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lipodystrophy, Crohn’s Disease, spinal cord injury, Buerger’s disease, and neurologic diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.42 The use of stem cell on equine tendonitis and articular cartilage regeneration has been reported from research centers including Cornell University School of Veterinary Medicine. In 2010, Fortier, et al, compared concentrated bone marrow aspirate compared with microfracture for full-thickness cartilage repair in the equine model. At 8 months there was superior and statistically significant improvement in repair tissue in the bone marrow concentrate group compared with the microfracture group, with MRI evidence of increased filling of the defects and improved integration of repair tissue into surrounding normal cartilage, greater type-II collagen content, and improved orientation of the collagen.43 In another study at Cornell, the histologic evaluation of stem cell treated tendons versus controls revealed a significant improvement in tendon fiber architecture, reductions in vascularity and inflammatory cell infiltrate, and improvements in tendon fiber density and alignment in AD-SC treated tendons. The study concluded that the use of adipose stem cell therapy in horses with tendonitis appears warranted.44 Small animal studies include 2 double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies in canine osteoarthritis, 1 for the hip and the other for the elbow. In both cases a small amount of fat was extracted from the animal, placed in a temperature-controlled (28° C) transport box, and shipped overnight to Vet-Stem laboratory for processing and return of concentrated stem/stromal cells. Veterinary evaluation incorporated history, physical examination, and lameness determination. Eighteen dogs completed the 90 day study. Statistically significant improvement in lameness, pain, and range of motion was noted in the stem–cell-treated group compared with a blinded, saline-injected control group, with significant improvement over time from baseline. Three of the owners were considering euthanasia prior to the study because of their animals’ pain and functional disability. At the time of writing the publication those animals were reported to be living relatively pain free.45 | Advances in Stem Cell Therapy 30 Today’s Veterinary Practice July/August 2011 References 1. Caplan A, Fink D, Goto T, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells and tissue repair. In Jackson DW (ed): The Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Current and Future Concepts. New York: Raven Press, 1993, pp 405-417. 2. Caplan A. Mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res 1991; 9:641- 650. 3. DePuy Orthopedics and Case Western University. Chemotactic and mitogenic stimulation of human mesenchymal stem cells by platelet rich plasma suggests a mechanism for enchancement of bone repair. Orthop Res Soc Proc 2002; available at perstat. com/ortho1.pdf. 4. Izadpanah R, Trygg C, Patel B, et al. Biologic properties of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow and adipose tissue. J Cell Biochem 2006; 99:1285-1297. 5. Kern S, Eichler H, Stoeve J, et al. Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, umbelicial cord blood or adipose tissue. Stem Cells 2006; 24:1294-1301. 6. Uysal AC, Mizuno H. Tendon regeneration and repair with adipose derived stem cells. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2010; 5(2):161-167. 7. Fraser JK, Wulur I, Alfonso Z, Hedrick MH. Fat tissue: An unappreciated source of stem cells for biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 2006; 24(4): 150-154. 8. Tobita M, Orbay H, Mizuno H. Adipose-derived stem cells: Current findings and future perspectives. Disc Med 2011; 11(57): 160-170. 9. Guilak F, Awad H, Fermor B, et al. Adipose-derived adult stem cells for cartilage tissue engineering. Biorheology 2004; 41(3- 4):389-399. 10. Murphy J, Fink D, Hunziker, E, Barry F. Stem cell therapy in a caprine model of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48:3464- 3474. 11. Centeno C, Busse D, Kisiday J, et al. Increased knee cartilage volume in degenerative joint disease using percutaneously implanted, autologous mesenchymal stem cells. Pain Physician 2008; 11(3):343-353. 12. Murphy J, Fink D, Hunziker E, Barry F. Stem cell therapy in a caprine model of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48(12):3464-3474. 13. Rios C, McCarthy M, Arcierco C, et al. Biologics in shoulder surgery: The role of adult mesenchymal stem cells in tendon repair. Tech Orthop 2007; 22(1):2-9. 14. Obaid H, Connel D. Cell therapy in tendon disorders: What is the current evidence? Am J Sports Med 2010; 38(10):2123-2132. 15. Little D, Guilak F, Ruch D. Ligament derived matrix stimulates a ligamentous phenotype in human adipose-derived stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16(7):2307-2319. 16. Hsu WK, Wang JC, Liu NQ, et al. Stem cells from human fat as cellular delivery vehicles in an athymic rat posterolateral spine fusion model. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90:1043-1052. 17. Hoogendoorn RJ, Lu ZF, Kroeze RJ, et al. Adipose stem cells for intervertebral disc regeneration: Current status and concepts for the future. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12(6A):2205-2216. 18. Kraitchman D, Tatsumi M, Gilson W, et al. Dynamic imaging of allogenic mesenchymal stem cells trafficking to myocardial infarction. Circulation 2005; 107(18):2290-2293. 19. Amado L, Saliaris A, Schuleri K, et al. Cardiac repair with intramyocardial injection of allogenic mesenchymal stem cells after myocardial
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