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Osteoblast differentiation was ineffective in rat OE-MSCs but cells from the other studied genera were reactive for Red Alizarin and Von kossa stainings. Only horse and rat OE-MSCs were reactive for both Toluidine Blue (E) and Alcian Blue (F) stainings after chondrogenic differentiation. Dog OE-MSCs were reactive only for Alcian Blue while cells from rabbit did not display any sign of differentiation. Tenogenic differentiation was positive for all the four genera studied and all the cells expressed both scleraxis protein and Tenomodulin.
The present study showed for the first time that OE-MSCs can be extracted from eight different mammalian genera and amplified to get tens million cells in few weeks. Cells displayed similar features to their human counterparts: a fibroblastic morphology, a robust expression of nestin, an ability to form spheres, a similar expression of surface markers (CD44, CD73), a high pro-rate and an ability to be induced into cells of the mesodermal lineages; although some genus-specific properties were observed. These sampling and amplifica-techniques may permit autologous grafts for pre-clinical studies or clinical use in veterinary medicine in a wide variety of models.
Unlike previous methods used for the collection of rat olfactory mucosa, for the purposes of this study tech-were developed to harvest the appropriate tissue without sacrificing the donor animal. It is important to note that, except for occasional bleeding that can be prevented, no visible side effects were ob-served when a postoperative antibiotic treatment was applied. These results confirm those previously obtained in rats showing no disorder of the sense of smell after biopsy. Among the eight tested genera, only the mouse olfactory mucosa was not collected on living animals. Surgery was considered too invasive for such a small nasal cavity and, accordingly, only syngeneic or allogeneic grafts can be considered for use in this genus.
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