Embedded Files
residing within the adult heart [56]. Stem cells in the dog heart are self-renewing, clonogenic and multipotent, capable of regenerating infarcted myocardium, and improving cardiac function [57]. They regenerate the injured heart either directly via differentiation into cardiomyocytes and vascular cells, or indirectly through paracrine effects (modulating angiogenesis and inflammation and preserving the Cx43 gap junction). Another recent study involving porcine acute myocardial infarction indicates that intravenous injection of UC MSCs is a feasible and effective procedure for preserving left ventricle function and augmenting myocardial remodelling [28]. Although promising results in restoring cardiac function in patients with heart failure have been achieved, the efficacy of UC MSCs should be further explored through large randomized controlled trials. Finally, accumulating evidence indicates the beneficial properties of UC MSCs in wound healing (cuts, burns, and ulcers) and in nonhealing wounds (diabetes). This depends on their ability to differentiate into different skin-cell types such as keratinocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes and monocytes, regulating collagen I and III and ECM, and decreasing the TIMP/MMP ratio [58, 59]. UC MSCs have also been tested in dogs with keratoconjuctivitis sicca, also known as dry eye syndrome, and in patients with ocular injury or retinal detachments with promising results [60, 61]. 5. Conclusion MSCs are able to differentiate into a wide range of specialized cells with the capacity to renew or rebuild damaged tissues. MSCs collected from bone marrow seems to be the best source for treating patients with musculoskeletal disorders (tendinitis, osteoarthritis, muscular dystrophy or bone defects). However, despite being considered as more primitive, umbilical cord (UC) MSCs show more pluripotent and genetically-flexible features with more enhanced immunomodulatory and paracrine action than other adult stem cells. Thus they can be enrolled in therapies for neurological and myocardial disorders, or even for difficult wound healing conditions. Due to these facts, special effort is needed for matching the Arch Vet Sci Med 2020; 3 (2):40-50 DOI: 10.26502/avsm.014 Archives of Veterinary Science and Medicine 46 most convenient sources of MSCs with specific disorder conditions in order to promote the best therapeutic benefit to patients. These results are still preliminary, however, and we need more extensive clinical trials for safety and efficacy studies. Nowadays, stem cell-based therapy plays a crucial role in the development of veterinary regenerative medicine and in the translation process into human medicine. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge grants: APVV 15-0613, APVV-19-0193, IGA UVLF 06/2018 "Influence of Regeneration Capacity of Nervous Tissue in In vitro Conditions through Adult Stem Cells", VEGA 1/0376/20, 2/0146/19, IGA UVLF 02/2019 „Stratification of patients with canine cognitive dysfunction, application of innovative stem cell therapy “ . Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. References 1. Ullah I, Subbarao RB, Rho GJ. Human mesenchymal stem cells - current trends and future prospective. Biosci. Rep (2015): 35. 2. De Schauwer C, Meyer E, Van de Walle GR, et al. Markers of stemness in equine mesenchymal stem cells: a plea for uniformity. Theriogenology 75 (2011): 1431-1443. 3. F2011. Stem cells in veterinary medicine. Stem Cell Res. Ther 2 (2011): 9. 4. Ulloa-Montoya F, Verfaillie CM, Hu WS. Culture systems for pluripotent stem cells. J. Biosci. Bioeng 100 (2005): 12-27. 5. Nordin N. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: History, Properties and Potential Applications 66 (2011): 6. 6. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126 (2006): 663-676. 7. Duncan T, Lowe A, Sidhu K, et al. Replicable Expansion and Differentiation of Neural Precursors from Adult Canine Skin. Stem Cell Rep 9 (2017): 557-570. 8. Anker PS in `t, Scherjon SA, Keur CK der, et al. Amniotic fluid as a novel source of mesenchymal stem cells for therapeutic transplantation. Blood 102 (2003): 1548-1549. 9. Erices A, Conget P, Minguell JJ. Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood. Br. J. Haematol 109 (2000): 235-242. 10. Gronthos S, Mankani M, Brahim J, et al. Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 97 (2000): 13625-13630. 11. Prockop DJ. Marrow Stromal Cells as Stem Cells for Nonhematopoietic Tissues. Science 276 (1997): 71-74. 12. Zuk PA, Zhu M, Mizuno H, et al. Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng 7 (2001): 211- 228. 13. Koch TG, Heerkens T, Thomsen PD, et al. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from equine umbilical cord blood. BMC Biotechnol 7 (2007): 26. Arch Vet Sci Med 2020; 3 (2):40-50 DOI: 10.26502/avsm.014 Archives of Veterinary Science and Medicine 47 14. Seo MS, Jeong YH, Park JR, et al. Isolation and characterization of canine umbilical cord bloodderived mesenchymal stem cells. J. Vet. Sci 10 (2009): 181. 15. Groza I, Pop RA, Cenariu M, et al. Canine Wharton’s Jelly Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Isolation. Agric. Agric. Sci. Procedia 10 (2016): 408-411. 16. Seo MS, Park SB, Kang, KS. Isolation and Characterization of
Google Sites
Report abuse