MY OPINION THIS ARTICLE CONTAINS ERRORS, AND IS VAQUE. BEGINNING ITS RESEARCH FROM A FEW REMAINS AT 5000BCE. MUCH HAS ALREADY HAPPENED PRIOR TO 5000BCE. AND TO COMPARE THE NEOLITHIC GENES TO THE ORIGINAL PALEOLITHIC BERBERS GENETICS IS A JOKE. THE BERBERS WERE THE PALEOLITHIC EURASIANS WHO HAD ESCAPED INTERBREEDING WITH THE APE HOMO HYBRIDS IN AFRICA. THE PALEOLITHIC BERBERS WERE LIGHT PIGMENT SAME AS THEIR PALEOLTHIC EUROPEAN/EURASIAN RELATIVES. THEY THEN BACK MIGRATE INTO NORTH AFRICA ABOUT 45KYA. SOME WENT TO WEST EUROPE IN PALEOLITHIC. THE PALEOLITHIC BERBERS WERE U6 mtDNA. YDNA IS UNCLEAR. THE BERBERS MIGRATE OUT OF AFRICA AGAIN SEVERAL TIMES LATER. SOME OF THEM MIX ALL AROUND THE MED AND NEAR EAST LATER TO BACK MIGRATE AGAIN SEVERAL TIMES SINCE THE PALEOLITHIC TO MODERN TIMES. SINCE PALEOLITHIC THE BERBERS MUST HAVE EXPERIENCED AT LEAST A COUPLE POPULATION REPLACEMENTS (GENOCIDES) ESPECIALLY AMONG THE MALES. THE U FEMALES WERE AMONG THE T, OR K MALES WHICH ARE THE R1 LINEAGE OF EUROPE/EURASIA.
IN NEOLITHIC 5000-3000BCE A POPULATION REPLACEMENT RESULTS FROM LEVANTINE, NEAR EAST FARMERS, AND IBERIAN. SOME OF THE APE/HOMO NIGGERS ALSO MIX IN FROM SUBSAHARA BEGIN AS EARLY AS 19KYA IN TRACE AMOUNTS AS CLIMATE CHANGES BUT INSIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS. POST ROMAN TIMES SEES THE GREATEST INFLUX OF APE/HOMO NIGGERS IN NORTH AFRICA. THE IMA WAS A NEOLITHIC BASTARD NIGGER MIXED WITH SOME BERBERS BUT WAS NOT A PURE BERBER.
IAM= 5000BCE, IFRIn'AMR MOUSSA, U6a AND M1 mtDNA, E-M81 YDNA.
IAM POSSESS NO EUROPEAN LIGHT PIGMENTATION SNP's.
[E-M81 IS ONLY 3000 YEARS OLD AT MOST THUS E-M81 IS NOT IAM AT 5000BCE.]
KEB=3000BCE, KELIF EL BOROUD, K1, T2, X2 mtDNA, T-M184 YDNA.
KEB ARE HALFWAY BETWEEN IAM AND ANATOLIAN FARMER CLOSE TO LEVANT aDNA. KEB IS SIMILAR TO NORTH AFRICAN, EUROPEAN, AND MID EASTERN.
KEB POSSESS SOME EUROPEAN LIGHT SKIN AND EYE ALLELES.
TOR=5000BCE, EL TORO IBERIA, K1, J2, T2, G-M201 YDNA,
TOR IS SIMILAR TO MID NEOLITHIC EUROPEANS OR MODERN POPULATIONS FROM SPAIN, NORTH ITALY, AND SARDINIA.
Neolithization of North Africa involved the migration of people from both the Levant and Europe
http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/191569
the Neolithic transition in North Africa, including the Maghreb, remains largely uncharacterized. Archaeological evidence suggests this process may have happened through an in situ development from Epipaleolithic communities or by demic diffusion from the Eastern Mediterranean shores or Iberia... Neolithic pottery in North Africa strongly resembles that of European cultures like Cardial and Andalusian Early Neolithic, the southern-most early farmer culture from Iberia. Here, we present the first analysis of individuals’ genome sequences from early and late Neolithic sites in Morocco, as well as Andalusian Early Neolithic individuals. We show that Early Neolithic Moroccans are distinct from any other reported ancient individuals and possess an endemic element retained in present day Maghrebi populations, indicating long-term genetic continuity in the region.
Among ancient populations, early Neolithic Moroccans share affinities with Levantine Natufian hunter-gatherers (~9,000 BCE) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic farmers (~6,500 BCE). Late Neolithic (~3,000 BCE) Moroccan remains, in comparison, share an Iberian component of a prominent European-wide demic expansion, supporting theories of trans-Gibraltar gene flow. Finally, the Andalusian Early Neolithic samples share the same genetic composition as the Cardial Mediterranean Neolithic culture that reached Iberia ~5,500 BCE. The cultural and genetic similarities of the Iberian Neolithic cultures with that of North African Neolithic sites further reinforce the model of an Iberian intrusion into the Maghreb.
Present genetic data from modern samples suggests that North Africans’ ancestry has contributions from four main sources: 1) an autochthonous Maghrebi component related to a back migration to Africa ~12,000 years ago from the Levant; 2) a Middle Eastern component probably associated with the Arab conquest; 3) a sub-Saharan component derived from trans-Saharan migrations; and 4) a European component that has been linked to recent historic movements.... genome-wide analysis of remains from the Early Neolithic site of Ifri n'Amr or Moussa (IAM; ~5,000 BCE, n=7) and the Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud (KEB; ~3,000 BCE; n=8)... Early Neolithic sites in southern Iberia: El Toro (TOR; ~5,000 BCE; n=12) and Los Botijos (BOT; n=1). This Andalusian Early Neolithic culture is thought to have arrived prior to Cardial technology, and bears similarities with early Maghrebi traditions farming...
Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome haplogroups obtained for IAM (Moroccan Early Neolithic) and KEB (Moroccan Late Neolithic) indicate either a population replacement or an important genetic influx into Morocco between 5,000–3,000 BCE. IAM samples belong to the mtDNA haplogroups U6a and M1—both of which are associated with back migration to Africa while KEB samples belong to haplogroups K1, T2 and X2, prominently found in Anatolian and European Neolithic samples. Regarding the paternal lineages, IAM individuals carry Y chromosomes distantly related to the typically North African E-M81 haplogroup, while the Y chromosome from KEB belongs to the T-M184 haplogroup; though scarce and broadly distributed today, this haplogroup has also been observed in European Neolithic individuals. Both mtDNA and Y-chromosome lineages (K1, J2 and T2 haplogroups, and G-M201 haplogroup, respectively) for samples from TOR/BOT (Iberian Early Neolithic) are similar to those observed in Europe during Neolithic times.
West Eurasian populations can be modelled as admixture of four different ancestral components: Eastern and Western European hunter-gatherers, Iranian and Levant Neolithic.... IAM individuals are different from any aDNA sample studied to date. When projected, IAM samples are close to modern North Africans, in the Levantine corner of the PCA space. Southern Iberian Neolithic individuals from TOR and BOT cluster with Sardinians and with other Anatolian and European Neolithic samples. Moreover, KEB samples are placed halfway between the IAM and Anatolian/European farmer clusters, in close proximity to Levant aDNA samples.... At lower K values, IAM samples possess ~100% of a component partially shared by aDNA samples from the Middle East and Levant. At K=6, this IAM-like component is observed mainly in modern North Africa, following a west to-east cline. TOR and other Early Neolithic samples from Iberia cluster together with farmers from Anatolia, the Aegean area and Europe. At K=8 the Early Neolithic individuals from Iberia differentiate from the Anatolian, Aegean and European Early Neolithic samples, and share their main component (purple) with Middle Neolithic/Chalcolitic samples. Finally, at low K values, KEB can be explained as having both IAM-like and European Neolithic components, suggesting an admixture process between IAM-like people and early farmers. Nevertheless, at K=8, the European component in KEB is predominantly “purple,” with some “green” component. This “green” component is also present, at a low frequency, in Natufians and other ancient Levantine populations. The substantially larger contribution of the “purple” component, when compared with the “green”, suggests a significant genetic contribution of ancient Iberians in Morocco....
IAM samples are as differentiated from all other populations as Yoruba are from non-Africans, with the sole exception of KEB... IAM is clearly more similar to KEB than any other population, the converse is not true. KEB has lower FST distances with any Anatolian, European (excluding European hunter gatherers), Levantine and Iranian population, rather than with IAM. In the modern DNA reference panel, KEB is similar to North African, European and Middle Eastern populations. Among the ancient populations, TOR is more similar to Middle Neolithic/Chalcolithic Europeans, and, among modern populations, to populations from Spain, North Italy and Sardinia....
KEB shares ancestry with IAM, but also more genetic drift with Neolithic and Chalcolithic populations from Anatolia and Europe, with the highest shared genetic drift appearing in Iberian Early Neolithic samples... KEB population can be modelled as a mixture of IAM and Anatolian/European Neolithic.... Late Neolithic sites in North Africa contain pottery resembling that of the Andalusian Early Neolithic and Cardial cultures, and ivory tools distinctly associated with those of Iberian Neolithic sites. TOR has more shared ancestry with Iberian Early Neolithic samples and other Neolithic and Chalcolithic populations from Europe. Archaeological work in southern Iberia, especially in the Nerja site, has pointed out that the Andalusian Early Neolithic culture, previous to the Cardial expansion, may have had connections to farmer traditions in the Maghreb. However, we observe that TOR samples have a similar genetic composition to that of Cardial individuals from Iberia, evidencing a common origin....
IAM people do not possess any of the European SNPs associated with light pigmentation, and most likely had dark skin and eyes. IAM samples present ancestral alleles for pigmentation-associated variants present in SLC24A5 (rs1426654), SLC45A2 (rs16891982) and OCA2 (rs16891982 and 12913832) genes. On the other hand, KEB individuals exhibit some European- derived alleles that predispose individuals to lighter skin and eye colour, including those on genes SLC24A5 (rs1426654) and OCA2 (rs16891982).
Genetic analyses have revealed that the population history of modern North Africans is quite complex. Based on our aDNA analysis, we identify an Early Neolithic Moroccan component that is restricted to North Africa in present-day populations, which is the sole ancestry in IAM samples. We hypothesize that this component represents the autochthonous Maghrebi ancestry associated with Berber populations. This Maghrebi
component was related to that of Epipaleolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic people from
the Levant. By 3,000 BCE, a European Neolithic expansion brought Mediterranean-like
ancestry to the Maghreb, most likely from Iberia. Our analyses demonstrate that at least
some of the European ancestry observed today in North Africa is related to prehistoric
migrations, and local Berber populations were already admixed with Europeans before
the Roman conquest. Furthermore, additional European/Iberian ancestry could have
reached the Maghreb after KEB people; this scenario is supported by the presence of
Iberian-like Bell-Beaker pottery in more recent stratigraphic layers of IAM and KEB
caves....
IRIE WAS A TOP NOBLE IN THE COURT. KING GOSER OF THE EARLIEST KINGDOMS ESTABLISHED SAQQARA AS A ROYAL NECROPOLIS. IT BECAME A RELIGIOUS PORTAL TO ENTER THE NETHERWORLD....
Excavations Unearth Five Stunning 4,000-Year-Old Tombs in Egypt
https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/tombs-in-egypt-0016544
Five carved tombs in Egypt, with many burials and archaeological finds from the Old Kingdom (c. 2700-2200 BC) and the First Transition/Intermediate Period (2181–2055 BC)... southern Saqqara... Old Kingdom is the time period in Egypt associated with pyramid building , most famously the Step Pyramid . The decision to establish Saqqara as the official royal necropolis was made under King Djoser (c. 2686-2648 BC), the first king of the Third Dynasty of the Old Kingdom ....
The first cemetery from the discovered graves belonged to a person named Irie, one of the top nobles of the court.... Grave number two belonged to the wife of a man named Yart, an aspect deciphered by the proximity of her grave to his. This one also includes a rectangular shaft. Meanwhile, grave number three belonged to a person called Babi Farhafai, also called Bi Nafarhafayi, who used to occupy several important court positions, namely supervisor of the Great House, the chanting priest, and the cleaner of the house. The fourth grave...belonged to a woman called Betty, who was responsible for the king’s makeup, appearance, and dressing. Allegedly, she was a priestess of Hathor... Fifth cemetery is a man called Hannu...supervisor of the royal palace, mayor, supervisor of the Great House, bearer of the seals of Lower Egypt, and supervisor of an orchard...
Saqqara has become a hub of discoveries in the past few years, with hundreds of colored coffins with preserved mummies of senior officials, priests, and other notables from the 26th Dynasty (or the Saite dynasty period, i.e., 664 to 525 BC)...
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/08/240821145930.htm
An international research team has mapped a giant underwater avalanche which took place nearly 60,000 years ago in the Agadir Canyon.
New research has revealed how an underwater avalanche grew more than 100 times in size causing a massive trail of destruction as it traveled 2000km across the Atlantic Ocean seafloor off the North West coast of Africa.... reaching heights of 200 meters as it moved at a speed of about 15 m/s ripping out the sea floor and tearing everything out in its way.
"To put it in perspective: that's an avalanche the size of a skyscraper, moving at more than 40 mph from Liverpool to London, which digs out a trench 30 m deep and 15 km wide destroying everything in its path. Then it spreads across an area larger than the UK burying it under about a metre of sand and mud."...
FIRST EUROPEAN HOMINIDS MAY HAVE ENTERED/EXITED EUROPE VIA GIBRALTOR
https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/earliest-hominids-europe-0021095
Recent geological dating techniques applied to the Orce sites in the Baza basin, Granada, Spain, have discovered human remains that are approximately 1.3 million years old. This finding supports the hypothesis that humans may have entered Europe through the southern Iberian Peninsula via the Strait of Gibraltar, rather than returning to the Mediterranean through Asia....
The oldest site, Venta Micena, dates back to 1.32 million years ago, followed by Barranco León at 1.28 million years, and Fuente Nueva 3 at 1.23 million years....
This new dating aligns with other evidence suggesting that early hominids may have crossed into Europe via the Strait of Gibraltar. The presence of a lithic industry similar to that found in North Africa and the discovery of African fauna such as Hippopotamus and Theropithecus oswaldi in southern Spain support this theory.
https://greekreporter.com/2025/03/13/stone-age-europeans-voyage-sea-africa-ancient-dna/
Scientists have uncovered genetic evidence that Stone Age Europeans voyaged by sea to Africa, providing the strongest proof yet of prehistoric seafaring between Europe and North Africa.... The findings reveal that some populations in the region more than 8,000 years ago carried genetic traits linked to European hunter-gatherers.... Around 6,800 years ago, people with genetic ties to the Levant—modern-day Southwest Asia—settled in the eastern Maghreb....
Here we present genome-wide data for nine individuals from the Later Stone Age through the Neolithic period from Algeria and Tunisia. The earliest individuals cluster with pre-Neolithic people of the western Maghreb (around 15,000–7,600 years before present (BP)), showing that this ‘Maghrebi’ ancestry profile had a substantial geographic and temporal extent....
On the European side of the Mediterranean, farm-ers with roots in Anatolia first expanded rapidly along the coast as far as Iberia around 7,500 years before present (BP), absorbing 0–30% Western European hunter–gatherer (WHG) ancestry along the way. Characteristic ‘Cardial’ pottery linked to Iberia and southern France has been found in the western Maghreb (Morocco), together with evidence of domestic plants and animals and other associated materials... it is now more widely believed that Neolithic domesticates found in the western Maghreb were introduced from Iberia...
The first genome-wide ancient DNA data from Neolithic northern Africa came from the approximately 7,000-years-BP site of Ifri n’Amr o’Moussa (IAM) in the western Maghreb, where individuals were found to have ancestry derived from a ‘Maghrebi’ gene pool related to much earlier (15,000–14,000 years BP) Late Stone Age (LSA) individuals from the site of Taforalt (TAF) (Iberomaurusian culture). However, European farmer migrants had a large impact on closely neighbouring and nearly contemporaneous populations, contributing around 80% to the ances-try of individuals from the approximately 7,200-years-BP site of Kaf Taht el-Ghar (KTG). Within another millennium, a new component, related to Neolithic populations from the Levant and hypothesized to have been derived from an expansion of early pastoralist societies from southwestern Asia, also appeared, constituting as much as around 50% of the ancestry of individuals from the site of Skhirat-Rouazi (SKH) (around 6,400 years BP). All three components (Maghrebi, Europeanfarmer-related and Levantine) contributed to individuals from the Late Neolithic site of Kehf el Baroud (KEB) (around 5,700 years BP)....
An analysis of dental morphological data using a mean measure of divergence has indicated that Neolithic Maghreb populations were most similar overall to contemporaneous groups from the northern Mediterranean coast, although some from the eastern Maghreb showed a high degree of affinity with either earlier Iberomaurusian populations or Natufian populations from the Levant....
We generated high-quality genome-wide data for eight individuals (seven with direct radiocarbon dates) from three sites in present-day Tunisia and one from Afalou Bou Rhummel (ABR) in Algeria (around 15,000–11,000 years BP), an Iberomaurusian site that mitochondrial DNA analysis showed had maternal affinity to the TAF people....
Both individuals from Djebba (Tunisia) have earlier dates (around 8,000 years BP) than expected for a site assigned to the Neolithic. We refer to these here as Late Capsian because they fall near the tem-poral boundary of the Capsian and the Neolithic (Methods). From DEK, we obtained dates for four individuals, ranging from around 7,000 to around 6,350 years BP. The one individual from Hergla (Tunisia) yielded a surprisingly recent date (around 5,900 years BP) for a site only known to be occupied during the Capsian (Methods). In fact, it appears that Hergla continued to be used by mid-Holocene groups (at least to bury their dead), a practice attested to at other Capsian sites...
The three earliest eastern Maghreb individuals—from ABR (I13901, older than 10,000 years BP) and Djebba (I20824 and I20825, from around 8,000 years BP)—clustered with people of the pre-Neolithic western Maghreb (TAF and Ifri Ouberrid (OUB)). By contrast, the later individuals from the eastern Maghreb lie on a cline between this early cluster and groups from the ancient Levant and the Neolithic western Maghreb sites of SKH and KEB....
Uniparental markers are consistent with our genome-wide results in indicating a majority of Maghrebi ancestry among the newly reported individuals, with more admixture from other sources later in the transect. Of the five individuals assigned male at birth, four could be assigned to Y-chromosome haplogroup E1b1b1a1...The exception was I22852 (Hergla), who carried T1a1a, associated with Levantine farmers. For mtDNA, the individuals from ABR and Djebba, as well as both individuals from the DEK1 subgroup and one from DEK2, carried subclades of U6, also known primarily from ancient northern Africa. Haplogroup L3f1b+16292 (I22867, DEK2) belongs to a clade hypothesized to have originated in eastern Africa and spread to other parts of the continent, while R0a2 (I22852, Hergla) has a wide distribution, but has also been observed in the Neolithic Levant. Finally, individual I22866 (DEK2) carried mtDNA haplo-group U5b2b1, which is characteristic of pre-Neolithic Europe, and is probably derived from European hunter–gatherers, either directly (hunter–gatherers crossing the Strait of Sicily) or by means of WHG ancestry in European farmers....
We have shown that while the eastern Maghreb experienced multiple instances of admixture during (and even before) the Neolithic, the proportions of ancestry involved were relatively small and populations maintained a high degree of local genetic continuity.... The two sampled individuals from Djebba (Tunisia, Late Capsian) and one from ABR (Algeria, Iberomaurusian) share a similar genetic composition as contemporaneous groups from the western Maghreb, revealing that this ‘Maghrebi’ ancestry had a wide geographic and temporal extent. Unlike in the west, however, in the eastern Maghreb, we found evidence of admixture from Western European hunter– gatherers at Djebba, with the geographic proximity to Sicily suggesting a likely route. Shared technical innovations in material culture between these two regions, such as the pressure technique that started in the eastern Maghreb from at least around 8,500–8,400calibrated (cal.) years BP, and the movements of raw materials, such as the Pantel-lerian obsidian found in the eastern Maghreb from around 8,000cal. years BP, document extensive seafaring across the Strait of Sicily during this period. These cultural interactions appear to have been accompanied by the movement of hunter–gatherers, at least from north to south, and possibly in both directions.
In the Neolithic, we observed at least a small proportion of European farmer-related ancestry at every site in both the western and eastern Maghreb, including those where it was previously inferred to be absent. However, whereas some individuals in the west had high proportions of farmer-related ancestry (specifically from KTG in the Early Neolithic, with more than 80%, and KEB in the Late Neolithic, with more than 50%), in the east, the maximum was less than 20%....
Overall, our results support Iberia as the primary source for the migration of farmers from Europe to the Maghreb, although further research will be necessary to determine whether the farmer-related ancestry we observe in the eastern Maghreb arrived through northern Africa from the west or possibly through a separate crossing from Sicily in the north.The second, later widespread admixture event documented by our analysis involved Levantine-related populations. In the west-ern Maghreb, the first appearance of Levantine ancestry was at SKH (around 6,400 years BP, oldest single individual 6,730–6,500cal. years BP), while we found it slightly earlier in the eastern Maghreb, through I22867 and I22866 from DEK (6,888–6,678 and 6,828–6,662cal....
The archaeological record provides a possible correlate for the movement of people from the Levant in the form of domestic caprines (of probable Levantine origin), which were first recorded in the eastern portion of northern Africa by around 8,200 years BP and then spread westward. Our observation of multiple shared IBD segments between individuals from DEK and SKH suggests that people carrying Levantine ancestry passed through the eastern Maghreb before reaching the western Maghreb...
Our results show that regional demographic trajectories were highly variable in Europe and northern Africa during the Neolithic transition. In Europe, virtually all populations traced most of their ancestry to early migrants from Anatolia, with smaller contributions from local hunter–gatherers, and similar admixture trajectories in different regions. By contrast, data from the western and eastern Maghreb show that northern Africa featured both more heterogeneity and more continuity of autochthonous ancestry after the arrival of migrants and the adoption of new lifestyles and technologies. Indeed, in the eastern Maghreb, the archaeological record of the Neolithic transition is more consistent with local continuity than in Europe. Possible explana-tions for the more limited admixture in the eastern Maghreb are that local hunter–gatherer populations remained more stable and resilient than those across the Mediterranean during the approximately 8,200 years BP climatic cooling event, and also that the density of migrating farmers was lower than in Europe and the western Maghreb, perhaps because the region was less suitable for agriculture (which did not develop in the eastern Maghreb until much later). Larger population sizes in the eastern Maghreb are tentatively suggested by our ROH analysis and, combined with low numbers of migrants, could account for a less substantial dilution of local ancestry than in Europe or the western Maghreb....