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therapeutics. Therefore transplantation of dysfunctional myocardium and bring additional stem cells with the ability to differentiate into neurons evidence for an immune privilege of these cells. and supporting cells may be a practical method for Cartilage defects recovery. The differentiation potential of stem cells was assessed and they not only they differentiated but Mouse ES cells (AB2.2 or CCE cells) were also integrated into axonal pathways and thus aid in transplanted into articular cartilage defects in the regeneration of injured nerves [58]. Xenogenic patellar groove of immunosuppressed rats and cells transplantation of human UCB stem cells in rats were observed 8 weeks after transplantation. Cells following spinal cord injury significantly enhanced produced cartilage resulting in repair of defect this locomotor function within 14 days after therapy as indicated environment of osteochondral defects is compared to the control group [58]. Bone marrow chondrogenic for ES cells [67], where as another derived MSCs were first used in Rhesus monkeys for group created full-thickness osteochondral defects on nervous tissue regeneration which appeared the patella groove of SD rats, and treated these rats promising [59]. Intrathecal implantation of autologus with ES cells embedded in collagen gel. Thirty-five bone marrow derived MSCs improved locomotor ES-like colonies from 40 IVPsheep embryos, positive activity significantly in six dogs within one week [60]. for stage-specific embryonic antigens (SSEAs), were Similarly allogenic UCB derived MSC transplantation pooled in groups of two or three, embedded in fibrin resulted in nerve regeneration in canine fetuses. In glue and transplanted into osteochondral defects in the UCB-MSC treated group animals the gait was medial femoral condyles of 14 ewes [68]. Sheep ESimproved in 2 weeks and the weight bearing power of like cells transplanted into cartilage defects stimulate the pelvic limbs was also improved. The improved the repair process to promote better organization and nerve conduction velocity and distinct structural tissue bulk. The utilization of MSCs for the repair of consistency of the nerve cell bodies was observed in cartilaginous tissue that is difficult to heal in adult lesions treated with MSCs [61]. Encouraging results animals. MSCs can differentiate into chondrogenic were reported by same group in which adipose derived lineage [69] and utilized to treat cartilage defects. The stem cells (ADSCs) were used to treat spinal injury in articular cartilage defects were treated with MSCs canine [62]. The comparison of autologous and with polymers [70],type I collagen [71], and polylactic allogenic transplantation of canine bone-marrow acid [72]. Infrapatellar fat pad derived mesenchymal derived MSCs in experimentally-induced spinal cord stem cells were used in rabbits for treatment of injury (SCI) revealed that both approaches could be osteoarthritis [73]. Caprine osteoarthritis model utilized clinically [63]. showed local delivery of adult mesenchymal stem www.veterinaryworld.org Veterinary World, Vol.5 No.8 August 2012 501 Therapeutic potential of stem cells in veterinary practice cells to injured joints stimulates regeneration of adult New Zealand White rabbits, treated group shows meniscal tissue and retards the progressive destruction significant improvement in its biomechanical [74]. Chronic osteoarthritis in 21 dogs was treated properties after 4 weeks [78]. Similar combination with autologous adipose derived MSCs and all treated was used for Achillies tendon repair in rabbit model animals showed improved gait [75]. Canine [79]. It was found that MSCs treated groups better mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded in type I regain the normal tendon maximum force, stress, collagen-glycosaminoglycan (CG) matrices were modulus, and strain energy density compared with used in 10 dogs for repair of cartilage defects of knee controls. In equine, autologous bone marrow derived joints [76]. The treatment of cartilage defects is MSCs after in vitro expansion were utilized and found challenge to practitioners though polymer based effective for regeneration tendon matrix in superficial treatment is used it does not provide efficient cure. flexor tendon injury [80]. The collagenase induced Another major obstacle to the application of MSCs in tendinitis in the superficial digital flexor tendon in 8 cartilage repair is improving the integration of horses was treated with adipose derived nucleated neocartilage matrix with the surrounding native cells (ADNC) injection. The treated group showed cartilage matrix. In large-animal models, sheep were improvement tendon organization which was assessed treated with in vitro differentiated MSCs for repair of by cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) chronic osteochondral [77]. Delivery of bone marrow expression [81]. In race horses, the adipose derived concentrate to acute full-thickness cartilage defects MSCs were used to successfully treat experimental has the clinical potential to improve cartilage healing tendinitis [47]. in equine model [54]. MSC therapy provides a simple, Ligament healing can be enhance by transplanarthroscopically applicable, and clinically effective tation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are approach for cartilage repair. demonstrated to differentiate into fibroblast-like cells in ligament injury sites in rats
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