Spain
Oldest human genome from southern Spain
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/03/230301120829.htm
The 23,000-year-old individual from Cueva del Malalmuerzo near Granada finally adds data from the time when large parts of Europe were covered by massive ice sheets. The study describes a direct genetic link between a 35,000-year-old individual from Belgium and the new genome from Malalmuerzo. "Thanks to the high quality of our data we were able to detect traces of one of the first genetic lineages that settled Eurasia 45,000 years ago. Importantly, we found similarities with a 35,000-year-old individual from Belgium whose ancestry we can now trace further to the 23,000-year-old individual from southern Iberia,"...
It also confirms the important role of the Iberian Peninsula as a refuge for human populations during the last Ice Age. From there, humans migrated northwards and eastwards once the ice sheets had retreated. "With Malalmuerzo, we managed to find the right place and the right time period to trace a Palaeolithic human group back to one of the proposed Ice Age refugia. It is remarkable to find such a long-lasting genetic legacy on the Iberian Peninsula, especially since this pre-Ice Age ancestry had long since disappeared in other parts of Europe,"...
"In Malalmuerzo, we found no evidence of a genetic contribution from North African lineages, and conversely, there is no evidence of a genetic contribution from southern Spain in the genomes of the 14,000-year-old individuals from the Taforalt cave in Morocco,"...
U5 are Saami, and U6 are Imazighen. U5 also majority among the first people of Europe Basques of the early Paleolithic. U8 paleolithic in Basque Country. And if U-mtdna hg was the female companion of the R-Ydna hg then it stands to reason that the R1b were the decendants, and were in Britain at least 10,000 to 15,000 years ago just based on the Goughs cave, and Cheddar man finds. Villabruna was R1b dated 14,000 ybp found in Italy with ancestry linked to 19,000 ybp Iberians. Malta boy found in Siberia was R Ydna dated to 24,000 ybp along with Venus figurines similar to ones found in Europe. U, U2, and U6 mtdna in Europe 43,000 ybp, and her ancestor mother N mtdna in Europe 47,000 ybp. U5 in Europe at least 31,000 ybp. U8 in Europe 50,000 ybp. Summing just this little bit of evidence tells that west Europe and Siberia were connected throughout the last 47,000 years at least.
Prehistoric Iberia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia
The prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula begins with the arrival of the first hominins 1.2 million years ago... to be the seat of the earliest civilizations of Western Europe....Around 200,000 BC, during the Lower Paleolithic period, Neanderthals first entered the Iberian Peninsula. Around 70,000 BC, during the Middle Paleolithic period the last ice age began and the Neanderthal Mousterian culture was established. The Escoural Cave has evidence of human activity starting in the Middle Palaeolithic, with an estimated date of 50,000 years BP. Around 35,000 BC, during the Upper Paleolithic, the Neanderthal Châtelperronian cultural period began. Emanating from Southern France this culture extended into Northern Iberia. This culture continued to exist until around 28,000 BC when Neanderthal man faced extinction, their final refuge has been said to be Gibraltar. Note: Neanderthal from the British & Irish Isles was pushed south by the ice age along with R1b, or Neanderthal met R1b in Iberia. Neanderthal became extinct by Genocide from interbreeding, and/or mass extermination, or both have been hypothesized. )
The prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula begins with the arrival of the first hominins 1.2 million years ago and ends with the arrival of the Phoenicians, when the territory enters the domains of written history.... Archaeological industries of the Middle Paleolithic in Iberia lasted until about 28,000 or 26,000 BC. During this period, the Mousterian culture was replaced by the Aurignacian culture. The Mousterian culture is associated with Neanderthals and the Aurignacian culture is associated with modern humans....
Archaic Aurignacian: found in Cantabria (Morín and El Pendo caves)... c. 28,500 BP, but the occupation dates for El Pendo (where it's older than Chatelperronian layers) must be of earlier date.
Typical Aurignacian: is found in Cantabria (Morín, El Pendo, Castillo), the Basque Country (Santimamiñe) and Catalonia.... 32,425 and 29,515 BP.
Evolved Aurignacian: is found in Cantabria (Morin, El Pendo, El Otero, Hornos de la Peña), Asturias (El Cierro, El Conde) and Catalonia.
Final Aurignacian: in Cantabria (El Pendo), after the Gravettian interlude....
Aurignacian remains have been found sparsely distributed in the Lands of Valencia (Les Mallaetes) and Murcia (Las Pereneras) and Andalusia (Higuerón), as far west as Gibraltar (Gorham's Cave). The C dates available are: 29,100 BP (Les Mallaetes), 28,700 and 27,860 BP (Gorham's Cave).
The remains of a child dated to ca. 24,500 years BP, known as the Lapedo child, were discovered in Lagar Velho, in Leiria Municipality....
Gravettian: The Gravettian culture followed the steps of the Aurignacian expansion but its remains are not very abundant in the Cantabrian area (north),...while in the southern region they are more common.... In the Cantabrian area all Gravettian remains belong to late evolved phases and are found always mixed with Aurignacian technology. two phases characterized by the amount of Gravettian elements: the phase A has a 14 C date of c.20,710 BP and the phase B is of later date....
The Solutrean culture shows its earliest appearances in Laugerie Haute (Dordogne, France) and Les Mallaetes (Land of Valencia), with radiocarbon dates of 21,710 and 20,890 BP respectively.... The Cantabrian facies...between 20,970 and 19,000 BP...
Magdalenian culture...The dates for this early Magdalenian period oscillate between 16,433 BP for Rascaño cave (Rascaño facies), 15,988 and 15,179 BP for the same cave (El Juyo facies) and 15,000 BP for Altamira (Castillo facies). For the Basque Country facies the cave of abauntz has given 15,800 BP....The upper Magdalenian...are two facies (called A and B) that appear geographically intertwined, though the facies A (dates: 15,400–13,870 BP) is absent in the Basque Country and the facies B (dates 12,869–12,282 BP) is rare in Asturias.... In the Mediterranean area, Catalonia again is directly connected with the French sequence, at least in the late phases. Instead the rest of the region shows a unique local evolution known as Parpallense....
Together with France, the Iberian peninsula is one of the prime areas of Paleolithic cave paintings...they are close to the coast in Cantabria, Asturias and the Basque Country. This artistic manifestation is found most importantly in the northern Cantabrian area, where the earliest manifestations, for example the Caves of Monte Castillo are as old as Aurignacian times.... The practice of this mural art increases in frequency in the Solutrean period, when the first animals are drawn, but it is not until the Magdalenian cultural phase when it becomes truly widespread, being found in almost every cave....
Epipaleolithic and Mesolithic: Around 10,000 BC, an interstadial deglaciation called the Allerød Oscillation occurred, weakening the rigorous conditions of the last ice age. This climatic change also represents the end of the Upper Palaeolithic period, beginning the Epipaleolithic. Depending on the terminology preferred by any particular source, the Mesolithic begins after the Epipaleolithic, or includes it. If the Epipaleolithic is not included in it, the Mesolithic is a relatively brief period in Iberia. As the climate became warmer, the late Magdalenian peoples of Iberia modified their technology and culture....
Azilian and Asturian: The first Epipaleolithic culture is the Azilian, also known as microlaminar microlithism in the Mediterranean. This culture is the local evolution of Magdalenian...(this transition dated to 11,760 BP). Full Azilian in the same site is dated to 8,150 BP... The Asturian culture was a successor to the Azilian, moved slightly to the west, whose distinctive tool was a pick-axe for picking limpets off rocks.
Neolithic: In the 6th millennium BC, Andalusia experiences the arrival of the first agriculturalists. Their origin is uncertain (though North Africa is a serious candidate) but they arrive with already developed crops (cereals and legumes)....They also consumed large amounts of olives...soon after the arrival of agriculture, the first dolmen tombs begin to be built c. 4800 BC, being possibly the oldest of their kind anywhere.... C. 4700 BC Cardium pottery Neolithic culture (also known as Mediterranean Neolithic) arrives to Eastern Iberia. While some remains of this culture have been found as far west as Portugal, its distribution is basically Mediterranean...
Chalcolithic: extensive exchange networks that would reach to the Baltic and Africa. The conventional date for the beginning of Chalcolithic in Iberia is c. 3000 BC.... The Beaker culture was present in Iberia during the Chalcolithic....expanding from Iberia along the Atlantic coast, spreading knowledge of Mediterranean copper metallurgy.... a mobile cultural elite imposing itself over the indigenous substrate populations....the "Beaker folk" as small groups of highly mobile traders and artisans....
The study by Olalde et al. (2017) found only "limited genetic affinity" between individuals associated with the Beaker complex in Iberia and in Central Europe, suggesting that migration played a limited role in its early spread from Iberia. However, the same study found that the further dissemination of the mature Beaker complex was very strongly linked to migration. The spread and fluidity of the Beaker culture back and forth between the Rhine and its origin source in the peninsula may have introduced high levels of steppe-related ancestry, resulting in a near-complete transformation of the local gene pool within a few centuries, to the point of replacement of about 90% of the local Mesolithic-Neolithic patrilineal lineages.
The origin of the "Bell Beaker" artefact itself has been traced to the early 3rd millennium. The earliest examples of the "maritime" Bell Beaker design have been found at the Tagus estuary in Portugal, radiocarbon dated to c. the 28th century BC...Turek has recorded late Neolithic precursors in northern Africa, arguing the Maritime style emerged as a result of seaborne contacts between Iberia and Morocco in the first half of the third millennium BCE. In only a few centuries of their maritime spread, by 2600 BC. they had reached the rich lower Rhine estuary and further upstream into Bohemia and beyond the Elbe where they merged with Corded Ware culture, as also in the French coast of Provence and upstream the Rhone into the Alps and Danube....
Megaliths were created during this period, having started earlier, during the late 5th, and lasting until the early 2nd millennium BC.... expands along the Atlantic regions and also through the south of the peninsula (additionally it's also found in virtually all European Atlantic regions). In contrast, most of the interior and the Mediterranean regions remain refractary to this phenomenon.... Like in other parts of Europe, the Bell Beaker phenomenon (speculated to be of trading or maybe religious nature) does not significantly alter the cultures it inserts itself in. Instead the cultural contexts that existed previously continue basically unchanged by its presence.
Bronze Age: The center of Bronze Age technology is in the southeast since c. 1800 BC...
Iron Age: The Iron Age in the Iberian peninsula has two focuses: the Hallstatt-related Iron Age Urnfields of the North-East and the Phoenician colonies of the South. During the Iron Age, considered the protohistory of the territory, the Celts came, in several waves, starting possibly before 600 BC....Since the late 8th century BC, the Urnfield culture of North-East Iberia began to develop Iron metallurgy and, eventually, elements of the Hallstatt culture....some offshoots have been detected along the Iberian Mountains, possibly a prelude to the formation of the Celtiberi....
The north-west Castro culture, in today's Galicia and northern Portugal, a Celtic culture with peculiarities, due to the persistence of aspects of an earlier Atlantic Bronze Age culture.... The Lusitanian culture, the precursor of the Lusitani tribe, located in what is today's central Portugal and Extremadura in western Spain, is generally not considered Celtic since the Lusitanian language does not meet some the accepted definitions of a Celtic language. Its relationship with the surrounding Celtic culture is unclear. Some believe it was essentially a pre-Celtic Iberian culture with substantial Celtic influences, while others argue that it was an essentially Celtic culture with strong indigenous pre-Celtic influences. There have been arguments for classifying its language as either Italic, a form of archaic Celtic, or proto-Celtic.... After c. 600 BC, the Urnfields of the North-East were replaced by the Iberian culture, in a process that wasn't completed until the 4th century BC. This physical separation from their continental relatives would mean that the Celts of the Iberian peninsula never received the cultural influences of La Tène culture, including Druidism.
Phoenician colonies and influence: The Phoenicians of Asia, Greeks of Europe, and Carthaginians of Africa all colonized parts of Iberia to facilitate trade. During the 10th century BC, the first contacts between Phoenicians and Iberia (along the Mediterranean coast) were made....Gadir (modern Cádiz)... Contrary to myth, there is no record of Phoenician colonies west of the Algarve (namely Tavira), even though there might have been some voyages of discovery. Phoenician influence in what is now Portuguese territory was essentially through cultural and commercial exchange with Tartessos...
there is no real evidence to support the myth of a Phoenician foundation of the city of Lisbon as far back as 1300 BC, under the name Alis Ubbo ("Safe Harbour"), even if in this period there are organized settlements in Olissipona (modern Lisbon, in Portuguese Estremadura) with Mediterranean influences....
Greek colonies: The Greek colony at what now is Marseilles began trading with the Iberians on the eastern coast around the 8th century BC. The Greeks finally founded their own colony at Ampurias, in the eastern Mediterranean shore (modern Catalonia), during the 6th century BC beginning their settlement in the Iberian peninsula. There are no Greek colonies west of the Strait of Gibraltar, only voyages of discovery. There is no evidence to support the myth of an ancient Greek founding of Olissipo (modern Lisbon) by Odysseus.
The Tartessian culture: The Tartessian culture of southern Iberia actually is the local culture as modified by the increasing influence of eastern Mediterranean elements, especially Phoenician. Its core area is Western Andalusia, but soon extends to Eastern Andalusia, Extremadura and the Lands of Murcia and Valencia, where a Tartessian complex, rooted in the local Bronze cultures, is in the last stages of the Bronze Age (ninth-eighth centuries BC) before Phoenician influences can be seen clearly. The full Tartessian culture, beginning c.720 BC, also extends to southern Portugal, where is eventually replaced by Lusitanian culture....
The Iberian culture: In the Iberian culture people were organized in chiefdoms and states....Greek influences...By the middle of the 5th century, aristocratic power was increased and resulted in the abandonment and transformation of the orientalizing model. The oppidum appeared and became the socio-economic model of the aristocratic class....
Iberian funerary customs are dominated by cremation necropolis, that are partly due to the persistent influences of the Urnfield culture, but they also include burial customs imported from the Greek cultural area (mudbrick rectangular mound)....
Post-Tartessos Iron Age: The first form of writing in western Iberia (south of Portugal), the Southwest Paleohispanic script (still to be translated), dated to the 6th century BC, denotes strong Tartessian influence in its use of a modified Phoenician alphabet....In the 4th century BC, the Celtici appear, a late expansion of Celtic culture into the south west...
Arrival of Romans and Punic Wars: During the 4th century BC, Rome began to rise as a Mediterranean power rival to the north African based Carthage. After suffering defeat to the Romans in the First Punic War (264–241 BC), the Carthaginians began to extend their power into the interior of Iberia from their south eastern coastal settlements but this empire was to be short lived. In the Second Punic War (218–202 BC), the Carthaginian general Hannibal marched his armies, which included Iberians, from Iberia, across the Pyrenees and the Alps and attacked the Romans in Italy. Despite many victories, he was finally defeated and the Romans took revenge by destroying Carthage. Starting in the north-east, Rome began its conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.
Archaeogenetics: In recent years, the DNA of individuals from Neolithic and Chalcolithic Iberia has been analyzed. With regards to Y-DNA, most Iberians from this period have been found to be carriers of I2a and subclades of it. R1b, G, and H also occurs. With regards to mtDNA, H, V, X, J, K, T and N has been found.
Genetic history of the Spaniards and the Portuguese
http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/spain_portugal_dna.shtml
The Iberian peninsula has a varied and mountainous landscape that has promoted regional division and the isolation of human settlement throughout prehistory and during most of history, until the development of modern transportation....
A wide range of peoples have settled in Iberia since the end of the last Ice Age. Phoenicians, Celts, Greeks, Jews, Romans, Goths, Suebi, Franks, Arabs and Berbers....
The modern Iberian gene pool is overwhelmingly Mediterranean, and yet the sequencing of a 7,000 year-old hunter-gatherer from La Braña in Asturias, revealed that Mesolithic Iberian shared much closer genetic affinities to modern Northeast Europeans...This shows just how much the genetic landscape of the peninsula has changed in the course of a few eventful millennia. ...
Paleolithic: Iberia was one of the last region of Europe reached by anatomically modern humans, and therefore also one of the last stronghold for Neanderthals. Modern humans are thought to have reached Iberia from France approximately 28,000 years ago. The last pure Neanderthals may have survived until 24,000 years ago around Gibraltar....
The presence of all three haplogroups alongside Mesolithic U5 in North Africa, Iberia and Northeast Europe point to a common Mesolithic origin. Besides, all four haplogroups are equally rare in the Middle East and follow a north-south gradient indicating an introgression from Europe in historical times....
Neolithic: Neolithic farmers would have brought a whole new set of haplogroups ...The Y-chromosomal DNA of Neolithic farmers has been tested in various sites around south-east, central and western Europe, and all of them included a majority of haplogroup G2a....
There is overwhelming evidence that Neolithic farmers intermingle with some of the Mesolithic foragers they encountered. Haplogroups F, I1 and I2 were all found next to G2a in various sites tested. Additionally, the Sardinians are the modern European population who are the most closely related to Neolithic farmers,...
Likewise, other branches of haplogroup I found in Iberia today, namely I1 and I2a2a (M223), originated in other parts of Europe and arrived to Iberia much later, brought by Germanic tribes in the fifth century CE...
The presence of G2a and other Near Eastern lineages like E1b1b, J1, J2a and T among both the Basques and Sardinians confirms the mixed Mesolithic and Neolithic origin of both populations, and further corroborates the hypothesis of an early assimilation of indigenous Europeans by Near Eastern farmers and herders....
North African Route: Just like their G2a counterparts in Europe, the original J1 and T herders would have mixed with the indigenous populations they encountered on the way. In North Africa these would have been almost exclusively people belonging to Y-haplogroup E-M81 and mt-haplogroup L, M1 and U6....
The Late Neolithic period and Copper Age: Around 2,800 BCE,...Bell Beaker phenomenon...a vast multicultural trade network. For the next 500 years it would spread on land and through maritime routes to various isolated regions in western Europe, including Galicia, Andalusia, Old Castile and Catalonia in Spain, but also to the Brittany, the British Isles, the Low Countries, Jutland, southern Germany, the Rhône valley, the Alps, northern Italy, Sardinia, and as far east as Bohemia. Most of these regions (except central Europe) were already somehwat linked to each others as members of the Megalithic culture, which evolved from the Early Neolithic cultures. Although no Megalithic Y-DNA has been tested yet, Megalithic mtDNA from Brittany is a typical blend of Mesolithic (U5b) and Neolithic (K1a, N1a, X2) lineages...
It is perhaps the wealth of Megalithic people that attracted, through the Beaker network, the Indo-European speakers from central Europe, and caused them to invade western Europe and destroy the Megalithic cultures that had lasted for several millennia. Equipped with bronze weapons and horses, these Indo-Europeans were not cereal farmers but cattle herders from the Pontic Steppe, north of the Black Sea. They had already conquered the Balkans, the Carpathians, Poland, Germany, Scandinavia and the Baltic countries between 4,000 and 2,800 BCE, causing the collapse of all the Chalcolithic and Neolithic cultures in those areas. The southern R1b branch had advanced from the Hungarian plain to Bohemia and Germany by 2500 BCE (presence of R1b confirmed by Lee at al. 2012), and continued its migration until the Atlantic coast, reaching Britain and western France by 2,200 BCE and Ireland by 2,000 BCE. These R1b men were the Proto-Celts and their Y-DNA is now found in over half of Spanish and Portuguese men....
The Proto-Celtic and Hallstatt Celtic migrations to Iberia had a considerable impact on the modern gene pool. A bit over half of Portuguese paternal lineages and two thirds of Spanish ones can be traced back to this period under the form of R1b...Celtic maternal lineages are harder to identify, but they indubitably represent a much smaller portion of the Iberian gene pool. For instance, the Basques, who have the highest percentage of R1b, might not have more than 5% of Indo-European mtDNA, which explains why their mother tongue remained non-Indo-European....
No proper study of deep mtDNA subclades exists for Spain or Portugal, but a rough estimation is that between 15% and 30% of maternal lineages can be traced back to Indo-European invaders, be them Celtic, Roman or Germanic. The disparity between paternal and maternal Indo-European lineages is not surprising considering that Proto-Indo-European speakers advanced across Europe, from the Black Sea shores, as military conquerors, and progressively blended with the conquered populations by taking local wives or concubines....
Late Bronze Age to Iron Age: Phoenicians & Greeks, Romans and Jews... Germanic migrations, Moors and Franks.
The Basque and Catalan exceptions: The Baques are indeed somewhat different genetically from other Spaniards. They have a bit more Northwest European ancestry (inherited from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers), and completely lack Red Sea, Southwest Asian and Caucasian admixtures (see autosomal maps). The absence of Red Sea and Southwest Asian admixture indicates that the Basques do not have any Phoenician, Jewish, Greek, Roman or Arabic ancestry. Looking at maternal lineages, the Basques also stand out from the rest of the peninsula, lacking many haplogroups, be it those associated with African or Southwest Asian ancestry (HV, L, M1, U3, U6) or those linked to the original Indo-European homeland in Eastern Europe (H2a1, H4, H7, H8, H11, H15, I, T1a1a1, U2, U4, W). They make up for it with higher frequencies of Mesolithic and Neolithic lineages (H1, H2a2a, H3, H5a3, J2a1a, J1c, K1a, T2, U5, V and X). This is in perfect agreement with the fact that Basque language is non-Indo-European. What generally comes as a surprise is that 85% of Basque paternal lineages belong to the Proto-Celtic R1b-P312. This can be explained by the fast replacement of male lineages due to warfare with neighbouring Proto-Celts and the establishment of a Celtic ruling class who quickly spread their Y-DNA through polygamy.
Conclusion: The majority of Iberian paternal lineages are of Indo-European (R1b, G2a3b1, J2b2 and a small amount of R1a), which can be attributed to the Proto-Celtic and Hallstatt Celtic invaders, and to a lower extent to later Roman and Germanic settlers. In total, these amount to 50-85% of Spanish Y-DNA and 60% of Portuguese Y-DNA. Maternal lineages, on the other hand, appear to have a mostly Neolithic and Mesolithic origin, notably haplogroups H1, H3, HV0, K1a, J1c, J2a1, J2b1a, T2, U5b, V and X, which make up over 80% of the mtDNA in regions like the Basque country or Asturias, and always over 50% of the population of any region.
Western Iberia, from Galicia and Asturias to southern Portugal and western Andalusia, have relatively high percentages of Southwest Asian Y-chromosomal haplogroups (E-M34, J1, J2a, T)...
Southwest Asian lineages are usually found side with North African lineages, like Y-haplogroup E-M81 and mt-haplogroups L, M1 and U6. The most likely explanation for the presence in Iberia is that they "hitchhiked" with Neolithic herders and medieval Arabic invaders passing through the Maghreb. Some North African lineages may even have come during the late Glacial period. ...
The Romans left perhaps between 1% and 15% of Y chromosomes behind them, with a higher proportion along the Mediterranean coast, in Andalusia and in Extremadura. Germanic male lineages now make up about 4% of the overall population, with the highest frequencies (6-10%) oberved in the north-west and Catalonia.
Origin of the Basques
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Basques
The haplogroup R1b, which originated during the last ice age at least 18,500 years ago, when Human groups settled in the south of Europe and that is currently common in the European population, can be found most frequently in the Basque Country (91%), Wales (89%) and Ireland (81%). The current population of the R1b from western Europe would probably come from a climatic refuge in the Iberian Peninsula,
The mystery of the Basques
Rhesus Negative Blood Type Origins (Basques)
AB blood type (genetics)
Basque - A Language of Mystery
The Basque people Documentary
Song of The Basque
Old Texts
Basque Folklore
http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/basque/index.htm
About 40,000 years ago, anatomically modern humans entered the Iberian Peninsula from Southern France. Here, this genetically homogeneous population (characterized by the M173 mutation in the Y chromosome), developed the M343 mutation, giving rise to Haplogroup R1b, still the most common in modern Portuguese and Spanish males....
Iberian Peninsula
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula has been inhabited for at least 1.2 million years as remains found in the sites in the Atapuerca Mountains demonstrate. Among these sites is the cave of Gran Dolina, where six hominin skeletons, dated between 780,000 and one million years ago, were found in 1994. Experts have debated whether these skeletons belong to the species Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, or a new species called Homo antecessor.
Around 200,000 BP, during the Lower Paleolithic period, Neanderthals first entered the Iberian Peninsula. Around 70,000 BP, during the Middle Paleolithic period, the last glacial event began and the Neanderthal Mousterian culture was established. Around 37,000 BP, during the Upper Paleolithic, the Neanderthal Châtelperronian cultural period began. Emanating from Southern France, this culture extended into the north of the peninsula. It continued to exist until around 30,000 BP, when Neanderthal man faced extinction.
About 40,000 years ago, anatomically modern humans entered the Iberian Peninsula from Southern France. Here, this genetically homogeneous population (characterized by the M173 mutation in the Y chromosome), developed the M343 mutation, giving rise to Haplogroup R1b, still the most common in modern Portuguese and Spanish males....
Early in the first millennium BC, several waves of Pre-Celts and Celts migrated from Central Europe, thus partially changing the peninsula's ethnic landscape to Indo-European-speaking in its northern and western regions. ...
The seafaring Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians successively settled along the Mediterranean coast and founded trading colonies there over a period of several centuries. Around 1100 BC, Phoenician merchants founded the trading colony of Gadir or Gades (modern day Cádiz) near Tartessos. In the 8th century BC, the first Greek colonies, such as Emporion (modern Empúries), were founded along the Mediterranean coast on the east, leaving the south coast to the Phoenicians. ...In the sixth century BC, the Carthaginians arrived in the peninsula while struggling with the Greeks for control of the Western Mediterranean....
In 218 BC, during the Second Punic War against the Carthaginians, the first Roman troops invaded the Iberian Peninsula...
In the early fifth century, Germanic peoples invaded the peninsula, namely the Suebi, the Vandals (Silingi and Hasdingi) and their allies, the Alans. Only the kingdom of the Suebi (Quadi and Marcomanni) would endure after the arrival of another wave of Germanic invaders, the Visigoths, who conquered all of the Iberian Peninsula and expelled or partially integrated the Vandals and the Alans. ...
In 711, a Muslim army invaded the Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania....From the 8th–15th centuries, only the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula was incorporated into the Islamic world...Many of the ousted Gothic nobles took refuge in the unconquered north Kingdom of Asturias. From there, they aimed to reconquer their lands from the Moors; this war of reconquest is known as the Reconquista....
IT IS POSSIBLE R1b HAD MORE THAN ONE ICE AGE REFUGIA'S. HE MAY HAVE HAD THE URAL AREA OF WEST EURASIA, AND WEST EUROPE. M173 (R1) IN WEST EUROPE 30KYA TO 40KYA. R1 COULD HAVE ORIGINATED IN EITHER PLACE. R1 THE FIRST PEOPLE OF WEST EUROPE AFTER NEANDERTHAL...
Haplogroup R1 (R-M173)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1
Haplogroup R1, or R-M173, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A primary subclade of Haplogroup R (R-M207), it is defined by the SNP M173. The other primary subclade of Haplogroup R... Males carrying R-M173 in modern populations appear to comprise two subclades: R1a and R1b, which are found mainly in populations native to Eurasia (except East and Southeast Asia)...
Ancestor: R (R-M207). Descendants: R1a (M420), R1b (M343).
The origins of haplogroup R1 remain unclear. It and its sibling clade R2 (R-M79) are the only immediate descendants of Haplogroup R (R-M207). R is a direct descendant of Haplogroup P1 (P-M45), and a sibling clade, therefore, of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242).
There were few areas in which Haplogroups P-M45, Q-M242 and R-M207 were all common amongst prehistoric populations. R-M207 and its subclades were most common along an axis from Western Europe to South Asia[citation needed], whereas Q-M242 was the most common Y-DNA lineage among Native Americans. However, both P-M45 and its immediate descendants also appear to have been relatively common in Central Asia and Siberia.
Haplogroup R1 is very common throughout all of Eurasia except East Asia and Southeast Asia. Its distribution is believed to be associated with the re-settlement of Eurasia following the last glacial maximum. Its main subgroups are R1a and R1b. One subclade of haplogroup R1b (especially R1b1a2), is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan (Lobov 2009), while a subclade of haplogroup R1a (especially haplogroup R1a1) is the most common haplogroup in large parts of South Asia, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Western China, and South Siberia.
Individuals whose Y-chromosomes possess all the mutations on internal nodes of the Y-DNA tree down to and including M207 (which defines Haplogroup R) but which display neither the M173 mutation that defines haplogroup R1 nor the M479 mutation that defines Haplogroup R2 are categorized as belonging to group R* (R-M207).
IF I UNDERSTAND CORRECTLY:
R* (R-M207) = R - R1 - R2 ; R = M207; R1 = M173; R2 = M479
R* has been found in 10.3% (10/97) of a sample of Burusho and 6.8% (3/44) of a sample of Kalash from northern Pakistan...
The split of R1a (M420) is computed to ca 25,000 years ago (95% CI: 21, 300–29, 000 BP), or roughly the last glacial maximum. ...
R1b (R-M343): Haplogroup R1b probably originated in Eurasia prior to or during the last glaciation. It is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan.(Lobov 2009) It may have survived the last glacial maximum, in refugia near the southern Ural Mountains and Aegean Sea.
R-M343 (previously called Hg1 and) is the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup in Europe. It is an offshoot of R-M173, characterised by the M343 marker. An overwhelming majority of members of R-M343 are classified as R-P25 (defined by the P25 marker), the remainder as R-M343*. Its frequency is highest in Western Europe (and due to modern European immigration, in parts of the Americas). The majority of R-M343-carriers of European descent belong to the R-M269 (R1b1a2) descendant line....
An analysis of ancient DNA recreates the genetic history of Portugal and Spain
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/07/170727141536.htm
The genomes of individuals who lived on the Iberian Peninsula in the Bronze Age had minor genetic input from Steppe invaders, suggesting that these migrations played a smaller role in the genetic makeup and culture of Iberian people, compared to other parts of Europe....
Between the Middle Neolithic (4200-3500 BC) and the Middle Bronze Age (1740-1430 BC), Central and Northern Europe received a massive influx of people from the Steppe regions of Eastern Europe and Asia....
Researchers sequenced the genomes of 14 individuals who lived in Portugal during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages and compared them to other ancient and modern genomes. In contrast with other parts of Europe, they detected only subtle genetic changes between the Portuguese Neolithic and Bronze Age samples resulting from small-scale migration....
The study finds that migration into the Iberian Peninsula occurred on a much smaller scale compared to the Steppe invasions in Northern, Central and Northwestern Europe, which likely has implications for the spread of language, culture and technology. These findings may provide an explanation for why Iberia harbors a pre-Indo-European language, called Euskera, spoken in the Basque region along the border of Spain and France. It has been suggested that Indo-European spread with migrations through Europe from the Steppe heartland; a model that fits these results....
"Unlike further north, a mix of earlier tongues and Indo-European languages persist until the dawn of Iberian history, a pattern that resonates with the real but limited influx of migrants around the Bronze Age."
M269 is Paleolithic, and Neolithic in West Europe. Having had at least a major migration during each of these time periods. M269 is Native European.
New clues to the evolutionary history of the main European paternal lineage M269: dissection of the Y-SNP S116 in Atlantic Europe and Iberia
http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v24/n3/full/ejhg2015114a.html?foxtrotcallback=true
The new population data highlight the high frequencies of M529 found in Brest (>50%) outside the British Isles, which may raise doubts about whether it originated in the European continent or in the British Isles...
One of the main reasons leading to the proposal of the hypothesis of origin and/or expansion of M269 from the Franco–Cantabrian refuge is its maximum frequency and pattern of decreasing frequency with increasing distance from this area. The Basque population is located in the heart of the refuge area, and our results indicate that almost all of their M269 lineages belong to sublineage S116 (Basque Country; M269–82%; S116-80%, Supplementary Table S1). If M269 had originated in this area, it would seem logical to find higher variability of M269 sublineages, such as M269xL11, L11 or U106*. Thus, the dissection of M269 in the refuge area raises questions about its origin in this region. Unfortunately, the homogeneity in the variability of Y-STRs within M269 makes it impossible to pinpoint a more likely origin, but the frequency distribution of M269 sublineages in the European continent suggests an origin in the East with a subsequent migration westwards, with the appearance of its sublineages during the advance of the migration wave.
However, the Basque region has maximum frequencies of S116 and its sublineages S116* and DF27, the latter showing a decreasing gradient with distance. Meanwhile, M529 and U152 frequencies are extremely low. This may indicate that this region is a source for S116 and its sublineage DF27. ...
In summary, this study provides new genetic evidence indicating the absence of diversity of M269 lineages over S116 in the current population of what once was the refuge, the maximum frequencies of S116, S116* and DF27 in the refuge area and their spatial distributions in Iberia and Western European coast. This is in addition to the evidence from previous studies: the homogeneity in Y-STR diversity within M269 in Europe and the emergence of new sublineages such as L11 on the wave of the advance of M269 into Western Europe consistent with the scenario proposed in Figure 1.
This scenario proposes an origin in the East for M269, in contrast to the classical theories. The controversy in calculating TMRCAs makes it impossible to reliably date these evolutionary episodes, at least until the more complete Ychr allows more accurate time scales and/or until genotyped and firmly dated archaeological remains become available.
However, the authors believe that it is unlikely that an arrival to Europe of M269 during the Neolithic period has generated such a complex scenario of expansions for its sublineages, especially when genetic evidence of cultural diffusion has been found for Ychr in Anatolia and for mtDNA in the refuge. Thus, the spread of Neolithic culture would mean a lower demic movement. The theories that argue for an origin in the East and during the Neolithic period assume a rapid expansion of M269 throughout Europe, replacing most of the previously settled haplogroups, which would be compatible with a main scenario of demic diffusion.
The scenario proposed here would be most compatible with an arrival of M269 from the East occurring in Palaeolithic times. The Wurm glaciation had numerous ups and downs in temperature that would have led to the existence of multiple glacial refugia, which has been proposed both for mtDNA and Ychr. Improved weather conditions would allow colonization of more northern territories from all refuges simultaneously. Similarly, the mtDNA-H and Ychr-R lineages that evolved in the East from Palaeolithic times, could have expanded westwards during the Neolithic period, thereby mixing with other H and R lineages that arrived to Western Europe in Paleolithic times and evolved independently in these western territories. This may be one reason for the complexity of interpreting the results, in addition to the assumption that post-Neolithic movements may be masking and confounding the oldest traces.
FIGURE 1. New clues to the evolutionary history of the main European paternal lineage M269: dissection of the Y-SNP S116 in Atlantic Europe and Iberia
http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v24/n3/fig_tab/ejhg2015114f1.html#figure-title
Ancient Underwater Ruins Found off the Coast of Spain… Atlantis Again?
https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/ancient-underwater-ruins-atlantis-0011008
The coast of southern Spain is an archaeological wonderland with thousands of ruins from ancient Roman and Greek cultures, but hidden among these crumbling stones, scientists from a private satellite imaging firm claim to have found evidence of “a lost city with huge harbour walls", which they believe was built by the legendary “Atlanteans,” over 10,000 years ago – the legendary city of Atlantis....
Plato, however, was crystal clear about where Atlantis was located: “in front of the mouth which you Greeks call, as you say, 'the pillars of Heracles,’ i.e. “The pillars of Hercules" or the Straits of Gibraltar, at the mouth of the Mediterranean. ...
“The site is spread over 100 miles from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean, as to age as yet we have been unable to give a fixed date for the beginning, but its end was at the last Ice Age around 10,000 years ago.” He believes “At the centre of the line of coastal cities was one gigantic inland sea 65 miles long, filled with multiple islands, some natural, others man-made. The main complex consists of two distinct individual multi-Island platforms.” ...
ALTHOUGH VILLABRUNA MAN IS 14,000 YEARS OLD HIS ANCESTRY TRACES BACK TO IBERIA19,000 YEARS AGO.
HE IS R1b YDNA, U5b2b mtDNA ...
Unique Iberian Male DNA was Practically Wiped Out by Immigrant Farmers 4500 Years Ago [New Study]
https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/iberian-dna-0011620
Earlier evidence had shown that, after the end of the last Ice Age, western and central Europe were dominated by hunter-gatherers with ancestry associated with an approximately 14,000-year-old individual from Villabruna, Italy. Italy is thought to have been a potential refuge for humans during the last Ice Age, like Iberia. The Villabruna-related ancestry largely replaced earlier ancestry in western and central Europe related to 19,000-15,000-year-old individuals associated with what is known as the Magdalenian cultural complex.
Interestingly, the findings of the current study show that both lineages were present in Iberian individuals dating back as far as 19,000 years ago. "We can confirm the survival of an additional Paleolithic lineage that dates back to the Late Ice Age in Iberia,"...
This suggests that, far from being replaced by Villabruna-related individuals after the last Ice Age, hunter-gatherers in Iberia in fact already had ancestry from Magdalenian- and Villabruna-related sources. The discovery suggests an early connection between two potential refugia, resulting in a genetic ancestry that survived in later Iberian hunter-gatherers. "The hunter-gatherers from the Iberian Peninsula carry a mix of two older types of genetic ancestry: one that dates back to the Last Glacial Maximum and was once maximized in individuals attributed to Magdalenian culture and another one that is found everywhere in western and central Europe and had replaced the Magdalenian lineage during the Early Holocene everywhere except the Iberian Peninsula,"...
Between about 2500-2000 BC, the researchers observed the replacement of 40% of Iberia's ancestry and nearly 100% of its Y-chromosomes by people with ancestry from the Pontic Steppe, a region in what is today Ukraine and Russia. Interestingly, the findings show that in the Iron Age, "Steppe ancestry" had spread not only into Indo-European-speaking regions of Iberia but also into non-Indo-European-speaking ones, such as the region inhabited by the Basque . The researchers' analysis suggests that present-day Basques most closely resemble a typical Iberian Iron Age population, including the influx of "Steppe ancestry," but that they were not affected by subsequent genetic contributions that affected the rest of Iberia. This suggests that Basque speakers were equally affected genetically as other groups by the arrival of Steppe populations, but retained their language in any case. It was only after that time that they became relatively isolated genetically from the rest of the Iberian Peninsula. ...
Iberian Hunter-Gatherers Show Two Ancient Paleolithic Lineages:
analyzed 11 hunter-gatherers and Neolithic individuals from Iberia. The oldest newly analyzed individuals are approximately 12,000 years old and were recovered from Balma Guilanyà in Spain. ...Earlier evidence had shown that, after the end of the last Ice Age, western and central Europe were dominated by hunter-gatherers with ancestry associated with an approximately 14,000-year-old individual from Villabruna, Italy. Italy is thought to have been a potential refuge for humans during the last Ice Age, like Iberia. The Villabruna-related ancestry largely replaced earlier ancestry in western and central Europe related to 19,000-15,000-year-old individuals associated with what is known as the Magdalenian cultural complex. ...Interestingly, the findings of the current study show that both lineages were present in Iberian individuals dating back as far as 19,000 years ago. "We can confirm the survival of an additional Paleolithic lineage that dates back to the Late Ice Age in Iberia," ...
This suggests that, far from being replaced by Villabruna-related individuals after the last Ice Age, hunter-gatherers in Iberia in fact already had ancestry from Magdalenian- and Villabruna-related sources. The discovery suggests an early connection between two potential refugia, resulting in a genetic ancestry that survived in later Iberian hunter-gatherers.
"The hunter-gatherers from the Iberian Peninsula carry a mix of two older types of genetic ancestry: one that dates back to the Last Glacial Maximum and was once maximized in individuals attributed to Magdalenian culture and another one that is found everywhere in western and central Europe and had replaced the Magdalenian lineage during the Early Holocene everywhere except the Iberian Peninsula,"
A History of the Iberian Peninsula, as Told by Its Skeletons
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/14/science/iberia-prehistory-dna.html
The oldest known human DNA in Iberia comes from a 19,000-year-old skeleton found in 2010 in a cave called El Mirón, in northern Spain. ... Both teams obtained the same striking result: Iberian hunter-gatherers had a remarkable mix of genes, showing that they descended from two profoundly distinct groups of early European hunter-gatherers. One of these groups can be traced as far back as 35,000 years, thanks to a skeleton discovered at a site in Belgium called Goyet. The Goyet-related people spread across Europe, only to be replaced on much of the continent near the end of the Ice Age by a genetically distinct population. The earliest sign of the second group appears 14,000 years ago, known to researchers by DNA in a skeleton at an Italian site called Villabruna. But in Iberia, the new studies find, the Goyet and Villabruna people coexisted. Hunter-gatherers across the peninsula had a mixture of ancestry from the two peoples. “This is quite amazing, because it’s not happening in other areas,” ...
But whatever solitude Iberia might have offered came to an end about 7,500 years ago, when new people arrived with crops and livestock. These first farmers, originally from Anatolia, brought with them a distinctive genetic signature. After their arrival, the genetic makeup of Iberians changed dramatically. Ninety percent of the DNA from the later skeletons derives from the Anatolian farmers; 10 percent comes from the hunter-gatherers....
A skeleton from an elaborate grave in central Spain about 4,400 years old belonged to a man whose ancestry was 100 percent North African....
BASQUES ARE OF THE FIRST MODERN HUMANS IN EUROPE R1/U HAPLOTYPES. IN THE PALEOLITHIC THEY WOULD BE R1b/U5 THE MAJORITY. R1 AND U WERE THE MOST DOMINATE IN WEST EUROPE BEFORE THE PRE NEOLITHIC.
PRE-NEOLITHIC PEOPLES MIGRATE IN, AND LATER NEOLITHIC PEOPLES ALSO FOLLOW IN CAUSING THE U FEMALES TO BECOME IN THE MINORITY BEING REPLACED BY THE H FEMALES FOLLOWED BY A FEW OTHER PRE AND NEOLITHIC PEOPLES. THE R1b REMAINED DOMINATE IN WEST EUROPE HOLDING HIS MAJORITY. THE BASQUES REMAINED ISOLATED COMPARED TO MOST EUROPEANS BUT, NOT TOTALLY AS BASQUE ADMIXTURE IS 6% NEOLITHIC AMONG THEIR mtDNA, AND 12% NEOLITHIC AMONG THEIR Y DNA. WHICH IS LOWER THAN BRITISH ISLES AT 21% NEOLITHIC, OR THE BALKANS WHICH IS 80% NEOLITHIC.
R1b ALSO CONTAIN THE ATLANTIC MODAL HAPLOTYPE FOUND IN 50% OF BASQUE, 44% IN IRLAND TO 70% IN WALES.
BASQUE'S CLUSTER NEAR WITH THE ATLANTIC FRINGE OF IRLAND AND GALICIA, AND THE SAAMI IN SWEDEN....
The Basques in the Genetic Landscape of Europe
https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/spain/The_Basques_in_the_Genetic_Landscape_of.pdf
Analysis of the molecular systems does not support a recent common ancestor between the Basques and populations either from the Caucasus or North Africa....
Distribution of uniparental haplogroups demonstrates varying levels of Neolithic admixture in the Basque population, with both Neolithic maternal lineages (J) and paternal lineages E1b1b, G2, J2a) present. While these results do not suggest that the ancient Basque population had direct contact with Neolithic farmers, the presence of these markers cautions against using the Basques as a proxy Paleolithic population in genetic studies. However, the Basques do have high frequencies of other uniparental haplogroups considered to be of Paleolithic origin (Y-chromosome: R1b, mtDNA: U5), and analysis of demographic processes using HVS-I sequences places the date of population expansion among the Basques squarely in the Paleolithic, arguing against the complete replacement demic diffusion model of the Neolithic transition... Neolithic (beginning about 8,500 BC)...
The demic diffusion model (DDM) states that the majority of genetic variation present in modern Europeans is the result of the bands of Neolithic farmers spreading their technology (and genes) into Europe with the advent of agriculture (Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza 1984) The cultural diffusion model (CDM) posits that while technology spread into Europe 10,000 years ago, people did not, leaving the Paleolithic gene pool largely intact (Novelletto 2007). Genetic evidence is used in support of both models....
Studies of Y-chromosome haplogroups among the Basques have demonstrated high frequencies of haplogroup R1b, the most common haplogroup in Western Europe... Examination of Y-haplogroup diversity in Southeastern Europe demonstrated that the timing of the spread of agriculture in the region overlaps with the expansion of European Haplogroup I-M423, rather than Neolithic haplogroups G or J, suggesting a cultural diffusion of agricultural technologies by autochthonous groups...
Basque language, Euskara, was one of the few non-Indo-European languages on the European continent It is widely accepted as a linguistic isolate, not related to any other extant languages...Only the relationship of Euskara to Aquitanian, an extinct language from present-day France, is well-supported, and thus it is regarded by experts in the field as a “direct ancestor of [the] Basque [language]”...
head shape continuum were brachycephalic (broad, rather short skulls, with an index of 85 or greater and dolichocephalic (skulls relatively longer than they were wide, with an index of 71-75)....Upper Paleolithic inhabitants of Europe, including Cro-Magnon, were of the dolichocephalic type...“Basque skull is typically European in all respects: there is nothing to suggest that it is more closely related to non-European types than any other Western European forms are”...
ABO*B was found to be less than 1%, and it was due entirely to mixed Basques in the sample...The frequency of Rh negative individuals among Basques has been reported at over 50% in Guipuzkoa, and over 42% in the French provinces,...The frequency of FY*A in Labourd was reported as lower than other European populations at 34.5%... Basque populations are outliers at only three blood group loci (MNS, RH, and ABO)....
Basques appear to harbor some ancient Y haplotypes at relatively high frequencies... high frequency of the haplogroup R1 (62.3%), the most common in Western Europe... The Basques showed a high frequency (57%) of Haplogroup 104, which is common in Europe, but rarely found in North Africa... In Europe, for example, nine mtDNA haplogroups are common: H, I, J, K, T, U, V, W, X ... U8a haplotype among Basques has been attributed to Paleolithic occupation of the Basque region...
On the one hand, studies of contemporary populations suggest that the Basques are a relatively isolated population with deep European roots, while ancient DNA, conversely, demonstrates contact (but not necessarily gene flow) with possible non-European populations, at least in historical times....
Recent studies of molecular markers find little similarity between Basques and populations in the Caucasus...no genetic relationship between Basques and Caucasian populations.... They found that Basques cluster with populations from Andalusia in southern Spain, while the Berbers were genetically similar to West African groups, and overall emphasized the genetic distinction of North Africa. This study did not, however, include other European populations for comparison, as the primary focus was elsewhere. The majority of studies supporting a relationship between the Basques and North African populations have been published by Arnaiz-Villena and his colleagues. From their research, they suggest a link between the Basques and the Hamites specifically, a Paleolithic population which eventually diverged into the Berbers and the Egyptians...The assertions are based on tenuous and controversial linguistic evidence... allele frequencies in Algeria found significant differences
between Algerians and Basques from Guipuzkoa... Algerians cluster with other North African and European populations, including Spanish, French, Italians, and Sardinians (Figure 17), possibly reflecting, in part, gene flow from Europe in colonial times (Bosch et al. 1997), rather than a common Paleolithic ancestor.... None of the Basque groups fall near the Algerian population, suggesting that the DQA1 locus does not support a common origin for Basques and Algerians.... Preliminary investigation of molecular systems also disagrees with the results of Arnaiz-Villena et al. Analysis of nine CODIS autosomal STR loci in a sample of
68 Basques from Vizcaya demonstrated similarity with Basques from Guipuzkoa and other Iberian populations, and distinction from North African groups in Morocco and the Maghreb, casting further doubt on the Vasco-Iberian hypothesis....
Basques are not Indo-European...Indo-European came into the continent with the advent of agriculture around 10,000 BP, that the Basques were not part of the Neolithic migration from the Levant, at least from a linguistic perspective...earliest dates for a proto-Indo-European language range from 4500-2500 BC, and that the linguistic substrate in Anatolia is decidedly non-Indo-European.... This means that the language families in Europe are significantly genetically different from each other.... Language boundaries were found to correspond to areas of genetic change, and the most genetically distinct boundary was between Germanic and Romance speakers due primarily to differences at the HLA-B locus. The second distinct boundary fell between Basque and Romance speakers as a result of differences at the RH, TF, and GM loci.... Plotting the correlation of ethno-historical distance and genetic distance over time, a substantial increase (-0.3300 to 0.3730) between 1100 BC and 1000 BC was described, due mainly to Celtic expansion from central Europe.... European populations as a whole are more similar to each other than populations on other continents...
After correction, only one major mtDNA haplogroup – J -- could be placed in the Neolithic. Haplogroups H, V, I, W, T, and K showed corrected divergence dates between 14,000-11,000 BP, while U5 had a divergence date of 50,000 BP.... U8a dates to around 28,000 BP and is absent in the Levant, while V was dated between 15,000 –
10,000 BP....
Further studies of Y-chromosome haplotypes revealed one (M173) which appears to show evidence of expansion after the Last Glacial Maximum (Wells et al. 2001), and a “high degree of non-Neolithic ancestry” in populations of Iberia (Flores et al. 2004). A subclade of this haplotype, M153, is reported to have the second highest frequency (7%) after M173, among a sample of Basque males, and a divergence date between 21,300-17,900 BP (Alonso et al. 2005). Other studies reported Y-chromosome haplotypes whose presence in Europe might be explained by Neolithic expansion (M89, J-M172, J-M267, E-M78, E-M123), or reflect more recent male gene flow in Iberia (Hg22).... (83%) are R1b, the most frequent Western European haplogroup, especially along the Atlantic Fringe. Five other haplogroups were identified in the Basque sample: E1b1b (6%), J2a (3%), I2 (3%), G2a (2%), and L (1%)....
Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups found among the Basques: Eighty-five percent of the
total sample belongs either to haplogroup H or U/K, the most frequent European haplogroups. Fifteen samples tested positive for 12308 HinfI, the determining RFLP site for haplogroups U and K,... Haplogroup V comprises 6.6% of the total sample, while 5.6% of the sample is haplogroup J. Haplogroups I/X, T, W and N1b make up the remaining 2.8%....
In the ancient sample, the most frequent haplogroups are H (42%), U/K (33%), T/X (12%), and J (12%). Haplogroups I and V are present at a frequency of 0.01% each, while haplogroup W is absent. In the additional modern sample, 62% are haplogroup H, 18% are U/K, and 10% are haplogroup V. Haplogroup J is present at a frequency of 2%, W is found at a frequency of 1.2%, and I is absent. In the present study, frequencies of haplogroups H and V are comparable to those found in the other modern sample, while frequencies of haplogroups U/K and J are comparable to those reported in the ancient sample.... This suggests that haplogroup V has experienced a more recent expansion event, while the expansion of haplogroup U is more ancient....
For Y-STR haplotype data: The lowest gene diversity is seen among the South Moroccan Berbers (0.2725), while the highest value is found in Romania (0.6735). Gene diversity values for Basque populations range from 0.3966-0.5137....
mtDNA sequences: Nucleotide diversity ranges from a low of 0.0102 among Basque sequences collected from the literature, to a high of 0.0265 in the Moroccan Arabs. The Basque samples in the present study have the second lowest nucleotide diversity (0.0114), along with another Atlantic Fringe population, the Welsh....
The Basques are distinguished from other populations due to high frequencies of RH*cde (>50%), ABO*O (>74%), and GM*Z,A;G (20% in Labourd and 35% in Guipuzkoa)...
Figure 36. Multidimensional scaling analysis of 20 populations using 6 blood group (ABO, RH,
MN, P, Kell, Duffy), 1 serum protein (HP), and 2 red cell enzyme loci (ACP, PGM), with 31 alleles. The North African population of Algeria (AL) is the most distinct at the top right. The two Basque populations, from Guipuzkoa (BS-G) and Labourd (BS-L), are in the lower left corner, near the populations of Scotland and Ireland....
Genetically distinct populations include the Tata Tunisian Berbers, Mozabites from Algeria, and Moroccan Arabs and Sened Tunisian Berbers. The two Basque populations are found on the right side of the plot, surrounded by other populations from Iberia....
Basques are distinct from other European groups due primarily to high frequencies of RH*cde (>50%), GM*Z,A;G (35%), ACP*B (73%), and ADA*1 (>97%). Populations closest to the Basques are neighboring groups in France and Spain, plus populations in Britain and Ireland.... The Basque groups cluster near the top right corner of the plot with the Irish population, with other European groups radiating from this point. The second axis distinguishes between Eastern and Western European groups,...The Iberian populations, which were distinct in previous analyses... The Basques form their own branch off a cluster with the northern Spanish province of Galicia as well as the Welsh population....
Divergence times between the Basques and other European populations suggest a common maternal ancestor between 16,967-47,377 years ago.... no heterogeneity between any of the Basque samples is observed for the Y-STR haplotypes belonging to haplogroup R1b,... but the majority of variation is again comprised of differences between individuals (Y-STRs: 98.29%, mtDNA: 98.97%), suggesting little population subdivision between provinces.
It appears that, in general, the literature and the present analysis agree that there is some minor detectable heterogeneity between Basque populations...
no relationship between North Africans and Basques...In the present study, analysis of classical markers demonstrated the genetic difference between Algeria and all European populations, including the Basques.... Genetic analyses of classical markers have confirmed the distinctiveness of the Basques in Europe, which is generally attributed both to their being non-Indo-European and undergoing a long period of in situ differentiation...
Previous analysis of Y-haplogroups in the Basque country found 86% R1b (Alonso et al. 2005), which is consistent with the present study, where 83% of the Ychromosomes
were identified as this most common Western European haplogroup.... Haplogroup R1b shows the highest frequencies in Western European populations, including France (52.2%), the Netherlands (70.4%), Germany (50%), Italy (62%), Denmark (41.7%), and Britain (68.8%) (Pericic et al. 2005; Semino et al. 2000a). In the British Isles, this haplogroup is found in 79-82% of males, while in Iberia it ranges from 56% in Portugal to 68% in Spain. Also found in haplogroup R1b is the Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH) which is present at a frequency of 50% in the present Basque sample and found at frequencies ranging from 44% in Ireland to 70% in Wales. R1b is considered a Western European-specific haplogroup which diverged during the Upper Paleolithic, with the high frequencies found along the Atlantic Fringe being attributed to the results of genetic drift during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)...
mtDNA: In the present study, the most frequent haplogroup was H (63%), followed by U (16%). Haplogroups V (7%), J (6%), and K (5%) were present at moderate frequencies, while haplogroups T (1%), W (1%), I/X (0.6%) and N1b (0.2%) are found at low frequencies... Haplogroup U (in particular U5) is the oldest, dating to around 50,000 BP in the Early Upper Paleolithic, and is considered to have developed in situ in Europe and reflect the migration of anatomically modern humans into the continent. Of the 19 U mtDNA sequences identified in the current sample, 11 (58%) are U5. By contrast, haplogroup U8a, dating to around 28,000 BP and reported at a frequency of 1.1% in modern Basques, was not detected. H – the most frequent haplogroup in many extant European populations -- is comparatively young, dating to 18,000 BP during the Middle/Late Upper Paleolithic The other haplogroups (T, I, V, W) date to between 14,000-11,000 BP...
The Basque populations cluster near populations in Ireland, Galicia, and the Swedish Saami, populations either on the Atlantic Fringe in the first two cases, or other non-Indo-European outliers in the last....
Autosomal STR analysis confirms some gene flow in the Basque provinces, and the
present study notes the presence of Neolithic haplogroups, both mtDNA (haplogroup J) and Y-chromosome (haplogroups J2a, G2a, and E1b1b). For mtDNA data, the Basques have approximately 6% Neolithic admixture, while for Y-chromosome data, they display 12% Neolithic ancestry. This means that while the Basques have not experienced the same degree of Neolithic influence as other European populations, Neolithic gene flow is still detectable, and therefore the Basques should not be considered a purely Paleolithic parental population. That being said, the population does harbor relatively high frequencies of haplogroups dated to the Paleolithic (mtDNA U5, Y-chromosome R1b),...
In regards to the Neolithic demic diffusion vs. cultural diffusion debate, neither seems to be strictly true, particularly in Iberia. The genetic evidence presents a more complex picture of European origins, with a SE-NW cline in frequencies for certain loci and haplotypes (mitochondrial haplogroups J, T1, and U3; Y chromosome haplogroups J2a, G2a, and E1b1b), and a deeper time depth in Europe for others (mitochondrial haplogroups U8a, U5, H1, and H3; Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b)....
Beginning in 14,000 BP, Europe was lightly populated, with a concentration of Late Paleolithic sites in present-day France and Germany. Over the next 3,000 years, evidence of human occupation spread north and east, reaching Italy, the British Isles, and Scandinavia, with sites more sparsely distributed and little evidence of human activity in Greece or most of Eastern Europe. From 10,000 –7,000 BP, evidence of Neolithic sites first appears in Anatolia, and spreads rapidly into those areas which were sparsely populated by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. The foraging communities in Eastern Europe were not replaced by Neolithic farmers; they did not exist. Admixture models based on this archaeological data suggest regional variation across Europe (Lahr et al. 2000), with areas close to the epicenter of agricultural innovation and/or sparsely populated by Mesolithic groups showing little evidence of admixture and an almost exclusively Neolithic gene pool. Those areas which were densely populated during the Mesolithic and received few Neolithic migrants would show low admixture values and a high percentage of Mesolithic genes, while those which were more densely populated by Mesolithic groups followed by a moderate level of immigration by Neolithic farmers would have gene pools comprised approximately equally of Mesolithic and Neolithic genes.... dynamic population movements during the Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic in Europe, as well as the impact of regional admixture. The authors now suggest that the first principal component (and the SE-NW cline observed for classical markers) be seen as a proxy for the amount of Neolithic admixture present in Europe, rather than as evidence of a complete replacement.
Recent genetic studies concerning the peopling of Europe reflect a more nuanced approach. A study of admixture rates in contemporary European populations, using 22 Y-SNPs and putative Paleolithic (Basque) and Neolithic (Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon) parental populations, found that the percentage of Neolithic admixture varies with distance from the Levant....Greece, Albania, and Macedonia have 100% Neolithic genes, while Sardinian, the Netherlands, and the Andalusia province of Spain have 0-16% Neolithic admixture...the archaeological evidence demonstrates, modern populations in Greece would have few Paleolithic genes due to a lack of Paleolithic occupation of that region... Frequency and variance of Y-chromosome haplogroups in Central Europe suggest the diffusion of agriculture into this area was accomplished by populations bearing the indigenous I-M423 haplogroup, rather than haplogroups linked to the Neolithic transition (G and J). The average Paleolithic contribution in 17 populations was found to be 51% for the Y chromosome, which argues strongly against complete replacement....
The Neolithic contribution in Europe varied with distance from the Levant, ranging from 80% in the Balkans to only 21% in the British Isles. During the Paleolithic and into the Mesolithic, the Iberian Peninsula was sparsely populated, particularly in the interior. Most of the sites were coastal, reflecting the comparative wealth of resources. The northern coast of Iberia, known as the Franco-Cantabrian region, was one of two refuge areas during the Last Glacial Maximum, the second being in the Ukraine. Paleolithic populations would have retreated to these areas during the height of the glaciation, and the archaeological record demonstrates an increase in occupation sites between 21,000 – 16,000 BP in this region of Iberia (47 sites compared to only 26 for the entire Early Upper Paleolithic). Several mtDNA haplogroups (all present in the Basque population) have divergence times dating to the end of this period, including H, V, K, T and W, reflecting an expansion of these haplogroups as the glaciers retreated. Divergence times for Y-chromosome haplogroups R1b and I2a2 also date to this period, suggesting that these haplogroups are also of pre-Neolithic origin. Rather than demonstrating evidence of a ‘wave of advance,’ the Neolithic archaeological record in Iberia instead shows a leapfrog settlement pattern, again along the coasts (Zilhao 2000). Mesolithic populations were well established in these areas, and it is likely that small groups of Neolithic ‘maritime pioneers’ would have assimilated, or been assimilated by, the local Mesolithic groups. In reference to the Basques, based on the archaeological evidence, the entire Iberian Peninsula was little affected by the Neolithic Transition, lending credence to the idea that the Basques are a remnant population, although one which has experienced some admixture since the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. The results of the present study agree with this hypothesis, with all genetic systems demonstrating that the Basques do not share a common ancestor with populations from the Caucasus or North Africa, but instead are a unique part of the genetic landscape of Europe....
Basques and North African populations do share certain HLA haplotypes, they are
found at very low frequencies in both populations (3.6% in Basques, < 2% in Algeria)....
Analysis of uniparental markers reveals an absence of any non-European haplogroups, but higher frequencies of some, such as R1b and H. It is these higher frequencies for certain alleles, including RH*cde and GM*Z,A;G, which distinguish the Basques from other European populations.... The diversity values calculated for various European groups demonstrate that while the Basques are on the low end of the European range for the molecular markers examined, there are other groups with comparable or lower
diversity values (i.e., Catalonia, the Swedish Saami, Vojvodina and Wales). Phylogeographic analysis revealed high degrees of genetic similarity in populations of northern Iberia, using both Y-chromosome and mitochondrial data, however, based on mtDNA a genetic barrier was detected between the Basques and all other European groups....
genetic drift may have played a role in the increased frequency of certain alleles in
the Basque population, it has been ameliorated by gene flow. This gene flow is evident both in the analysis of heterozygosity versus rii in autosomal STR markers, as well as the haplogroup variation present in the uniparental genetic systems, as both maternal and paternal lineages contain Neolithic haplogroups (mtDNA: J, Y-STR: J2a, G2a, E1b1b). Examination of uniparental markers demonstrates that overall, the Basques have 7.14% Neolithic haplotypes in the paternal lineage, and a comparable level (5.68%) in the maternal line.... In addition, expansion times calculated from mitochondrial HVS-I sequences for European populations date overwhelmingly to the Paleolithic,... The percentage of Paleolithic ancestry found in European populations increases with increasing geographic distance from the Fertile Crescent, arguing strongly against the demic diffusion model of complete replacement of Paleolithic foragers by a wave of advancing Neolithic farmers....
Concordance among the four genetic systems examined lends strength to the hypothesis that the Basques are a European population which has experienced significant genetic drift, but also some gene flow, since the Last Glacial Maximum.
BOTH BASQUES AND AMAZIGH ARE FROM ATLANTIS...
Cataclysm, Mass Extinctions, and the Consequent Myths
https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-important-events/cataclysm-0012949
According to geologists, in the interval from 10,000 to 8,000 BC, some 35 to 45 species of large mammals became extinct. This is called a mass extinction . Mass extinctions can be defined as species death within a relatively short interval of time. None of the mainstream theories which attempt to account for these great extinctions are entirely satisfactory.... geologic time is marked by a relatively sudden change in climate about 10,000 years ago or more, from a cold glacial to warm interglacial environment....
During this time, there were catastrophic changes across the planet. For example, the asphalt and tar seeps of California, like those in South America and Africa, host a rich assemblage of evidence of faunal and floral life, the most spectacular having occurred in Rancho La Brea where the remains of numerous animals are tightly packed together. ...
Approximately 700 skulls of saber-toothed tigers have been systematically excavated, accompanied by a huge number of remains from horses, camels, bison, mammoths, mastodons, coyotes, wolves, sloths, and other faunal contemporaries, broken, mashed, and contorted. This suggests a sudden mass extinction where animals, predator and prey alike, were suddenly thrown together. The Beresovka mammoth in Siberia was found with daises in its stomach. The intense refrigeration of this mammoth and others suggests that this happened very suddenly. The Beresovka mammoth, except for head, it is an almost wholly preserved, mummified mammoth carcass discovered in Siberia. It froze the ground solid, turned lake and ground water into great lenses of ice, and froze dead and dying animals and plants throughout the region into grim memorials which have survived, unchanged, in that condition, down to our own day. Among these have been the frozen carcasses of mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, and other large mammals. ...
What could have caused the climate to change so suddenly?... A modeled path of a rapid polar shift is shown. It is a spiral, starting in Greenland and ending in the Arctic sea....If the pole was at Hudson Bay instead of the Arctic Circle, as it is today, Siberia and Alaska would have been south of the pole and hence in a warmer climate. These large creatures could have survived, even flourished, in such an environment....Some theorists have proposed...the poles shifted from Hudson Bay to the Arctic Circle suddenly with dire consequences....
Normal mantle viscosity, enhanced by powerful external influence, combined with sudden deglaciation, thus seemingly caused not only sudden crustal slippage and fracturing, volcanism, seismic activity but also a change in the actual inclination of the Earth’s spin axis. Proportional to the Earth as a whole, the crust is scarcely thicker than an onionskin is to an onion. According to Hapgood, the last crustal displacement, around 11,500 years ago greatly affected North and South America, Australia, as well as parts of Asia. Hancock suggests some parts of Europe were impacted as well. The continent of Africa was not as greatly affected. ...
Another theory is that an extraterrestrial object struck the planet, a catastrophic event....proposes that a comet struck North America 12,900 years ago and then again 11,600 years ago,...called the Younger Dryas comet impact theory, first proposed in 2007...
Myths of the Great Flood... The Berbers of North Africa have a legend of a land across the sea called Attala, which was rich in tin, silver, and gold but was submerged by the sea. The Basques of northern Spain and southern France consider themselves descendants of Atlaintika, or Atlantis.... Ancient Celtic legends called the continent reclaimed by the sea, Avalon. Arabian legends refer to the land of Ad, reputed to be the seat of civilization located across the western ocean. The ancient Indian texts refer to a continent called Atyantika, which was the scene of a catastrophic destruction. ...
THIS ARTICLE LOOKS AT THE NORTH IBERIAN Y AND mt DNA"s. THERE ARE SOME DIFFERENTIATIONS AMONG THEM.
AS THE FIRST INDIGENOUS MALES OF N.AFRICA HAVE BEEN REPLACED SO HAS THE FIRST INDIGENOUS FEMALES OF WEST EUROPE.
Y DNA: 60% TO 90% R-(xxxx) YDNA. R-M173 ACCOUNTS FOR HALF TO 78% BEING THE FIRST INDIGENOUS WEST EUROPEAN. SOME NEAR EAST AND N.AFRICAN ADMIXTURES COMING IN NEOLITHIC AND RECENT. SOME N.AFRICAN MAY ALSO BE PREHISTORIC FIRST PEOPLE INDIGENOUS WESTERN.
mt DNA: H mt DNA IS MOST COMMON. H IS NEOLITHIC. U CLADES ARE THE FIRST PEOPLE OF WEST EUROPE HAVE BEEN REPLACED BY NEOLITHIC AND RECENT FEMALES. DISTINCT AREAS OF NORTH IBERIA REVEAL SOME DIFFERENCES IN THESE ADMIXTURES WITH SOME COMMONALITIES....
Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Characterization of Pasiegos, a Human Isolate from Cantabria (Spain)
MATERNALLY, SAAMI FEMALES U5, AND AMAZIGH FEMALES U6 ARE FIRST PEOPLE INDIGENOUS OF WEST EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA, RESPECTIVELY, AS WELL AS U8, AND POSSIBLY U. PATERNALLY, BASQUE MALES ARE THE FIRST PEOPLE INDIGENOUS OF WEST EUROPE PALEOLITHIC R1b THE INDIGENOUS R1*M173 WHICH IS THE FIRST MODERN MAN IN WEST EUROPE OF THE PALEOLITHIC. BASQUES ALSO CONTAIN SOME PRE-NEOLITHIC R1b, NEOLITHIC R1b, AND POST NEOLITHIC R1b. BASQUES ALSO HAVE SOME BASTARD BLOOD FROM THE SOUTH EAST INVADERS OF VARIOUS HAPLOGROUPS. ALTHOUGH BASQUES ARE AMONG THE MOST PURE IN ALL OF EUROPE AT 83% R1b COMPARED TO THE REST OF BASTARD EUROPE WHOM ARE MAINLY NEOLITHIC PEOPLES IN EUROPE. THE ANATOLIAN EASTERN R1b ARRIVED IN WEST EUROPE DURING THE NEOLITHIC. THE ELDEST WESTERN R1b CONTAIN THE ATLANTIC MODAL HAPLOTYPE WHICH DISTINGUISH THEM AS THE FIRST INDIGENOUS OF WEST EUROPE. THE BASQUES CLUSTER NEAREST WITH IRLAND AND WALES. THE MORE NW EUROPE THE MORE PALEOLITHIC THE PEOPLE WHILE THE CLOSER TO THE LEVANT THE MORE NEOLITHIC ARE THE PEOPLES...
Paternal genetic history of the Basque population of Spain
As reported in previous studies, the Basques are characterized by high frequencies of haplogroup R1b (83%). AMOVA analysis demonstrates genetic homogeneity, with a small but significant amount of genetic structure between provinces... the Basque provinces show varying degrees of post-Neolithic contribution in the paternal lineages (10.9% in the combined sample).... Paleolithic expansion into Europe occurred from the same area as the Neolithic expansion, implying that the gradient seen in some classical markers might instead be a Paleolithic signal. In the Basque region, there is strong archaeological evidence of Paleolithic human occupation.... Y-chromosome analyses reveal one haplotype (R1*M173), which appears to show evidence of expansion after the Last Glacial Maximum, and a “high degree of non-Neolithic ancestry” in populations of Iberia. Studies of Y-chromosome haplogroups among the Basques have demonstrated a high frequency of R1b, the most common Haplogroup in Western Europe...
Examination of Y-haplogroup diversity in Southeastern Europe demonstrated that the timing of the spread of agriculture in the region overlaps with the expansion of European Haplogroup I-M423, suggesting a cultural diffusion of agricultural technologies by Autochthonous groups... the presence of 15 individuals in the same sample belonging to mitochondrial haplogroup J, which has been linked to the expansion of Neolithic groups into Europe, suggests some level of admixture....
The Basque language, Euskara, is most widely accepted as an isolate, unrelated to any other extant language in Europe. Genetically, the Basques are outliers in the European distribution for several classical markers, including blood groups ABO, Rhesus, and MNS, erythrocytic enzyme adenylate kinase (AK), and immunoglobulin GM....
Post-Neolithic contribution to the paternal Basque gene pool was estimated by measuring the proportion of those haplogroups with a TMRCA dated subsequent to the Neolithic (E1b1b, G2a, J2a)... Seventy-four of the eighty-nine haplotypes (84.1%) are R1b. Six other haplogroups were identified in the Basque sample: E1b1b (5.6%), J2a (4.0%), I2 (3.2%), G2a (1.5%), L (0.8%) and T (1%).... The first axis of the MDS plot shows a separation of Eastern and Western European populations.... The Western European populations radiate from the upper left corner of the plot, where the population of Ireland and the Basque groups cluster....This study demonstrates the homogeneity of the Basque population in terms of Y chromosome lineages, with the majority of variation found between individuals within provinces. Comparison with other European populations also confirms their uniqueness from other Iberian groups,... Previous analysis of Y-haplogroups in the Basque country found 86% R1b, which is consistent with the present study, where 84% of the Y chromosomes were identified as this most common Western European haplogroup....
Haplogroup R1b shows the highest frequencies in Western European populations, including France (52.2%), the Netherlands (70.4%), Germany (50%), Italy (62%), and Britain (68.8%). In the British Isles, this haplogroup is found in 79-82% of males, while in Iberia it ranges from 56% in Portugal to 68% in Spain. Also found in haplogroup R1b is the Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH) -- defined as DYS19*14-DYS390*24-DYS391*11-DYS392*13-DYS393*13 --which is observed at a frequency of 50% in the present Basque sample and found at frequencies ranging from 44% in Ireland to 70% in Wales. R1b is considered a Western European-specific haplogroup which diverged during the Upper Paleolithic, with the high frequencies found along the Atlantic Fringe being attributed to genetic drift during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).... Further analysis of R1b Y-STR haplotype variation in Europe and Anatolia using the additional DYS461 locus revealed two core R1b haplotypes (DYS393-13/DYS461-12 in Western Europe vs. YS393-12/DYS461-11 in Eastern Europe). The majority of Anatolian R1b samples are of the Eastern European type, while those in Sardinia are predominantly Western European and belong to the Atlantic Modal Haplotype. In addition, this analysis estimated TMRCA for R1b ranging from 32,600 YA in Iberia (95% CI: 25,000-80,700) to 19,600 YA in Anatolia (95% CI: 19,400-44,400), well before the advent of agriculture....
Haplogroup I2a2 has previously been reported among Basques (6%)...This European-specific haplogroup is believed to have originated in the Pyrenees prior to the LGM....
Haplogroup E1b1b has a complex history, with evidence of several demographic expansion events. The most common variant of this haplogroup in Europe is defined by mutation E-M78, which is believed to have originated in the Horn of Africa, from which it spread to the Middle East and then into Southern Europe during the Neolithic.
Haplogroup G2a has been reported in Italy (10%), Sardinia (14.1%), Catalonia (8.3%), and Andalusia (2%), and reaches its highest frequency in Palestine (75%). Like E1b1b, G2a is considered to have diverged during the Neolithic, spreading from the Middle East into Europe with the advent of agriculture.
Haplogroup J2a has been previously reported among the French Basques (13.6%), French (13%), Italians (12-16%), and Greeks (21%), with higher frequencies in Turkey (40%) and Lebanon (29%). It is also considered a marker of Neolithic expansion, but a more recent maritime route has been proposed for the distribution of J2a from the Middle East through the Mediterranean.
Haplogroup L has been divided into three subclades, L1, L2, and L3. L1 is found at moderate frequency in India (6.3%), while L3 is more frequent in Pakistan (6.8%), and the majority of European and Anatolian L samples are believed to be L2. Haplogroup L2 has been detected in several other European groups, including Andalusia (3.4%), Italy (5.4%), Greece (1.3%), and Hungary (2.2%). It is also found at low frequencies in Turkey (1.6 – 4.2%) and Syria (3.2%). The parental haplogroup L originated in East Africa around 30,000 years ago, while L2 dates to 14,600 years ago in Turkish populations assuming a model of continuous growth....
Haplogroup T... This haplogroup has been dated to 20,700 years ago, and network analysis suggests that haplogroup T is “an ancient and diverse indigenous European lineage, rather than recent immigrants from the Middle East or Africa”...Overall, the evidence from the paternal Basque lineages demonstrate a 11% Post-Neolithic contribution based on previously published TMRCA estimates for haplogroups E1b1b, G2a and J2a....
the percentage of Neolithic admixture varies with distance from the Levant. Greece, Albania, and Macedonia were described as 100% Neolithic, while Sardinia, the Netherlands, and Andalusia have 0-16% Neolithic admixture.... Frequency and variance of Y-chromosome haplogroups in Central Europe suggest the diffusion of agriculture into this area was accomplished by populations bearing the indigenous I-M423 haplogroup, rather than haplogroups linked to the Neolithic transition (G2a and J2a)...
Basques were chosen to represent the Paleolithic parental population, while Near East and Anatolian groups were used as a proxy for the Neolithic parental population. The Neolithic contribution in Europe varied with distance from the Levant, ranging from 80% in the Balkans to only 21% in the British Isles. During the Paleolithic and into the Mesolithic, the Iberian Peninsula was sparsely populated, particularly in the interior. Most of the sites were coastal... The northern coast of Iberia, known as the Franco-Cantabrian region, was one of two refuge areas during the Last Glacial Maximum, the second being in the Ukraine. Paleolithic populations would have retreated to these areas during the height of the glaciation, and the archaeological record demonstrates an increase in occupation sites between 21,000 – 16,000 BP in this region of Iberia (47 sites compared to only 26 for the entire Early Upper Paleolithic)...
The mitochondrial lineage U8a reveals a Paleolithic settlement in the Basque country
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/7/124
We show that Basques have the most ancestral phylogeny in Europe for the rare mitochondrial subhaplogroup U8a. Divergence times situate the Basque origin of this lineage in the Upper Palaeolithic. Most probably, their primitive founders came from West Asia. The lack of U8a lineages in Africa points to an European and not a North African route of entrance. Phylogeographic analysis suggest that U8a had two expansion periods in Europe, the first, from a south-western area including the Iberian peninsula and Mediterranean France before 30,000 years ago, and the second, from Central Europe around 15,000–10,000 years ago....
one of the lineages (Bq24) belongs to subhaplogroup K1a1 ... The other three lineages clustered into the rare subhaplogroup U8a ... U8a lineages could have been in the Basque country since 28 ± 9 Ky, and that the other Basque lineages, belonging to the U8a1 subgroup, participated in a more recent European expansion around 13 ± 5 Ky, similar to that estimated for K1a, and congruent with a re-expansion from an Iberian refuge when glaciers retreated in Europe proposed for other mtDNA clades. Although all the U8a complete sequences belong to Europeans, the ancestral radiation of haplogroup U most probably occurred in western Asia shortly after the out of Africa episode, with early branch expansions to India (U2), Europe (U5) and North Africa (U6). U8 may be considered another main branch with a broad geographic range. Its first split separated U8a from U8b/K around 57 ± 11 Ky. Relatively short in time a new subdivision gave the sister clades U8b and K. Until now there was only one completely sequenced U8b subject.... a scattered but widespread U8a/1 distribution that is restricted to Europe.... The U8a eastern boundaries seem to be in the Volga region near the Urals. U8b is also a quantitatively minor clade that partially overlaps with U8a in Europe. However, its presence in the Caucasus, Iran, the Near East, and North Africa, where U8a has not been detected, attests a more southern geographic distribution. The third sister clade K, is the most widespread and abundant covering the U8a and U8b ranges and even reaching India....
Its most ancestral node is represented by Bq1820 and the only Anatolian lineage assignable to haplogroup U8a, both carrying the CRS motif in HVSI, and transitions 73, 282 in HVSII. This ancient connection might trace the hypothetic route followed by the U8a ancestor from West Asia to the Basque country. The absence of U8a in North-Africa and its extremely rare presence in the eastern Mediterranean area further reinforces this continental route of entrance against a southern alternative. It is deduced from the network (Fig. 2) that a first U8a radiation in Europe affected Iberia, Central Europe and reached the Baltic. A second, U8a1, broader expansion further enlarged its range to Russia and Scotland where the U8a diversities are lower than in the central area....
In summary, the analysis of U8a lineages supports the idea that Basques have lived in their country since the Paleolithic, and that they could have participated in demographic re-expansions to repopulate central Europe in the last interglacial periods. Furthermore, these primitive U8a founders most probably reached the Basque area from the East through Europe and not through North Africa. However, the fact that we can trace some Basque
lineages back to the Paleolithic does not support the generalized supposition that the present day Basque population is the best representative of Paleolithic Europeans.
First of all, U8a haplotypes only represent 1% of the present day Basque maternal pool, therefore, a complex set of different mtDNA lineages with possible different histories are left unstudied. In addition, there is empiric evidence that Basques have received recent male gene flow from adjacent areas, and even possible maternal North African influences predating the Muslim Iberian invasion. Furthermore, ancient DNA studies on Basque historic and prehistoric samples have detected important mtDNA haplogroup frequency fluctuations along different periods. Definitively, like other European populations, Basques have also suffered migration and genetic drift effects throughout its long history....
Atlantis, the Antediluvian World by Ignatius Donnelly [1882] HILITES
https://sites.google.com/site/n8iveuropean/home/egypt/ATLANTIS%20HILITES.rtf
And the citizens have a deity who is their foundress: she is called in the Egyptian tongue Neith...She founded your city a thousand years before ours, receiving from the Earth and Hephæstus the seed of your race, and then she founded ours, the constitution of which is set down in our sacred registers as 8000 years old. As touching the citizens of 9000 years ago,... and this the goddess taught first among you, and then in Asiatic countries, and we among the Asiatics first adopted.... these histories tell of a mighty power which was aggressing wantonly against the whole of Europe and Asia, and to which your city put an end. This power came forth out of the Atlantic Ocean...
"Let me begin by observing, first of all, that nine thousand was the sum of years which had elapsed since the war which was said to have taken place between all those who dwelt outside the Pillars of Heracles and those who dwelt within them...Poseidon, receiving for his lot the island of Atlantis..., begat children by a mortal woman...mountain there dwelt one of the earth-born primeval men of that country, whose name was Evenor, and he had a wife named Leucippe, and they had an only daughter, who was named Cleito. The maiden was growing up to womanhood when her father and mother died; Poseidon fell in love with her, and had intercourse with her...He also begat and brought up five pairs of male children, dividing the island of Atlantis into ten portions...the eldest, who was king, he named Atlas, and from him the whole island and the ocean received the name of Atlantic....
Theopompus tells us that the people who inhabited Atlantis were the Meropes, the people of Merou...Atlas Mountains... most north-western corner of Africa...Herodotus there dwelt near this mountain-chain a people called the Atlantes, probably a remnant of a colony from Solon's island? How comes it that the people of the Barbary States were known to the Greeks, Romans, and Carthaginians as the "Atlantes," ...
"According to the Phœnicians, the art of writing was invented by Taautus, or Taut, 'whom the Egyptians call Thouth,' and the Egyptians said it was invented by Thouth, or Thoth, otherwise called 'the first Hermes,' in which we clearly see that both the Phœnicians and Egyptians referred the invention to a period older than their own separate political existence, and to an older nation, from which both peoples received it. The "first Hermes," here referred to (afterward called Mercury by the Romans), was a son of Zeus and Maia, a daughter of Atlas...."Many of the oldest myths, relate to Spain, North-western Africa, and other regions on the Atlantic,...being far beyond or below sunset, were the "under-world" of the ancients; while Atlantis, the Canaries, etc., constituted the island division with Western Africa and Spain. The under-world of the dead was simply the world below the western horizon; "the home of the dead has to do with that far west region where the sun dies at night."...
Poseidon, the first king of Atlantis, according to Plato, was, according to Greek mythology, a brother of Zeus, and a son of Chronos. In the division of the kingdom he fell heir to the ocean and its islands, and to the navigable rivers; in other words, he was king of a maritime and commercial people....
; "the ram with the golden fleece for which the Argonauts sailed was the offspring of Poseidon." He carried in his hand a three-pronged symbol, the trident, doubtless an emblem of the three continents that were embraced in the empire of Atlantis. He founded many colonies along the shores of the Mediterranean; "he helped to build the walls of Troy;" the tradition thus tracing the Trojan civilization to an Atlantean source. He settled Attica and founded Athens...
...."Chronos visits the different regions of the habitable world." He gave Egypt as a kingdom to the god Taaut,...This not only connects the Phœnicians with Atlantis, but shows the relations of Egyptian civilization to both Atlantis and the Phœnicians.... Sanchoniathon tells us, after narrating all the discoveries by which the people advanced to civilization, that the Cabiri set down their records of the past by the command of the god Taaut, "and they delivered them to their successors and to foreigners, of whom one was Isiris (Osiris), the inventor of the three letters, the brother of Chua, who is called the first Phœnician." This would show that the first Phœnician came long after this line of the kings or gods, and that he was a foreigner, as compared with them; and, therefore, that it could not have been the Phœnicians proper who made the several inventions narrated by Sanchoniathon, but some other race, from whom the Phœnicians might have been descended....
The extent of country covered by the commerce of the Phœnicians represents to some degree the area of the old Atlantean Empire. Their colonies and trading-posts extended east and west from the shores of the Black Sea, through the Mediterranean to the west coast of Africa and of Spain, and around to Ireland and England; while from north to south they ranged from the Baltic to the Persian Gulf. They touched every point where civilization in later ages made its appearance...simply re-opened the path of commerce and colonization which had been closed when Plato's island sunk in the sea....Sanchoniathon claims that the learning of Egypt, Greece, and Judæa was derived from the Phœnicians. It would appear probable that, while other races represent the conquests or colonizations of Atlantis, the Phœnicians succeeded to their arts, sciences, and especially their commercial supremacy; and hence the close resemblances which we have found to exist between the Hebrews, a branch of the Phœnician stock, and the people of America....
PART 5 CHAPTER IV.
THE IBERIAN COLONIES OF ATLANTIS
AT the farthest point in the past to which human knowledge extends a race called Iberian inhabited the entire peninsula of Spain, from the Mediterranean to the Pyrenees.... "It is thought that the Iberians from Atlantis and the north-west part of Africa," says Winchell, "settled in the Southwest of Europe at a period earlier than the settlement of the Egyptians in the north-east of Africa. The Iberians spread themselves over Spain, Gaul, and the British Islands as early as 4000 or 5000 B.C. . . . The fourth dynasty (of the Egyptians), according to Brugsch, dates from about 3500 B.C. At this time the Iberians had become sufficiently powerful to attempt the conquest of the known world."
"The Libyan-Amazons of Diodorus--that is to say, the Libyans of the Iberian race--must be identified with the Libyans with brown and grizzly skin, of whom Brugsch has already pointed out the representations figured on the Egyptian monuments of the fourth dynasty."
The Iberians, known as Sicanes, colonized Sicily in the ancient days. They were the original settlers in Italy and Sardinia. They are probably the source of the dark-haired stock in Norway and Sweden. Bodichon claims that the Iberians embraced the Ligurians, Cantabrians, Asturians, and Aquitanians. Strabo says, speaking of the Turduli and Turdetani, "they are the most cultivated of all the Iberians; they employ the art of writing, and have written books containing memorials of ancient times, and also poems and laws set in verse, for which they claim an antiquity of six thousand years." (Strabo, lib. iii., p. 139.)
The Iberians are represented to-day by the Basques....The Basque language--the Euscara--"has some common traits with the Magyar, Osmanli, and other dialects of the Altai family, as, for instance, with the Finnic on the old continent, as well as the Algonquin-Lenape language and some others in America."...We have seen them settling, in the earliest ages, in Ireland. They also formed the base of the dark-haired population of England and Scotland. They seem to have race affinities with the Berbers, on the Mediterranean coast of Africa.... "Persons who have inhabited Brittany, and then go to Algeria, are struck with the resemblance between the ancient Armoricans (the Brètons) and the Cabyles (of Algiers). In fact, the moral and physical character is identical. The Breton of pure blood has a long head, light yellow complexion of bistre tinge, eyes black or brown, stature short, and the black hair of the Cabyle. Like him, he instinctively hates strangers; in both are the same perverseness and obstinacy, same endurance of fatigue, same love of independence, same inflexion of the voice, same expression of feelings. Listen to a Cabyle speaking his native tongue, and you will think you bear a Breton talking Celtic."...
"The Atlanteans, among the ancients, passed for the favorite children of Neptune; they made known the worship of this god to other nations-to the Egyptians, for example. In other words, the Atlanteans were the first known navigators. Like all navigators, they must have planted colonies at a distance. The Bretons, in our opinion, sprung from one of them." Neptune was Poseidon, according to Plato, founder of Atlantis.
I could multiply proofs of the close relationship between the people of the Bronze Age of Europe and the ancient inhabitants of Northern Africa, which should be read remembering that "connecting ridge" which, according to the deep-sea soundings, united Africa and Atlantis....
THE E AND J MALES FROM EAST AFRICA AND MID EAST INVADE WEST EUROPEAN PALEOLITHIC R1b TERRITORY AT DIFFERENT TIME WAVES AS EARLY AS THE MIDDLE TO MOST RECENT NEOLITHIC. I STILL CANNOT SEE HOW THE PALEOLITHIC U6 FEMALES OF NORTH AFRICA CAN BE RELATED TO THE NEOLITHIC E MALES OTHER THAN A NEOLITHIC E MALE REPLACEMENT OF THE ORIGINAL PALEOLITHIC MALE IN NORTHWEST AFRICA WHOEVER HE WAS.
IS IT COINCIDENTAL THAT PALEOLTHIC WESTERN PEOPLE WERE R1b LINEAGE MALES AND U FEMALES BUT AFTER THE NEOLITHIC THE ORIGINAL PALEOLITHIC U FEMALES WERE REPLACED IN EUROPE WHEREAS THE PALEOLITHIC MALES WERE REPLACED IN NORTH AFRICA. BOTH R MALE AND U FEMALE ARE NONAFRICAN HG"s. U6 IS INDIGENOUS TO NORTH AFRICA AS U DEVELOPED THERE IN THE PALEOLITHIC.
THUS, A PRE NEOLITHIC BERBER PRESENCE IN WEST EUROPE WOULD BE FROM THE U6, OR HER MOTHER U. PRE NEOLITHIC BERBER WOULD NOT BE FROM E OR J MALE NOR FROM SUBSAHARAN HG'S NEITHER IN WEST EUROPE NOR NORTH AFRICA....
Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and A¸cores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry
Haplogroup R1b (particularly R1b3) was found to be the most dominant Y chromosomal lineage in Portugal and the North Atlantic Archipelagos of the Ac¸ores and Madeira, covering more than half of the Y chromosomal lineages in each population. The high frequency of this haplogroup is typical in all West European populations, reflecting a cline and likely continuity of the Paleolithic gene pool in Europe (Semino et al.2000)....
E1-M33...This haplogroup is virtually absent in European populations and Northwest Africa,...
Haplogroup E3a is notably absent from our sample except for a single E3a individual in the Ac¸ores, although this haplogroup constitutes the majority of Y-chromosomes in and Cabo Verde the putative regions of origin for the first slaves brought to Portugal. These results sharply contrast with those obtained with mtDNA markers. mtDNA haplogroups L0–L3 and M1 that are characteristic to sub-Saharan populations are present at 12% and 14.8% in the south of Portugal and Madeira, respectively... These results are consistent with sex specific gene flow, probably resulting from the custom that male slaves did not mate with Iberian women while the opposite situation was common, as supported by mtDNA analysis... Three lineages belonging to haplogroup A were found....
Eastern Africa is seen as the homeland for E3b as there it has the highest number of different clades and microsatellite diversity and the almost exclusive presence of E3b*, with estimates of 30 ky for the age of the M35 mutation... The clustering of E3b* lineages in North Portugal (with 3.8±2.2 kya) and low Y-STR variation (compared to North Africa) is a putative indication of a restricted but definite gene flow across the Strait of Gibraltar....
E3b1-M78 suggests that these lineages could have spread from the Balkans all over Europe during the Neolithic. This is furthermore supported by the age of STR variation (8.8+/-4.1 ky,) and fits into the 6.3–9.2 ky range.... The pairwise divergence times between Madeira, North and Central of Portugal differ insignificantly from each other, being on average around 6 thousand year...
In Northwest Africa 75% of the Y lineages are haplogroup E3b2-M81 although a much lower frequency of this clade is seen among the Arabs. E3b2-M81 in North Africa may have arisen near Egypt or Somalia and then spread westwards along the upper boundary of Africa...variable frequencies in Iberian populations (1–12%) and is almost absent, or occurs at very low frequencies (<6%), elsewhere in Western Europe... the age STR variation at E3b2 in the Portuguese populations is actually identical to that of North Africa (8.1±3.2 ky vs. 8.6±2.3 ky)...
E3b3 has a clear affiliation with Mid-Eastern populations but is infrequent in Europe and North Africa...
More than 10% of Portuguese Y chromosomes could be classified in haplogroup J....
Haplogroup J is thought to have originated in the Middle East or North East Africa...both main J1 and J2 clusters appearing in the Levant at Neolithic times...appear to have spread into North Africa from Arabia. Haplogroup J* (= J1-M267) lineages occur in both Jewish and other Semitic speaking non-Jewish populations in the Middle East and notably also in the Arabs of Oman... The history of Jewish settlement in Iberia makes it plausible that one source of the haplogroup J1 in Portugal (which reaches 7% in the South) could be related to either Jewish or Arabian ancestry. Non-Jewish North Africans are also characterized by over 10% of J1-M267... Portuguese J1 lineages are not due to Arab gene flow, and could have entered the country independently.... Jews are supposed to have arrived in Iberia at least in the 3rd century via North Africa. Bring longer ago than the possible arrival time of the Jewish lineages, the divergence time of J1 in Central and South Portuguese populations (between 4.8 ky and 11.1 ky, Table 2) suggests that they were imported from distinct founding populations or even through different waves from different Middle-Eastern populations that had diverged much earlier elsewhere....
The Portuguese populations reveal themselves as a highly heterogeneous group, clearly separated from other European populations...but also from North Africa and Mid-Eastern populations obviously denoting an intermediate status. Interestingly, both North Africans and Middle-Easterners join the Portuguese populations through the “Sephardim” Jews as indicated by the MST. The most likely lineage groups responsible for differences on the axis distinguishing European-Iberian-MidEast populations are E3b (a characteristic of NA) and R1b (typical of West Europeans). The latter haplogroup is almost absent in North Africa and Middle East....Our data suggests only minor influences from sub-Saharan males in Portugal and the Atlantic Islands,...
This contrasts mtDNA and HLA data, but provides genetic support to the view that mixing was highly asymmetrical by sex. The North African component at least for mtDNA, is mainly concentrated in the North of Portugal. The mtDNA and Y data indicate that the Berber presence in that region dates prior to the Moorish expansion in 711 AD. Our Y chromosome results are also consistent with a continuous and regular assimilation of Berbers in North of Portugal. This argues against previous interpretations of Moorish mediated contributions, based on Y chromosome data and provides an alternative view of an earlier Berber presence in the North of Portugal. Haplogroup J* distribution in Portugal runs opposite to haplogroup E3b2, corroborating the hypothesis that J1 lineages were not introduced with North African E3b2 lineages during the Arab/Berber expansion. In addition, the J1 lineages are distinct from the common Arab haplotype, consistent with an independent source, possibly Sephardim and/or other Near East peoples. Until now, the only evidence supporting the presence of Berbers in Iberia was the high frequencies of haplogroup U6 in Northern Portugal. Our data indicate that male Berbers, unlike sub-Saharan immigrants, constituted a long-lasting and continuous community in the country.
The Myth of the Basajaun: A Basque Story of an Ancient Encounter
https://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends-europe/basajaun-0014222
In Basque mythology there exists a creature known as the Basajaun. Translated, it means “Lord of the Woods”. Basajaun is described as a robust, large, and hairy hominid who lives in the forests. He also has a female counterpart and companion known as a Basandere. Now, here is where the Basque myth becomes very interesting. The Basajaun is believed to have built megaliths, protected flocks of livestock, as well as introduced agriculture and iron-working to humans. He is also said to have lived in caves, often deep in the woods, of which there are many in the Pyrenees. In general, the Basajaun is depicted as a benevolent creature, a sort of a protector of the woods, and a protector of flocks and shepherds. Other rural legends still give him more attributes of a folk guardian: it is said that a Basajaun yells and hollers from the mountains whenever a storm is coming, and warns the peasants and the shepherds to take shelter....
the description of the Basajaun bears a striking resemblance to the Neanderthals, or even the European Early Modern Humans (EEMH) also known as Cro-Magnons.... Can it be that the Basque people, being old as they are, preserved tales of the earliest contacts between the Neanderthals of the Pyrenees and the European Early Modern Humans (Western Hunter Gatherers) who migrated into the area?...
In 2012 the renowned Genographic Project of the National Geographic Society, released an important study that showed a detailed DNA analysis of Basque peoples. It confirmed their unique genetic patterns that totally distinguished them from surrounding populations, supporting the theory that there is a partial or complete genetic continuity of modern Basque people with the Paleolithic and Mesolithic natives of the region....
A unique theory related to the contact of Indo-Europeans and Old Europeans can show us just how easy it is for a myth or a legend to be born out of a simple encounter from two totally different groups of people. That theory is related to Pan, the ancient Greek god of the wilds, protector of shepherds, flocks, and nature. He is portrayed as a bearded and hairy man, carrying a shepherd’s staff, and with the legs of a goat....rural mountain shepherds of the Balkans: bearded and hairy, carrying staffs, they had a unique tradition of wearing pants made from shaggy goat coat, the so-called fleece trousers. For a new settler coming in contact with Proto populations of the mountainous Balkans, it can be easy to observe from a distance a unique, shaggy person who seemingly has the legs of a goat, unlike anything ever before seen. And before you know it, a myth is born: mysterious goat-legged shepherds of the high mountains, protecting the flocks....
U6 MAY BE PALEOLITHIC IN BOTH NORTH AFRICA AND IN WEST EUROPE.
THIS ARTICLE SUGGESTS TRACES OF U6 IN IBERIA IN THE PALEOLITHIC AND NEOLITHIC WITHOUT ANY NORTH AFRICAN COMPONENT MUTATES INTO U6a1 ABOUT 19KYA THEN AGAIN 13KYA AS U6a1a. U6 IN MAGHREB 35 TO 45KYA. ABOUT 20KYA NORTH AFRICAN U6 IS SPREAD AROUND THE EUROPEAN MEDITERANEAN. THE EAST MED BRANCH REACHES IBERIA, ITALY, AND BACK TO MAGHREB IN THE NEOLITHIC VIA MARITIME. VARIOUS U6 CLADES FROM EUROPE TRAVEL TO NORTH AFRICA SINCE NEOLITHIC. SEVERAL MIGRATIONS OF U6 TO AND FROM EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA AND LEVANT SOME ARE BACK MIGRATIONS TO AND FROM.
THIS ARTICLE IMPLIES U6 MUST HAVE DEVELOPED OUT OF NORTH AFRICA AND THEN MOST OF U6 WENT INTO NORTH AFRICA IN PALEOLITHIC BUT A TINY FRACTION MUST HAVE ALSO WENT INTO OR REMAINED IN EUROPE. OR U DEVELOPS INTO U6 IN NORTH AFRICA AND SOME U6 MIGRATE TO EUROPE SIMULTANEOUSLY AS THEY DEVELOP IN NORTH AFRICA. U6 BEING MOST FREQUENT IN THE WEST AND MIGRATION PATTERN TO THE EAST SHE MAY HAVE COME FROM ATLANTIS...
The history of the North African mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 gene flow into the African, Eurasian and American continents
https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-14-109#Fig1
Reaching Europe
In general, haplogroup U6 has very low frequencies in Europe. It is more frequent in the Mediterranean countries, mainly in those with longer histories of Moorish influence since medieval times, such as Portugal (2.5%), Spain (1.1%) or Sicily (0.4%). In fact, there is a significant longitudinal gradient in Mediterranean Europe, with frequencies decreasing eastwards (r = −0.87; p = 0.008) that run parallel to that found in North Africa (r = −0.97; p < 0.001). Congruently, the presence of U6 in the Iberian Peninsula has been attributed to the historic Moorish expansion. However, without denying this historic gene flow, others have also suggested prehistoric inputs from North Africa.
Actually, the U6 phylogeny and the phylogeography of its lineages are better explained admitting both prehistoric and historic influences in Europe. Traces of Paleolithic and early Neolithic presence of U6 in Mediterranean Europe are the two Iberian lineages at the root of the U6a1 expansion of 18.6 kya, without involving any North African counterpart (Table 3). Again, when the next U6a1a radiation occurred at 13.1 kya, a lineage later expanded at its node as the U6a1a2 clade and only led to European sequences. There are also two sequences of Mediterranean European origin that directly emerged from the ancestral node of the East African cluster U6a2a (19.8 kya). The presence of a third Mediterranean European sequence identical to a Tunisian one that coalesces with a Palestinian sequence about 5.9 kya suggests that these eastern lineages most probably reached Italy, Iberia and the Maghreb from the Levant through maritime contacts since the Neolithic. Another Italian sequence that coalesces at 10.6 kya with a Levantine sequence forming the U6a4 clade reinforces such a conclusion. More difficult to ascertain is the presence of 3 additional Italian sequences that directly sprout from the basal node of the west sub-Saharan African clade U6a5 (12.7 kya). There are two clusters, U6a3a (9.6 kya) and U6a7a (7.6 kya), with mostly European sequences, that expanded in Neolithic times. Other European groups: U6a3a1, U6a7a1, U6a7a2, and U6c1 spread within the Chalcolithic period. Finally, at least 14 European lineages have coalescence ages in historic times. Some may be associated with the Roman conquest of Britain (U6d1a), the diaspora of Sephardic Jews (U6a7a1b), or the European colonization of the Americas (U6a1a1a2, U6a7a1a, U6a7a2a1, U6b1a). Roughly, 35 European lineages have prehistoric spreads and 50 sequences historic spreads. In all cases they are involved with clear North African counterparts.
With less accuracy, information from HVI sequences also provides a phylogeographic perspective of U6 in Europe (Table 1). The largest U6 Maghreb component in Europe is found in Portugal (69.9%), then in Spain (50.0%) and Italy (53.0%), and decreases sharply in the Eastern Mediterranean (25.0%). No U6b representatives have been detected in Italy, although it is present in Iberia to the west and in the Near East to the east. Regarding the Canarian motif, 33% and 50% of the U6b haplotypes found respectively in mainland Portugal and Spain belong to the Canary Islands autochthonous U6b1a subgroup. Curiously, it has not been detected in the Portuguese island of Azores and Madeira or in Cape Verde either. U6c is confirmed as a low-frequency Mediterranean haplogroup. All four identified U6 HVI components have representatives in Atlantic Europe. This Maghreb component could have arrived through Atlantic Copper or Bronze age networks, leaving the presence of U6c to Punic or more probably, Roman colonization.
On the other hand, the East African component in Europe has its peak in eastern Mediterranean area (62.5%) and gradually diminishes westward toward Italy (46.0%), Spain (28.3%) and mainland Portugal (20.0%). Complemented with the previous phylogeographic information obtained from complete sequences, it seems that the Levant component points to maritime contacts from the Neolithic onwards. Congruently, archaeological comparisons of the different prehistoric cultures that evolved on both shores of the Mediterranean Sea point to the conclusion that each region had its own technological traditions, despite some parallel developments. This finding weakens the hypothesis of important demic or cultural interchanges, at least until the beginning of the Neolithic when prehistoric seafaring started in the Mediterranean Sea. Indeed, the rapid spread of the Neolithic Cardial Culture, or the presence of the Megalithic culture on both sides of the Mediterranean during the Chalcolithic period, would suffice to explain the presence in Europe of U6 lineages with coalescence ages since Neolithic times onwards. However, at least two U6 lineages, U6a1a and U6a5, both with European coalescences around 13 kya, are left devoid of archaeological support. These would coincide with climatic improvement during the Late Glacial period. Curiously, several European mtDNA lineages, with similar coalescence ages, such as V, U5b1, H1 and H3, have been proposed as maternal footprints in North Africa of a hypothetical southward human spread after the Last Glacial period, from the Franco-Cantabrian refuge. This also lacks archaeological evidence. Accurate phylogeographic analysis of these and other mtDNA and Y-chromosome haplogroups are needed to disentangle these puzzling patterns.
Table 2 Geography and ages of the African and Canarian U6 sub-clades
https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-14-109/tables/2
Table 3 Geography and ages of the European U6 sub-clades
https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-14-109/tables/3
Haplogroup Age
U6a1 18600
U6a1a 13100
U6a1a2 16200
U6a4 10600
U6a3a 9600
U6a7a 7600
U6d1 5700
U6a3a1 5600
U6a7a1 4700
U6a7a2 4200
U6a7a1c 3500
U6a7a2a1 2600
U6a1b1b 2600
U6d1a 1700
U6a7a1b 1400
U6c1a 1300
U6a1a1a2 600
U6a7a1a 500
Castro culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_culture
(Galician: cultura castrexa, Portuguese: cultura castreja, Asturian: cultura castriega, Spanish: cultura castreña, meaning "culture of the hill-forts") is the archaeological term for the material culture of the north-western regions of the Iberian Peninsula (present-day northern Portugal together with Galicia, Asturias and western parts of Castile and León) from the end of the Bronze Age (c. 9th century BC) until it was subsumed by Roman culture (c. 1st century BC). It is the culture associated with the Gallaecians and Astures (a Celtic tribal federations). The most notable characteristics of this culture are: its walled oppida and hill forts, known locally as castros... This cultural area extended east to the Cares river and south into the lower Douro river valley. The area of Ave Valley in Portugal, was the core region of this culture,....The Castro culture emerged during the first two centuries of the first millennium BCE,...autonomous evolution of Atlantic Bronze Age communities, after the local collapse of the long range Atlantic network...from the Mediterranean and up to the British Isles... From the beginning of the first millennium, the network appears to collapse, possibly because the Iron Age had outdated the Atlantic tin and bronze products in the Mediterranean region...
Second Iron Age: Since the beginning of the 6th century BCE the Castro culture experienced an inner expansion:...one important change was the return of trade with the Mediterranean by the now independent Carthage...
Roman era: The first meeting of Rome with the inhabitants of the castros and cividades was during the Punic wars, when Carthaginians hired local mercenaries for fighting Rome in the Mediterranean and into Italy....Romans defeated the Asturians and Cantabrians in 19 BCE...new unfortified settlements were established in the plains and valleys, at the same time that numerous hill-forts and cities were abandoned....5th century, when the Germanic Suevi established themselves in Gallaecia...
Pollen analysis confirms the Iron Age as a period of intense deforestation in Galicia and Northern Portugal, with meadows and fields expanding at the expense of woodland....
Strabo wrote that the people of northern Iberia used boats made of leather, probably similar to Irish currachs and Welsh coracles, for local navigation.... Decorative motifs include rosettes, triskelions, swastikas, spirals, interlaces, as well as palm tree, herringbone and string motifs,...
Religion: most relevant was Lugus...Other pan-European deities include Bormanicus (a god related to hot springs), the Matres, and Sulis or Suleviae...More numerous are the votive inscriptions dedicated to the autochthonous Cosus, Bandua, Nabia, and Reue.... The largest number of indigenous deities found in the whole Iberian Peninsula are located in the Lusitanian-Galician regions... From a theonymical point of view, this suggest some ethno-cultural differences between the coast and inland areas. With the exception of the Grovii people, Pomponius Mela stated that all the populi were Celtic and Cosus was not worshipped there. Pliny also rejected that the Grovii were Celtic, he considered them to have a Greek origin....
Gallaecia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallaecia
Gallaecia, also known as Hispania Gallaecia, was the name of a Roman province in the north-west of Hispania, approximately present-day Galicia, northern Portugal, Asturias and Leon and the later Suebic Kingdom of Gallaecia. The Roman cities included the port Cale (Porto),... The Romans gave the name Gallaecia to the northwest part of the Iberian peninsula after the tribes of the area, the Gallaeci or Gallaecians.
The Gallaic Celts make their entry in written history in the first-century epic Punica of Silius Italicus on the First Punic War: (book III.344-7) "Rich Gallaecia sent its youths, wise in the knowledge of divination by the entrails of beasts, by feathers and flames— who, now crying out the barbarian song of their native tongue, now alternately stamping the ground in their rhythmic dances until the ground rang, and accompanying the playing with sonorous caetrae" (a caetra was a small type of shield used in the region).
Gallaecia, as a region, was thus marked for the Romans as much for its Celtic culture, the culture of the castros—hillforts of Celtic origin...This civilization extended over present day Galicia, the north of Portugal, the western part of Asturias, the Berço, and Sanabria and was distinctive from the neighbouring Lusitanian civilization to the south according to the classical authors Pomponius Mela and Pliny the Elder....
After the Punic Wars, the Romans turned their attention to conquering Hispania....137 BC...Roman victory... The final extinction of Celtic resistance was the aim of the violent and ruthless Cantabrian Wars fought under the Emperor Augustus from 26 to 19 BC. The resistance was appalling: collective suicide rather than surrender, mothers who killed their children before committing suicide, crucified prisoners of war who sang triumphant hymns, rebellions of captives who killed their guards and returned home from Gaul.... In 409, as Roman control collapsed, the Suebi conquests transformed Roman Gallaecia (convents Lucense and Bracarense) into the kingdom of Galicia...
On the night of 31 December 406 AD, several Germanic barbarian tribes, the Vandals, Alans, and Suebi, swept over the Roman frontier on the Rhine. They advanced south, pillaging Gaul, and crossed the Pyrenees. They set about dividing up the Roman provinces of Carthaginiensis, Tarraconensis, Gallaecia, and Baetica. The Suebi took part of Gallaecia, where they later established a kingdom. After the Vandals and Alans left for North Africa, the Suevi took control of much of the Iberian Peninsula. However, Visigothic campaigns took much of this territory back. The Visigoths emerged victorious in the wars that followed, and eventually annexed Gallaecia.
After the Visigothic defeat and the annexation of much of Hispania by the Moors, a group of Visigothic states survived in the northern mountains, including Gallaecia. In Beatus of Liébana (d. 798), Gallaecia became used to refer to the Christian part of the Iberian peninsula, whereas Hispania was used for the Muslim one. The emirs found it not worth their while to conquer these mountains filled with warlike tribes and lacking oil or wine....
Gallaeci
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallaeci
Thanks to Silius Italicus, it is known that between the years 218 and 201 BC, during the Second Punic War, some Gallaecian troops were involved in the fight in the ranks of Carthaginian Hannibal against the Roman army of Scipio Africanus. Silius described them as a contingent combined with Lusitanian forces and led by a commander named Viriathus... The first known military conflict between Gallaeci and Romans is mentioned in Appian of Alexandria's book Iberiké, narrating events during the Lusitanian War (155–139 BC)....The attack on these Southern Gallaecian peoples, near the border with Vettones, was punishment for Gallaecian support to Lusitanians. Orosius later mentioned that Brutus surrounded the Gallaeci, who were unaware, and crushed sixty thousand of them who had come to the assistance of the Lusitani....
Archaeologically, the Gallaeci were a local Atlantic Bronze Age people (1300–700 BC). During the Iron Age they received several influences, including from other Iberian cultures, and from central-western Europe (Hallstatt and, to a lesser extent, La Tène culture), and from the Mediterranean (Phoenicians and Carthaginians). The Gallaeci dwelt in hill forts (locally called castros), and the archaeological culture they developed is known by archaeologists as "Castro culture", a hill-fort culture with round houses. ...
Origin of the name: The Romans named the entire region north of the Douro, where the Castro culture existed, in honour of the castro people that settled in the area of Calle — the Callaeci. The Romans established a port in the south of the region which they called Portus Calle, today's Porto, in northern Portugal. When the Romans first conquered the Callaeci they ruled them as part of the province of Lusitania but later created a new province of Callaecia (Greek: Καλλαικία) or Gallaecia. The names "Callaici" and "Calle" are the origin of today's Gaia, Galicia, and the "Gal" root in "Portugal", among many other placenames in the region.
Bandua: Gallaecian God of War, similar to the Roman god, Mars.
Berobreus: god of the Otherworld and beyond.
Bormanicus: god of hot springs similar to the Gaulish god, Bormanus.
Nabia: goddess of waters, of fountains and rivers.
Cossus, warrior god,...was one of the most revered gods in ancient Gallaecia.
Reue, associated with the supreme God hierarchy, justice and also death.
Lugus, or Lucubo, linked to prosperity, trade and craft occupations.
Coventina, goddess of abundance and fertility. Strongly associated with the water nymphs, most Western Europe, from England to Gallaecia.
Endovelicus (Belenus), god of prophecy and healing, showing the faithful in dreams.
BASHKIR MEANS THE LEAD WOLF....
One of Europe's most ancient domestic dogs lived in the Basque Country
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/11/221128101244.htm
Humerus analyzed by researchers belonged to a specimen that lived in the Palaeolithic period, 17,000 years ago...Canis lupus familiaris (domestic dog).... an age of 17,410-17,096 cal. BP... Magdalenian period of the Upper Palaeolithic, which makes it one of the most ancient domestic dogs to have existed so far in Europe....