infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102(32):11-474 to 11-479. 20. Le Blanc K, Rasmusson I, Sundberg B, et al. Treatement of severe acute graft-verus-host disease with with third party haploidentical mesenchymal stem cells. Lancet 2004; 363(9419):1438-1441. 21. Horwitz E, Gordon P, Koo W, et al. Isolated allogenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells engraft and stimulate growth in children with osteogenesis imperfect: Implications for cell therapy of bone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99(13):8932- 8937. 22. Murphy J, Dixon K, Beck S, et al. Reduced chondrogenic and adipogenic activity of mesenchymal stem cells from patients with advanced osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46:704-713. 23. Luyten F. Mesenchymal stem cells in osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004; 16:559-603. 24. Wakitani S, GotoT, Pineda S. Mesenchymal cell-based repair of large, full-thickness defects of articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1994; 76:579-592. 25. Wakitani S, Imoto K, YamamotoT, et al. Human autologous culture expanded bone marrow mesenchymal cell transplantation for repair of cartilage defects in osteoarthritic knees. Osteo Cart 2002; 10:199-206. 26. Alexander R. Use of platelet-rich plasma to enhance effectiveness of autologous fat grafting. In Shiffman M (ed): Autologous Fat Transfer. Art, Science and Clinical Practice. Berlin: Springer, 2010. 27. Abuzeni P, Alexander RW. Enhancement of autologous fat transplantation with platelet-rich plasma. Am J Cosm Surg 2001; 18:59-71. 28. Alexander RW. Use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in autologous fat grafting. In Shiffman M (ed): Autologous Fat Grafting. Berlin: Springer; 2010: 140-167. 29. Alexander RW, Sadati K, Corrado A. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) utilized to promote greater graft volume retention in autologous fat grafting. Am J Cosm Surg 2006; 23(4):203-221. 30. Alexander RW. Fat transfer with platelet-rich plasma for breast augmentation. In Shiffman M (ed): Autologous Fat Transfer. Art, Science and Clinical Practice. Berlin: Springer, 2010. 31. Ohlstein B, Kai T, Decotto E, et al. The stem cell niche: Theme and variations. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2004; 16:693-699. 32. Schaffler A, Buchler C. Concise review: Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells—basic and clinical implications for novel cell-based therapies. Stem Cells 2007; 25:818-827. 33. Burdick J, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Engineered microenvironments for controlled stem cell differentiation. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15(2):205-219. 34. Lund AW, Yener B, Stegemann JP, et al. The natural and engineered 3D microenvironment as a regulatory cue during stem cell fate determination. Tissue Eng Part B 2009; 15(3):371-380. 35. Young R, Butler D, Weber W, et al. Use of mesenchymal stem cells in a collagen matrix for Achilles tendon repair. J Orthop Res 1998; 16:406-413. 36. Murphy J, Fink D, Hunziker E, Barry F. Stem cell therapy in a caprine model of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48:3464- 3474. 37. Centeno C, Busse D, Kisiday J, et al. Increased knee cartilage volume in degenerative joint disease using percutaneously implanted, autologous mesenchymal stem cells. Pain Physician 2008; 11(3)343-353. 38. Little D, Guilak F, Ruch D. Ligament derived matrix stimulates a ligamentous phenotype in human adipose-derived stem cells. Tissue Engineering Part A 2010; 16(7):2307-2319. 39. Mishra A, Tummala P, King A, et al. Buffered platelet-rich plasma enhances mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation. Tissue Eng Part C 2009; 15(3):431-435. 40. Concentrated bone marrow aspirate improves full-thickness cartilage repair compared with microfracture in the equine model. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92:1927-37. 44. Nixon AJ, Dahlgren LA, Haupt JL, et al. Effect of adiposederived nucleated cell fractions on tendon repair in horses with collagenase-induced tendinitis. Am J Vet Re Vet. World, 2012, Vol.5(8): 499-507 REVIEW www.veterinaryworld.org Veterinary World, Vol.5 No.8 August 2012 499 To cite this article: Gade NE, Pratheesh MD, Nath A, Dubey PK, Amarpal, Sharma GT (2012) Therapeutic potential of stem cells in veterinary practice, Vet World, 5(8): 499-507. doi: 10.5455/vetworld.2012.499-507 Therapeutic potential of stem cells in veterinary practice however some papers were also collected from list of and cultured easily with high ex vivo expansion rate. references of other papers. This makes these cells an attractive tool in regenerative medicine for cell therapy [45]. Sources of stem cells Stemcellsinveterinaryregenerativetherapy Stem cells can be classified as Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) and Adult