Slavery
Whites in Servitude in Early America and Industrial Britain
The slaves of Italy were mostly all Native European.
Slavery in ancient Rome
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome
Roman slavery was not based on ideas of race. Slaves were drawn from all over Europe and the Mediterranean, including Gaul, Hispania, Germany, Britannia, the Balkans, Greece etc. Generally slaves in Italy were indigenous Italians, with a minority of foreigners (including both slaves and freedmen) born outside of Italy estimated at 5% of the total in the capital, where their number was largest, at its peak. Those from outside of Europe were predominantly of Greek descent, while the Jewish ones never fully assimilated into Roman society, remaining an identifiable minority. The slaves (especially the foreigners) had higher mortality rates and lower birth rates than natives, and were sometimes even subjected to mass expulsions. The average recorded age at death for the slaves of the city of Rome was extraordinarily low: seventeen and a half years (17.2 for males; 17.9 for females).
The overall impact of slavery on the Italian genetics was insignificant though, because the slaves imported in Italy were native Europeans, and very few if any of them had extra European origin.
WHEN EUROPEANS WERE SLAVES: RESEARCH SUGGESTS WHITE SLAVERY WAS MUCH MORE COMMON THAN PREVIOUSLY BELIEVED
https://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm
The True History of White Slavery in America
http://beforeitsnews.com/opinion/2013/07/the-true-history-of-white-slavery-in-america-2445216.html
England is ruled by evil men and women. They had some real problems with their poor and suffering, and they decided to deal with this problem by simply making very minor crimes punishable by death or slavery. It was as if they were being kind to commute your death sentence for stealing a loaf of bread or and apple to enslavement on a plantation in the New World.
The Irish seemed to be targeted the most. ...These people in the majority of cases were kept forever by their Master making up crimes and punishments and adding it to their years of service.
Native Ireish and Scotts Celts taken for Slaves by Vikings?
It is now almost certain that native Irish and Scottish Celts were taken (probably as slaves) to southwest Norway by the Vikings, and that they increased the frequency of red hair there. ...
Rome must apologise for enslaving Britain
http://www.theweek.co.uk/politics/28175/rome-must-apologise-enslaving-britain
The Roman invasion of Britain left an open wound that cries out to be healed. Our Latin conquerors benefited enormously from enslaving us, and that has got to be put right. ...One hundred thousand of us were taken into slavery! And that's just the start. ...
Camelot International: Britain's Heritage and History
http://www.camelotintl.com/romans/slaves.html
Resisting Slavery in Ancient Rome
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/slavery_01.shtml
Buying a Slave in Roman Britain. The Evidence from the Tabulae
1http://local.droit.ulg.ac.be/sa/rida/file/2011/10.Korporowicz.pdf
SLAVERY IN EUROPE FROM THE END OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
http://archive.churchsociety.org/crossway/documents/cway_103_slavery2.pdf
Slave Trade facts, information, pictures
ROOTS OF EARLY MODERN SLAVERY While slavery was a significant feature of ancient Greek and Middle Eastern societies, the direct roots of Europe's early modern traffic in slaves can be traced to ancient Rome and to early Islam. At the height of its power (c. 200 b.c.e.–200 c.e.), the Roman republic depended upon perhaps 2 million slaves (or about a third of its population)
WHITE SLAVES The Irish as slaves for the Vikings
The Viking slave trade: entrepreneurs or heathen slavers?
The Vikings raided across Europe, but took the most slaves in raids on the British Isles and in Eastern Europe. While the Vikings kept some slaves as servants, known as thralls, they sold most captives in the Byzantine or Islamic markets. In the West their target populations were primarily English, Irish, and Scottish, while in the East they were mainly Slavs. The Viking slave-trade slowly ended in the 11th century, as the Vikings settled in the European territories they had once raided.
In the Viking era beginning circa 793, the Norse raiders often captured and enslaved militarily weaker peoples they encountered. The Nordic countries called their slaves thralls (Old Norse: Þræll). The thralls were mostly from Western Europe, among them many Franks, Anglo-Saxons, and Celts. Many Irish slaves travelled in expeditions for the colonization of Iceland. The Norse also took German, Baltic, Slavic and Latin slaves. The slave trade was one of the pillars of Norse commerce during the 6th[citation needed] through 11th centuries.
The 10th-century Persian traveller Ibn Rustah described how Swedish Vikings, the Varangians or Rus, terrorized and enslaved the Slavs taken in their raids along the Volga River. The thrall system was finally abolished[by whom?] in the mid-14th century in Scandinavia.
Slavery is "NOT" a Native European invention. Slavery most probably first originated from Middle-Eastern, and African civilizations. Which spread into Europe by the Foreign mid-east slave traders(Jews and Arabs) exploiting the Native Europeans as the source for slaves in the mid east markets which eventually spread throughout many civilizations worldwide including Europe.
History of slavery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery
ORIGINS: C. 1480 BC, fugitive slave treaty between Idrimi of Alakakh (now Tell Atchana) and Pillia of Kizzuwatna
(now Cilicia). Evidence of slavery predates written records, and has existed in many cultures. However, slavery is rare among hunter-gatherer populations. Mass slavery requires economic surpluses and a high population density to be viable. Due to these factors, the practice of slavery would have only proliferated after the invention of agriculture during the Neolithic Revolution, about 11,000 years ago.
Slavery was known in civilizations as old as Sumer, as well as in almost every other ancient civilization, including Ancient Egypt, Ancient China, the Akkadian Empire, Assyria, Ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, the Islamic Caliphate and Sultanate, and the pre-Columbian civilizations of the Americas. Such institutions were a mixture of debt-slavery, punishment for crime, the enslavement of prisoners of war, child abandonment, and the birth of slave children to slaves.
Capture in war, voluntary servitude and debt slavery became common within the British Isles during the Middle Ages. Slaves were routinely bought and sold. Running away was also common and slavery was never a major economic factor in the British Isles during the Middle Ages. Ireland and Denmark provided markets for captured Anglo-Saxon and Celtic slaves.
In the Viking era beginning circa 793, the Norse raiders often captured and enslaved militarily weaker peoples they encountered. The Nordic countries called their slaves thralls (Old Norse: Þræll). The thralls were mostly from Western Europe, among them many Franks, Anglo-Saxons, and Celts. Many Irish slaves travelled in expeditions for the colonization of Iceland. The Norse also took German, Baltic, Slavic and Latin slaves. The slave trade was one of the pillars of Norse commerce during the 6th[citation needed] through 11th centuries.
The 10th-century Persian traveller Ibn Rustah described how Swedish Vikings, the Varangians or Rus, terrorized and enslaved the Slavs taken in their raids along the Volga River. The thrall system was finally abolished[by whom?] in the mid-14th century in Scandinavia.
Slaves used in Europe were White:
Slaves of Greece were mostly Mediteranean White. Women were the majority of slaves. Blacks were also slaves but very small population.
Slavery in ancient Greece
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece
White Slaves used by Celts.
Slavery by the Celts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts
Slavery, as practised by the Celts, was very likely similar to the better documented practice in ancient Greece and Rome. Slaves were acquired from war, raids, and penal and debt servitude. Slavery was hereditary[citation needed], though manumission was possible. The Old Irish and Welsh words for ‘slave’, cacht and caeth respectively, are cognate with Latin captus ‘captive’ suggesting that the slave trade was an early means of contact between Latin and Celtic societies. In the Middle Ages, slavery was especially prevalent in the Celtic countries. Manumissions were discouraged by law and the word for "female slave", cumal, was used as a general unit of value in Ireland.
Arab slave trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_slave_trade
Arabs also enslaved Europeans. According to Robert Davis, between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured between the 16th and 19th centuries by Barbary corsairs, who were vassals of the Ottoman Empire, and sold as slaves. These slaves were captured mainly from seaside villages from Italy, Spain, Portugal and also from more distant places like France or England, the Netherlands, Ireland and even Iceland. They were also taken from ships stopped by the pirates.
The effects of these attacks were devastating: France, England, and Spain each lost thousands of ships. Long stretches of the Spanish and Italian coasts were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants, because of frequent pirate attacks. Pirate raids discouraged settlement along the coast until the 19th century.
Periodic Arab raiding expeditions were sent from Islamic Iberia to ravage the Christian Iberian kingdoms, bringing back booty and slaves. In a raid against Lisbon in 1189, for example, the Almohad caliph, Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, took 3,000 female and child captives, while his governor of Córdoba, in a subsequent attack upon Silves in 1191, took 3,000 Christian slaves.
The Ottoman wars in Europe and Tatar raids (although not Arabic themselves) brought large numbers of European Christian slaves into the Muslim world. In 1769 a last major Tatar raid saw the capture of 20,000 Russian and Polish slaves....
However rural slavery was largely a phenomenon endemic to the Caucasus region, which was carried to Anatolia and Rumelia after the Circassian migration in 1864. Conflicts frequently emerged within the immigrant community and the Ottoman Establishment intervened on the side of the slaves at selective times.
The Crimean Khanate maintained a massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East until the early eighteenth century. In a process called "harvesting of the steppe", Crimean Tatars enslaved Slavic peasants. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia suffered a series of Tatar invasions, the goal of which was to loot, pillage, and capture slaves into "jasyr". The borderland area to the south-east was in a state of semi-permanent warfare until the 18th century. It is estimated that up to 75% of the Crimean population consisted of slaves or freed slaves....
The North African slave markets traded also in European slaves. The European slaves were acquired by Barbary pirates in slave raids on ships and by raids on coastal towns from Italy to Spain, Portugal, France, England, the Netherlands, and as far afield as Iceland. Men, women, and children were captured, to such a devastating extent that vast numbers of sea coast towns were abandoned. Ohio State University history Professor Robert Davis describes the white slave trade as minimized by most modern historians in his book Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500-1800 (Palgrave Macmillan).
Davis estimates that 1 million to 1.25 million White Christian Europeans were enslaved in North Africa, from the beginning of the 16th century to the middle of the 18th, by slave traders from Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli alone (these numbers do not include the European people which were enslaved by Morocco and by other raiders and traders of the Mediterranean Sea coast), and roughly 700 Americans were held captive in this region as slaves between 1785 and 1815. 16th- and 17th-century customs statistics suggest that Istanbul's additional slave import from the Black Sea may have totaled around 2.5 million from 1450 to 1700....
Slavery in medieval Europe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe
The chaos following the barbarian invasions of the Roman Empire made the taking of slaves habitual throughout Europe in the early Middle Ages. Roman practices continued in many areas – the Welsh laws of Hywel the Good included provisions dealing with slaves – and Germanic laws provided for the enslavement of criminals, ...
About 10% of England's population entered in the Domesday Book (1086) were slaves,...
Demand from the Islamic world dominated the slave trade in medieval Europe.... most Christian slave merchants focused on moving slaves from non-Christian areas to Muslim Spain, North Africa, and the Middle East, and most non-Christian merchants, although not bound by the Church's rules, focused on Muslim markets as well. Arabic silver dirhams, presumably exchanged for slaves, are plentiful in eastern Europe and Southern Sweden, indicating trade routes from Slavic to Muslim territory....
the Venetians began to sell Slavs and other Eastern European non-Christian slaves in greater numbers. Caravans of slaves traveled from Eastern Europe, through Alpine passes in Austria, to reach Venice.... Some are Slavic themselves, from Bohemia and the Kievan Rus'. They had come from Kiev through Przemyśl, Kraków, Prague, and Bohemia. The same record values female slaves at a tremissa, and male slaves, who were more numerous, at a saiga (which is much less). Eunuchs were especially valuable, and "castration houses" arose in Venice, as well as other prominent slave markets, to meet this demand....
They sold both Slavic and Baltic slaves, as well as Georgians, Turks, and other ethnic groups of the Black Sea and Caucasus, to the Muslim nations of the Middle East....
Jewish merchants
Records of long-distance Jewish slave merchants date at least as far back as 492, when Pope Gelasius permitted Jews to import non-Christian slaves into Italy, at the request of a Jewish friend from Telesina. By the turn of the 6th to the 7th century, Jews had become the chief slave traders in Italy, and were active in Gaelic territories. Pope Gregory the Great issued a ban on Jews possessing Christian slaves, lest the slaves convert to Judaism. By the 9th and 10th centuries, Jewish merchants, sometimes called Radhanites, were a major force in the slave trade continent-wide.
Jews were one of the few groups who could move and trade between the Christian and Islamic worlds. Ibn Khordadbeh observed and recorded routes of Jewish merchants in his Book of Roads and Kingdoms from the South of France to Spain, carrying (amongst other things) female slaves, eunuch slaves, and young slave boys. He also notes Jews purchasing Slavic slaves in Prague. Letters of Agobard, archbishop of Lyons (816-840), acts of the emperor Louis the Pious, and the seventy-fifth canon of the Council of Meaux of 845 confirms the existence of a route used by Jewish traders with Slavic slaves through the Alps to Lyon, to Southern France, to Spain. Toll records from Walenstadt in 842–843 indicate another trade route, through Switzerland, the Septimer and Splügen passes, to Venice, and from there to North Africa.
As German rulers of Saxon dynasties took over the enslavement (and slave trade) of Slavs in the 10th century, Jewish merchants bought slaves at the Elbe, sending caravans into the valley of the Rhine. Many of these slaves were taken to Verdun, which had close trade relations with Spain. Many would be castrated and sold as eunuchs as well.
Jews would later become highly influential in the European slave trade, reaching their apex from the 16th to 19th centuries.
Some other peoples who enslaved the Native Europeans:
Iberia ...Vikings ...Mongols ...British Isles ...Christians, Jews, Moslems... etc....
Justifications for Slavery in Medievil Europe:
In late Rome, ...According to Justinian's legal code, slavery was defined as "an institution according to the law of nations whereby one person falls under the property rights of another, contrary to nature."
RELIGION...
Justifications for slavery throughout the medieval period were dominated by the perception of religious difference. Slaves were often outsiders taken in war. Hebrew and Islamic thinking both conceived of the slave as an "enemy within." In the Christian tradition, pagans and heretics were similarly considered enemies of the faith who could be justly enslaved..
The apparent discrepancy between the notion of human liberty founded in natural law and the recognition of slavery by canon law was resolved by a legal "compromise": enslavement was allowable given a just cause, which could then be defined by papal authority. ...Towards the middle of the 15th century, the Catholic Church, in particular the Papacy, took an active role in offering justifications for the enslavement ... In 1452, a papal bull entitled Dum Diversas authorized King Afonso V of Portugal to enslave any "Saracens" or "pagans" he encountered. The Pope, Pope Nicholas V, recognized King Alfonso's military action as legitimate in the form of the papal bull, and declared the
[ full and free power, through the Apostolic authority by this edict, to invade, conquer, fight, subjugate the Saracens and pagans, and other infidels and other enemies of Christ, and...to lead their persons in perpetual servitude…]
isiah 14:2 slaves for israel
2 Many nations will help the people of Israel return to the land which the Lord gave them, and there the nations will serve Israel as slaves. Those who once captured Israel will now be captured by Israel, and the people of Israel will rule over those who once oppressed them.
isaiah 45:14 slaves
14 The Lord says to Israel, "The wealth of Egypt and Ethiopia will be yours, and the tall men of Seba will be your slaves; they will follow you in chains. They will bow down to you and confess, "God is with you - he alone is God.
Roman Government was a Pimp State run prostitution enterprise, regulated, and taxed.
Rome would enslave the Native Europeans with men sent to dangerous labor, and their women turned into sex slaves...
Prostitution in ancient Rome
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Rome
Prostitution in Ancient Rome was legal and licensed. In Ancient Rome, even Roman men of the highest social status were free to engage prostitutes of either sex without incurring moral disapproval...Some large brothels in the 4th century, when Rome was becoming officially Christianized, seem to have been counted as tourist attractions and were possibly even state-owned....
A girl might live with a procuress or madame (lena) or even go into business under the management of her mother ...Prostitutes could also work out of a brothel or tavern for a procurer or pimp (leno). Most prostitutes seem to have been slaves or former slaves....
Some passages in Roman authors seem to indicate that prostitutes displayed themselves in the nude. Nudity was associated with slavery, as an indication that the person was literally stripped of privacy and the ownership of one's own body. A passage from Seneca describes the condition of the prostitute as a slave for sale:
"Naked she stood on the shore, at the pleasure of the purchaser; every part of her body was examined and felt. Would you hear the result of the sale? The pirate sold; the pimp bought, that he might employ her as a prostitute." ...
Most prostitutes were slaves or freedwomen, and it is difficult to determine the balance of voluntary to forced prostitution. Because slaves were considered property under Roman law, it was legal for an owner to employ them as prostitutes. ...Although rape was a crime in ancient Rome, the law only punished the rape of a slave if it "damaged the goods," since a slave had no legal standing as a person. The penalty was aimed at providing the owner compensation for the "damage" of his property....
A law of Augustus allowed that women guilty of adultery could be sentenced to forced prostitution in brothels. ...
Prostitution was regulated to some extent, not so much for moral reasons as to maximize profit. ...Caligula inaugurated a tax upon prostitutes (the vectigal ex capturis), as a state impost: "he levied new and hitherto unheard of taxes; a proportion of the fees of prostitutes;--so much as each earned with one man. A clause was also added to the law directing that women who had practiced prostitutery and men who had practiced procuration should be rated publicly; and furthermore, that marriages should be liable to the rate."...
Ancient Prostitution of Pompeii - History Documentary HD ✪ History Channel Documentaries
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hy1Ufz37u_E
Pompeii: The Last Day: (Documentary)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkcczJeVnoA
Domestic Violence is Sex Trafficking...which allows the USA Government to legally possess you and your wife turning her into their Prostitute, and you into a John. Roman Empire Government did the same thing to the native europeans enslaving them into State run, regulated, and taxed sex trafficking...
USA Government, and its Law Enforcement Thugs are Pimps. Your wife is their Ho, and you are the John.
Prostitute
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution
Prostitution is the business or practice of engaging in sexual activity in exchange for payment or some other benefit. ...
Some view prostitution as a form of exploitation of or violence against women...Common alternatives for prostitute include escort and whore ... The English word whore derives from the Old English word hōra ...Use of the word whore is widely considered pejorative, especially in its modern slang form of ho. ...Those seeking to remove the social stigma associated with prostitution often promote terminology such as sex worker ...Another commonly used word for a prostitute is hooker....
Organizers of prostitution may be known as pimps (if male) and madams or Mama-san (if female). More formally, one who is said to practice procuring is a procurer, or procuress. The clients of prostitutes are also known as johns or tricks in North America and punters in the British Isles. ...
Other meanings: The word "prostitution" can also be used metaphorically to mean debasing oneself or working towards an unworthy cause or "selling out".[18] In this sense, "prostituting oneself" or "whoring oneself" the services or acts performed are typically not sexual. ...
History: Ancient Near East, Ancient Hebrew culture, Ancient Greece, Asia,...
Ancient Rome: prostitutes were often foreign slaves, captured, purchased, or raised for that purpose, sometimes by large-scale "prostitute farmers" who took abandoned children. Indeed, abandoned children were almost always raised as prostitutes.[25] Enslavement into prostitution was sometimes used as a legal punishment against criminal free women. Buyers were allowed to inspect naked men and women for sale in private and there was no stigma attached to the purchase of males by a male aristocrat.
Middle Ages: A fourteenth-century English tract, Fasciculus Morum, states that the term prostitute (termed 'meretrix' in this document), "must be applied only to those women who give themselves to anyone and will refuse none, and that for monetary gain"....Women who became prostitutes often did not have the familial ties or means to protect themselves from the lure of prostitution, and it has been recorded on several occasions that mothers would be charged with prostituting their own daughters in exchange for extra money....
16th–17th centuries: By the early 16th century the association between prostitutes, plague, and contagion emerged, causing brothels and prostitution to be outlawed by secular authority. ...Canon law defined a prostitute as "a promiscuous woman, regardless of financial elements." The prostitute was considered a "whore … who [was] available for the lust of many men," and was most closely associated with promiscuity.
Around the twelfth century, the idea of prostitute saints took hold, with Mary Magdalene being one of the most popular saints of the era. The Church used Mary Magdalene's biblical history of being a reformed harlot to encourage prostitutes to repent and mend their ways.
(Note: According to Martin Luther booklet 'On the Jews and their Lies' it was the Jews who called Mary, Jesus' Mother, Maria the Hariah, and spreading false talk and rumor that Mary was ... This upset Martin Luther greatly and wrote his booklet explaining how the Jews were in his day.)
18th century: According to Dervish Ismail Agha, in the Dellâkname-i Dilküşâ, the Ottoman archives, in the Turkish baths, the masseurs were traditionally young men...
British East India Company's rule in India in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it was initially fairly common for British soldiers to engage in inter-ethnic prostitution in India,...
As British females began arriving in British India in large numbers from the early to mid-19th century, it became increasingly uncommon for British soldiers to visit Indian prostitutes,...
19th century: ... in 1857, which estimated that the County of London had 80,000 prostitutes and that 1 house in 60 was serving as a brothel....
20th century: Originally, prostitution was widely legal in the United States. Prostitution was made illegal in almost all states between 1910 and 1915 largely due to the influence of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. On the other hand, prostitution generated much national revenue in South Korea, hence military government encouraged the Prostitution for the U.S. military. ...
21st century: Since the break up of the Soviet Union, thousands of eastern European women end up as prostitutes in China, Western Europe, Israel, and Turkey every year; some enter the profession willingly, but many are tricked, coerced, or kidnapped, and often experience captivity and violence. There are tens of thousands of women from eastern Europe and Asia working as prostitutes in Dubai. Men from Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates form a large proportion of the customers.
Legality: Prostitution may be considered a form of exploitation (e.g., Sweden, Norway, Iceland, where it is illegal to buy sexual services, but not to sell them — the client commits a crime, but not the prostitute), a legitimate occupation (e.g., Netherlands, Germany, where prostitution is regulated as a profession) or a crime (e.g., many Muslim countries, where the prostitutes face severe penalties).
(In North Dakota women are always the victim of everything, and men are always the criminal of everything. It is legal for women to be prostitutes in North Dakota because the law will classify her a victim and give her many free money and services for her prostitution activities. But, the male John is the criminal and he goes to jail, and punished as a criminal. Often this gives way to false accusations against innocent males who are being victimized by women wanting free finacial services available to them. This increases the wrongful convcitions of innocent males.)
USA Government, and its Law Enforcement Thugs are Pimps. Your wife is their Ho, and you are the John.
Procuring (prostitution) - Pimp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)
"Pimp" and "pimping" redirect here. For other uses, see Pimp (disambiguation).
Procuring or pandering is the facilitation or provision of a prostitute or sex worker in the arrangement of a sex act with a customer. A procurer, colloquially called a pimp (if male) or a madam (if female), is an agent for prostitutes who collects part of their earnings. The procurer may receive this money in return for advertising services, physical protection, or for providing, and possibly monopolizing, a location where the prostitute may engage clients. Like prostitution, the legality of certain actions of a madam or a pimp vary from one region to the next....
Eunuch
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunuch
The term eunuch generally refers to a man who has been castrated... they have performed a wide variety of functions in many different cultures: courtiers or equivalent domestics, treble singers, religious specialists, soldiers, royal guards, government officials, and guardians of women or harem servants. Eunuchs would usually be servants or slaves who had been castrated in order to make them reliable servants... they could also be easily replaced or killed without repercussion. In cultures that had both harems and eunuchs, eunuchs were sometimes used as harem servants ...
ATLANTIC JIHAD: The Untold Story of White Slavery
Slavery in Medieval Europe: The Massive Enslavement of Eastern Europeans by Jews and Muslims
The Forgotten European Slaves of Barbary North Africa and Ottoman Turkey
Islam’s Eastern European slave trade by Muslim Turks (Ottoman) and Arabs
Eastern Europe Slave Trade (Part 1: Enslavement of Slavic People)
Muslim and Jewish slave trade and castration of the Slavs in the Middle Ages
White Slaves in America Untold Hidden History
White slavery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_slavery
Arab slave trade:
Volga trade route: Varangians (Vikings) who settled in Northwestern Russia in the early 9th century... The Rus used this route to trade with Muslim countries...
White Slavery in Iran: At the beginning of 19th century both white and black slaves were traded in Iran. The 1828 war with Russia put an end to the import of white slaves from the Russian Empire borderlands as it undermined the trade in Circassians and Georgians,...
Christian Slavery in Muslim Spain: They imported white Christian slaves from the 8th century until the Reconquista in the late 15th century. The slaves were exported from the Christian section of Spain, as well as Eastern Europe, by Jewish slave traders,...
Barbary slave trade: The North African slave markets traded in European slaves which were acquired by Barbary pirates in slave raids on ships and by raids on coastal towns from Italy to Spain, Portugal, France, England, the Netherlands, and as far afield as Iceland. Men, women, and children were captured to such a devastating extent that vast numbers of sea coast towns were abandoned. It is estimated that between 1500-1800, 1 million to 1.25 million white Christian Europeans were enslaved in North Africa, from the beginning of the 16th century to the middle of the 18th, by slave traders from Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli alone (these numbers do not include the European people which were enslaved by Morocco and by other raiders and traders of the Mediterranean Sea coast), and roughly 700 Americans were held captive in this region as slaves between 1785 and 1815.
Sixteenth- and 17th-century customs statistics suggest that Istanbul's additional slave import from the Black Sea may have totaled around 2.5 million from 1450 to 1700. The markets declined after the loss of the Barbary Wars and finally ended in the 1830s, when the region was conquered by France.
Ottoman slave trade: The main sources of slaves were war captives and organized enslavement expeditions in Africa, Eastern Europe and Circassia in the Caucasus. ... Enslavement of Europeans was banned in the early 19th century, ...
Crimean Khanate: In the time of the Crimean Khanate, Crimeans engaged in frequent raids into the Danubian principalities, Poland-Lithuania, and Muscovy. ...until the early 18th century, the khanate maintained a massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East, exporting about 2 million slaves from Russia and Poland-Lithuania over the period 1500–1700.
Slavery in ancient Rome: Slaves were drawn from all over Europe and the Mediterranean, including Gaul, Hispania, North Africa, Syria, Germany, Britannia, the Balkans, and Greece. Generally, slaves in Italy were indigenous Italians... convicts who lost their freedom as citizens (libertas), forfeited their property (bona) to the state, and became servi poenae, slaves as a legal penalty. Their status under the law was different from that of other slaves; they could not buy their freedom, be sold, or be set free. They were expected to live and die in the mines. ...In the Late Republic, about half the gladiators who fought in Roman arenas were slaves... The slaves imported in Italy were native Europeans, and very few of them had extra European origin.
Indentured servitude: An indentured servant or indentured labor is an employee (indenturee) within a system of unfree labor who is bound by a contract (indenture) to work for a particular employer for a fixed period of time. ...Many Irish came willingly, agreeing to provide up to seven years of labor in return for passage to the new world and food, housing, and shelter during their indenture. At the end of this period, their masters were legally required to grant them "freedom dues," in the form of either land or capital. Other servants were transported unwillingly: as political prisoners, vagrants, or people who had been defined as "undesirable" by the state. Until the late 18th century, indentured servitude was very common in British North America. It was often a way for poor Europeans to emigrate to the American colonies: ...Between one-half and two-thirds of white immigrants to the American colonies between the 1630s and American Revolution had come under indentures.
Ever wondered how so many mullato's came to be? It's because the masters wanted to increase their profits. The negroes brought more money at the slave auction, while white slaves were cheap. So the masters bred the negroes with the white slaves to produce mullato slaves which increased the masters profits...
The Irish Slave Trade – The Forgotten “White” Slaves
http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-irish-slave-trade-the-forgotten-white-slaves/31076
By the mid 1600s, the Irish were the main slaves sold to Antigua and Montserrat. At that time, 70% of the total population of Montserrat were Irish slaves. Ireland quickly became the biggest source of human livestock for English merchants. The majority of the early slaves to the New World were actually white.
From 1641 to 1652, over 500,000 Irish were killed by the English and another 300,000 were sold as slaves. Ireland’s population fell from about 1,500,000 to 600,000 in one single decade. Families were ripped apart as the British did not allow Irish dads to take their wives and children with them across the Atlantic. This led to a helpless population of homeless women and children. Britain’s solution was to auction them off as well.
During the 1650s, over 100,000 Irish children between the ages of 10 and 14 were taken from their parents and sold as slaves in the West Indies, Virginia and New England. In this decade, 52,000 Irish (mostly women and children) were sold to Barbados and Virginia. Another 30,000 Irish men and women were also transported and sold to the highest bidder. In 1656, Cromwell ordered that 2000 Irish children be taken to Jamaica and sold as slaves to English settlers.
African slaves were very expensive during the late 1600s (50 Sterling). Irish slaves came cheap (no more than 5 Sterling). If a planter whipped or branded or beat an Irish slave to death, it was never a crime....
(in many cases, girls as young as 12) to increase their market share: The settlers began to breed Irish women and girls with African men to produce slaves with a distinct complexion. These new “mulatto” slaves brought a higher price than Irish livestock and, likewise, enabled the settlers to save money rather than purchase new African slaves. This practice of interbreeding Irish females with African men went on for several decades and was so widespread that, in 1681, legislation was passed “forbidding the practice of mating Irish slave women to African slave men for the purpose of producing slaves for sale.” In short, it was stopped only because it interfered with the profits of a large slave transport company.
Slave Identification:
Human branding
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_branding
the process which a mark, usually a symbol or ornamental pattern, is burned into the skin of a living person, with the intention that the resulting scar makes it permanent. ... as a punishment or to identify an enslaved or otherwise oppressed person...
Marking the rightless: The origin may be the ancient treatment of a slave (often without legal rights) as livestock. European, American and other colonial slavers branded millions of slaves during the period of trans-Atlantic enslavement. Sometimes there were several brandings...
Ancient Romans marked runaway slaves with the letters FGV (for fugitivus).
An intermediate case between formal slavery and criminal law is when a convict is branded and legally reduced, with or without time limit, to a slave-like status, such as on the galleys (in France branded GAL or TF travaux forcés 'forced labour' until 1832), in a penal colony, or auctioned to a private owner.
As punishment: In criminal law, branding with a hot iron was a mode of punishment ...Brand marks have also been used as a punishment for convicted criminals, combining physical punishment, as burns are very painful, with public humiliation.... Robbers, like runaway slaves, were marked by the Romans with the letter F (fur); and the toilers in the mines, and convicts condemned to figure in gladiatorial shows, were branded on the forehead for identification.
The Acts of Sharbil record it applied, amongst other tortures, to a Christian between the eyes and on the cheeks in Parthian Edessa at the time of the Roman Emperor Trajan on a judge's order for refusal to sacrifice.
In the 16th century, German Anabaptists were branded with a cross on their foreheads for refusing to recant their faith and join the Roman Catholic church.
In the North-American Puritan settlements of the 17th century, men and women sentenced for adultery were branded with an "A" letter on their chest, and for other crimes, such as "D" for drunkenness and "B" for blasphemy.
Branding in American slavery: In Louisiana, there was a "black code", or Code Noir, which allowed the cropping of ears, shoulder branding, and the cutting of tendons above the knee as punishments for recaptured slaves. Slave owners used extreme punishments to stop flight, or escape. They would often brand the slaves' palms, shoulders, buttocks, or cheeks with a branding iron.
Branding was sometimes used to mark recaptured runaway slaves to help the locals easily identify the runaway.... Most slave owners would use whipping as their main method, but at other times they would use branding to punish their slaves. ... In South Carolina, there were many laws which permitted the punishments slaves would receive. When a slave ran away, if it was the first offense, the slave would receive no more than forty lashes. Then the second offense would be branding. The slave would have been marked with the letter R on their forehead signifying that they were a criminal, and a runaway
Branding in Britain: The punishment was adopted by the Anglo-Saxons, and the ancient law of England authorized the penalty. By the Statute of Vagabonds (1547) under King Edward VI, vagabonds and Gypsies were ordered to be branded with a large V on the breast, and brawlers with F for "fraymaker"; slaves who ran away were branded with S on the cheek or forehead. This law was repealed in England in 1550. From the time of Henry VII, branding was inflicted for all offences which received Benefit of clergy (branding of the thumbs was used around 1600 at Old Bailey to ensure that the accused who had successfully used the Benefit of Clergy defence, by reading a passage from the Bible, could not use it more than once), but it was abolished for such in 1822. In 1698 it was enacted that those convicted of petty theft or larceny, who were entitled to benefit of clergy, should be "burnt in the most visible part of the left cheek, nearest the nose." This special ordinance was repealed in 1707. James Nayler, a Quaker who in the year 1655 was accused of claiming to be the Messiah, convicted of blasphemy in a highly publicized trial before the Second Protectorate Parliament and had his tongue bored through and his forehead branded B for "blasphemer"....
Criminals were formerly ordered to hold up their hands before sentence to show if they had been previously convicted. In the 18th century, cold branding or branding with cold irons became the mode of nominally inflicting the punishment on prisoners of higher rank. ...Such cases led to branding becoming obsolete, and it was abolished in 1829 except in the case of deserters from the army, who were marked with the letter D, not with hot irons but by tattooing with ink or gunpowder. Notoriously bad soldiers were also branded with BC (bad character). The British Mutiny Act of 1858 provided that the court-martial might, in addition to any other penalty, order deserters to be marked on the left side, 2 inches (5 cm) below the armpit, with the letter D, such letter to be not less than an inch long. In 1879 this was abolished.
Branding in Russia: Branding in Russia was used quite extensively in the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century. Over time, red hot iron brands were gradually replaced by tattoo boards; criminals were first branded on the forehead and cheeks, later on the back and arms. Branding was totally abolished in 1863.
Babylonian Law The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences ..., Volume 3 Pg116
A slave was tattoed, or branded on the arm in Babylonian Law.
Babylonian law
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_law
A slave bore an identification mark, removable only by a surgical operation, that later consisted of his owner's name tattooed or branded on the arm.
How were Roman slaves identified? I know collars existed but seem to only have been put on slaves who ran away. Did they wear specific clothes?
Marking slaves was always a method to control property. It was not done as punishment or as an attempt to mark them as an inferior caste of men. Clothing was adapted to the job, not to status.
Most "home" slaves were allowed to wear ordinary working class clothes, meaning cheaper tunics and sandals. Some of them even wore expensive clothes, if this enhanced the status of their masters. They were not forced to wear bracelets, necklaces or similar. Everybody knew who they were and no one dared taking them away. However, on the larger plantations, where slaves were just a number and the risk of losing them to escape or raiding by thieves or covetous neighbors was great, branding, tattooing or wearing distinctive, hard to remove metal or leather arm or neck bands was current.
Also, fugitive slaves were branded and forced to wear visible markings indicating their status and deeds.
Slave collar saying: I am a fugitive. If you find me, hold me. I belong to Zoninus who will offer a reward for my return.
Copper Neck Tags Evoke the Experience of American Slaves Hired Out as Part-Time Laborers
a copper medallion 1.5 inches square, rough-edged and engraved ... a slave hire badge ...The tag likely hung from the neck of a slave for a calendar year, ... 1856, industrious and trusted enough to be leased out by his master for short-term hire but required by law to be licensed and to wear or carry a metal identification tag at all times. ... Urban slavery just prior to the Civil War accounted for less than 5 percent of the slave population in the United States. ...Badge laws existed in several Southern cities, urban centers such as Mobile and New Orleans, Savannah and Norfolk; the practice of hiring out slaves was common in both the rural and urban South....
Perhaps a quarter to a third of white Southern families were slaveholders. The rest of the population, according to Horton, likely contracted to purchase slave labor on a part-time basis. "This was especially true if you needed a skilled craftsman," says Horton. "The process proved quite profitable for the master. The slave might accrue some portion of the fee—he might get it all or he might get nothing."
Slavery in Babylon
Babylonian law
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_law
Much Babylonian legal precedent remained in force, even through the Persian, Greek and Parthian conquests, ... and it survived to influence Romans. ...The law of Assyria was derived from the Babylonian, but it conserved early features long after they had disappeared elsewhere....
The early history of Mesopotamia is the story of a struggle for supremacy between the cities... When the ancient Semitic-speaking peoples settled in the cities of Mesopotamia, their tribal customs passed over into city law... the Babylonians appending to their city laws that groups of aliens to the number of twenty at a time were free to enter the city; that foreign women, once married to Babylonian husbands, could not be enslaved; ... The population of Babylonia was multi-ethnic from early times...
Hammurabi's Code: ... http://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp
Three classes: The Code contemplates the whole population as falling into three classes: the amelu, the mushkenu and the ardu.
The amelu was originally a patrician, ... To this class belonged the king and court, the higher officials, the professions and craftsmen. Over time, the term became a mere courtesy title—already in the Code, when status is not concerned, it is used to denote anyone.
The mushkenu ...The term in time came to mean "a beggar", and that meaning has passed through Aramaic and Hebrew into many modern languages; but though the Code does not regard him as necessarily poor, he may have been landless. He was free but had to accept monetary compensation for corporal injuries, paid smaller fees and fines, and even paid less offerings to the gods. He inhabited a separate quarter of the city.
The ardu was a slave, his master's chattel, and formed a very numerous class. He could acquire property and even own other slaves. His master clothed and fed him and paid his doctor's fees, but took all compensation paid for injury done to him. His master usually found him a slave girl for a wife (the children were then born slaves), often set him up in a house (with farm or business) and simply took an annual rent of him. Otherwise, he might marry a free woman (the children were then free), who might bring him a dower that his master could not touch, and at his death, one-half of his property passed to his master as his heir. He could acquire his freedom by purchase from his master, or might be freed and dedicated to a temple, or even adopted, when he became an amelu and not a mushkenu. Slaves were recruited by purchase abroad, from captives taken in war, or by freemen degraded for debt or crime. A slave often ran away; if caught, the captor was bound to restore him to his master, and the Code fixes a reward of two shekels that the owner must pay the captor. It was about one-tenth of the average value of a slave. To detain or harbour a slave was punishable by death. So was aiding him to escape the city gates. A slave bore an identification mark, removable only by a surgical operation, that later consisted of his owner's name tattooed or branded on the arm. On the other hand, on the great estates in Assyria and its subject provinces there were many serfs, mostly of subject race, settled captives, or quondam slaves; tied to the soil they cultivated and sold with the estate, yet capable of possessing land and property of their own. There is little trace of serfs in Babylonia, unless the mushkenu is really a serf.
Citizens tenants of gods: The god of a city was originally considered the owner of its land, which encircled it with an inner ring of irrigable arable land and an outer fringe of pasture; the citizens were his tenants. The god and his vice regent, the king, had long ceased to disturb tenancy and were content with fixed dues in naturalia, stock, money or service.
Punishment: In the criminal code, the ruling principle was the lex talionis. Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, limb for limb was the penalty for assault upon an amelu. A sort of symbolic retaliation was the punishment for the offender, seen in cutting off the hand ... cutting off the breast ...loss of the tongue ... in the loss of the eye ... A person who brought another into danger of death by false accusation was punished by death. A perjurer was punished by the same penalty the perjurer sought to bring upon another. ...The death penalty was freely rendered ...Exile was inflicted ...The commonest of all penalties was a fine....The Code recognized the importance of intent. ...Throughout the Code, respect is paid to evidence. Suspicion was not enough. The criminal must be taken in the act ...In the case of a lawsuit, the plaintiff proferred his own plea. ...The more important cases, especially those involving life and death, were tried by a bench of judges. With the judges were associated a body of elders who shared in the decision... Parties and witnesses were put on oath. The penalty for false witness was usually the punishment that would have been awarded the victim if convicted.
In matters beyond human knowledge, such as the guilt or innocence of an alleged practitioner of magic or a suspected wife, the ordeal by water was used. The accused jumped into the sacred river, and the innocent swam while the guilty drowned. ...
Slavery in antiquity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity
Slavery in the ancient world, from the earliest known recorded evidence in Sumeria to the pre-medieval Antiquity Mediterranean cultures, comprised a mixture of debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime, and the enslavement of prisoners of war. ...The institution of slavery condemned a majority of slaves to agricultural and industrial labor and they lived hard lives. In many of these cultures slaves formed a very large part of the economy, and in particular the Roman Empire and some of the Greek City-States built a large part of their wealth on slaves acquired through conquest....
Ancient Near East: The Sumerian Code of Ur-Nammu includes laws relating to slaves, written circa 2100 – 2050 BCE; it is the oldest known tablet containing a law code surviving today. The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi, dating to c. 1700 BCE, also makes distinctions between the freeborn, freed and slave.
Hittite texts from Anatolia include laws regulating the institution of slavery. ...
Ancient Egypt: In Ancient Egypt, slaves were mainly obtained through prisoners of war. Other ways people could become slaves was by inheriting the status from their parents. One could also become a slave on account of his inability to pay his debts. Slavery was the direct result of poverty.
Ancient Greece: Most philosophers of classical antiquity defended slavery as a natural and necessary institution. Aristotle believed that the practice of any manual or banausic job should disqualify the practitioner from citizenship. Quoting Euripides, Aristotle declared all non-Greeks slaves by birth, fit for nothing but obedience. By the late 4th century BCE passages start to appear from other Greeks, especially in Athens, which opposed slavery and suggested that every person living in a city-state had the right to freedom ... In Ancient Athens, about 30% of the population were slaves. ... Athens had various categories of slave, such as:
House-slaves, living in their master's home and working at home, on the land or in a shop.
Freelance slaves, who didn't live with their master but worked in their master's shop or fields and paid him taxes from money they got from their own properties (insofar as society allowed slaves to own property).
Public slaves, who worked as police-officers, ushers, secretaries, street-sweepers, etc.
War-captives (andrapoda) who served primarily in unskilled tasks at which they could be chained: for example, rowers in commercial ships, or miners.
In some areas of Greece there existed a class of unfree laborers tied to the land and called penestae in Thessaly and helots in Sparta. ...
Ancient Rome: Rome differed from Greek city-states in allowing freed slaves to become Roman citizens. After manumission, a slave who had belonged to a citizen enjoyed not only passive freedom from ownership, but active political freedom (libertas), including the right to vote, though he could not run for public office. During the Republic, Roman military expansion was a major source of slaves. Besides manual labor, slaves performed many domestic services, and might be employed at highly skilled jobs and professions. Teachers, accountants, and physicians were often slaves. Greek slaves in particular might be highly educated. Unskilled slaves, or those condemned to slavery as punishment, worked on farms, in mines, and at mills.
Ancient Persia: In remarkable contrast to the other major ancient cultures of the region, the Achaemenid Persians, during the time of Cyrus the Great, formally banned most slavery of non-combatants within the empire. Indeed, Persepolis, the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Persians, was built with paid labor.
The Code of Hammurabi
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp
Marriage had many purposes such as ensuring the family estate passed on to the heirs chosen by the parents; Combining families assets; Business; Slavery; Prostitution; Etc....
Love, Sex, and Marriage in Ancient Mesopotamia
http://www.ancient.eu/article/688/
Arranged marriages were the norm, in which the couple had often never met, and there were even bridal auctions where women were sold to the highest bidder, but human relationships in ancient Mesopotamia were just as complex and layered as those today and part of that complexity was the emotion of love....
The Business of Marriage: Contrasted with romantic love and a couple sharing their lives together, however, is the `business side’ of marriage and sex. Herodotus reports that every woman, at least once in her lifetime, had to sit outside the temple of Ishtar (Inanna) and agree to have sex with whatever stranger chose her. This custom was thought to ensure the fertility and continued prosperity of the community. As a woman’s virginity was considered requisite for a marriage, it would seem unlikely that unmarried women would have taken part in this and yet Herodotus states that `every woman’ was required to. The practice of sacred prostitution, as Herodotus describes it, has been challenged by many modern-day scholars but his description of the bride auction has not. Herodotus writes: [Once a year in each village the young women eligible to marry were collected all together in one place; while the men stood around them in a circle. Then a herald called up the young women one by one and offered them for sale. He began with the most beautiful. When she was sold for a high price, he offered for sale the one who ranked next in beauty. All of them were then sold to be wives. The richest of the Babylonians who wished to wed bid against each other for the loveliest young women, while the commoners, who were not concerned about beauty, received the uglier women along with monetary compensation…All who liked might come, even from distant villages, and bid for the women. This was the best of all their customs but it has now fallen into disuse (Histories I: 196).]
[In the language of the Sumerians, the word for `love’ was a compound verb that, in its literal sense, meant `to measure the earth,’ that is, `to mark off land’. Among both the Sumerians and the Babylonians (and very likely among the Assyrians as well) marriage was fundamentally a business arrangement designed to assure and perpetuate an orderly society. Though there was an inevitable emotional component to marriage, its prime intent in the eyes of the state was not companionship but procreation; not personal happiness in the present but communal continuity for the future (275-276).]
This was, no doubt, the `official’ view of marriage and there is no evidence to suggest that a man and woman decided to simply get married on their own (although there is evidence of a couple living together without marrying). Bertman writes, “Every marriage began with a legal contract. Indeed, as Mesopotamian law stated, if a man should marry without having first drawn up and executed a marriage contract, the woman he `marries’ would not be his wife…
Marriage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage
It is often viewed as a contract. Civil marriage, which does not exist in some countries, is marriage without religious content carried out by a government institution in accordance with the marriage laws of the jurisdiction, and recognised as creating the rights and obligations intrinsic to matrimony. Marriages can be performed in a secular civil ceremony or in a religious setting via a wedding ceremony. The act of marriage usually creates normative or legal obligations between the individuals involved, and any offspring they may produce....
Since the late twentieth century, major social changes in Western countries have led to changes in the demographics of marriage, with the age of first marriage increasing, fewer people marrying, and more couples choosing to cohabit rather than marry. For example, the number of marriages in Europe decreased by 30% from 1975 to 2005....
The word "marriage" derives from Middle English mariage, which first appears in 1250–1300 CE. ... The related word "matrimony" derives from the Old French word matremoine, which appears around 1300 CE and ultimately derives from Latin mātrimōnium, ...
The customs of bride price and dowry, that exist in parts of the world, can lead to buying and selling people into marriage.... In some societies, ranging from Central Asia to the Caucasus to Africa, the custom of bride kidnapping still exists, in which a woman is captured by a man and his friends. Sometimes this covers an elopement, but sometimes it depends on sexual violence. In previous times, raptio was a larger-scale version of this, with groups of women captured by groups of men, sometimes in war; the most famous example is The Rape of the Sabine Women, which provided the first citizens of Rome with their wives....
A dowry is "a process whereby parental property is distributed to a daughter at her marriage (i.e. inter vivos) rather than at the holder's death (mortis causa)… A dowry establishes some variety of conjugal fund, the nature of which may vary widely. This fund ensures her support (or endowment) in widowhood and eventually goes to provide for her sons and daughters."...Direct Dowry contrasts with bridewealth, which is paid by the groom or his family to the bride's parents, and with indirect dowry (or dower), which is property given to the bride herself by the groom at the time of marriage and which remains under her ownership and control. ...
In the Jewish tradition, the rabbis in ancient times insisted on the marriage couple entering into a prenuptial agreement, called a ketubah. Besides other things, the ketubah provided for an amount to be paid by the husband in the event of a divorce or his estate in the event of his death. This amount was a replacement of the biblical dower or bride price, which was payable at the time of the marriage by the groom to the father of the bride....
Bridewealth: It is also known as brideprice although this has fallen in disfavor as it implies the purchase of the bride. Bridewealth is the amount of money or property or wealth paid by the groom or his family to the parents of a woman upon the marriage of their daughter to the groom...
Marriage law: A marriage bestows rights and obligations on the married parties ...Giving a husband/wife or his/her family control over a spouse's sexual services, labor, and property., Giving a husband/wife responsibility for a spouse's debts. ...
"Theoretically, women ... [were] defined as the property of their husbands ....Traditional marriage imposed an obligation of the wife to be sexually available for her husband and an obligation of the husband to provide material/financial support for the wife. ... Mary Wollstonecraft, in the 18th century, described marriage as "legal prostitution". Emma Goldman wrote in 1910: "To the moralist prostitution does not consist so much in the fact that the woman sells her body, but rather that she sells it out of wedlock". Bertrand Russell in his book Marriage and Morals wrote that:"Marriage is for woman the commonest mode of livelihood, and the total amount of undesired sex endured by women is probably greater in marriage than in prostitution." Angela Carter in Nights at the Circus wrote: "What is marriage but prostitution to one man instead of many?"...
Marriage is slavery
https://gynocentrism.com/2014/04/29/marriage-is-slavery/
Modern marriage evolved from a historical ritual designed to indenture slaves to masters, though most people have forgotten its history. However, many of the behaviors and rituals central to this history can still be discerned in modern marriage. ...
As symbolized on shields and other illustrations that place the knight in the ritual attitude of commendation, kneeling before his lady with his hands folded between hers, homage signified male service, not domination or subordination of the lady, and it signified fidelity, constancy in that service.” Like the description given by Kelly, men continue to go down on one knee and are quick to demonstrate humility by claiming the wedding is “her day”, betraying the origin and conception of marriage as more feudalistic in its structure than Christian. ... she tended to be the dominant power-holder in relation to the man. In the latter case the wife as more powerful figure is merely obeying -if she is obeying anything at all- her responsibilities as a kindly overlord to her husband. ...
The Medieval model of service to a feudal lord was transferred wholesale into relationships as “love service” of men toward ladies. Such service is the hallmark of romantic love and is characterized by men’s deference to a woman who is viewed as a moral superior. During this period women were often referred to by men as domnia (dominant rank), midons (my lord), and later dame (honored authority) which terms each draw their root from the Latin dominus meaning “master,” or “owner,” particularly of slaves. ...
How Marriage Today Is Slavery For Men
https://polsci101.wordpress.com/2009/12/05/how-marriage-today-is-slavery-for-men/
In “On The Subjugation of Women”, John Stewart Mill compared the institution of marriage to the institution of slavery. Mill argued that wives were like slaves because the laws at that time made them subject to the whims of their husbands. According to Mill, the laws at the time forced women to obey. In fact, Mill argued that women were worse off than slaves because women weren’t even free from their servitude even when they went to bed at night.
One hundred and forty years have passed since Mill wrote his essay, and many things have changed in this country around marriage laws. Most of these changes have been indisputably positive. If the pendulum was too far to the “men’s” side during Mill’s time, many of these laws have moved the pendulum towards the middle, where it should be. However, while it is politically incorrect to say so, I would argue that the the pendulum has swung over to the “woman’s” side so much so that the institution of marriage today is a form of slavery for men.
Today, marriage is perilous for a man. Between 40 and 50 percent of marriages end in divorce....Women bring the divorce around 70% of the time, and that number jumps to 90% when the woman is college-educated. ...The problem is that divorce laws today overwhelmingly favor women, which is significant if so many marriages end in divorce.... A man in the United States, therefore, is submitting to a form of slavery when choosing to get married. His wife has enormous legal power to make her husband into a wage slave, sperm bank, walking atm, retirement fund and general whipping boy simply by filing for a divorce. This is especially so if they have children together.
13 Facts on the History of Marriage
http://www.livescience.com/37777-history-of-marriage.html
War to end Slavery of the native European people...
Bombardment of Algiers (1816)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_%281816%29
The Bombardment of Algiers (27 August 1816) was an attempt by Britain and the Netherlands to end the slavery practices of Omar Agha, ...There was a continuing campaign by various European navies and the American navy to suppress the piracy against Europeans by the North African Barbary states. The specific aim of this expedition, however, was to free Christian slaves and to stop the practice of enslaving Europeans. To this end, it was partially successful, as the Dey of Algiers freed around 3,000 slaves following the bombardment and signed a treaty against the slavery of Europeans. However, this practice did not end completely until the French conquest of Algeria....
White Race refers to white slaves and white prostitutes... What is the White Race? According to this article white race referred to the Circassian Slaves placed in the Harems of prostitution by the Muslim slave traders. ...
The Circassian Gene
https://dnaconsultants.com/circassian-gene/
The Caucasian or white race derived its name from Circassian beauties prized in the ancient slave trade and medieval harems. This rare lineage attains high points in Russian, Turkish and Syrian populations. In Russia’s Belgorod (whose name means “white city”), it has a frequency of 11%. It is relatively common also in Lithuania, Estonia, Poland, Slovakia, Czechia, the Caucasus, Croatia, Slovenia and (naturally) Belarus (“White Russia”). There are few matches in African, Middle Eastern, East Asian and Native American populations.
Circassian slave girls and boys were the ideals of beauty in antiquity and the Muslim world, creating the notion of a “white” or Caucasian race at the top of a hierarchy of races in eighteenth century England and Germany. Ironically, the inhabitants of the Caucasus region today do not appear to be above-average in looks or whiteness.
From Sumerian Gods to Modern Day: The History of Slavery
http://www.ancient-origins.net/human-origins/sumerian-gods-modern-day-history-slavery-00442
Slavery as International Trade
The Arab-run slave trade flourished as early as the 8 th century, and was active along Arabia, East Africa, and the Indian Ocean. In fact, slaves proved to be a profitable business in the early middle ages and were sold by Jewish merchants (as early of the 5 th century CE) and Muslim merchants, as well as Viking raiders. In fact, the term ‘slave’ originates from the word sklabos, or Slav , of which the Islamic world was known as a great importer . Slavs were commonly traded in Central Europe and the East, while the Vikings traded the English, the Irish, and the Scottish in the West.
Mediterranean and Atlantic merchants also dealt in the slave trade, some almost exclusively. The Venetian and Genoese were leaders of the trade in the late middle ages, and were in league with a Mongolean leader. Many of their slaves came from Russian provinces.
In 1441, the Portuguese opened the African slave market when they began selling slaves they brought to Portugal. The Spanish, the Dutch, the British and the Irish all attributed wealth to their economies through the slave trade. While the Portuguese and the Spanish are attributed with the establishment of the Atlantic slave trade, the British became a main exporter of Africans after 1600.
In 1792, Denmark-Norway became the first European country to ban slavery, though it had been abolished in Iceland since 1117. ...
An Address Delivered in Cork, Ireland, October 23, 1845.
https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/douglass/support8.html
Abolitionist Frederick Douglass speaks to a packed house in Cork on the subject of slavery....
Read: Full Speech From Frederick Douglass in Cork
The Untold Story Of White Slavery ( Ottoman Turks, Arab And Barbary Muslim Slave Trade)
https://archive.org/details/TheUntoldStoryOfWhiteSlaveryOttomanTurksArabAndBarbaryMuslimSlaveTrade
Between the Umayyad and the Abbasid Empires, many slaves were brought from Iberia, especially Cordoba and Andalusia. Furthermore, envoys of the British Empire to the Persian Gulf and the Middle East between the early 19th and early 20th Centuries CE, mention in their memoirs the enslaving of Georgians, Armenians and Circassians. These slaves were naturalized and given tribal affiliations under slavery abolishment treaties signed between the tribal chieftains—or emirs—and the envoys of the British Empire. This could be a reason for the presence of haplogroup R in the Middle East. (Mohammad et al., 2009).
SOURCE: Synthetic review on the genetic relatedness between North Africa and Arabia deduced from paternal lineage distributions https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271849020_Synthetic_review_on_the_genetic_relatedness_between_North_Africa_and_Arabia_deduced_from_paternal_lineage_distributions
MtDNA profile of West Africa Guineans: towards a better understanding of the Senegambia region
The matrilineal genetic composition of 372 samples from the Republic of Guiné-Bissau (West African coast) was studied using RFLPs and partial sequencing of the mtDNA control and coding region. The majority of the mtDNA lineages of Guineans (94%) belong to West African specific sub-clusters of L0-L3 haplogroups. A new L3 sub-cluster (L3h) that is found in both eastern and western Africa is present at moderately low frequencies in Guinean populations. A non-random distribution of haplogroups U5 in the Fula group, the U6 among the "Brame" linguistic family and M1 in the Balanta-Djola group, suggests a correlation between the genetic and linguistic affiliation of Guinean populations. The presence of M1 in Balanta populations supports the earlier suggestion of their Sudanese origin. Haplogroups U5 and U6, on the other hand, were found to be restricted to populations that are thought to represent the descendants of a southern expansion of Berbers....
Roman Slave of Britannia, Shackled, And Thrown In A Ditch To Die
https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/roman-slave-0015417
This is how one British Roman slave died at the hands of Roman invaders....
The enslaved man’s ankles were bound together with heavy, locked iron fetters, and he was thrown into a ditch, face first, and left to die in the most undignified manner imaginable...between 226 AD and 427 AD....
it is estimated that as a whole during the period 260–425 AD, “the slave population of the Roman Empire was just under five million, representing 10–15% of the total population of 50–60 million inhabitants.”...
The Sack of Baltimore | The Irish Village of Baltimore is attacked by Algerian pirates.
The Sack of Baltimore was attacked by Algerian pirates from the North African Barbary Coast. The attack was the biggest single attack by the Barbary pirates on Ireland or Britain. The attack was led by a Dutch captain turned pirate, Jan Janszoon van Haarlem, also known as Murad Reis the Younger...They captured 108 English settlers, who worked a pilchard industry in the village, and some local Irish people. The attack was focused on the area of the village known to this day as the Cove. The villagers were put in irons and taken to a life of slavery in North Africa. Some prisoners were destined to live out their days as galley slaves, while others would spend long years in the seclusion of the Sultan’s harem or within the walls of the Sultan’s palace as laborers....
BEFORE THE ARABS AND JEWS DEALT IN NIGGER SLAVES MOST ALL SLAVES IN EUROPE WERE NATIVE EUROPEANS. IF A SLAVE ESCAPED HE WORE A SLAVE COLLAR, AND REALLY BAD SLAVES WERE TATOOED...
“Hold Me Or I Will Run!” Roman Slave Collars Came With A Warning
https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-ancient-traditions/roman-slave-collar-0015780
the slave who bore this collar had run away and was likely to run away again.... The collar was made from iron and bronze....not all slaves were burdened with wearing one. This punishment seems to be limited to slaves who had escaped and were recaptured. ...
Those slaves on the run faced worse punishment than a collar if they were recaptured. Many Roman slaves were often tattooed on the face or forehead, indicating the extremity of their crimes to future slavers....
In Ancient Rome, it was estimated that one-third of the population existed as slaves. Slaves made up the manual labor force, working in commerce, trade, entertainment, artisan skills, brothels, and the fields. In the eyes of the Romans, an empire without slaves was not an empire at all.... Testament to the brutal grip the Romans exerted, there were only three famous widespread slave rebellions. The first servile war of Eunus in 135-132 BC, the second servile war of Salvius Tryphon in 104-100 BC, and the third Servile war of Spartacus in 73-71 BC. ...
Running away became such a concern that entire businesses were dedicated to the recapture of fleeing slaves. It was very common for magicians to sell spells of invisibility to desperate slaves trying to leave.... Along with selling to desperate slaves, magicians also sold to the slave owners. Supernatural spells for slave recovery were common....
AFTER ROMANS STOLE SICILY FROM THE BERBERS, THE RICH FARMERS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE SENT ALOT OF NATIVE EUROPEAN SLAVES TO WORK IN SICILY FARM FIELDS. THE RICH FARMERS WERE CRUEL AND OPPRESSIVE CAUSING SLAVE REVOLTS, THE FIRST LED BY EUNUS A SYRIAN SLAVE WHO WAS FREED BY THE GODS....
Eunus: Slave ‘King’ and Leader of the First Servile War
https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-famous-people/eunus-0015733
The First Servile War was a large-scale slave revolt that lasted from 135 to 132 BC. The uprising, which broke out on the island of Sicily, pitted the rebellious slaves against the Roman Republic. The slaves were led by a man named Eunus, who claimed to be a prophet. ... In 241 BC, the Carthaginians were defeated by the Romans in the First Punic War, and were forced to cede the island of Sicily to them. The island became a province of the Roman Republic...The soil of the island was extremely fertile, which made it highly suitable for agriculture...rich Romans bought large tracts of land on the island. In order to work their fields, the Roman landowners relied on slave labor. While some of these slaves were prisoners of war, others were bought from the slave markets of the eastern Mediterranean, i.e. Rhodes and Delos. As a result of this practice, the Sicilian countryside was soon crowded with slaves....
Diodorus Siculus provides a vivid account of the First Servile War, including the living conditions of the Sicilian slaves prior to the rebellion. The ancient Greek historian observed that the slaves were treated like animals, as they were “driven in droves like so many herds of cattle from the different places where they were bred and brought up”, and “were branded with certain marks burnt on their bodies”. Additionally, Diodorus claimed that the slaves were treated badly by their masters, “their masters were very strict and severe with them, and took no care to provide either necessary food or clothing for them”. Consequently, the slaves were forced to rob and steal for these necessities, so much so that “all places were full of slaughters and murders, as if an army of thieves and robbers had been dispersed all over the island”.... According to Diodorus, the provincial governors “did what they could to suppress them; but they did not dare punish them, because the masters, who possessed the slaves, were rich and powerful”....
Diodorus provides three pieces of information regarding Eunus’ background. Firstly, he was a Syrian form the town of Apameia. Secondly, his owner was a man by the name of Antigenes of Enna. Thirdly, he was a magician and conjurer. This third piece of information is important, as Diodorus states that “he pretended to foretell future events, revealed to him (as he said) by the gods in his dreams..." Eunus’ most audacious claim, however, was that “the Syrian goddess had appeared to him, and told him that he should reign”. Eunus told this to everyone he met, including his master.... Eunus did become a king, as a result of the slave revolt, and, according to Diodorus, he rewarded those who had been kind to him...
When the slaves of Damphilus and Megallis decided that they would not tolerate the cruel treatment of their masters any longer, they resorted to killing them....As Diodorus describes: “Then entering the houses, they made such a great a slaughter, that they did not even spare even the suckling children, but plucked them violently from their mother's breasts and dashed them against the ground. It cannot be expressed how vilely and filthily, for the satisfying of their lusts, they used men's wives in the very presence of their husbands.” ...
Eunus would later adopt the name Antiochus, in honor of the Seleucid kings who ruled his native Syria.
NATIVE AMERINDS WERE GENOCIDED BY VIRUS' ORIGINATING IN AFRICA AND TRANSPORTED TO AMERICA BY MONKEY PEOPLE, AND GORILLA/MONKEY/NIGGER HYBRIDS DURING SLAVE TRADE. SIMILAR EVENTS GENOCIDED NATIVE EUROPEANS DURING MONKEY PEOPLE MIGRATIONS INTO EUROPE....
Transatlantic slave trade introduced novel pathogenic viruses in the Americas
https://phys.org/news/2021-09-transatlantic-slave-pathogenic-viruses-americas.html
The transatlantic slave trade may have introduced new pathogenic viruses from Africa to North America that affected Indigenous communities, shows an analysis of ancient DNA published in eLife. The findings suggest that European colonists brought new viruses, including smallpox, measles and mumps, to North America, which caused outbreaks that led to major population declines in Native American communities....
"Multiple outbreaks in what is now Mexico killed millions of Indigenous people, Africans and some Europeans in the 16th century... identify ancient human hepatitis B virus and human B19 parvovirus from different individuals. By comparing these virus' genomes to others, they found that the viruses likely originated in Africa. "Our results suggest that the viruses were introduced to the Americas by colonists engaged in the slave trade,"...
MOST OF THE APE-HOMOS SPREAD INTO THE WORLD WHEN IRRESPONSIBLE HOMOS EXPLOITED THE PART APE PART HOMO FOR PROFIT AND GREED BECUZ PART ANIMALS WERE PHYSICALLY BETTER SLAVES THAN THE HOMOS...
Kunta Kinteh - The African Island at the Heart of the Slave Trade
https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-africa/kunta-kinteh-0016208
Gambia River having been the pulsating artery of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. One island in particular stood out as the central port and a strategic spot where ships arrived for centuries - often to carry away slaves. Today the island is known as Kunta Kinteh, and it remains one of Gambia’s most visited locations... As the great maritime voyagers of Europe sailed the oceans in the search for a sea route to India, they inevitably stumbled upon the shores of Africa...The first explorers to reach Kunta Kinteh island were Portuguese. In May of 1456... the Portuguese managed to acquire the island from the local rulers, starting the construction of a strategic fort almost at once. Opposite the island, they began building a settlement known as San Domingo. Soon enough the island became the focal point of the cultural exchange between Europe and Africa....
The vast majority of African slaves that were shipped out across the Atlantic from this island were actually delivered to the European traders by other Africans. They were either captives from the numerous intertribal wars, were sold due to unpaid debts, or were simply kidnapped and then sold. Either way, the European settlers had stumbled upon a complex network of warring African tribes, most of which were eager to sell their compatriots and sentence them to a grim fate across the world’s oceans.
Soon after its discovery by the Portuguese, St. Andrew’s island - as it was called - had its name changed. With the later arrival of other Europeans, it became known as James Island. That name would stick with it until 2011, when it would receive a new name - Kunta Kinteh Island.... The island’s next owners came from the distant Baltic region of Europe. It was acquired by a company belonging to the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (today identified with Latvia). Around 1651... Dutch had brief control of the island from 1659, until the arrival of the English.... over the following decades, the French and the British repeatedly feuded over the possession of the island... By 1815, James Island was abandoned for good, and the fort was no longer rebuilt....
400-year-old Ship Figurehead from 80 Years War Caught By Dutch Shrimpers!
https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/ship-figurehead-0017155
Barry, The Ship Figurehead, And His “Liberty Slave” Cap
Referring to the Phrygian cap that was so obvious on the head of the statue, Bartels added, “This hat symbolizes freedom and independence. The Phrygians were enslaved by the Romans. Slaves were shaved bald. When released from slavery, [Phrygians] wore a cap to hide their baldness and signify their freedom.”
In fact, European and colonial cultures used red Phrygian caps to symbolize liberty for centuries. During the French and American revolutions, they would become symbols of allegiance to the cause, and several peoples in Eastern Europe, Anatolia, and the Balkans adopted the symbol of the Phrygians.
The original cap of liberty was adopted by the emancipated slaves of Rome and referred to as the “pileus,” attributed to Libertas, the Roman goddess of liberty. The oldest depiction of this cap has been founded at Persepolis in Iran, the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC), when freed Persians, Medes, and Scythians all adopted the freedom cap....
Evidence Emerges that Ancient Egyptians Used Branding Irons on Human Slaves
https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/branding-slaves-0017518
It has long been known from carvings and tomb paintings that the ancient Egyptians used branding irons to mark their cattle. Now a new study presents evidence that they also used branding stamps on human slaves... textual evidence in the form of ancient Egyptian writings that talk of “marking” slaves. It has often been assumed that slaves were marked using tattoos, however, Ms Karev presents substantial evidence that tattoos in ancient Egypt were used exclusively for religious and decorative purposes, while branding was used to mark property.... There were three types of slaves in Ancient Egypt – chattel slaves, who were mostly captives of war; bonded laborers, who were individuals that sold themselves or their children into slavery to pay off debts; and forced laborers, who were workers hired by the ancient Egyptian government. They were required to perform labour as a duty to the State, but they were paid wages for their work.... “marking” was only performed on slaves that were foreigners.....