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elementary knowledge on symmetry elements of crystallographic systems
elementary knowledge on symmetry elements of crystallographic systems
Crystallography is the study of crystals and describing them according to geometrical observations, which involves measuring of crystal faces in relation to their imaginary crystal axes and symmetry.
Crystal is also defined as geometrical solids that have an atomic structure arranged in a definite pattern and whose surface regularly reflects its internal symmetry
In crystallography, symmetry is a fundamental property of the orderly arrangements of atoms found in crystalline solids, each arrangement of atoms has a certain number of elements in symmetry. The elements of symmetry present in a particular crystalline solid determines its shape and affect its physical properties.
Symmetry is also used to characterize crystals, identify repeating parts of molecules and simplify both data collection and nearly all calculations.
The crystal system are defined by a combination of three factors. These are the number of axes, length of the axes, and the angles at which the axes meet. Shown in the left figure are six different types of crystal system and their examples.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
Minerals are solid substances that are present in nature and can be made of one or more elements combined together. The properties of mineral include crystal habit, cleavage, hardness, luster, streak, color, tenacity, and magnetism.
To better understand the differences between cleavage and fracture, shown in the left is a video which explains if a mineral exhibits either of the two properties.
rock forming minerals
rock forming minerals
There are almost 5000 known mineral species, yet the vast majority of rocks are formed from combinations of a few common minerals, referred to as “rock-forming minerals”. These are quartz, feldspar, augite, hornblende, biotite,muscovite,calcite, and garnet.
Shown in the right figure are the physical properties of rock-forming minerals and their examples.
process of formation of all minerals
process of formation of all minerals
Minerals can be formed in a wide variety of geological conditions. These include sublimation of volcanic gases, sediment formation, oxidation, magma crystallization, and deposition/evaporation from aqueous solutions. Also, there are three methods of mineral formation, which include the formation of hot mineral, formation from solutions, and minerals formed from hot underground water.
coal and petroleum - their origin and occurrence in india
coal and petroleum - their origin and occurrence in india
Coal is a brown to black naturally occurring combustible organic rock that is originated through accumulation and subsequent physical and chemical alteration of plant material over a long period of time. Due to the temperature and pressure effects, metamorphosis of woody material occurs to produce different types of coal. Thus, the progressive transformation of peat to higher coals is known as coalification process.
The degree of coalification/rank of coal is determined by these three factors: (1)pressure exerted by the weight of the overlying sediment, (2) heat that increases with depth, and (3) length of exposure.
There are 2 theories that was proposed for the mode of accumulation of plant minerals to transform into coal. These two are the in-situ theory and drift theory.
There are four types of coal found in India, these are lignite, sub-bituminous,bituminous and anthracite.
LIGNITE
SUB-BITUMINOUS
BITUMINOUS
ANTHRACITE
Petroleum is an inflammable liquid that is made up of hydrocarbons which constitute 90 to 95 percent of petroleum and the remaining is composed of organic compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and traces of organo-metallic compounds.
On the other hand, oil and natural gas are formed from animal or vegetable matter contained in shallow marine environments, such as sands, silts and clays deposited during the periods when land and aquatic life was abundant in various forms. Oil and natural gas in India occur in sedimentary rocks, which comprises the 42% of the total area of the said country.
ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED IN MODULE 2
ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED IN MODULE 2
Assignment #2_BARTOLOME.docxcoursework#2
coursework#2
Coursework #2_BARTOLOME.docxREFLECTION
REFLECTION
Minerals serve as the building blocks of our planet. Watching the video presented by Group 2 have made me grasp a wider array of knowledge on how minerals are formed, the main characteristics (physical and chemical) that enable us to identify classification of minerals, its symmetrical elements, and the importance of studying mineralogy from an academic standpoint. For example, the origin and occurrence of coal and petroleum in India discussed the coalification process as well as the formation of petroleum, oil, and natural gas from organic compounds. These ore minerals are the source of valuable energy resources . Likewise, other minerals are also essential in our daily life. Minerals can be used for manufacturing materials, chemicals, building materials such as concrete, wallboard, etc. Beautiful forms of minerals such as gemstones are used in jewelry. This implies that minerals affect our way of living, and the quantity/quality of minerals present are considered a crucial factor in a country's economic development.
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