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and survive upto 28 days Tendon and ligament repair [82]. Equine suspensory ligament injuries are The mechanical properties of healing tendons challenging because healing process is slow and reand ligaments are not comparable to those of normal injuries are common. The bone marrow components tissue, the quality of the tendon and ligament healing were injected for recovery from ligament injuries in can be improved with altered therapeutic strategies 100 horses and found effective [83]. Therapeutic which include stem cell therapy. Bone marrow derived application of adult stem cells in equine tendonoautologous MSCs along with collagen gel were used to pathies and orthopedics is well studied and many repair surgically induced patellar tendon defect in reports are available on their clinical use [7,8]. www.veterinaryworld.org Veterinary World, Vol.5 No.8 August 2012 502 Therapeutic potential of stem cells in veterinary practice Source: Ribitsch et al., 2010 [104] Bone Repair incisional wound healing and tissue regeneration in rabbit and fetal sheep [96,97]. In caprine Wharton's The MSCs can undergo osteogenic differen- jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) of umbilical tiation, and exploration of the potential for using cord were used to treat cutaneous wounds in goat. autologous stem cell therapy to augment bone repair Results showed complete re-epithelialization at day 7 and regeneration is well reported. MSCs stimulates of in treated group with less inflammation, thinner new bone formation in areas of implant site, indicating granulation tissue formation with minimum scar [48]. that either these cells were infiltrating the adjacent MSCs were also found useful for treating host bone or stimulating the host bone to regenerate cerebral infarction [98] and ischemia [99], myocardial new bone [84,85]. The preclinical studies were carried infarction [100], autoimmune disorders [101] in out in laboratory animals like rat, rabbit. Canine experimental models. segmental bone defects were treated with autologous bone marrow derived MSCsloaded onto porous ceramic Conclusion cylinders. The results obtained were encouraging Stem cells are undoubtedly, most promising for showed significantly greater amount of bone as cell-based therapies thereby provides a powerful and compared to control [86]. Further, non-union fracture flexible option for veterinarians to restore function and in dog was cured by autologous transplan-tation of improve animal health through the novel techniques. adipose derived MSCs with hydroxyapatite and In veterinary sciences, stem cells are mainly used for chitosan scaffold [87]. In another study allogenic the treatment in canines and equines whereas research transplantation of canine MSCs proved worthy for is still going on in other farm animals. However their repair of critical sized segmental defects [88]. Among extensive use in all clinical condition cannot be large-sized animals the use of sheep recommended because of high treatment expenditure autologous BMSC in conjunction with hydroxyapatite yet, certain chronic and irreparable conditions can be ceramic (HAC)-based carriers results in faster bone better treated with these cells and the cost of repair compared to hydroxyapatite ceramic HAC production will hopefully be reduced when extent of alone [89]. Goat Bone marrow derived MSCs cultured with production is increased. Though stem cells have scaffolds could repair the segmental bone defect immense potential in therapeutics their clinical use in tibia by 8 weeks after surgery [90]. These reports requires extensive research for standardization of the demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of using MSCs treatment protocols, routes and doses. Further, to augment the repair of bone defects in guidelines and regulations for the controlled use of animals. stem cells in animals will become a near future need. Wound Healing The modern vets-scientist team efforts will play a The pivotal role in the development and implementation of effects of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) on diabetic wound healing were these innovative strategies to ultimately improve investigated using an livestock production and pet care. excisional skin wound model in 110 diabetes-induced rats. The topical ESCs injections enhanced diabetic References wound healing during the early stage, and suggested 1. Zwaka, T.P. and Thomson, J.A. (2003).Homologous that ESCs offers a novel therapeutic modality for the recombination in human embryonic stem cells. Nat. treatment of diabetic wounds [49]. Krause and Biotechnol., 3:319-321. associates [91] found that adult bone marrow cells give 2. Stice, S.L. and Keefer, C.L. (1993).Multiple rise to epidermal keratinocytes, follicular epithelial generational bovine embryo cloning. Biol. Reprod., cells, sebaceous gland cells, dendritic cells after their 48: 715-719. transplantation in mice. Bone marrow derived 3. Piedrahita, J.A., Anderson, G.B. and BonDurant, R.H. mesenchymal stem cells were injected around wound (1990). On the isolation of embryonic stem cells: and their application to the wound bed in an excisional Comparative behavior of murine, porcine and ovine wound mod embryos. Theriogenology, 34: 879-901. el enhanced healing significantly in normal 4. Saito, M., Iwawaki, T., Taya, C., Yonekawa, H., and diabetic mice [92]. Autologous bone marrow Noda, M., Inui,
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