enough for all of the Einherjar in Valhalla to satisfy their thirst from it. High further states that the stag Eikþyrnir stands atop Valhalla and chews on the branches of Læraðr. So much moisture drips from his horns that it falls down to the well Hvelgelmir, resulting in numerous rivers. ...
right at the beginning, when the gods were settling" they had established Asgard and then built Valhalla. The death of the god Baldr is recounted in chapter 49, where the mistletoe that is used to kill Baldr is described as growing west of Valhalla. ...
In chapter 34, the tree Glasir is stated as located in front of the doors of Valhalla. The tree is described as having foliage of red gold and being the most beautiful tree among both gods and men. ...
In chapter 8 of Ynglinga saga, the "historical" Odin is described as ordaining burial laws over his country. These laws include that all the dead are to be burned on a pyre on a burial mound with their possessions, and their ashes are to be brought out to sea or buried in the earth. The dead would then arrive in Valhalla with everything that one had on their pyre, and whatever one had hidden in the ground....
VALHALLA Norse Mythology for Smart People
https://norse-mythology.org/cosmology/valhalla/
Acording to the Old Norse poem Grímnismál (“The Song of the Hooded One”), the roof of the “gold-bright” Valhalla is made of shields, and has spears for its rafters. Seats made of breastplates surround the many feasting tables of the vast hall. Its gates are guarded by wolves, and eagles fly above it....
Teir meat comes from the boar Saehrimnir (Old Norse Sæhrímnir, whose meaning is unknown[4]), who comes back to life every time he is slaughtered and butchered. For their drink they have mead that comes from the udder of the goat Heidrun (Old Norse Heiðrun, whose meaning is unknown). They thereby enjoy an endless supply of their exceptionally fine food and drink. They are waited on by the beautiful Valkyries....
The only Old Norse source that provides a direct statement about how people gained entrance to Valhalla is the Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson, a thirteenth-century Icelandic scholar. ...According to Snorri, those who die in battle are taken to Valhalla, while those who die of sickness or old age find themselves in Hel, the underworld, after their departure from the land of the living...
While entrance to Valhalla seems to have ultimately been a matter of who Odin and his Valkyries chose to live there rather than any particular impersonal standard, it seems reasonable to surmise that Odin would select those who would serve him best in his final battle. The ranks of Valhalla would therefore predominantly be filled with elite warriors,...
The most famous description of Valhalla in Old Norse literature, that of Grímnismál, portrays it as being located in Asgard, the gods’ celestial fortress. However, other lines of evidence suggest that it was at least sometimes seen as being located underground, like the more general underworld....
READER BEWARE: THIS ARTICLE CONTAINS SEVERAL VIEW POINTS SEVERAL WHICH CONTRADICT. ASGARD IS SEEN AS PHYSICAL, OR SPIRITUAL REALMS DEPENDING ON THE WRITER. ANOTHER CONTRADICTION IS ODIN IS TURKIC IN SOME ARTICLES BUT, IN THIS ARTICLE ODIN''S ROLE CHANGES SEVERAL TIMES. I SEE THIS IN OTHER ARTICLES AS WELL WHERE ODIN, AND THOR NAMES AND ROLES CHANGE OVER TIME. PROBABLY DUE TO POLITICAL POWERS AT THE TIMES. THERE ARE REGIONAL, AND RELIGIOUS WRITER'S BIAS'. BUT, ONE THING FOR SURE IS ASGARD IS THE HOME OF THE AESIR...
Asgard
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgard
In Norse religion, Asgard ("Enclosure of the Æsir") is one of the Nine Worlds and home to the Æsir tribe of gods. It is surrounded by an incomplete wall attributed to a Hrimthurs riding the stallion Svaðilfari, according to Gylfaginning. Odin and his wife, Frigg, are the rulers of Asgard. One of Asgard's well known realms is Valhalla, in which Odin rules.
In the Prose Edda, Gylfi, King of Sweden before the arrival of the Æsir under Odin, travels to Asgard, questions the three officials shown in the illumination concerning the Æsir, and is beguiled. Note that the officials have one eye, a sign of Odin. One of his attributes is that he can make the false seem true. 18th century Icelandic manuscript. The primary sources regarding Asgard come from the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson, and the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from a basis of much older Skaldic poetry.
Völuspá, the first poem of the work, mentions many of the features and characters of Asgard portrayed by Snorri, such as Yggdrasil and Iðavöllr. Asgard is composed of 12 realms including Valhalla, Thrudheim, Breidablik that are ruled by Odin, Thor and Baldr respectively.
The Prose Edda presents two views regarding Asgard. ...In the Prologue Snorri offers a euhemerized and Christian-influenced interpretation of the myths and tales of his forefathers. Asgard, he conjectures, is the home of the Æsir (singular Ás) in As-ia, making a folk etymological connection between the three "As-"; that is, the Æsir were "men of Asia", not gods, who moved from Asia to the north and some of which intermarried with the peoples already there. Snorri's interpretation of the 13th century foreshadows 20th-century views of Indo-European migration from the east. Snorri further writes that Asgard is a land more fertile than any other, blessed also with a great abundance of gold and jewels. Correspondingly, the Æsir excelled beyond all other people in strength, beauty and talent.
Snorri proposes the location of Asgard as Troy, the center of the earth. About it were 12 kingdoms and 12 chiefs. One of them, Múnón, married Priam's daughter, Tróán, and had by her a son, Trór, pronounced Thor in Old Norse. The latter was raised in Thrace. At age 12 he was whiter than ivory, had hair lighter than gold, and could lift 10 bear skins at once. He explored far and wide. His father, Odin, led a migration to the northern lands, where they took wives and had many children, populating the entire north with Aesir. One of the sons of Odin was Yngvi, founder of the Ynglingar, an early royal family of Sweden. These accounts were written 200 years after the Christianization of Iceland.
In Gylfaginning, Snorri presents the mythological version, taken no doubt from his sources. Icelanders were still being converted at that time. He could not present the myths as part of any current belief. Instead he resorts to a debunking device: Gylfi, king of Sweden before the Æsir, travels to Asgard and finds there a large hall (Valhalla) in Section 2.
Within are three officials (three Aesir Kings), whom Gylfi in the guise of Gangleri is allowed to question about the Asgard and the Æsir. A revelation of the ancient myths follows, but at the end the palace and the people disappear in a clap of thunder and Gylfi finds himself alone on the plain, having been deluded (Section 59).
In Gylfi's delusion, ancient Asgard was ruled by the senior god, the all-father, who had twelve names. He was the ruler of everything and the creator of heaven and earth (Section 3). During a complex creation myth in which the cosmic cow Audhumbla licked Búri free from the ice, the sons of Buri's son, Bor, who were Odin, Vili and Vé, constructed the universe and put Midgard in it as a residence for the first human couple, Ask and Embla, whom they created from driftwood trees in Section 9.
The sons of Bor then constructed Asgard (to be identified with Troy, Snorri insists in section 9) as a home for the Æsir, who were divinities. Odin is identified as the all-father. Asgard is conceived as being on the earth. A rainbow bridge, Bifröst, connects it to heaven (Section 13). In Asgard also is a temple for the 12 gods, Gladsheim, and another for the 12 goddesses, Vingólf. The plain of Idavoll is the centre of Asgard (Section 14).
The gods hold court there every day at the Well of Urd, beneath an ash tree, Yggdrasil, debating the fates of men and gods. The more immediate destinies of men are assigned by the Norns (Section 15). It also states Thor is a god as well.
Long descriptions of the gods follow. Among the more memorable details are the Valkyries, the battle maidens whom Odin sends to allot death or victory to soldiers. Section 37 names 13 Valkyries and states that the source as the Poetic Edda poem Grímnismál. Odin's residence is Valhalla, to which he takes those slain in battle, the Einherjar (Section 20). Snorri quips: "There is a huge crowd there, and there will be many more still ...." (Section 39). They amuse themselves every day by fighting each other and then going to drink in the big hall.
Toward the end of the chapter Snorri becomes prophetic, describing Ragnarök, the twilight of the gods. It will begin with three winters of snow, with no summers in between. Wars will follow, then earthquakes and tidal waves. The sky will split open and out will ride the sons of Muspell intent on universal destruction. They will try to enter heaven but Bifröst will break (Section 55). Heimdall will blow his mighty horn Gjöll and the Æsir and Einherjar will ride out to battle. Most of the Æsir will die and Asgard be destroyed. Snorri quotes his own source saying: "The sun will go black, earth sink in the sea, heaven be stripped of its bright stars;...." (Section 56).
Afterwards, the earth rises again from the sea, is fairer than before, and where Asgard used to be a remnant of the Æsir gather, some coming up from Hel, and talk and play chess all day with the golden chessmen of the ancient Æsir, which they find in the grass (Section 58).
Ynglinga Saga: By the time of the Ynglinga Saga, Snorri had developed his concept of Asgard further, although the differences might be accounted for by his sources. In the initial stanzas of the poem Asagarth is the capital of Asaland, a section of Asia to the east of the Tana-kvísl or Vana-Kvísl river (kvísl is "fork"), which Snorri explains is the Tanais, or Don River, flowing into the Black Sea. The river divides "Sweden the Great", a concession to the Viking point of view. It is never called that prior to the Vikings (Section 1).
The river lands are occupied by the Vanir and are called Vanaland or Vanaheim. It is unclear what people Snorri thinks the Vanes are, whether the proto-Slavic Venedi or the east Germanic Vandals, who had been in that region at that time for well over 1000 years. He does not say; however, the Germanic names of the characters, such as Njord, Frey and Vanlandi, indicate he had the Vandals in mind. ...
There also is no mention of Troy, ...Troy cannot have been Asagarth, Snorri realizes, ... As a result, Odin led a section of the Æsir to the north looking for new lands in which to settle. They used the Viking route up the Don and the Volga through Garðaríki, Viking Russia. From there they went to Saxland (Germany) and to the lands of Gylfi in Scandinavia (Section 5). ...
Demoted from his position as all-father, or king of the gods, Odin becomes a great sorcerer in the Ynglinga Saga. He can shape-shift, speaks only in verse, and lies so well that everything he says seems true. He strikes enemies blind and deaf but when his own men fight they go berserk and cannot be harmed. He has a ship that can be rolled up like a tablecloth when not used, he relies on two talking ravens to gather intelligence, and he consults the talking head of Mimir for advice (Section 7).
As a man, however, Odin is faced with the necessity to die. He is cremated and his possessions are burned with him so that he can ascend to - where? If Asgard is an earthly place, not there. Snorri says at first it is Valhalla and then adds: "The Swedes now believed that he had gone to the old Asagarth and would live there forever" (Section 9). Finally Snorri resorts to Heaven, even though nothing in Christianity advocates cremation and certainly the burning of possessions avails the Christian nothing.
Asgard
https://norse-mythology.org/cosmology/the-nine-worlds/asgard/
Asgard is located in the sky (albeit spiritually rather than physically, of course) and is connected to Midgard, the world of humanity, by the rainbow bridge Bifrost.... Asgard is the ultimate model of the innangard, while Jotunheim, the “Homeland of the Giants,” is the epitome of the utangard. Midgard (“Middle Enclosure”), the world of human civilization...
Possible that some of the different wives name listed may just be another name for the same wife. Since many deiities go by different names even by same authors. For example Frigg and Jord. Also Frigg and Freyja, or Frija....
Children of Odin
http://pagan.wikia.com/wiki/Odin
Odin had several wives with whom he fathered many children.
Wife: Children:
Frigg: Baldur, Hod, probably Bragi
Jord (Fjorgyn): Thor
Grydur: Vídar
Rinda: Vali
Rans 9 Daughters: Heimdall
Some suggest that Tyr is also a son of Odin. But it is not clear.
Sons of Odin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Odin
Various gods and men appear as Sons of Odin or Sons of Wodan/Wotan or Sons of Woden in old Old Norse and Old High German and Old English texts: Thor, Baldr, Víðarr and Váli.
Other gods called sons of Odin by Snorri Sturluson (Controversial): Heimdallr, Bragi, Týr and Höðr. Hermód.
Skáldskaparmál: Baldr and Meili, Víðarr and Nepr, Váli, Áli, Thor and Hildólfr, Hermóðr, Sigi, Skjöldr, Yngvi-Freyr and Ítreksjóð, Heimdallr, Sæmingr, Höðr and Bragi.
Sigi is ancestor of the Volsungs. Skjöld is ancestor of the Danish Skjölding dynasty, Yngvi of the Swedish Ynglings. Sæming is ancestor of a line of Norwegian kings.
Týr, Höd, and Bragi are conspicuously absent from this list, one reason to believe it is not from Snorri's hand. Some manuscripts have a variant version of the list which adds Höd and Bragi to the end and replaces Yngvi-Frey with an otherwise unknown Ölldner or Ölner. This may be an attempt to bring the list into accord with Snorri, even though it still lacks Týr. Some manuscripts add additional names of sons of Odin which are otherwise unknown: "Ennelang, Eindride, Bior, Hlodide, Hardveor, Sönnöng, Vinthior, Rymur."
Founders of dynasties:
The prologue to Snorri's Edda and the alternative list discussed above both include the following:
Sigi. He was made the ancestor of the Völsung lineage (see Völsunga saga) who were Burgundian kings according to Snorri.
Skjöld. In Snorri's Ynglinga Saga in the Heimskringla, Skjöld's wife is the goddess Gefjön and the same account occurs in most, but not all, manuscripts of the Edda. But Saxo makes Skjöld the son of Lother son of Dan. And in English tradition Skjöld (called Scyld or Sceldwa) is son of Sceafa or of Heremod when a father is named.
Yngvi. A son of Odin in the prologue to the Edda but identified with Frey son of Njörd in the Ynglinga Saga. In both accounts this figure is made ancestor of the Yngling dynasty in Sweden (from which later kings of Norway also traced their descent).
Sæming. Snorri's Ynglinga Saga relates that after the giantess Skaði broke off her marriage with Njörd, she "married afterwards Odin, and had many sons by him, of whom one was called Sæming" from whom Jarl Hákon claimed descent. Snorri then quotes a relevant verse by the poet Eyvindr skáldaspillir. However, in his preface to the Heimskringla Snorri says that Eyvindr's Háleygjatal which reckoned up the ancestors of Jarl Hákon brought in Sæming as son of Yngvi-Frey. Snorri may have slipped here, thinking of the Ynglings. As to the many sons, it is possible that some of the otherwise unknown sons in the previous section may be sons purportedly born by Skadi.
According to Herrauds saga:
Gauti. Gauti's son Hring ruled Östergötland (East Götaland), so Gauti appears to be the eponym of the Geatas in Beowulf. Some versions of the English royal line of Wessex add names above that of Woden, purportedly giving Woden's ancestry, though the names are now usually thought be in fact another royal lineage that has been at some stage erroneously pasted onto the top of the standard genealogy. Some of these genealogies end in Geat, whom it is reasonable to think might be Gauti. The account in the Historia Britonum calls Geat a son of a god which fits. But Asser in his Life of Alfred writes instead that the pagans worshipped this Geat himself for a long time as a god. In Old Norse texts Gaut is itself a very common byname for Odin. Jordanes in The origin and deeds of the Goths traces the line of the Amelungs up to Hulmul son of Gapt, purportedly the first Gothic hero of record. This Gapt is felt by many commentators to be an error for Gaut or Gauti.
According to Hervarar saga ok Heidreks konungs ("The Saga of Hervor and King Heidrek") versions H and U:
Sigrlami. He was son of Odin and king of Gardariki. His son Svafrlami succeeded him. Svafrlami forced the dwarves Dvalinn and Durin to forge for him a superb sword, Tyrfing. They did so and cursed it. In version R Sigrlami takes on the role of Svafrlami and his parentage is not given.
In the prologue to the Edda Snorri also mentions sons of Odin who ruled among the continental Angles and Saxons and provides information about their descendants that is identical or very close to traditions recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Snorri may here be dependent on English traditions. The sons mentioned by both Snorri and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are:
Vegdagr/Wægdæg/Wecta. According to Snorri Vegdeg ruled East Saxony. In the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle the Wecta form of the name heads the lineage of the kings of Kent (of whom Hengest is traditionally the first) and the Wægdæg form of the name heads the lineage of the kings of Deira. The Anglian collection of Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies places the name Wægdæg in both pedigrees, while Snorri relates a single descent through Vegdeg and his son that later splits into two branches leading to the Kent and Deira ancestors.
Beldeg. According to Snorri's prologue Beldeg was identical to Baldur and ruled in Westphalia. There is no independent evidence of the identification of Beldeg with Baldur. From Beldeg the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle traces the kings of Bernicia and Wessex. Historia Brittonum derives the kings of Deira from Beldeg rather than from Wægdæg.
Other Anglo-Saxon genealogies mention:
Weothulgeot or Wihtlæg. According to the genealogies in the Anglian collection, Weothulgeot was ancestor to the royal house of Mercia and the father of Wihtlæg. According to the Historia Brittonum, Weothulgeot was father of Weaga, who was father of Wihtlæg. But the two Anglo-Saxon Chronicle versions of this genealogy include neither Weothulgeot nor Weaga, but make Wihtlæg himself the son of Woden. In all versions, Wihtlæg is father of Wermund, father of Offa of Angel. According to the Old English poem Widsith, Offa ruled over the continental Angles. Saxo, though not mentioning Wihtlæg's parentage, introduces Wihtlæg as a Danish king named Wiglek, who was the slayer of Amleth (Hamlet).
Casere. He was made ancestor to the royal house of East Anglia and is thought to represent none other than Julius Caesar.
Winta. He was made ancestor to the royal house of Lindsey/Lindisfarne. This genealogy is found only in the Anglian collection, not in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
Seaxnēat. Made ancestor of the kings of Essex. He is mentioned as Saxnôte alongside Uuôden (Wodan) and Thunaer (Thunor) in the Old Dutch/Saxon Baptismal Vow. He was originally at the top of the Essex pedigree, and only later was made son of Woden to harmonize with the other Anglo-Saxon royal pedigrees.
Frigg is Odins Wife. Some speculate Frigg is the same as Freyja while others say they are two separate deities. Mythologically the joining of Father Sky with Mother Earth to produce Sons of God. Freyja may be the same goddess as Frigg but, just known differently by a different tribe(Vanir) giving more worship to Mother Earth than to the other tribe (Aesir) who gave worship to Father Sky. Most of the various writings contain similar stories but, different names for the deiities....
Frigg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigg
In Germanic mythology, Frigg (Old Norse), Frija (Old High German), Frea (Langobardic), and Frige (Old English) is a goddess. ... Frigg is the wife of the major god Odin and dwells in the wetland halls of Fensalir,... ambiguously associated with the Earth, otherwise personified as an apparently separate entity Jörð (Old Norse "Earth"). ... Due to significant thematic overlap, scholars have proposed a particular connection to the goddess Freyja. ... The theonyms Frigg (Old Norse) and Frija (Old High German) are cognate forms—linguistic siblings of the same origin...
The connection with and possible earlier identification of the goddess Freyja with Frigg in the Proto-Germanic period (Frigg and Freyja origin hypothesis) is a matter of scholarly debate. The name Freyja is not attested outside of Scandinavia, like the name of the group of gods to which Freyja belongs, the Vanir. This is in contrast to the name of the goddess Frigg, who is attested as a goddess common among the Germanic peoples, ... Regarding a Freyja–Frigg common origin hypothesis, scholar Stephan Grundy comments that "the problem of whether Frigg or Freyja may have been a single goddess originally is a difficult one, made more so by the scantiness of pre-Viking Age references to Germanic goddesses, and the diverse quality of the sources. The best that can be done is to survey the arguments for and against their identity, and to see how well each can be supported." ...
In the next section of the Prose Edda, Gylfaginning, High tells Gangleri (the king Gylfi in disguise) that Frigg, daughter of Fjörgynn (Old Norse Fjörgynsdóttir) is married to Odin and that the Æsir are descended from the couple, and adds that "the earth [Jörðin] was [Odin's] daughter and his wife". According to High, the two had many sons, the first of which was the mighty god Thor. ... Later in Gylfaginning, Gangleri asks about the ásynjur, a term for Norse goddesses. High says that "highest" among them is Frigg and that only Freyja "is highest in rank next to her". Frigg dwells in Fensalir "and it is very splendid". ...
Frigg explains that "Weapons and wood will not hurt Baldr. I have received oaths from them all." The woman asks Frigg if all things have sworn not to hurt Baldr, to which Frigg notes one exception; "there grows a shoot of a tree to the west of Val-hall. It is called mistletoe....Now armed with mistletoe, Loki arrives at the thing where the Æsir are assembled and tricks the blind Höðr, Baldr's brother, into shooting Baldr with a mistletoe projectile. To the horror of the assembled gods, the mistletoe goes directly through Baldr, killing him....Frigg speaks up and asks "who there was among the Æsir who wished to earn all her love and favour and was willing to ride the road to Hel and try if he could find Baldr, and offer Hel a ransom if she would let Baldr go back to Asgard". Hermóðr, Baldr's brother, accepts Freyja's request and rides to Hel. Meanwhile, Baldr is given a grand funeral attended by many beings...
Due to numerous similarities, some scholars have proposed that the Old Norse goddesses Frigg and Freyja descend from a common entity from the Proto-Germanic period. ..."the problem of whether Frigg or Freyja may have been a single goddess originally is a difficult one, made more so by the scantiness of pre-Viking Age references to Germanic goddesses, and the diverse quality of the sources. The best that can be done is to survey the arguments for and against their identity, and to see how well each can be supported."
Unlike Frigg but like the name of the group of gods to which Freyja belongs, the Vanir, the name Freyja is not attested outside of Scandinavia, as opposed to the name of the goddess Frigg, who is attested as a goddess common among the Germanic peoples, and whose name is reconstructed as Proto-Germanic *Frijjō....
Freya is not the same person as Frigg, or Frija according to this article.
Vanir worship Mother Earth. Aesir worship Sky Father.
Note Freyja has similarities to the Morrigan of the Celtic belief....
Frejya, Norse Goddess of Beauty and Leader of the Valkyries
http://www.thaliatook.com/AMGG/freyja.php
Freyja is the Norse Goddess of the earth, fertility and beauty, Who is the daughter of the earth Goddess Nerthus and Njordr, ... She and Her brother Freyr ("the Lord") are the chief Gods of the Vanir... Vanir, Gods of the earth and fertility, and the Aesir, Gods of the sky and intellect. ... (sky God worshipping) Indo-European people grafting their religion onto an indigenous earth-centered one....
Freyja is said to also possess a marvelous coat of feathers that transforms the wearer into a falcon and enables Her or Him to fly....She has Her death-aspect as well, and is considered the leader of the Valkyries, the swan-maidens who choose who is to be slain in battle. She has a great hall called Folkvang, where half the warriors go after death, the other half going to Valhalla.
Freyja is often confused with Frigg or Frija, the Aesir wife of Odin, and in some tales Freyja is also called Odin's wife. The two names however are not related and stem from different roots...
And just for kicks, here are the versions of the name of Odin's wife Frigg: Frigg (Icelandic), Frig (Anglo-Saxon), Fria or Frija or Friia (Old High German), Fricka, Fri, Frea. Friday (Anglo-Saxon Frigedaeg)
Is Baldr the Norse version of the IndoEuropean daytime Sun God? The Summer Sun that resurrects each year? The Sun King? Is Baldr the Norse version of Baal, El, Lord Day, Surya, Lugh, and every other day Sun God deiity? Is Baldr a Norse version of another resurrection story? The story fits in with other similar stories of the underworld, and sun god, etc. all over the ancient world i.e., Mesopotamia, Greece, etc. Similar stories but, different names that merge, or become new by migrations, and new cultures emerging....
Baldr
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldr
Baldr (also Balder, Baldur) is a god in Norse mythology, and a son of the god Odin and the goddess Frigg. He has numerous brothers, such as Thor and Váli. ... According to Gylfaginning, a book of Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda, Baldr's wife is Nanna and their son is Forseti. In Gylfaginning, Snorri relates that Baldr had the greatest ship ever built, named Hringhorni, and that there is no place more beautiful than his hall, Breidablik. ...
identifies Old Norse Baldr with the Old High German Baldere (2nd Merseburg Charm, Thuringia), Palter (theonym, Bavaria), Paltar (personal name) and with Old English bealdor, baldor "lord, prince, king" ...etymology of the name to *balþaz, whence Gothic balþs, Old English bald, Old High German pald, all meaning "bold, brave"....But the interpretation of Baldr as "the brave god" may be secondary. Baltic (cf. Lithuanian baltas, Latvian balts) has a word meaning "the white, the good", ...In continental Saxon and Anglo-Saxon tradition, the son of Woden is called not Bealdor but Baldag (Saxon) and Bældæg, Beldeg (Anglo-Saxon), which shows association with "day", possibly with Day personified as a deity. This, as Grimm points out, would agree with the meaning "shining one, white one, a god" derived from the meaning of Baltic baltas, further adducing Slavic Belobog and German Berhta... Baldr must be understood as 'shining day'....
In Gylfaginning, Baldur is described as follows: The second son of Odin is Baldur, and good things are to be said of him. He is best, and all praise him; he is so fair of feature, and so bright, that light shines from him. A certain herb is so white that it is likened to Baldr's brow; of all grasses it is whitest, and by it thou mayest judge his fairness, both in hair and in body. He is the wisest of the Æsir, and the fairest-spoken and most gracious; and that quality attends him, that none may gainsay his judgments. He dwells in the place called Breidablik, which is in heaven; in that place may nothing unclean be[.] — Brodeur's translation ...
Apart from this description, Baldr is known primarily for the story of his death. His death is seen as the first in the chain of events which will ultimately lead to the destruction of the gods at Ragnarök. Baldr will be reborn in the new world, according to Völuspá. He had a dream of his own death and his mother had the same dreams. Since dreams were usually prophetic, this depressed him, so his mother Frigg made every object on earth vow never to hurt Baldr. All objects made this vow except mistletoe... When Loki, the mischief-maker, heard of this, he made a magical spear from this plant (in some later versions, an arrow). He hurried to the place where the gods were indulging in their new pastime of hurling objects at Baldr, which would bounce off without harming him. Loki gave the spear to Baldr's brother, the blind god Höðr, who then inadvertently killed his brother with it (other versions suggest that Loki guided the arrow himself). For this act, Odin and the giantess Rindr gave birth to Váli who grew to adulthood within a day and slew Höðr. Baldr was ceremonially burnt upon his ship, Hringhorni, the largest of all ships. As he was carried to the ship, Odin whispered in his ear. This was to be a key riddle asked by Odin (in disguise) of the giant Vafthrudnir (and which was unanswerable) in the poem Vafthrudnismal. The riddle also appears in the riddles of Gestumblindi in Hervarar saga.
The dwarf Litr was kicked by Thor into the funeral fire and burnt alive. Nanna, Baldr's wife, also threw herself on the funeral fire to await Ragnarök when she would be reunited with her husband (alternatively, she died of grief). Baldr's horse with all its trappings was also burned on the pyre. The ship was set to sea by Hyrrokin, a giantess, who came riding on a wolf and gave the ship such a push that fire flashed from the rollers and all the earth shook.
Upon Frigg's entreaties, delivered through the messenger Hermod, Hel promised to release Baldr from the underworld if all objects alive and dead would weep for him. All did, except a giantess, Þökk often presumed to be the god Loki in disguise, who refused to mourn the slain god. Thus Baldr had to remain in the underworld, not to emerge until after Ragnarök, when he and his brother Höðr would be reconciled and rule the new earth together with Thor's sons....
Bæl-dæg itself is white-god, light-god, he that shines as sky and light and day...
According to Carolyne Larrington in her translation of the Poetic Edda it is assumed that what Odin whispered in Baldr's ear was a promise of resurrection....
Baldr
http://lost-history.com/baldr.php
The children of Odin and Frigg are known as the Aesir, war god rulers of the sky, like Ba’al, Apollo, Mithras or Sol Invictus, and they war against the Vanir gods, including Freyr, whose magic, nature and fertility aspects are more like Dumuzi/Tammuz, Adonis, Attis and Dionysus. The Aesir are etymologically linked to the Indo-Iranian Asura, who war against the nature-god Devas, or Suras, and the Zoroastrian Ahura, who war against the chaotic false-god Daevas. The Vishnu Purana says that during the “churning of the ocean” to create the nectar of immortality, the daityas were called the asuras because they rejected the wine goddess Varuni. The Greek Olympians are in turn equivalent to the war/storm gods, the Ba'als or Bels, reformations of the Titans such as Chronus, who was assocaited with the nature and fertility aspects of the Canaanite father-god, El the Bull, called Enlil by the Sumerians and Elohim in the Bible. ...
The myth of Balderus and Høtherus fighting over Nanna is paralleled by the shepherd Dumuzi and the farmer Enkimdu fighting over Inanna in the Sumerian myth...Early Sumerian myths in which Enkidu is described as the slave of Gilgamesh...reformation of the country shepherd cult to the city fisherman cult connected to Enki and the priesthood of the first city in Mesopotamia, Eridu, a fishing locale on the Persian Gulf that was part of Gilgamesh's kingdom....
Baal is Lord Ba? Ba must be the same as Thor, Jupiter, Indra, Bel, Lugh, Surya, Sun God, Fertility God Freyr, etc., etc.,... Baal was Storm God, Sun God, War God, and later a Fertility God to some tribes. To the Phoenicians Baal was Lord of the Sea and Weather. I am thinking Baal may also have become Enki the Horned Goat Fish, combined Gods of Sea/River God with the Goat tribes over the Serpent tribes and/or Lion tribes. JMHO
Baal was the Canaanite God, and Yaweh was the God of Jews, and/or Hebrews. (This assumption is not true entirely because the Hebrews themselves worshipped several deiities from the lands they lived in. Adopting whichever. Yaweh in my opinion never was the original God of the Hebrews. In my opinion I think Jove was Father Sky God of the Scythians, and/or of people from Father Sky faiths , Sun Cult. And it appears Baal also was a Sky God too. Perhaps same God different names for different peoples living in different lands.
I think Yahweh (Jove) was adopted by the Hebrew people just as was Molech, Baal, and other Gods whereever the Hebrews lived in.
The Exodus of the Hebrews was probably a religious battle of monotheism versus polytheism. And a battle of Father Sky cult with the cult of the Underworld. Perhaps just denominational differences in beliefs such as we see todays interpretations.
The Jews merely adopted the various faiths with some adhering strictly to the sun cult heavenly Father yaweh or Jove, and others following other faiths. The Jews merley copied other religions then they changed the origins to suit themselves.)
Thus, in my opinion Baal must have been an Indo European influence, the same storm, weather, war deiities, etc just different name, and probably roles change with the new peoples. Example Goat Fish Capricorn merge the sea God(ess) with the God of the Goats. If Baal was the Phoenicians God then the original Phoenicians must have been Indo European and/or later mix of IE with local tribes.
(This just my opinion today based on current understanding.)
Abraham left Ur in Babylon to go steal the land from the indigenous people called the Canaanites.
Baal was eventually made enemy by the Abrahamic faiths as excuse to justify the Abrahamic people's invasions and theft of the land of the indigenous Canaanites.
Using trickery from Babylon originally, then after Egyptian exile, the Abrahamic faiths fooled the peoples into thinking Baal is a false God, and then simultaneously contradictory claim Baal as the Demons after worshipping those Gods themselves.
Baal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal
Ba'al: God of fertility, weather, rain, wind, lightning, seasons, war, patron of sailors and sea-going merchants, leader of the Rephaim (ancestral spirits)...
Consorts: Anat, Athtart, Arsay, Tallay, Pidray. Parents: Dagan (usual lore) El (some Ugaritic texts)
Siblings: Anat
inscriptions have shown that the name Baʿal was particularly associated with the storm and fertility god... the word baʿal signified "owner" and, by extension, "lord", a "master", or "husband". Cognates include the Akkadian Bēlu (𒂗), Amharic bal (ባል), and Arabic baʿl (بَعْل). Báʿal (בַּעַל) and baʿl ... The feminine form is baʿalah ... Suggestions in early modern scholarship also included comparison with the Celtic god Belenus ... Like EN in Sumerian, the Akkadian bēlu and Northwest Semitic baʿal (as well as its feminine form baʿalah) was used as a title of various deities in the Mesopotamian and Semitic pantheons...
Baʿal was also used as a proper name by the third millennium BCE, when he appears in a list of deities at Abu Salabikh. Most modern scholarship asserts that this Baʿal—usually distinguished as "The Lord" (הבעל, Ha Baʿal)—was identical with the storm and fertility god Hadad; it also appears in the form Baʿal Haddu. Scholars propose that, as the cult of Hadad increased in importance, his true name came to be seen as too holy for any but the high priest to speak aloud and the alias "Lord" ("Baʿal") was used instead, as "Bel" was used for Marduk among the Babylonians and "Adonai" for Yahweh among the Israelites. A minority propose that Baʿal was a native Canaanite deity whose cult was identified with or absorbed aspects of Adad's. Regardless of their original relationship, by the 1st millennium BCE, the two were distinct: Hadad was worshipped by the Aramaeans and Baʿal by the Phoenicians and other Canaanites.
The Phoenician Baʿal is generally identified with either El or Dagan.
Baʿal...Ugaritic records show him as a weather god, with particular power over lightning, wind, rain, and fertility.[d] The dry summers of the area were explained as Baʿal's time in the underworld and his return in autumn was said to cause the storms which revived the land. Thus, the worship of Baʿal in Canaan—where he eventually supplanted El as the leader of the gods and patron of kingship—was connected to the regions' dependence on rainfall for its agriculture, unlike Egypt and Mesopotamia, which focused on irrigation from their major rivers....He was also called upon during battle, showing that he was thought to intervene actively in the world of man...
The Baʿal of Ugarit was the epithet of Hadad but as the time passed, the epithet became the god's name while Hadad became the epithet. Baʿal was usually said to be the son of Dagan, but appears as one of the sons of El in Ugaritic sources.[e] Both Baʿal and El were associated with the bull in Ugaritic texts, as it symbolized both strength and fertility. The virgin goddess ʿAnat was his sister and sometimes credited with a child through him. He held special enmity against snakes, both on their own and as representatives of Yammu (lit. "Sea"), the Canaanite sea god and river god.,,, As vanquisher of the sea, Baʿal was regarded by the Canaanites and Phoenicians as the patron of sailors and sea-going merchants.... and regarded as the leader of the Rephaim (Rpum), the ancestral spirits, particularly those of ruling dynasties. ...
From Canaan, worship of Baʿal spread to Egypt by the Middle Kingdom and throughout the Mediterranean following the waves of Phoenician colonization in the early 1st millennium BCE. ...
Baʿal Hammon was worshipped in the Tyrian colony of Carthage as their supreme god. It is believed that this position developed in the 5th century BCE following the severing of its ties to Tyre following the 480 BCE Battle of Himera. Like Hadad, Baʿal Hammon was a fertility god. Inscriptions about Punic deities tend to be rather uninformative, though, and he has been variously identified as a moon god and as Dagan, the grain god. Rather than the bull, Baʿal Hammon was associated with the ram and depicted with his horns.
The epithet Hammon is obscure. Most often, it is...associated with a role as a sun god. ...
Judaism: Elijah slaying the prophets of Baal. ...1 Kings 18 records an account of a contest between the prophet Elijah and Jezebel's priests. Both sides offered a sacrifice to their respective gods: Ba'al failed to light his followers' sacrifice while Yahweh's heavenly fire burnt Elijah's altar to ashes, even after it had been soaked with water. The observers then followed Elijah's instructions to slay the priests of Baʿal, after which it began to rain, showing Yahweh's mastery over the weather. ...it is not certain whether they simply allude to the Cannanite god Ba’al, or are intended to equate Yahweh with Ba’al, or have no connection to Ba’al. ... It was the program of Jezebel, in the 9th century BCE, to introduce into Israel's capital city of Samaria her Phoenician worship of Baal as opposed to the worship of Yahweh that made the name anathema to the Israelites. ... The Hebrew Scriptures record the worship of Baʿal threatening Israel from the time of the Judges until the monarchy. ...
Beelzebub: Baʿal Zebub (Hebrew: בעל זבוב, lit. "Fly Lord") occurs in the first chapter of the Second Book of Kings as the name of the Philistine god of Ekron. ... Jewish scholars have interpreted the title of "Lord of the Flies" as the Hebrew way of calling Baʿal a pile of dung and his followers vermin, although others argue for a link to power over causing and curing pestilence and thus suitable for Ahaziah's question....
Outside of Jewish and Christian contexts, the various forms of Baʿal were indifferently rendered in classical sources as Belus (Greek: Βῆλος, Bē̂los). An example is Josephus, who states that Jezebel "built a temple to the god of the Tyrians, which they call Belus"; this describes the Baʿal of Tyre, Melqart. In the interpretatio graeca, Baʿal was usually associated with Jupiter Belus but sometimes connected with Hercules.[citation needed] Herrmann identifies the Demarus or Demarous mentioned by Philo Byblius as Baʿal.
Christianity: Beelzebub or Beelzebul was identified by the writers of the New Testament as Satan, "prince" (i.e., king) of the demons...."Baal" and derived epithets like "Baalist" were used as slurs...
Islam: The Quran mentions the contest between Jezebel's priests of Baʿal and the prophet Elijah (renamed Elias): And Elias was most surely of the messengers....
Ba'al Hadad
http://www.lost-history.com/baal_hadad.php
Baal the thunderer, the storm god is very similar to the Indo European God Indra in the Rig Veda. Many other similarities with other mythologies, especially the death, descent to the underworld, and then resurrection. This story sounds like a battle for power between the different peoples....
The Baal Cycle
http://emp.byui.edu/satterfieldb/ugarit/The%20Epic%20of%20Baal.html
Baal (Hadad) is regularly denominated "the son of Dagan," although Dagan (biblical Dagon) does not appear as an actor in the mythological texts. Baal also bears the titles "Rider of the Clouds," "Almighty," and "Lord of the Earth." He is the god of the thunderstorm, the most vigorous and aggressive of the gods, the one on whom mortals most immediately depend. Baal resides on Mount Zaphon, north of Ugarit, and is usually depicted holding a thunderbolt. He is the protagonist of a cycle of myths from Ugarit. These tell of a challenge from Yamm ("Sea"), to which Baal responds. Armed with magical weapons made by the craftsman god, Kothar, Baal manages to overcome Yamm. (Could this be now Enki the Goat Fish. Combined Sea God/Goddess with Baal the horned Goat God?) ...
(Similar to Baldur story in a way. Also similar to Rig Veda Sun Gods but reversed. Rig Veda say Surya day sun is God and the dawn sun is a Goddess.) The other major story concerns Baal's relations with Mot ("Death"),...Anath disposes of Mot, and then El learns in a dream that Baal is again alive. Mot also reappears, and he and Baal fight until the sun goddess warns Mot of the consequences. There is apparently a final definition of their respective spheres of influence....
Another group of gods play important subordinate roles in the myths. The sun goddess, Shapash, "Light of the Gods," helps Anath in her retrieval of the dead Baal and intervenes in the final conflict between Baal and Mot. The craftsman god, known as both Kothar ("Skilled") and Hasis ("Clever"), makes the weapons with which Baal disposes of Yamm and builds the palace for Baal....Shahar and Shalim are the gods of dawn and dusk, whose conception and birth are recounted in a liturgical myth.... Having descended into the underworld and survived Death, Baal embodies the assertiveness and continuity of life....
(It appears that the Epic of Baal may have begun with the migrating Indo Europeans religion which must have integrated with the Semetic peoples, and possibly other peoples such as Turkic, Sea peoples, etc.. The semetic language must have been the dominate language over the Aryan language in that area. It appears to be an integration of religion. So that Indra became Baal after integrating with semetic, and other peoples in the Levant area.)
While virtually all the gods of the myths are Semitic in name, the gods of the cult are much more diverse....
After Aliyan Baal came, And came the Virgin Anath,They besought Lady Asherah of the Sea. Yea entreated the Creatress of the Gods. And Lady Asherah of the Sea replied:
"How can Ye beseech Lady Asherah of the Sea, Yea entreat the Creatress of the Gods?
Have Ye besought The Bull, God of Mercy, Or entreated the Creator of Creatures? ...
Lo, also it is the time of His rain. Baal sets the season, And gives forth His voice from the clouds. He flashes lightning to the earth....
Lord Baal went on to take possesion of many earthly cities. Sixty-six, Seventy-Seven towns He took. Eighty, Ninety was the total number of cities that fell to the posession of Mighty Hadad. Thus Baal returned to His home as Lord of all the World....
As Baal went into the midst of the house Aliyan Baal declared: "I would install, Kothar, son of the Sea, Yea Kothar, son of the assembly! Let a casement be opened in the house; A window in the midst of the palace, And let the clouds be opened with rain On the opening of Kothar-u-Khasis."...
Baal opened the clouds with rain, His holy voice He gives forth in the heavens. The enemies of Baal seize the forests, The foes of Hadad, the fringes of the mountain. And Aliyan Baal declares: "Enemies of Hadad, why do Ye invade? Why do Ye invade the arsenal of Our defense?"...
And Baal spoke His word to His lads. He sent His message to Mavet. The Lord Hadad refused to pay tribute to the Beloved of El. Mavet was enfuriated, and sent His word back to Baal. He declared that, because Baal had destroyed the Serpent Lotan, He would exact revenge by devouring Baal. The messengers of Baal informed Baal that Mavet would open His mouth wide....
The God Mavet is glad. Baal will be delivered unto Him, and the fertility of the land will die with Him. Baal feasts His last meal, and Mavet commands Him: "I shall put Him in the grave of the Gods of the earth. And Thou, take Thy clouds, Thy wind, Thy storm, Thy rains!
With Thee Thy seven lads, Thine eight swine. With Thee, Pidray, girl of Light, With Thee, Tallay, girl of rain. Then Thy face shalt Thou set toward the mountain of Kenkeny.
Lift the mountain on the hands, The hill on top of the palms, And go down to the nether reaches of the earth So that Thou mayest be counted amoung those who do down into the earth, And all may know that Thou art dead!"...
Baal was found dead there in the fields of Shechelmemet, in the land of Deber. The news reaches the ears of El, Father of Shunem:...
"Baal is dead! Woe to the people of Dagon's son! Woe to the multitudes of Athar-Baal!
I shall go down into the earth."...
The Torch of the Gods, Shapash, hearkens. She lifts Aliyan Baal, On the shoulders of Anath She places Him, She raises Him into the heights of Saphon. She weeps for Him and buries Him. She puts Him in the grave of the Gods of the earth....
Aloud cries El to Asherah of the Sea: "Hear, O Lady Asherah of the Sea! Give one of Thy sons that I may make Him king!"...
Lady Asherah of the Sea declares: "Let Us make Ashtar the Terrible king! Let Ashtar the Terrible reign!" Thereupon Ashtar the Terrible Goes into the heights of Saphon That He may sit on the throne of Aliyan Baal....
In a dream of the God of Mercy, In a vision of the Creator of Creatures,...For Aliyan Baal is alive, For the Prince, Lord of Earth, exists."...
And the Torch of the Gods, Shapash, replies: "I shall seek Aliyan Baal!" And the Virgin Anath answers: "As for Me, tis not I, O Shapash! As for Me, tis not I, but El summons Thee!
May the Gods guard Thee in Sheol!" Shapash descends into the underworld. She enters the relm of Sheol. Upon Her return to the world above, She carries Great Baal with Her. Ball goes into the heights of Saphon. He confronts Mavet, the Hero. Baal seizes the son of Asherah. The great one He smites on the shoulder. The tyrant He smites with a stick.
Mavet is vanquished, Reaches earth. Baal returns to the throne of His kingship,
Dagon's son to the seat of His sovereignty....
Thereupon Mavet threatens to destroy Baal in revenge. He threatens to take the kingship of Baal. Baal expels Him, drives Him out of the heights of Saphon. Mavet vows His revenge upon Baal:...
The God of Sterility submits to Baal. He conceeds the kingship to the Lord of Earth. Baal returns to the Heights of Saphon, but Anath does not go with Him. She turns Her anger to the enemies of Baal. To those who were fickle against Baal in His trials. The attacks mankind....
The Dying-and-Rising Gods: A Glossary
Family Tree of Religion
Mythology as History Timeline
http://www.lost-history.com/myth-as-history.php
Indo European Gods/Goddess' that blended with other peoples Gods/Goddess' over time so that the original Indo European Gods(ess') changed, took on new character/roles, new names, etc. but, retained enough to distinguish itself, namely Storm God, and Sun God. Hittite weakness is integration. Acceptance of foreign Gods(ess') led to their ruin in part by rival peoples who infected their society by making the Hittites accept they themselves are the evil ones who must genocide themselves, and enslave themselves to foreign people whose God is the only and therfore you must obey the rival people and their God.
I would also note the info in this article is only opinion, and brief. Many other articles present more details of facts, especially pertaining to rituals....
Hittite mythology and religion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion
created an empire centered in what is now Turkey from c. 1600 BC to 1180 BC.... Most of the narratives embodying Hittite mythology are lost..."there are no canonical scriptures, no theological disquisitions or discourses, no aids to private devotion"....The understanding of Hittite mythology depends on readings of surviving stone carvings, deciphering of the iconology represented in seal stones, interpreting ground plans of temples: additionally, there are a few images of deities, for the Hittites often worshipped their gods through Huwasi stones...
Though drawing on ancient Mesopotamian religion, the religion of the Hittites and Luwians retains noticeable elements of reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion. For example, Tarhunt, the god of thunder and his conflict with the serpent Illuyanka resembles the conflict between Indra and the cosmic serpent Vritra in Vedic mythology, or Thor and the serpent Jörmungandr in Norse mythology. This myth also bears a resemblance to the daily struggle between Re and the serpent Apophis in Egyptian mythology.
Hittite mythology was also influenced more directly by the Hurrians, a neighboring civilization close to Anatolia, where the Hittites were located.... Unfortunately, much of the knowledge about the Hittites has come from artistic, rather than textual, sources, making it difficult to be certain about specific details on this topic.
The liminal figure mediating between the intimately connected worlds of gods and mankind was the king and priest... Many of the rituals were performed at pits...This type of pit ritual is known as "necromantic,” because they were attempting to commune with gods of the Underworld and summon them to the living world. The city of Arinna,...major sun goddess, known as dUTU URUArinna "sun goddess of Arinna"....Once the king died, he was deified,...Mythological creatures, Lion-headed man and Bull-legged man.
Similar to other kingdoms at the time, the Hittites had a habit of adopting gods from other pantheons that they came into contact with, such as the Mesopotamian goddess Ishtar, who is celebrated at her famous temple at Ain Dara. The Hittites referred to their own "thousand gods", of whom a staggering number appear in inscriptions but remain nothing more than names today...."many Hittite towns maintained individual storm-gods, declining to identify the local deities as manifestations of a single national figure," ...
Among the crowd a few stand out as more than local: Tarhunt has a son, Telipinu and a daughter, Inara. Inara is a protective deity (dLAMMA) involved with the Puruli spring festival. Ishara is a goddess of the oath; ...His consort is the Hattic solar deity. This divine couple were presumably worshipped in the twin cellas of the largest temple at Hattusa....
Kumarbi is the father of Tarhunt; his role in the Song of Kumarbi is reminiscent of that of Cronus in the Theogony of Hesiod. Ullikummi is a stone monster fathered by Kumarbi, reminiscent of Hesiod's Typhon.
The Luwian god of weather and lightning, Pihassassa, may be at the origin of Greek Pegasus. Depictions of hybrid animals (like hippogriffs, chimerae etc.) are typical for the Anatolian art of the period...
"The Slaying of the Dragon."...The myth centers around a serpent (or dragon) that represents the “forces of evil” and defeats the Storm God in a fight. The goddess Inara comes up with a plan to trick and kill the serpent, and enlists a human...The Storm God then steps in and slays the serpent himself. ...
Myths regarding deities that were not originally Hittite were often adapted and assimilated. The Mesopotamian goddess Ishtar (Ištar) was one of the many adopted deities who were assimilated into Hittite pantheons ...With the personality traits of multiple other goddesses, Ishtar's power grew, as did her popularity...her affinity for the underworld was exploited and interpreted in a way that benefited the reader and cast her as a protector...
Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_concept_of_the_soul
The ancient Egyptians believed that a soul was made up of many parts. In addition to these components of the soul, there was the human body called the ha,...
According to ancient Egyptian creation myths, the god Atum created the world out of chaos, utilizing his own magic (ḥkꜣ). Because the earth was created with magic, Egyptians believed that the world was imbued with magic and so was every living thing upon it. When humans were created, that magic took the form of the soul, an eternal force which resided in and with every human being....
at times changing from one dynasty to another, from five parts to seven to nine. However, most ancient Egyptian funerary texts reference nine different parts to the soul: the khat (physical body), the sahu (spiritual body), the rn (/ɾin/, Coptic ⲣⲁⲛ or ⲗⲉⲛ) "name, identity", the bꜣ "personality", the kꜣ (/kuʀ/) "double",the jb (/jib/, Coptic ⲉⲡ) "heart", the šwt "shadow", ḫw "intelligence", the sḫm "power, form", and the ꜣḫ (the combined spirits of a dead person that has successfully completed its transition to the afterlife)....
The khat, or physical form, had to exist for the soul (kꜣ/bꜣ) to have intelligence or the chance to be judged by the guardians of the underworld....Before a person could be judged by the gods, they had to be "awakened" through a series of ceremonies designed to reanimate their mummified remains in the afterlife....was meant to reanimate each section of the body: brain, head, limbs, etc. so that the spiritual body would be able to move in the afterlife.
Sahu (spiritual body)...This spiritual body was then able to interact with the many entities extant in the afterlife. As a part of the larger construct, the ꜣḫ, the sahu was sometimes seen as an avenging spirit which would return from the underworld to seek revenge on those who had wronged the spirit in life....
jb (heart)...An important part of the Egyptian soul was thought to be the jb, or heart. The heart was believed to be formed from one drop of blood from the heart of the mother's child, taken at conception. To ancient Egyptians, the heart was the seat of emotion, thought, will and intention,...the heart was the key to the afterlife. It was essential to surviving death in the nether world, where it gave evidence for, or against, its possessor. Like the physical body (khat), the heart was a necessary part of judgement in the afterlife and it was to be carefully preserved and stored within the mummified body...It was thought that the heart was examined by Anubis and the deities during the Weighing of the Heart ceremony. If the heart weighed more than the feather of Maat, it was immediately consumed by the monster Ammit, and the soul became eternally restless.
kꜣ "double"... Khnum created the bodies of children on a potter's wheel and inserted them into their mothers' bodies. Depending on the region, Egyptians believed that Heqet or Meskhenet was the creator of each person's kꜣ, breathing it into them at the instant of their birth as the part of their soul that made them be alive. ...with death occurring when the kꜣ left the body...
bꜣ (personality)...Bâ takes the form of a bird with a human head.... makes an individual unique...'personality'....would live after the body died, and it is sometimes depicted as a human-headed bird flying out of the tomb to join with the kꜣ in the afterlife...
šwt (shadow)...a figure of death, or servant of Anubis, and was depicted graphically as a small human figure painted completely black...
ḫw (intelligence)
sḫm (form)...sḫm is also defined in a Book of the Dead as the "power" and as a place within which Horus and Osiris dwell in the underworld.
rn (name)...it would live for as long as that name was spoken, which explains why efforts were made to protect it and the practice of placing it in numerous writings....A cartouche (magical rope) often was used to surround the name and protect it. Conversely, the names of deceased enemies of the state, such as Akhenaten, were hacked out of monuments in a form of damnatio memoriae....
ꜣḫ "(magically) effective one",...associated with thought...intellect as a living entity...Following the death of the ḫꜣ.t (physical body), the bꜣ and kꜣ were reunited to reanimate the ꜣḫ....In this sense, it even developed into a sort of ghost or roaming dead being.... An ꜣḫ could do either harm or good to persons still living, depending on the circumstances, causing e.g., nightmares, feelings of guilt, sickness, etc. ...
Egyptians conceived of an afterlife as quite similar to normal physical existence — but with a difference. The model for this new existence was the journey of the Sun. At night the Sun descended into the Duat or "underworld". Eventually the Sun meets the body of the mummified Osiris. Osiris and the Sun, re-energized by each other, rise to new life for another day. For the deceased, their body and their tomb were their personal Osiris and a personal Duat. For this reason they are often addressed as "Osiris". For this process to work, some sort of bodily preservation was required, to allow the bꜣ to return during the night, and to rise to new life in the morning. However, the complete ꜣḫs were also thought to appear as stars. Until the Late Period, non-royal Egyptians did not expect to unite with the Sun deity, it being reserved for the royals.
The Book of the Dead, the collection of spells which aided a person in the afterlife, had the Egyptian name of the Book of going forth by day. They helped people avoid the perils of the afterlife and also aided their existence, containing spells to ensure "not dying a second time in the underworld", and to "grant memory always" to a person. In the Egyptian religion it was possible to die in the afterlife and this death was permanent....
Khnum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khnum
Khnum (; also spelled Khnemu) was one of the earliest Egyptian deities, originally the god of the source of the Nile River. Since the annual flooding of the Nile brought with it silt and clay, and its water brought life to its surroundings, he was thought to be the creator of the bodies of human children, which he made at a potter's wheel, from clay, and placed in their mothers' wombs. He later was described as having moulded the other deities, and he had the titles Divine Potter and Lord of created things from himself....
Khnum is sometimes depicted as a crocodile-headed god....In art, Khnum was usually depicted as a ram-headed man at a potter's wheel, with recently created children's bodies standing on the wheel, although he also appeared in his earlier guise as a water-god, holding a jar from which flowed a stream of water. ...
Khnum
https://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/khnum.html
Khnum was originally a water god who was thought to rule over all water, including the rivers and lakes of the underworld....The ram was considered to be a very potent animal, and so Khnum was assocaited with fertility....
Khnum was one of the gods who was thought to have helped Ra on his perilous nocturnal journey through the underworld. It is also thought that he created the boat which carried Ra and helped defend the sun god against the serpent Apep (Apothis). Yet, he was sometimes considered to be the "ba" of Ra, because the word for "ram" in egyptian was also "ba". When Khnum was merged with Ra to form the composite deity Khnum-Ra this deity was associated with Nun (who represented the primeaval waters), and given the epithet Hap-ur ("great Nile" or " Nile of heaven")....
As a water god he was sometimes named "KebH", meaning "purify". He was depicted as either a ram, a man with the head of a ram or a man with the horns of a ram. He was (very rarely) depicted with the head of a hawk, indicating his solar connections. He often wears the plumed white crown of Upper Egypt and was sometimes shown as holding a jar with water flowing out of it indicating his link with the source of the Nile. During the early period he was depicted as the early type of domesticated ram (with long corkscrew horns growing horizontally outwards from his head), but in later times was represented by the same type of ram as Amun (with horns curving inward towards him). Occasionally he was depicted with four ram heads (representing sun god Ra, the air god Shu, the earth god Geb and Osiris the god of the underworld ). In this form he was known as Sheft-hat.
Amun
Amun (also Amon, Ammon, Amen) is the ancient Egyptian god of the sun and air....
after the New Kingdom, as a ram-headed man or simply a ram, symbolizing fertility in his role as Amun-Min. His name means "the hidden one," "invisible," "mysterious of form," and unlike most other Egyptian gods, he was considered Lord of All ...
Around c. 1800 BCE the Hyksos, a mysterious people most likely from the Levant, settled in Egypt, and by c. 1720 BCE they had grown powerful enough to take control of Lower Egypt and render the court at Thebes obsolete. This era is known as The Second Intermediate Period (c. 1782-c.1570 BCE) in which the Hyksos ruled Egypt. In c. 1570 the prince Ahmose I (c. 1550-c.1525 BCE) drove the Hyksos out of the country and re-established the city of Thebes....
When Ahmose I defeated the Hyksos he attributed his victory to Amun linking him to the well-known sun god Ra....linked to the visible life-giving aspect of existence: the sun. Amun then became Amun-Ra, creator of the universe, and King of the Gods....In his role as Amun-Ra, the god combines his invisible aspect (symbolized by the wind which one cannot see but is aware of) and his visible aspect as the life-giving sun. In Amun, the most important aspects of both Ra and Atum were combined...
Egyptian religion became almost monotheistic and Amun "came particularly close to being a kind of monotheistic deity". The popularity of this god, in fact, ushered in the first monotheistic religious movement in Egypt under Akhenaten (1353-1336 BCE) who banned polytheistic worship and established the state religion of the one true god Aten....Amun in the New Kingdom rapidly became the most popular and most widely venerated deity in Egypt....
When Akhenaten died in 1336 BCE, his son Tutankhaten took the throne, changed his name to Tutankhamun (1336-1327 BCE), and moved the capital of Egypt back to Thebes. He reinstated the old religion and opened all the temples. On his death, the general Horemheb (1320-1292 BCE) ruled as pharaoh (after a brief power struggle) and obliterated the memory of Akhenaten and his family from the historical record as he raised the old gods to their former heights...
Amun's popularity declined overall in Egypt as Isis became more popular...
Banebdjed
https://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/banebdjed.html
As Osiris was the ancient Egyptian lord of the dead, his "Ba" was worshipped in its own right in Ancient Egypt (especially in the city of Djedet in the Delta) and name Banebdjed...This name is translated as "the ba (essence or power) of the lord of the Djed"...
Ba was represented by the hieroglyph for a "ram". As a result, Banebdjed was depicted as a ram or ram-headed man and a living "sacred ram" (thought to embody the god's essence)...
During the late period. Banebdjed was referred to as "the goat of Mendes" by the Greeks who mispronunced the phrase Ba-neb-Djetet ('Ram lord of Djedet') and named the city Mendes....Banebdjedt was not a goat, but a ram, and he (or she) was not considered to be evil or even agressive. Banebdjed was given the epithets "lord of the Sky" and "lord of life" echoing the titles of the sun god Ra...As Banebdjed, he was married to a local fish-goddess Hatmehyt ("Foremost of fish") who was associated with Isis, and was considered to have fathered Horus (the child).
Horned deity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horned_deity
Horned God Pan...
Hathor is commonly depicted as a cow goddess with head horns in which is set a sun disk with Uraeus....suggests a role as sky-goddess and a relationship to Horus who, as a sun god, is "housed" in her. Hathor had a complex relationship with Ra, in one myth she is his eye and considered his daughter but later, when Ra assumes the role of Horus with respect to Kingship, she is considered Ra's mother....
Bat was a cow goddess in Egyptian mythology depicted as a human face with cow ears and horns. By the time of the Middle Kingdom her identity and attributes were subsumed within the goddess Hathor. The worship of Bat dates to earliest times and may have its origins in Late Paleolithic cattle herding....Bat's horns curve inward and Hathor's curve outward slightly....
In Egypt, the bull was worshiped as Apis, the embodiment of Ptah and later of Osiris....The bull was also worshipped as Mnevis, the embodiment of Atum-Ra, in Heliopolis. Ka in Egyptian is both a religious concept of life-force/power and the word for bull. ...symbol of the later sun god, Ra, the Mnevis was often depicted, in art, with the solar disc of their mother, Hathor between its horns....
The Canaanite deity Moloch (according to the bible) was often depicted as a bull, and became a bull demon in Abrahamic traditions....
Ram deities in ancient Egypt:
The ram was revered in ancient Egypt in matters of fertility and war. Early gods with long wavy ram horns include Khnum and the equivalent god in Lower Egypt, Banebdjedet, the "Ram Lord of Djedet" (Mendes), who was typically shown with four ram heads to represent the four souls (Ba) of the sun god. Banebdjedet may also be linked to the first four gods to rule over Egypt, Osiris, Geb, Shu and Ra-Atum, with large granite shrines devoted to each in the Mendes sanctuary. The Book of the Heavenly Cow describes the "Ram of Mendes" as being the Ba of Osiris...
ram-horned Jupiter Ammon, 1st century AD...The worship of Ammon was introduced into Greece at an early period... Alexander the Great journeyed there after the battle of Issus and during his occupation of Egypt, where he was declared the son of Amun by the oracle. Alexander thereafter considered himself divine. Even during this occupation, Amun, identified by these Greeks as a form of Zeus, continued to be the principal local deity of Thebes... he was maybe the greatest ancient Berber god....was united with the Phoenician/Carthaginian god Baal-hamon... Some depictions of the ram across North Africa belong to the lythic period which is situated between 9600 BC and 7500 BC....The Ancient Libyans may have worshipped the setting sun, which was personified by Amon, who was represented by the ram's horns....In Carthage and North Africa Baal-hamon was especially associated with the ram and was worshiped also as Baʿal Qarnaim ("Lord of Two Horns")...
The Egyptian god Ammon-Ra was depicted with ram horns. Rams were considered a symbol of virility due to their rutting behavior...
The combined deity Zeus-Ammon was a distinct figure in ancient Greek mythology....Alexander styled himself as the son of Zeus-Ammon and even demanded to be worshiped as a god:...
Pan was a god of shepherds and flocks, of mountain wilds and rustic music.
Celtic cultures of figures with antlers are often identified as Cernunnos ("horned one" in Latin). The prime evidence for this comes from a pillar in Paris which also features the Roman god Jupiter.
Cocidius was the name of a Romano-British war-god and local deity from the area around Hadrian's Wall, who is sometimes represented as being horned....
"Pashupati" (Lord of animal-like beings – Sanskrit paśupati) seal shows a seated figure with horns, possibly ithyphallic, surrounded by animals....Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan...
The Horned Serpent appears in the mythologies of many Native Americans....associating the mystical figure with water, rain, lightning and thunder....
The Canaanite gods Baal and El were likely originally horned bull gods....
Banebdjed (literally Ba of the lord of djed, and titled "the Lord of Mendes"), who was the soul of Osiris. Banebdjed (literally Ba of the lord of djed, and titled "the Lord of Mendes"), who was the soul of Osiris. According to Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of ancient Egypt, the book's author Geraldine Harris, said the ram gods Ra-Amun (see: Cult of Ammon), and Banebdjed, were to mystically unite with the queen of Egypt to sire the heir to the throne (a theory based on depictions found in several Theban temples in Mendes)....Herodotus' Histories Book II, where Herodotus describes the deity of Mendes as having a goat's head and fleece, when Banebdjedet was really represented by a ram, not a goat....
Beelzebub (lit. Lord of the Flies), originally a Semitic deity called Baal (lit. "lord")....
Remphan
https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/R/remphan.html
an idol worshipped by the Israelites in the desert... Chiun was a Hebrew or Shemitic name, and Remphan an Egyptian equivalent substituted by the Sept. The former, rendered Saturn in the Syriac, was compared with the Arabic and Persian Kaywan, "the planet Saturn,"... Egyptology has, moreover, shown that this is not the true explanation. Among the foreign divinm ities worshipped in Egypt, two, the god Renpu, perhaps pronounced Rempu, and the goddess Ken, occur together. Before endeavoring to explain the passages in which Chiun and Remphan are mentioned, it will be desirable to speak, on the evidence of monuments, of the foreign gods worshipped in Egypt, particularly Renpu and Ken, and of the idolatry of the Israelites while in that country. ...
Memphis, Ptah, the Egyptian Hephaestus. The name Ptah is from a Shemitic root,...Ptah occurs in very old tombs in the necropolis of Memphis...this name is not traceable in the mythology of neighboring nations...
The foreign divinities that seem to be of later introduction are not found throughout the religious records, but only in single tablets, or are otherwise very rarely mentioned, and two out of their four names are immediately recognised to be non- Egyptian. They are Renpu, and the goddesses Ken, Anta, and Astarta. The first and second of these have foreign forms; the third and fourth have Egyptian forms: there would therefore seem to be an especially foreign character about the former two....
(1.) Renpu, pronounced Rempu... with the full beard and apparently the general type of face given on the monuments to most nations east of Egypt, and to the Rebu or Libyans. This type is evidently that of the Shemites. His hair is bound with a fillet, which is ornamented in front with the head of an antelope.
(2.) Ken is represented perfectly naked, holding in both hands corn, and standing upon a lion...from her being worshipped with Khem, we may suppose that Ken corresponded to the Syrian goddess, at least when the latter had the character of Venus. She is also called Ketesh, which is the name in hieroglyphics of the great Hittite town on the Orontes....
(3.) Anata appears to be Anaitis. and her foreign character seems almost certain from her being jointly worshipped with Renpu and Ken.
(4.) Astarte is of course the Ash-toreth of Canaan. On a tablet in the British Museum the principal subject is a group representing Ken, having Khem on one side and Renpu on the other; beneath is an adoration of Anata. On the half of another tablet Ken and Khem occur, and a dedication to Renpu and Ketesh.
We have no clue to the exact time of the introduction of these divinities into Egypt, nor, except in one case, to any particular places of their worship. Their names occur as early as the period of the 18th and 19th dynasties, and it is therefore not improbable that they were introduced by the Shepherds. Astarte is mentioned in a tablet of Amenoph II, opposite Memphis, which leads to the conjecture that she was the foreign Venus there worshipped, in the quarter of the Phoenicians of Tyre, according to Herodotus (2, 112). It is observable that the Shepherds worshipped Sutekh, corresponding to Seth, and also called Bar (that is, Baal), and that under king Apepi he was the sole god of the foreigners. Sutekh was probably a foreign god, and was certainly identified with Baal. The idea that the Shepherds introduced the foreign gods is therefore partly confirmed. As to Renpu and Ken we can only offer a conjecture. They occur together, and Ken is a form. of the Syrian goddess, andi also bears some relation to the Egyptian god of productiveness, Khem. Their similarity to Baal and Ashtoreth seems strong, and perhaps it is not unreasonable to suppose that they were the divinities of some tribe from the east, not of Phoenicians or Canaanites, settled in Egypt during the Shepherd period. The naked goddess Ken would suggest such worship as that of the Bibylonian Mylitta, but the thoroughly Shemitic appearance of Renpu is rather in favor of anl Arab source. Although we have not discovered a Shemitic origin of either name, the absence of the names in the mythologies of Canaan and theneighboring countries, as far as they are known to us, inclines us to 'look to Arabia, of which the early mythology is extremely obscure....
The mention of Chiun or Remphan as worshipped in the desert shows that this idolatry was, in part at least, that of foreigners, and no doubt of those settled in Lower Egypt. ...The Masoretic text of Am 5:26 reads thus: "But ye bare the tent [or "tabernacle"] of your king and Chiun your images, the star of your gods [or "your god"], which ye made for yourselves." In the Sept. we find remarkable differences;...The Vulg. agrees with the Masoretic text in the order of the clauses, though omitting Chiun or Remphan....The passage is cited in the Acts almost in the words of the Sept.: "Yea, ye took up the tabernacle of Moloch, and the star of your god Remphan, figures which ye made to worship them" ...A slight change in the Hebrew would enable us to read Moloch (Malcam or Milcom) instead of "your king." ...
The correspondence of Remphan or Raiphan to Chiun is extremely remarkable, ...Arabic or Persian word like Chiun...In hieroglyphics the sign for a star is one of the two composing the word Seb, "to adore,"...ancient Egyptian religion was partly derived from a system of star-worship;...
We have, however, no positive indication of any figure of a star being used as an idolatrous object of worship. From the manner in which it is mentioned, we may conjecture that the star of Remphan was of the same character as the tabernacle of Moloch, an object connected with false worship rather than an image of a false god. According to the Sept. reading of the last clause, it might be thought that these objects were actually images of Moloch and Remphan; but it must be remembered that we cannot suppose an image to have had the form of a tent, and that the version of the passage in the Acts, as well as the Masoretic text; if in the latter case we may change the order of the words, gives a clear sense. As to the meaning of the last clause, it need only be remarked that it does not oblige us to infer that the Israelites made the images of the false gods, though they may have done so, as in the case of the golden calf; it may mean no more than that they adopted these gods.
It is to be observed that the whole passage does not indicate that distinct Egyptian idolatry was practiced by the Israelites. It is very remarkable that the only false gods mentioned as worshipped by them in the desert should be probably Moloch and Chiun and Remphan, of which the latter two Were foreign divinities worshipped in Egypt. From this we may reasonably infer that while the Israelites sojourned in Egypt there was also a great stranger- population in the Lower Country,...
Remphan
http://bibleapps.com/r/remphan.htm
Remphan (Acts 7:43) and Chiun, (Amos 5:26) have been supposed to be names of an idol worshipped secretly by the Israelites in the wilderness, difficulty has been occasioned by this corresponding occurrence of two names so wholly different in sound. The most reasonable opinion seems to be that Chiun was a Hebrew or Semitic name, and Remphan an Egyptian equivalent substituted by the LXX. This idol corresponded probably to Saturn or Molech. The mention of Chiun or Remphan as worshipped in the desert shows that this idolatry was, in part at least that of foreigners, and no doubt of those settled in lower Egypt....
"Rephan," ...These names represent the star-god Saturn or Moloch.
The Original Greek & Hebrew
https://www.officialbhuldahcompany.com/theoriginalgreekhebrew.htm
Moloch same as Remphan of the Egyptians, rompha,= Remphan is Rompha, kiyyum in the Greek meaning: Kiyyum, detestable thing, astral images made by Israel in the wilderness, symbols for Chuin your images,... Greek Remphan – Kijun = chiun = Cain as Egyptian idol = To utter, speak, teach, to tell, same as Baal-peor - image = idol by euphemism, to be erect, (stand perpendicular), hence cause to set up....The star of your god, the word STAR in the Greek for this means "ASTRON," a group of constellations put forth as a single star. ...
Malcham is Molech - Moloch chief deity of the ammonites, meaning to ascend the throne. ... But ye have borne the tabernacle of your Moloch and Chiun your images, the star of your god. ...Solomon built high places for Moloch. The High places: the Hebrew meaning: Bamah- height of baal, also the Phoenician diety for Baal - A Master....therefore it is called Bamah. ... The eye, usually depicted in the sky looking out upon the earth, is an ancient symbol of the sun, and historically has been used as a symbol of omniscience. The idea of the solar eye comes to us from the Egyptians, and the Phoenicians who equated the eye with the deity, Osiris and Ra and or the Phoenician Baal....
Moloch
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moloch
Moloch[a] is the biblical name of a Canaanite god associated with child sacrifice...
The name Moloch results from a dysphemic vocalisation in the Second Temple period of a theonym based on the root mlk, "king". There are a number of Canaanite gods with names based on this root, which became summarily associated with Moloch, including Biblical מַלְכָּם Malkam "great king", which appears to refer to a god of the Ammonites, as well as Tyrian Melqart and others. ...Second Temple period...
Moloch has been traditionally interpreted as the name of a god, possibly a god surnamed "the king" (cf. adon "lord", baʿal "master"), but pejoratively mispronounced as Molek instead of Melek using the vocalisation of Hebrew בּשֶׁת bosheth "shame", distinguishing it from the title of melek "king", written identically in the consonantal text, which is also frequently given to Yahweh.... ("my king") ... ("your king")...("your Moloch")...The name of the god of the Ammonites is also given as מַלְכָּם malkam ("great king")...
Malkam is each time specifically mentioned as a god of the Ammonites, while Molek is generally depicted as a god worshipped by the Israelites ...
Saturn, Jupiter's father, devours one of his sons....
burning of children as an offering to Cronus or Saturn, that is to Baal Hammon, the chief god of Carthage. It has been suggested that the practice of child sacrifice may have been exaggerated in Roman post-war propaganda in order to make their arch-enemies seem cruel and less civilized....Diodorus Siculus (20.14): There was in their city a bronze image of Cronus extending its hands, palms up and sloping toward the ground, so that each of the children when placed thereon rolled down and fell into a sort of gaping pit filled with fire. ...
A rabbinical tradition attributed to the Yalkout of Rabbi Simeon, says that the idol was hollow and was divided into seven compartments, in one of which they put flour, in the second turtle-doves, in the third a ewe, in the fourth a ram, in the fifth a calf, in the sixth an ox, and in the seventh a child, which were all burned together by heating the statue inside....
Greco-Roman authors describe the Carthaginian practice of child sacrifice as dedicated to Baal Hammon or, in interpretatio graeca, to Cronus....Both Münter and Movers concluded that Molek was identical with Baal and to be categorized as a fire god....
these authors came to the conclusion that the Biblical text reflects an original identity of Molek and Yahweh, and that the cult of Yahweh grew out of that of Molek by the abolishing of human sacrifice. The authors find numerous instances of vestigial references to human sacrifice, most notably the law that all firstborns must be "consecrated" or "given" to Yahweh...
Baudissin argued that the theonym Mlk was of genuinely Phoenician (and neither Hebrew nor Assyrian) origin, reflected in Melqart of Tyre and the later reports of child sacrifice in the Tyrian colony of Carthage, and that it was only the import of the cult of the Tyrian Baal (i.e. Melqart) under king Ahab (r. ca. 885–850 BC) that gave rise to his worship among the Israelites (and the corresponding condemnation of the practice by the Yahwist faction represented in the Hebrew Bible). ...
The term mlk in Punic epigraphy was given a re-interpretation by Otto Eissfeldt ...molk was not to be taken as a theonym at all but as a term for a type of fire sacrifice.... technical term for child sacrifice rather than as the name of a god...
Moshe Weinfield (1972) once again revived the "februarist" position, suggesting that the practice of "passing through fire" prohibited for the Israelites in Leviticus did not refer to actual child sacrifice but to a symbolic rite in which infants were passed across a flame. Smith (1975) responded to this proposal by arguing that the Hebrew phrase implies a translation of "to burn" rather than "to pass between flame"....
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Moloch
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10443b.htm
A divinity worshipped by the idolatrous Israelites. The Hebrew pointing Molech does not represent the original pronunciation of the name, any more than the Greek vocalization Moloch found in the LXX and in the Acts (vii, 43). ... The chief feature of Moloch's worship among the Jews seems to have been the sacrifice of children, and the usual expression for describing that sacrifice was "to pass through the fire", a rite carried out after the victims had been put to death. The special centre of such atrocities was just outside of Jerusalem, at a place called Tophet (probably "place of abomination"), in the valley of Geennom. ...Solomon erected "a temple" for Moloch "on the hill over against Jerusalem", and on this account he is at times considered as the monarch who introduced the impious cult into Israel. ... was not Molech but Milchom... and according to Deuteronomy 12:29-31 and 18:9-14, the passing of children through fire was of Chanaanite origin...The offerings by fire, the probable identity of Moloch with Baal, and the fact that in Assyria and Babylonia Malik, and at Palmyra Malach-bel, were sun-gods, have suggested to many that Moloch was a fire- or sun-god.
The Cult of Moloch
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-cult-of-moloch
The author of the Book of Kings speaks about "passing [one's] son and daughter through fire" (II Kings 16:3 [son], 17:17, 21:6 [son]). II Kings 23:10 speaks about "passing [one's] son or daughter through fire to Moloch." Some scholars interpret the phrase lә-haʿavir ba-esh, as a reference to a divinatory or protective rite in which children were passed through a fire but not physically harmed. ... Other biblical texts refer to the sacrifice of children. Psalms 106:37–38 speaks of child sacrifice...Jeremiah 19:5 speaks of sacrificing children to Baal; Ezekiel 16:21, 20:31, 23:37, 39 of sacrificing children to unnamed divinities; as does Isaiah 57:5. In none of these is there a mention of Moloch. Only in Jeremiah 32:35 is Moloch mentioned by name and there he is associated with Baal. ...
Distinction should be made between human sacrifice as a sporadic deed at a time of crisis and distress,...
The word "king" was indeed a common attribute of the deities in the Phoenician-Punic sphere, e.g., Melkart ("king of the city," i.e., Tyre), מלכבעל, etc. El, the head of the Canaanite pantheon, later identified with Kronos, was named Malkandros (Plutarch, De Iside et Osiride, 16) which means "king of man" (Greek aner [gen. andros], "man"), in other words מלכאדם. This is corroborated by evidence from the Assyrian-Aramean sphere where the epithet "King" is applied to the god Adad/Hadad, who is identified with the Canaanite-Phoenician Baal – was also called "King," cf. מלכבעל – "Baal is king." The identification of Hadad-Baal with Moloch provides the background to Jeremiah 32:35, which fulminates against the bamot-altars of Baal in the valley of Ben-Hinnom where male and female children were burnt to Moloch, i.e., Baal-Hadad....
Moloch God of the Ammonites
https://amazingbibletimeline.com/blog/moloch-god-of-the-ammonites/
The god Moloch was a Semitic deity of perverted cruelty. He was worshipped in Tophet, a city nearby Jerusalem. In this area, Moloch was honoured with human sacrifices. The people would burn their children in fire as a form of sacrifice while others would let their infants pass through the fire as a form of dedication....
MOLOCH (MOLECH)
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10937-moloch-molech
In I Kings xi. 7 it is said that Solomon built a high place for Molech in the mountain "that is before Jerusalem." The same passage calls Molech an Ammonite deity. The Septuagint as quoted in the New Testament (Acts vii. 43) finds a reference to Moloch in Amos v. 26; but this is a doubtful passage. In II Kings xxiii. 10 it is stated that one of the practises to which Josiah put a stop by his reform was that of sacrificing children to Molech, and that the place where this form of worship had been practised was at Topheth, "in the valley of the children of Hinnom." This statement is confirmed by Jer. xxxii. 35. From II Kings xxi. 6 it may be inferred that this worship was introduced during the reign of Manasseh. The impression left by an uncritical reading of these passages is that Molech-worship, with its rite of child-sacrifice, was introduced from Ammon during the seventh century B.C....
El (deity)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_(deity)
In northwest Semitic use, El was both a generic word for any god and the special name or title of a particular god who was distinguished from other gods as being "the god". El is listed at the head of many pantheons. In some Canaanite and Ugaritic sources, El played a role as father of the gods or of creation. However, because the word sometimes refers to a god other than the great god Ēl, it is frequently ambiguous...Inconsistencies that arise between monotheism and polytheism in the texts are reflective of this hypothesis. ...
Amorites...Various family gods are recorded, divine names listed as belonging to a particular family or clan, sometimes by title and sometimes by name, including the name ʾil "God"....
For the Canaanites and the ancient Levantine region as a whole, Ēl or Il was the supreme god, the father of mankind and all creatures. He also fathered many gods, most importantly Hadad, Yam, and Mot, each sharing similar attributes to the Greco-Roman gods: Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades respectively. As recorded on the clay tablets of Ugarit, El is the husband of the goddess Asherah.... Ēl, Dagnu (that is Dagon), and Ba’l Ṣapān (that is the god Haddu or Hadad)....
Ēl is called again and again Tôru ‘Ēl ("Bull Ēl" or "the bull god"). He is bātnyu binwāti ("Creator of creatures"), ’abū banī ’ili ("father of the gods"), and ‘abū ‘adami ("father of man"). ... "El" (Father of Heaven / Saturn) and his major son: "Hadad" (Father of Earth / Jupiter), are symbolized both by the bull, and both wear bull horns on their headdresses....
The mysterious Ugaritic text Shachar and Shalim tells Ēl came to shores of the sea and saw two women who bobbed up and down. Ēl was sexually aroused and took the two with him...He then lay with them, and they gave birth to Shachar ("Dawn") and Shalim ("Dusk"). Again Ēl lay with his wives and the wives gave birth to "the gracious gods", "cleavers of the sea", "children of the sea".... The only sons of Ēl named individually in the Ugaritic texts are Yamm ("Sea"), Mot ("Death"), and Ashtar, who may be the chief and leader of most of the sons of Ēl. Ba‘al Hadad is a few times called Ēl's son rather than the son of Dagan as he is normally called...
The Hebrew form (אל) appears...as El...is a generic word for god that could be used for any god, including Hadad, Moloch, or Yahweh....
Exodus 6:2–3: I revealed myself to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob as Ēl Shaddāi, but was not known to them by my name, YHVH. One scholarly position is that the identification of Yahweh with Ēl is late, that Yahweh was earlier thought of as only one of many gods, and not normally identified with Ēl. Another is that in much of the Hebrew Bible the name El is an alternate name for Yahweh, but in the Elohist and Priestly traditions it is conceived as an earlier name than Yahweh....
In some places, especially in Psalm 29, Yahweh is clearly envisioned as a storm god, something not true of Ēl so far as we know (although true of his son, Ba'al Hadad). It is Yahweh who is prophesied to one day battle Leviathan the serpent, and slay the dragon in the sea in Isaiah 27:1. The slaying of the serpent in myth is a deed attributed to both Ba’al Hadad and ‘Anat in the Ugaritic texts, but not to Ēl. ... Such mythological motifs are variously seen as late survivals from a period when Yahweh held a place in theology comparable to that of Hadad at Ugarit; or as late henotheistic/monotheistic applications to Yahweh of deeds more commonly attributed to Hadad; or simply as examples of eclectic application of the same motifs and imagery to various different gods....But others have argued that from patriarchal times, these different names were in fact generally understood to refer to the same single great god, Ēl. ...
It seems almost certain that the God of the Jews evolved gradually from the Canaanite El, who was in all likelihood the "God of Abraham"... If El was the high God of Abraham—Elohim, the prototype of Yahveh—Asherah was his wife, and there are archaeological indications that she was perceived as such before she was in effect "divorced" in the context of emerging Judaism of the 7th century BCE....
Sanchuniathon:
Philo of Byblos (c. 64–141 AD) was a Greek writer whose account Sanchuniathon survives in quotation by Eusebius and may contain the major surviving traces of Phoenician mythology. Ēl (rendered Elus or called by his standard Greek counterpart Cronus) is not the creator God or first God. Ēl is rather the son of Sky and Earth. Sky and Earth are themselves children of ‘Elyôn 'Most High'. Ēl is brother to the God Bethel, to Dagon and to an unknown god, equated with the Greek Atlas and to the goddesses Aphrodite/’Ashtart, Rhea (presumably Asherah), and Dione (equated with Ba‘alat Gebal). Ēl is the father of Persephone and of Athena (presumably the goddess ‘Anat).
Sky and Earth have separated from one another in hostility, but Sky insists on continuing to force himself on Earth and attempts to destroy the children born of such unions. At last, Ēl, son of Sky and Earth, with the advice of the god Thoth and Ēl's daughter Athena successfully attacks his father Sky with a sickle and spear of iron. He and his allies the Eloim gain Sky's kingdom. In a later passage it is explained that Ēl castrated Sky. One of Sky's concubines (who was given to Ēl's brother Dagon) was already pregnant by Sky. The son who is born of the union, called Demarûs or Zeus, but once called Adodus, is obviously Hadad, the Ba‘al of the Ugaritic texts who now becomes an ally of his grandfather Sky and begins to make war on Ēl.
Ēl has three wives, his sisters or half-sisters Aphrodite/Astarte (‘Ashtart), Rhea (presumably Asherah), and Dione (identified by Sanchuniathon with Ba‘alat Gebal the tutelary goddess of Byblos, a city which Sanchuniathon says that Ēl founded). ...
Eusebius, through whom the Sanchuniathon is preserved...we are told: But on the occurrence of a pestilence and mortality Cronus offers his only begotten son as a whole burnt-offering to his father Sky and circumcises himself, compelling his allies also to do the same.
A fuller account of the sacrifice appears later: It was a custom of the ancients in great crises of danger for the rulers of a city or nation, in order to avert the common ruin, to give up the most beloved of their children for sacrifice as a ransom to the avenging daemons; and those who were thus given up were sacrificed with mystic rites.
Cronus then, whom the Phoenicians call Elus, who was king of the country and subsequently, after his decease, was deified as the star Saturn, had by a nymph of the country named Anobret an only begotten son, whom they on this account called Iedud, the only begotten being still so called among the Phoenicians; and when very great dangers from war had beset the country, he arrayed his son in royal apparel, and prepared an altar, and sacrificed him.
Poseidon:
A bilingual inscription from Palmyra dated to the 1st century equates Ēl-Creator-of-the-Earth with the Greek god Poseidon. Going back to the 8th century BCE, the bilingual inscription at Karatepe in the Taurus Mountains equates Ēl-Creator-of-the-Earth to Luwian hieroglyphs read as da-a-ś, this being the Luwian form of the name of the Babylonian water god Ea, lord of the abyss of water under the earth. (This inscription lists Ēl in second place in the local pantheon, following Ba‘al Shamîm and preceding the Eternal Sun.) ...
Though Sanchuniathon distinguishes Poseidon from his Elus/Cronus, this might be a splitting off of a particular aspect of Ēl in a euhemeristic account. Identification of an aspect of Ēl with Poseidon rather than with Cronus might have been felt to better fit with Hellenistic religious practice, if indeed this Phoenician Poseidon really is Ēl who dwells at the source of the two deeps in Ugaritic texts.
Jove was the Indo European Father Sky. Jove migrated into Egypt, and Near East from the IE people. The Semites, and other peoples in Egypt, and Near East worshipped El, Baal, Jove, and others. These IE Gods became integrated with local beliefs. It was a melding of different people and their beliefs. Polytheism became monotheism over time. Yahweh is Jove and is an Indo European God that was stolen by the Hebrew people who then changed the God to fit themselves. Thus, Jews serve an Aryan God, Aryans do not serve a Jewish God....
Yahweh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh
Yahweh...his name may have begun as an epithet of El, head of the Bronze Age Canaanite pantheon, but the earliest plausible mentions of Yahweh are in Egyptian texts that refer to a similar-sounding place name associated with the Shasu nomads of the southern Transjordan. ...In the oldest biblical literature, Yahweh is a typical ancient Near Eastern "divine warrior", who leads the heavenly army against Israel's enemies;... (Mighty Indra fights for the Aryans. Rig Veda.)
The Israelites were originally Canaanites, but Yahweh does not appear to have been a Canaanite god. The head of the Canaanite pantheon was El,...
Iron Age I (1200–930 BCE): El, Yahweh, and the origins of Israel:
Israel emerges into the historical record in the last decades of the 13th century BCE, at the very end of the Late Bronze Age when the Canaanite city-state system was ending. The milieu from which Israelite religion emerged was accordingly Canaanite. El, "the kind, the compassionate," "the creator of creatures," was the chief of the Canaanite gods, and he, not Yahweh, was the original "God of Israel"—the word "Israel" is based on the name El rather than Yahweh. He lived in a tent on a mountain from whose base originated all the fresh waters of the world, with the goddess Asherah as his consort. This pair made up the top tier of the Canaanite pantheon; the second tier was made up of their children, the "seventy sons of Athirat" (a variant of the name Asherah). Prominent in this group was Baal, who had his home on Mount Zaphon; over time Baal became the dominant Canaanite deity, so that El became the executive power and Baal the military power in the cosmos. Baal's sphere was the thunderstorm with its life-giving rains, so that he was also a fertility god, although not quite the fertility god. Below the seventy second-tier gods was a third tier made up of comparatively minor craftsman and trader deities, with a fourth and final tier of divine messengers and the like. El and his sons made up the Assembly of the Gods, each member of which had a human nation under his care...
The Israelites initially worshipped Yahweh alongside a variety of Canaanite gods and goddesses, including El, Asherah and Baal. In the period of the Judges and the first half of the monarchy, El and Yahweh became conflated in a process of religious syncretism. As a result, ’el (Hebrew: אל) became a generic term meaning "god", as opposed to the name of a worshipped deity, and epithets such as El Shaddai came to be applied to Yahweh alone, diminishing the worship of El and strengthening the position of Yahweh. Features of Baal, El and Asherah were absorbed into the Yahweh religion, Asherah possibly becoming embodied in the feminine aspects of the Shekinah or divine presence, and Baal's nature as a storm and weather god becoming assimilated into Yahweh's own identification with the storm. In the next stage the Yahweh religion separated itself from its Canaanite heritage, first by rejecting Baal-worship in the 9th century, then through the 8th to 6th centuries with prophetic condemnation of Baal, the asherim, sun-worship, worship on the "high places", practices pertaining to the dead, and other matters. ...
Iron Age II (1000–586 BCE): Yahweh as God of Israel:
After the 9th century BCE the tribes and chiefdoms of Iron Age I were replaced by ethnic nation states, Israel, Judah, Moab, Ammon and others, each with its national god, and all more or less equal. Thus Chemosh was the god of the Moabites, Milcom the god of the Ammonites, Qaus the god of the Edomites, and Yahweh the "God of Israel" (no "God of Judah" is mentioned anywhere in the Bible). In each kingdom the king was also the head of the national religion and thus the viceroy on Earth of the national god...
A number of scholars have also drawn the conclusion that infant sacrifice, whether to the underworld deity Molech or to Yahweh himself, was a part of Israelite/Judahite religion until the reforms of King Josiah in the late 7th century BCE... the earliest known Israelite place of worship is a 12th-century open-air altar in the hills of Samaria featuring a bronze bull reminiscent of Canaanite "Bull-El" (El in the form of a bull)...
Yahweh and the rise of monotheism:
Pre-exilic Israel, like its neighbours, was polytheistic, and Israelite monotheism was the result of unique historical circumstances...The original god of Israel was El...In the early tribal period, each tribe would have had its own patron god; when kingship emerged, the state promoted Yahweh as the national god of Israel, supreme over the other gods, and gradually Yahweh absorbed all the positive traits of the other gods and goddesses. Yahweh and El merged... Asherah, formerly the wife of El, was worshipped as Yahweh's consort or mother;..."Yahweh and his Asherah"..Yahweh may also have appropriated Anat, the wife of Baal, as his consort, as Anat-Yahu ...A goddess called the Queen of Heaven was also worshipped, probably a fusion of Astarte and the Mesopotamian goddess Ishtar, possibly a title of Asherah. Worship of Baal and Yahweh coexisted in the early period of Israel's history, but they were considered irreconcilable after the 9th century BCE, following the efforts of King Ahab and his queen Jezebel to elevate Baal to the status of national god, although the cult of Baal did continue for some time....The worship of Yahweh alone began at the earliest with Elijah in the 9th century BCE, but more likely with the prophet Hosea in the 8th; ...
The History of Herodotus By Herodotus
BOOK IV Scythians
http://classics.mit.edu//Herodotus/history.4.iv.html
To this message Idanthyrsus, the Scythian king, replied: ...As for lords, I acknowledge only Jove my ancestor, and Vesta, the Scythian queen.
The History of Herodotus By Herodotus
BOOK II EGYPT
http://classics.mit.edu//Herodotus/history.2.ii.html
They are religious to excess, far beyond any other race of men, and use the following ceremonies...
JUPITER THE FACE OF A RAM. JUPITER = AMUN = AMMONIANS
RAM IS SACRED TO MENDES, DO NOT SACRIFICE GOATS, ONLY SHEEP. THEBANS DO NOT SACRIFICE SHEEP, ONLY GOATS.
Such Egyptians as possess a temple of the Theban Jove, or live in the Thebaic canton, offer no sheep in sacrifice, but only goats; for the Egyptians do not all worship the same gods, excepting Isis and Osiris, the latter of whom they say is the Grecian Bacchus. Those, on the contrary, who possess a temple dedicated to Mendes, or belong to the Mendesian canton, abstain from offering goats, and sacrifice sheep instead. The Thebans, and such as imitate them in their practice, give the following account of the origin of the custom: "Hercules," they say, "wished of all things to see Jove, but Jove did not choose to be seen of him. At length, when Hercules persisted, Jove hit on a device- to flay a ram, and, cutting off his head, hold the head before him, and cover himself with the fleece. In this guise he showed himself to Hercules." Therefore the Egyptians give their statues of Jupiter the face of a ram: and from them the practice has passed to the Ammonians, who are a joint colony of Egyptians and Ethiopians, speaking a language between the two; hence also, in my opinion, the latter people took their name of Ammonians, since the Egyptian name for Jupiter is Amun. Such, then, is the reason why the Thebans do not sacrifice rams, but consider them sacred animals. Upon one day in the year, however, at the festival of Jupiter, they slay a single ram, and stripping off the fleece, cover with it the statue of that god, as he once covered himself, and then bring up to the statue of Jove an image of Hercules. When this has been done, the whole assembly beat their breasts in mourning for the ram, and afterwards bury him in a holy sepulchre. ...
JOVE: FATHER SKY. THUNDER GOD....
Jupiter
https://www.ancient.eu/jupiter/
Among the many gods of the Romans, Jupiter, the son of Saturn, was the supreme god, associated with thunder, lightning, and storms.
Jupiter (mythology)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)
Jove. Lightning bolt, eagle, oak tree.
Consort: Juno. Children: Mars, Vulcan, Minerva, Hercules, Bellona, Mercury, Apollo, Diana, Muses, Nona, Decima, Morta, Lucina, Juventas, Discordia, Graces, Dike, Venus, Bacchus, Invidia?
Parents: Saturn and Ops. Siblings Roman tradition: Juno, Ceres, Vesta.
Siblings Greco-Roman: Pluto and Neptune. Greek equivalent: Zeus.
Jove is the god of the sky and thunder and king of the gods in Ancient Roman religion and mythology.... Jupiter is usually thought to have originated as a sky god. His identifying implement is the thunderbolt and his primary sacred animal is the eagle... The two emblems were often combined to represent the god in the form of an eagle holding in its claws a thunderbolt... His sacred tree was the oak.... equivalent of the Greek Zeus,..., the Roman equivalents of Poseidon and Hades respectively... Sacrifices: Sacrificial victims (hostiae) offered to Jupiter were the ox (castrated bull), the lamb (on the Ides, the ovis idulis) and the wether (on the Ides of January)... The Latin name Iuppiter originated as a vocative compound of the Old Latin vocative *Iou and pater ("father") and came to replace the Old Latin nominative case *Ious. Jove is a less common English formation based on Iov-, the stem of oblique cases of the Latin name. Linguistic studies identify the form *Iou-pater as deriving from the Indo-European vocative compound *Dyēu-pəter (meaning "O Father Sky-god"; nominative: *Dyēus-pətēr)... The terms are similar in etymology and semantics (dies, "daylight" and Dius, "daytime sky"), but differ linguistically. Wissowa considers the epithet Dianus noteworthy. Dieus is the etymological equivalent of ancient Greece's Zeus and of the Teutonics' Ziu (genitive Ziewes). The Indo-European deity is the god from which the names and partially the theology of Jupiter, Zeus and the Indo-Aryan Vedic Dyaus Pita derive or have developed....
Jove was the original namesake of Latin forms of the weekday now known in English as Thursday (originally called Iovis Dies in Latin)...Thors Day
YAHWEH IS NOT AN ORIGINAL JEWISH GOD.
FATHER SKY IS AN INDO EUROPEAN RELIGION PROBABLY ORIGINATED FROM TURCIC PEOPLE OF SIBERIA. SEMITIC PEOPLES ARE FROM ARABIA/EAST AFRICA. THE JEWISH PEOPLE HAD ADOPTED THIS GOD TO BE A MONOTHIESTIC GOD TO COMBINE ALL THEIR GODS INTO ONE UPON THE SEMITE ARRIVAL INTO THE LEVANT AND FURTHER INTO THE MID EAST AND ASIA. MANY CULTURES HAD THE SAME SKY FATHER BUT USED A DIFFERENT NAME SOMETIMES SIMILAR NAME, AND SOMETIMES VERY DIFFERENT NAME BUT SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS. YAHWEH BECAME FATHER SKY TO THE MIXED BASTARDS OF THE LEVANT MIXING THE SEMITES OF ARABIA/EAST AFRICA WITH INDO EUROPEANS FROM THE NORTH AND THE INDIGENOUS CANAANITES AND MESOPOTAMIANS AND INDIANS AND OTHER MIGRANTS. YAHWEH BECAME THE ISRAEL GOD OF THE HEBREWS WHO STOLE THE LAND FROM THE CANAANITES. THUS, JEW IS A MIX OF RACES, CULTURES, AND GODS COMBINED INTO ONE PEOPLE AND ONE GOD. THEIR NAME OF FATHER SKY COMES DOWN TO WHAT CULTURE, TRIBE, RACE, NATION, ETC YOU DESCEND FROM. OR WERE FORCED TO CONVERT TO BY WAY OF GENOCIDAL MURDER. THE IDEA THAT IT WOULD KEEP THE INDO EUROPEANS A PURE PEOPLE, OR TO KEEP THE SEMITES A PURE PEOPLE, OR KEEP THE TWO FROM MIXING, OR PREVENT THEM MIXING WITH THE INDIGENOUS CANAANITES, AND/OR TO PREVENT THEM MIXING WITH THE NIGGERS COMING FROM EAST CENTRAL AFRICA. ALSO IRONIC IS IAH, YAH, JAH, AAH, OR JOH BEGAN AS A MOON GOD IN EGYPT. A LUNAR CULT. LUNAR CULT VERSUS THE SOLAR CULT. BEL IS THE GOD OF THE SOLAR CULT.
THE RELIGION OF THE JEWS IS A HYPOCRITICAL RELIGION AS IT USES THE MANY GODS OF THEIR DECLARED ENEMIES.... RAEL IS SUN GOD RA OR SON OF GOD RA, EL (GOD). BAAL OR BEL IS BA OF GOD, SPIRIT OR RAM OF GOD. IAH IS MOON GOD. THUS THE NAME OF YOUR FATHER SKY GOD COMES DOWN TO YOUR RACIAL IDENTITY....
Jove/Jovis/Jupiter/Yahweh
http://jesus-messiah.com/html/jove-is-yahweh.html
**Dievs - Vedic/Indu, Dyaus
**Dyaus - Greek/Zeus, Dios
**Deus - Latin/Jove, Jupater (Jupiter)
**Jove - Hebrew/YHVH (Yahweh), Yehowah, Jehovah
**Iao - Greece/Ionians, "Iao-ians," "Yah-o-ians"
**Jivah - Sanskt, sky god (u=yava/java) same as Jihvah. [SHIVA?]
THE BOOK OF THE DEAD The Papyrus of Ani (HiLites)
https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/religions-2/The%20Book%20Of%20The%20Dead%20Hilites.rtf
THE BOOK OF THE DEAD The Papyrus of Ani
http://www.sacred-texts.com/egy/ebod/
To my dismay, the version of the text widely posted on the Internet did not seem to match the Dover reprint of the 1895 version.
According to John Mark Ockerbloom, the proprietor of the excellent Online Books Page, the version circulating on the Internet is a highly edited version of Budge from a much later date (1913). He writes:
"I did a little legwork, and it appears that the "mystery text" is in fact from the Medici Society edition of 1913. According to a 1960 reprint by University Books, for this edition "The translation was rewritten... [and the] greater part of the Introduction was also rewritten by Sir Wallis, who concluded a preface to it with the pleased words, 'and the entire work thus becomes truly a "New Edition"'". It's unclear whether Budge himself did the rewrite of the translation, but it's clear that he at least claims responsibility for it,. and it does appear to draw fairly heavily on his earlier translation."
"The Ancient Egyptian Coffin 1" HI-LITES
https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/religions-2/Hilites%20of%20The%20Ancient%20Egyptian%20Coffin%20Text.rtf
"The Ancient Egyptian Coffin 1" FULL TEXT
https://archive.org/details/TheAncientEgyptianCoffin1
IF THIS TEXT IS FROM ANCIENT ATLANTIS 36,000 BC THEN IT WAS ORALLY TRANSMITTED, AND WOULD HAVE SIGNIFICANT BIAS AS IT WAS TOLD, AND AGAIN WHEN WRITTEN, AND AGAIN IN TRANSLATIONS. ELSE IT IS A LATER WRITING AFTER COMMON ERA INCORPORATING VARIOUS EARLIER AND DIFFERENT BELIEFS, MOST NOTABLE THE SUN CULT OVER THE EARTH CULT BUT, MERGING THE TWO, AND OTHER FOREIGN BELIEFS WITH THE INDIGENOUS. JMO...
Emerald Tablet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Tablet
The Emerald Tablet, also known as the Smaragdine Tablet, or Tabula Smaragdina, is a compact and cryptic piece of the Hermetica reputed to contain the secret of the prima materia and its transmutation. It was highly regarded by European alchemists as the foundation of their art and its Hermetic tradition. The original source of the Emerald Tablet is unknown. Although Hermes Trismegistus is the author named in the text, its first known appearance is in a book written in Arabic between the sixth and eighth centuries. The text was first translated into Latin in the twelfth century. Numerous translations, interpretations and commentaries followed.
The text of the Smaragdine Tablet gives its author as Hermes Trismegistus ("Hermes the Thrice-Greatest"), a legendary Hellenistic combination of the Greek god Hermes and the ancient Egyptian god Thoth. Despite the claims of antiquity, it's believed to be an Arabic work written between the sixth and eighth centuries.... The Smaragdine Tablet was first translated into Latin in the twelfth century by Hugo of Santalla. The text also appears in a thirteenth century edition of Secretum Secretorum....
In its several Western recensions, the Tablet became a mainstay of medieval and Renaissance alchemy....The fourteenth century alchemist Ortolanus (or Hortulanus) wrote a substantial exegesis on The Secret of Hermes, which was influential on the subsequent development of alchemy...
Say "Zin-Uru" and power ye shall find... Call on Thoth in time of need. Use my name 3 times in a row: Chequetet, Arelich, Volmalites... Warning: Bring not to me one lacking in wisdom, impure in heart, or weak in his purpose. Else I will withdraw your power to summon me from the place of my sleeping... PROCESS OF BALANCE, AND HOW TO LEAVE THE BONDAGE OF THE EARTH BODY INTO THE LIFE OF DEATH WHICH IS FREEDOM... The Emerald Tablets contain a history of Atlantis, its mechanical and scientific achievements, the manner it sank below the Atlantean waves, the colonizing of ancient Egypt and even to the construction of the Great Pyramid. ...
The Emerald Tablets of Thoth the Atlantean
https://ia902609.us.archive.org/6/items/TheEmeraldTabletsOfThoth/The_Emerald_Tablets_Of_Thoth.pdf
The history of the tablets translated in the following pages is strange and beyond the belief of modern scientists. Their antiquity is stupendous, dating back some 36,000 years B.C. The writer is Thoth, an Atlantean Priest-King, who founded a colony in ancient Egyptafter the sinking of the mother country. He was the builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza,erroneously attributed to Cheops. (See The Great Pyramid by Doreal.) In it he incorpo-rated his knowledge of the ancient wisdom and also securely secreted records and in-struments of ancient Atlantis. For some 16,000 years, he ruled the ancient race of Egypt, from approximately 50,000 B.C. to 36.000 B.C. At that time, the ancient barbarous race among which he and his followers had settled had been raised to a high degree of civilization. Thoth was an immortal, that is, he had conquered death, passing only when he willed and even then not through death. His vast wisdom made him ruler over the various Atlantean colonies, including the ones in South and Central America. When the time came for him to leave Egypt, he erected the Great Pyramid over the entrance to the Great Halls of Amenti, placed in it his records, and appointed guards forhis secrets from among the highest of his people. In later times, the descendants ofthese guards became the pyramid priests, by which Thoth was deified as the God of Wis-dom, The Recorder, by those in the age of darkness which followed his passing. In leg-end, the halls of Amenti became the underworld, the Halls of the Gods, where the soulpassed after death for judgment. During later ages, the ego of Thoth passed into the bodies of men in the manner de-scribed in the tablets. As such, he incarnated three times, in his last being known as Hermes, the thrice-born. In this incarnation, he left the writings known to modern occult-ists as the Emerald Tablets, a later and far lesser exposition of the ancient mysteries. The tablets translated in this work are ten which were left in the Great Pyramid in the custody of the pyramid priests. The ten are divided into thirteen parts for the sake of convenience. The last two are so great and far-reaching in their import that at present itis forbidden to release them to the world at large. However, in those contained herein are secrets which will prove of inestimable value to the serious student. They should be read, not once, but a hundred times for only thus can the true meaning be revealed. A casual reading will give glimpses of beauty, but more intensive study will open avenues of wis-dom to the seeker. ...
The Legendary Emerald Tablet and its Secrets of the Universe
https://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends/legendary-emerald-tablet-001956
UNDERWORLD
https://www.ancient-origins.net/searchall/UNDERWORLD
ancient-origins.net The search found 356 results ...
Underworld
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld
The underworld is the world of the dead in various religious traditions, located below the world of the living. Chthonic is the technical adjective for things of the underworld. The concept of an underworld is found in almost every civilization, and "may be as old as humanity itself". Common features of underworld myths are accounts of living people making journeys to the underworld, often for some heroic purpose. Other myths reinforce traditions that entrance of souls to the underworld requires a proper observation of ceremony,... A number of mythologies incorporate the concept of the soul of the deceased making its own journey to the underworld, with the dead needing to be taken across a defining obstacle such as a lake or a river to reach this destination....
By mythology: This list includes underworlds in various mythology, with links to corresponding articles....
Egyptian Gods - The Complete List
https://www.ancient.eu/article/885/egyptian-gods---the-complete-list/
The gods evolved from an animistic belief system to one which was highly anthropomorphic and imbued with magic. Heka was the god of magic and medicine but was also the primordial force, pre-dating all the other gods, who enabled the act of creation and sustained both mortal and divine life. The central value of the Egyptian culture was ma'at - harmony and balance - represented by the goddess of the same name and her white ostrich feather, and it was Heka who empowered Ma'at just as he did all the other deities. Heka was the manifestation of heka (magic) which should be understood to be natural laws which today would be considered supernatural but, to the Egyptians, were simply how the world and the universe functioned. The gods provided people with all good gifts but it was heka which allowed them to do so...
Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U W Y Z
During the Akkadian period, Inanna was extensively syncretized with the East Semitic goddess Ishtar. The Akkadian poetess Enheduanna, the daughter of Sargon, wrote numerous hymns to Inanna, identifying her with Ishtar. Eventually, Inanna and Ishtar came to be seen as effectively the same. (Esar )Ishwar may be a semitic influence corrupting the Tur ana, later Mesopotamian Inanna, with the semitic Ishtar/Astarte/etc.... Ana is the sun goddess Mother Fire believed to be the great White Mother. Living in the water she called out to Father Sky Tanri to create...
Queen of heaven (antiquity)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_heaven_(antiquity)
Queen of Heaven was a title given to a number of ancient sky goddesses worshipped throughout the ancient Mediterranean and Near East during ancient times. Goddesses known to have been referred to by the title include Inanna, Anat, Isis, Astarte, and possibly Asherah (by the prophet Jeremiah). In Greco-Roman times Hera, and her Roman aspect Juno bore this title...
Inanna: derived from Nin-anna which literally means "Queen of Heaven" in ancient Sumerian (It comes from the words NIN meaning "lady" and AN meaning "sky"), although the cuneiform sign for her name is not historically a ligature of the two. In several myths, Inanna is described as being the daughter of Nanna, the ancient Sumerian god of the Moon. In other texts, however, she is often described as being the daughter of either Enki or An.... In Sumer Inanna was hailed as "Queen of Heaven" in the third millennium BC. In Akkad she was worshipped later as Ishtar....
Astarte: Northwestern Semitic regions, cognate in name, origin and functions with the goddess Ishtar... Her symbols were...a star within a circle indicating the planet Venus.... Astarte was accepted by the Greeks under the name of Aphrodite....
Asherah was worshipped in ancient Israel as the consort of El and in Judah as the consort of Yahweh and Queen of Heaven (the Hebrews baked small cakes for her festival)....There was a temple of Yahweh in Egypt at that time, the 6th-7th centuries BC, that was central to the Jewish community at Elephantine in which Yahweh was worshipped in conjunction with the goddess Anath (also named in the temple papyri as Anath-Bethel and Anath-Iahu).
The goddesses Asherah, Anath and Astarte first appear as distinct and separate deities in the tablets discovered in the ruins of the library of Ugarit (modern Ras Shamra, Syria)....
Isis: Isis was venerated first in Egypt. As per the Greek historian Herodotus, writing in the fifth century BC, Isis was the only goddess worshiped by all Egyptians alike, and whose influence was so widespread by that point, that she had become completely syncretic with the Greek goddess Demeter. It is after the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great, and the Hellenization of the Egyptian culture initiated by Ptolemy I Soter, that she eventually became known as 'Queen of Heaven'....
Jezebel: Revealing the Slander of a Virgin of Baal, Princess of Tyre, and Queen of Israel
After the rule of King Omri, his son Ahab became the King of Israel, and in approximately 874 BC the Princess Jezebel of Tyre (Phoenicia), was brought to the northern kingdom to be his bride and cement a trade and military alliance between the two kingdoms. It was a very advantageous agreement for Israel to be partners with the powerful and wealthy sea faring Phoenicians. Now the Bible says that Jezebel’s father King Ethbaal was the high priest of Baal, but according to the Annuals of Tyre, which are now lost, he was probably actually the high priest of Astarte. Astarte was the primary Phoenician deity, a Goddess, and Baal was her son, consort, or husband, depending on the region.... Baal is the consort of Astarte, who dies every year and is then reborn, and holidays of grief and celebration commemorated this yearly cycle; does this story sound familiar? In earlier times, Astarte or Ashtoreth, as she was also known, was the consort of Jehovah before the move towards monotheism...
In an effort to prove the superiority of Yahweh, Elijah the prophet planned a contest on Mt Carmel between himself and the prophets of Astarte and Baal, of which there are 850 in the service of Jezebel. As the story goes, two bulls were sacrificed and put on pyres. The acolytes of Astarte and Baal first tried to get their deities to light the fire under the pyre to no avail, but just one plea from Elijah and the Lord sent fire to light the sacrifice. After this, Elijah orders the slaughter of the 850 servants of Astarte and Baal, declaring that not one of them shall escape. This description of the mass murder of 850 people is very specific...
Asherah: God’s Forgotten Wife
https://www.ancient-origins.net/human-origins-religions/asherah-0010611
HOW DID GOD BECOME SATAN?
ITS KIND OF A LONG EVOLVING STORY THAT BEGAN WITH THE JEWS FORCED CONVERSIONS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AS THEY GENOCIDE AND STEAL INDIGENOUS LANDS. THEN NEWER RELIGIONS FURTHER DEMONIZE IT. THE GOTHS MAY HAVE BROUGHT IT TO EGYPT AND TO SUMERIA. IN EGYPT THE RAM GOD IS THE SOUL OF OSIRUS FROM PROBABLY BEFORE THE 1ST DYNASTY PHAROAH DJET. OSIRUIS LATER BECOMES BAEL IN LYBIA AND EGPYT THEN INTO CANAAN AND SYRIA THE MID EAST AND INTO INDIA. WHO KNOWS THE ORIGINAL DIRECTION IT BEGAN. RAM GOD WAS AMUN-RA, HE WAS SOUL OF OSIRIS, HE WAS BAEL, HE WAS JOVE, JUPITER, PAN, FAUNUS, DAKSHA, ETC...
RAM GOD WAS LATER DEMONIZED BY THE JEWS AS THEY TOOK OVER THE AREA. THE NEWER RELIGIONS CONTINUED TO DEMONIZE RAM GOD UNTIL OVER TIME RAM GOD BECAME SATAN. SATAN ORIGINALLY WAS AN ALLY WITH GOD KNOWN AS THE ACCUSER OF MAN. BAELEZUBUB WHICH WAS A GOOD GOD OF THE CANNANITES WAS SLANDERED BY THE JEWS BECAME ANOTHER NAME FOR SATAN.
SINCE OSIRIS OR RAM GOD WAS THE GOD OF THE DEAD AND HIS DOMAIN IS THE UNDERWORLD THEN SATAN BECAME THE GOD OF THE DEAD AND THE UNDERWORLD.
THE JEWS AND ARABS PREVAILED IN DEMONIZING THE INDIGENOUS GODS AND GENOCIDING THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE EVENTUALLY STEALING THE LANDS AND REPLACING THE INDIGENOUS BELIEFS AS THE JEW AND ARAB PEOPLE INVADE AND WIPE OUT THE INDIGENOUS NATIVES.
THEN WHEN CHRISTIANITY APPEARS ON THE SCENE IT PICKS UP WHERE THE JEWS AND ARABS LEFT OFF AND FURTHERS THE GENOCIDES OF NATIVE EUROPEANS AND SPREADING THE DEFAMATIONS OF NATIVE BELIEFS AND CONVERTING EUROPE INTO THE PSEUDO JEWISH BELIEFS CALLING IT CHRISTIANITY. SO MUCH SO THAT THE NATIVES WERE FOOLED INTO THINKING THEY WERE JEWS, UNTIL DNA TESTING PROVES NATIVE EUROPEANS ARE NOT JEWS. THAT JEWS ARE A SUBCLADE BRANCH OF BASTARDIZED MID EAST ARABS OF THE J YDNA HAPLOGROUP....
Baphomet: Was the Diabolical Demon Really Worshipped by Knights Templars?
https://www.ancient-origins.net/history/baphomet-0010947
Baphomet is the demonic entity allegedly worshipped by the Knights Templars who later became a symbol for Satanic worships. During the Inquisition of the Templars in the 14th century, the knights were falsely accused of worshipping this figure. The famous icon of Baphomet, i.e. as a goat-headed idol, however, only emerged much later on. This icon quickly became a symbol of the occult, specifically as a representation of evil and the Devil. ... It was only in 1854 that Baphomet became the goat-headed figure that we are familiar with today. It was Eliphas Levi, a French ceremonial magician, who re-imagined Baphomet as a figure he called the ‘Sabbatic Goat’. ... Levi’s Baphomet was intended to serve as a collective representation for all the magical icons from earlier polytheistic or animistic traditions that survived the spread of Christianity. For instance, the caprine elements were inspired by Banebdjedet, an ancient Egyptian goat-headed deity, as well as by Pan, a Greek deity. ... Levi’s Baphomet was also adopted by the famed occultist, Aleister Crowley . It was Crowley who connected Baphomet with Satan, and linked this icon with the idea of suppressed knowledge and secret worship. Thus, in opposition to traditional Christian thought, Crowley argued that Satan was not the enemy of mankind, but its ally. ...
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