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OE-MSCs: Interesting in vitro characteristics for in vivo applications
Compared to human OE-MSCs [14], cells from different genera displayed similar clonal ability (with the exception of rabbit cells), and shorter doubling-times, prob-ably due to the study’s improved culturing techniques. Moreover, this study opens perspectives for future re-searches by demonstrating that these cells can be easily transfected to express GFP (data not shown). Thus, stem cells can be tracked in vivo after grafting to observe their differentiation, integration and interaction with the surrounding environment.
These perspectives are enhanced by the multipotency of OE-MSCs, an ability we evaluated in four species relevant for basic research or clinical veterinary practice While stem cells from rat, rabbit, dog and horse express at basal states two markers of neural cells, GFAP and MAP2, certainly due to their origin from an ectodermic tissue, they could also differentiate into cells of mesodermal lineage. Overall, we confirmed the results of other studies evaluating differentiation abilities of OE-MSCs. Cells from these four genera could be induced in tenoblasts-like cells but the expression of bio-chemical features specific to osteoblasts and chondroblasts depend on genera. This variability may be potentially explained by inter-species sequence differences of differentiating factors and their receptors that can induce a loss of differentiation efficiency for some studied genera. Among all stem cell candidates for regenerative therapies, those originating from bone marrow or adipose tissue are the most extensively studied . A recent study demonstrated the advantages but also the limitations associated with these particular types of stem cells. Although bone marrow is known for containing a high number of MSCs, the collection procedure is complex, painful and may induce a non-negligible risk of infection or hemorrhage. Comparatively, collection of adipose tissue is less invasive and provides MSCs dis-playing similar properties. However, the quality of fat-derived stem cells seems subject specific, which limit their interest for cellular therapies. The OE-MSCs presented in the current study are abundant in the olfactory mucosa and their proliferative abilities allow for rapid propagation . The therapeutic potential of OE-MSCs has been positively evaluated in various rodent models of tissue dam-age without inducing tumors, supporting the need for further assessment in clinical applications. In fundamental research, stem cells are commonly used in mice, rats, rabbits, gray mouse lemurs and macaques. Several studies have reported various applications for injured or degenerative central nervous systems , orthopedic problems, cartilage defects, tendon-to-bone healing, and skeletal and cardiac muscle engineering and OE-MSCs, thanks to their multipotency, may be promising to treat such defects. Moreover, cell-based treatments in large animal models are emerging . Due to their anatomical, physiological and genetic similarities to humans, domes-tic animals or non-human primate represent a step to-wards clinical applications. Gray mouse lemurs and dogs are now commonly recognized as reliable natural models of Alzheimer-like diseases. Osteoarticular dis-eases also play a major role in veterinary medicine, especially in dogs and horses. Techniques presented here opens perspectives for future researches on these natural models.
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