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Adult Stem Cells Based Therapies in Veterinary Medicine Zuzana Vikartovska1 , Filip Humenik1 , Marcela Maloveska1 , Jana Farbakova2 , Lubica Hornakova2 , Adriana-Natalia Murgoci3 , Dasa Cizkova1,3,⃰ 1Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, Kosice 041 81, Slovakia 2 Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia 3 Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 84510, Slovakia ⃰Corresponding Author: Dr. Dasa Cizkova, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, Kosice 041 81, Slovakia, E-mail: cizkova.dasa@gmail.com Received: 16 May 2020; Accepted: 22 May 2020; Published: 16 June 2020 Citation: Zuzana Vikartovska, Filip Humenik, Marcela Maloveska, Jana Farbakova, Lubica Hornakova, AdrianaNatalia Murgoci, Dasa Cizkova. Adult Stem Cells Based Therapies in Veterinary Medicine. Archives of Veterinary Science and Medicine 3 (2020): 40-50. Abstract Research into adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their therapeutic potential for treating various diseases is nowadays on the rise, not only in human, but also in veterinary medicine. MSCs are easy to collect from most tissues and relatively safe with no ethical concerns. They can be used in veterinary medicine as autologous or allogenic cell-based therapies for orthopaedic injuries, cardiovascular, muscular and neurodegenerative disorders and wound healing. The therapeutic action of MSCs lies either in their differentiation towards cells which need to be replaced, or in their immunomodulatory and paracrine effects through which they support recovery of various tissues. Regarding these pro-regenerative properties considerable attention has to be paid to proper matching of MSC sources with respect to the nature of the diseases needing to be cured. Overall data indicate that particularly the umbilical cord MSC (UC MSC) therapy which involves the most primitive Arch Vet Sci Med 2020; 3 (2):40-50 DOI: 10.26502/avsm.014 Archives of Veterinary Science and Medicine 41 MSCs may bring considerable benefits to patients with a wide range of diseases. This review describes the pro-regenerative potential of MSCs with the main focus on advances in UC MSCs based therapy in veterinary medicine. Keywords: MSC; Therapy; Umbilical cord 1. Introduction Stem cells are specific cells with unique properties. They are divided into categories based on their origin and differentiation properties [1]. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, able to differentiate into all cells of the primary layers: mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm [2-4]. Furthermore, they have unlimited capacity for self-renewal, which makes them a unique tool for research in regenerative medicine [4, 5]. However, due to ethical concerns associated with their isolation from blastocysts, tumorigenicity and problems with histocompatibility, their translation into clinical trials is being postponed. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) present an alternative to embryonic stem cells [5]. Human iPSCs were first derived from skin fibroblasts, but now they can be established from diverse somatic cell types and various animal species [6]. Induced pluripotent stem cells are adapted by specific reprogramming procedure towards pluripotency, involving Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc genes, so they show characteristics similar to embryonic stem cells, but without the ethical dilemma [5]. Their greatest advantage lies in the fact that they are disease and patient specific, thus potentially could be enrolled in personalized therapies for almost all disorders [5]. Recent studies from experimental veterinary medicine have shown the ability to generate neural precursors from cells derived from adult canine skin. Skinderived neural precursors (SD NPCs) are able to produce mature neural cells similar to neurons in the central nervous system [7]. SD NPCs seem to be a hot candidate for treatment of canine cognitive dysfunction (CDS) or Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in humans, as these cells with basic electrophysiological functionality are capable of replacing lost neurons in the brain [7]. During the last three decades considerable attention has been given to research into multipotent MSCs, which are clonogenic, nonhaematopoietic and able to replicate extensively in vitro. In veterinary clinics in particular the numbers of companion animals treated with MSCs derived from various adult tissues have significantly increased and provide an important basis for assessing their effectiveness and potential translation to human medicine. 2. Sources and Characteristicts of MSCs Although bone marrow and adipose tissues are the main sources of adult MSCs, stromal stem
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