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Y., Mekada, E., Kimata, Y., Tsuru, A. derived nucleated cells transplanted in experimental and Kohno, K. (2001).Diphtheria toxin receptorrabbits and clinical cases to evaluate their tissue mediated conditional and targeted cell ablation in regeneration potential in full thickness wounds [93], transgenic mice. Nat. Biotechnol., 19:746-750. burn wounds [94] and corneal alkali burn wounds 5. Ribitsch, I., Burk, J., Delling, U., Geibler, C., Gittel, [95]. In xenogenic model human MSCs were used for C., Julke, H. and Brehm, W. (2010). Basic www.veterinaryworld.org Veterinary World, Vol.5 No.8 August 2012 503 Therapeutic potential of stem cells in veterinary practice Science and Clinical Application of Stem Cells in lines from the pig and sheep blastocysts. J. Veterinary Medicine.Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol., Reprod. Fertil. Suppl., 43:255-260. 123:219-263. 20. Mitalipova, M., Beyhan, Z. and First, N.L. (2001). 6. Spencer, N.D., Gimble, J.M. and Lopez, M.J. (2011). Pluripotency of bovine embryonic cell line derived Mesenchymal stromal cells: past, present, and future. from precompacting embryos. Cloning,3(2):59-67. Vet. Surg.,40(2):129-39. 21. Behboodi, E., Bondareva, A., Begin, I., Rao, K., 7. Koch, T.G., Berg, L.C. and Betts, D.H. (2009).Current Neveu, N., Pierson, J.T., Wylie, C., Piero, F.D., and future regenerative medicine - principles, Huang, Y.J., Zeng, W., Tanco, V.,Baldassarre, H., concepts, and therapeutic use of stem cell therapy and Karatzas, C.N. and Dobrinski, I. (2011). tissue engineering in equine medicine. Can. Vet. J., Establishment of goat embryonic stem cells from in 50(2):155-65. vivo produced blastocyst-stage embryos. Mol. 8. Frisbie, D.D. and Smith, R.K. (2010).Clinical update Reprod. Develop.,78(3):202-211. on the use of mesenchymal stem cells in equine 22. Dattena, M., Chessa, B., Lacerenza, D., Accardo, C., orthopaedics. Equine Vet. J.,42(1):86-9. Pilichi, S., Mara, L., Chessa, F., Vincenti, L. and 9. Boiani, M. and Scholer, H.R. (2005). Regulatory Cappai, P. (2006). Isolation, culture and characterinetworks in embryo-derived pluripotent stem cells. zation of embryonic cell lines from vitrified sheep Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 6(11):87 Many veterinarians offer unproven stemcell therapies to satisfy demanding customers, says Dori Borjesson, who specializes in veterinary medicine at the University of California, Davis. “Clinicians are sucked into giving treatment” even when there’s not research to back up uses, she says. Like the treatments sought by humans, most of those used in animals involve mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which can mature into a wide variety of cell types, including bone and cartilage, and have been shown to have antiinflammatory and other beneficial effects. MSCs are extracted from fat or bone marrow and can be cultured or prepared for injection in concentrated form. The FDA’s position on the use of MSCs in humans is clear. It says that the cells are drugs and therefore must be proved safe and effective before they can be used in treatment, except under certain conditions. No MSC treatments have been approved. But the FDA has different regulations for veterinary medicine, and these do not clearly address MSCs. The agency has not approved any veterinary stem-cell therapies, but neither has it cracked down on any. This is in stark contrast to its high-profile actions against purveyors of unproven human stem-cell treatments, such as Celltex Therapeutics of Sugar Land, Texas,which treated patients with MSCs until the FDA stepped in last September. That doesn’t mean that the agency is not concerned, says Lynne Boxer, a veterinary medical officer in the FDA’s Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation in Rockville, Maryland. “As with any type of drug product, there are risks and benefits,” she says. “With stem cells, there is the potential for disease transmission and tumour formation.” She declines, however, to say whether current practices are against FDA rules, or to elaborate on what the new draft guidance is likely to contain.
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