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we therefore took this pattern into account and corrected the four survival and senescence metrics by including the percentage of grass in the natural diet of each ruminant species in the model. For all ruminant species, survival and senescence metrics were then adjusted for 60% (median, N= 27) of grass in the natural diet. However, results remained remarkably similar with or without this correction (Supplementary Table S5). All analyses were performed with R version 2.14.036 and parameter estimates are given with the 95% confidence interval. References 1. Gusset, M. & Dick, G. The global reach of zoos and aquariums in visitor numbers and conservation expenditures. Zoo Biol. 30, 566–569 (2011). 2. Hoffmann, M. et al. The impact of conservation on the status of the world’s vertebrates. Science 330, 1503–1509 (2010). 3. Conde, D. A., Flesness, N., Colchero, F., Jones, O. R. & Scheuerlein, A. An emerging role of zoos to conserve biodiversity. Science 331, 1390–1391 (2011). 4. Tribe, A. & Booth, R. Assessing the role of zoos in wildlife conservation. Hum. Dimens. Wildlfe 8, 65–74 (2003). 5. Hosey, G., Melfi, V. & Pankhurst, S. Zoo Animals: Behaviour, Management, and Welfare. (OUP Oxford, 2013). 6. Mason, G. J. Species differences in responses to captivity: stress, welfare and the comparative method. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25, 713–721 (2010). 7. Clubb, R. & Mason, G. Animal welfare: captivity effects on wide-ranging carnivores. Nature 425, 473–474 (2003). 8. Mason, G., Clubb, R., Latham, N. & Vickery, S. Why and how should we use environmental enrichment to tackle stereotypic behaviour? Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 102, 163–188 (2007). www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Scientific Reports | 6:36361 | DOI: 10.1038/srep36361 7 9. Müller, D. W. H. et al. Mating system, feeding type and ex situ conservation effort determine life expectancy in captive ruminants. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 278, 2076–2080 (2011). 10. Clubb, R. et al. Compromised survivorship in zoo elephants. Science 322, 1649 (2008). 11. Larson, S. M., Colchero, F., Jones, O. R., Williams, L. & Fernandez-Duque, E. Age and sex-specific mortality of wild and captive populations of a monogamous pair-bonded primate (Aotus azarae). Am. J. Primatol. 78, 315–325 Future Directions for Research on Human–Animal Interaction in an Aging Population Nancy R. Gee* and Elizabeth Galik† * State University of New York, Fredonia, New York, USA and WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Leicestershire, UK † University of Maryland School of Nursing, Maryland, USA ABSTRACT This final paper in the thematic issue, “Human –Animal Interaction and Healthy Human Aging,” highlights and distills key points from the series of papers and provides recommendations for improving and expanding Human–Animal Interaction (HAI) research into healthy human aging. This paper also focuses on translating research to practice and discussing important practical issues related to pet ownership or interaction with companion animals among older adults, and makes specific recommendations for researchers, caregivers, and professionals working with older adults. In addition to issues related to the human side of the equation, we make recommendations for protecting and insuring the health and wellbeing of the animals involved. Keywords: aging, animal-assisted interventions, companion animals, human –animal interaction The series of papers presented in this thematic issue of Anthrozoös covers a wide range of topics important to understanding the many ways companion animals impact the lives of older adults. The papers are organized in three ways: original research, reviews of the state of current research in the field, and evaluation of the quality of research in the field. Original research is presented in two of the papers in this thematic issue. The first (Friedmann et al., 2019) presents detailed behavioral analysis of interactions with dogs among a group of assisted-living residents. This type of analysis allows the authors to better explain what specific aspects of the interaction (e.g., petting, talking to, giving a treat) are most likely to be beneficial to older adults. The second paper (Branson, Boss, Padhye, Gee, & Trötscher, 2019) examines the impact of cats, a species disproportionately under-represented in the HAI literature relative to their representation in the general population. Branson and colleagues report ❖ © 2019 THE AUTHOR(S). PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP INFORMA UK LIMITED, TRADING AS This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialNoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way. that community-dwelling older adults are highly attached to their cats, tend to be younger and more educated than their non-pet owning peers, and are likely to benefit from their cat ownership experience. These two papers are solid stand-alone contributions of original research and therefore they are not specifically discussed below but are mentioned as they become relevant to the topics of discussion. Second, the series includes papers that introduce and describe the state of research, topics within the research area, and attributes
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