1. What were the issues the reformers wanted addressed by the Catholic Hierarchy? Who were the reformers? Why are Martin Luther and Henry VIII significant?

2. What was the response of the Catholic Church?

3. What evidence/events demonstrate Luther contradicting his own beliefs and teachings?

Martin Luther & The Reformation:

Search Terms:

-95 Theses

-Bible in Latin (printing press impact)

-Bible access to all (printing press impact)

-Relics 

-Worshipping Saints

-All vocations equal in eyes of God

Scholarly Articles:

Bishop, P. A. (2014). Martin Luther and the Protestant reformation. Journal of History. https://drive.google.com/file/d/17zWG25Ugj0zC5mlAU4Azaz5aMyaN-Cab/view?usp=sharing  (overview)

McLaren, Kevin. "Worthy of Veneration or Skepticism?: How Europeans Regarded Relics During Medieval and Renaissance Europe." The Forum: Journal of History. Vol. 6. No. 1. 2014. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vRLnZdg8oruB8sx2Xp0nFsaumn2RTXiB/view?usp=sharing  (relics)

McNally, R. E. (1967). The Ninety-Five Theses of Martin Luther: 1517–1967. Theological Studies, 28(3), 439-480.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NNZypiY8OxzzpuBvY3AnzwiHMt2DZ0x6/view?usp=drive_link  (95 theses)

Borowski, Tomasz, and Christopher Gerrard. “Constructing Identity in the Middle Ages: Relics, Religiosity, and the Military Orders.” Speculum, vol. 92, no. 4, 2017, pp. 1056–100. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26583619.  (relics)

Secondary Articles:

Heal, B. (2017). Martin Luther and the German Reformation. History Today, 67(3), 28–36. https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=9350e1b7-f4f9-3bb0-8c7c-26a6db611e1e (overview)

Heffer, S. (2017). The shout that awakened nations. New Statesman, 146(5351), 24–27. https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=254123da-9d12-3aa8-8514-80e2dd1ea68b (overview)

Bagchi, David. "Printing, propaganda, and public opinion in the age of Martin Luther." Oxford research encyclopedia of religion. 2016. https://oxfordre.com/religion/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-269 (printing press)

Reformation & Catholic Church:

Search Terms:

-The Council of Trent

-Jesuits

-Sale of Indulgences

Scholarly Articles:

Hankins, J. R. (2009). Papists, power, and Puritans: Catholic officeholding and the rise of the" Puritan faction" in early-seventeenth-century essex. The Catholic historical review, 689-717. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27745669.pdf

Birley, Robert. "Early-Modern Catholicism as a response to the changing world of the long sixteenth century." The Catholic Historical Review, vol. 95, no. 2, Apr. 2009, pp. 218+. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A198365963/WHIC?u=flem98382&si

Schapiro, Jacob Salwyn. Social reform and the reformation. Vol. 34. Columbia University, 1909.https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9L4fAAAAMAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=equality+peasant+reformation&ots=9Xo64dE7wl&sig=ERa7yCkUkPWLv_d7wcP5CszW0Es 

Laven, Mary. “Encountering the Counter-Reformation.” Renaissance Quarterly, vol. 59, no. 3, 2006, pp. 706–20. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.1353/ren.2008.0398. Accessed 13 Dec. 2023.

Reinhard, Wolfgang. “Reformation, Counter-Reformation, and the Early Modern State a Reassessment.” The Catholic Historical Review, vol. 75, no. 3, 1989, pp. 383–404. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25023084. Accessed 11 Dec. 2023.

Bossy, John. “The Counter-Reformation and the People of Catholic Europe.” Past & Present, no. 47, 1970, pp. 51–70. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/650448. Accessed 11 Dec. 2023.

Secondary Articles:

Counter-Reformation & the Jesuits https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2023/07/31/the-counter-reformation-ignatius-and-the-jesuits/ 

Padovano, Anthony T. “No Turning Back.” National Catholic Reporter, vol. 36, no. 4, Nov. 1999, p. 3. EBSCOhost, research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=e021f34f-0219-3a6b-a7d5-e0486dcb1601. https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=e021f34f-0219-3a6b-a7d5-e0486dcb1601 

Henry VIII

Search Terms

Act of Supremacy

Church of England

Henry VIII divorce

Scholarly Articles:

Bernard, G. W. "Henry VIII:‘Catholicism without the Pope?’." History 101.345 (2016): 201-221. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24809778.pdf 

Hayes, P. J. "Impediments to Marriage in the Catholic Church." The North American Review 180.582 (1905): 764-773. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25105404.pdf 

Davies, C. S. L. "A New Life of Henry VIII." History 54.180 (1969): 31-48. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LtIRFhy6F_T1hC-QmWR8n4sdFU8oI4DQ/view?usp=drive_link 

Hypocrisy of Martin Luther:

Search Terms:

Martin Luther Jews

Martin Luther Antisemtism

Martin Luther peasants

Scholarly Articles:

Eckardt, A. L. (1989). The reformation and the Jews. Shofar, 23-47. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40753327.pdf 

Arnal, Oscar L. "Luther and the peasants: A Lutheran reassessment." Science & Society (1980): 443-465.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1w5bWe0YdPEJvj0y8SSdY2pTGMiXVG0VE/view?usp=sharing 

Kaplan, D. (2012). Sharing Conversations: A Jewish Polemic against Martin Luther. Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 103(1), 41-63. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cJTs_6J7CfgKCRkkzeoPiylvnhIivn1_/view?usp=sharing

John Calvin

example of a reformer

Packer, James I. "Calvin the Theologian." John Calvin: A Collection of Essays (1966): 149-75. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S0xaCdKL4psPDcnQjtlFqiKVmW10MKku/view?usp=sharing