大阪大学・マッチング＆マーケットデザイン（2016年1学期）

マッチング＆マーケットデザイン | Matching and Market Design

経済学特論 | Special Lectures in Economics

  • 時間： 木曜日 8:50-10:20、10:30-12:00

    • 6〜7月の二ヶ月間の短期開講になります

  • 教室： 第1演習室

  • 講師： 安田洋祐（yosuke.yasuda<at>gmail.com）

最終更新日: 2016年7月15日

お知らせ | Announcement

  • [2016/6/1] --- 受講希望者の方は（聴講のみで単位が不要の方も）、できるだけ早いタイミングでこちらのフォームに記入をお願いします。講義資料などをメールで送らせて頂きます。 ← 重要！

  • [2016/1/30] --- 初回講義は6月2日（木）です。

  • [2015/8/17] --- 講義は日本語で行います。（変更の可能性アリ）

講義概要・目的 | Course Objective and Content

  • 近年、理論と実践の両面において発展が著しいマッチング理論とその応用であるマーケットデザインついて学びます。

  • まずは代表的なテキストである Roth and Sotomayor (1990) を使いながら講義形式で基礎をしっかり勉強し、続いてChade, H., Eeckhout, J. and Smith, L. (2016)のサーベイ論文を輪読、その後に90年代以降に研究の進展が見られたより新しいトピックに関する主要論文を読み進めます。

  • この分野の研究スタイルに慣れ、関連論文を読みこなす力を身につけるのが目的です。

  • 大学院レベルのミクロ経済学の知識を前提とします。抽象的な数理モデルの記述や、数学的な定理の証明などを行いますので、この手の作業が苦手な方にはしんどい講義になるでしょう。目安として、たとえば「厚生経済学の第一基本定理の証明を（解説を読んでも）ほとんど理解できない」という方には履修をおすすめしません。

成績評価 | Grading Policy

  • クラス内での発表と期末レポートで評価します。

  • 発表について

    • 発表でスライド資料を使う場合は、英語で書く事を推奨します（絶対要件ではありません）。

    • 一人につき、報告30分、質疑応答10分程度の長さを目安に準備してください。

    • 聴講のみの学生にも発表してもらいます。

  • 期末レポートについて

    • 次のいずれかを2〜5ページ程度にまとめてe-mailに添付して提出してください。

      • マッチング＆マーケットデザインに関する研究アイデアや論文（の原型）

      • 講義で直接カバーしなかった関連論文に関するコメント

      • 関連するトピックのサーベイ

    • 使用言語は、日本語・英語どちらでも構いません。

    • 聴講のみの学生は提出しなくて構いません。

    • 提出期限は【7月31日】とします。

講義テキスト | Textbooks

  • 教科書: Roth and Sotomayor, Two-Sided Matching: A Study in Game-Theoretic Modeling and Analysis, 1990. Amazon (Kindle)

    • マッチング理論のバイブル的な教科書で、80年代までの主要な研究成果をほぼ網羅しています。

    • 講義と関連する章はコピーを配布する予定です。

    • Econometric Societyの会員は（こちらからログインして）電子版を無料でダウンロードできます。

  • 参考図書1: Roth, Who Gets What — And Why: The New Economics of Matchmaking and Market Design, 2015. Amazon (Kindle)

    • 上の教科書の著者でもあるノーベル経済学者ロス教授による一般向けのマッチング・マーケットデザイン入門書。

    • 日本語訳も出版されました。

  • 参考図書2: Vulkan, Roth, and Neeman ed., Handbook of Market Design, 2013. Amazon TOC

    • 講義に関連する章（があれば）は配布予定です。

  • 参考図書3: Gusfield and Irving, The Stable Marriage Problem: Structure and Algorithms, 1989. Amazon

    • 計算機科学やオペレーションズ・リサーチの視点から書かれた伝統的なマッチング理論の教科書です。

サーベイ論文・書籍 | Survey Articles

  • Abdulkadiroglu, A. and Sonmez, T. (2013), Matching Markets: Theory and Practice, in Advances in Economics and Econometrics; 10th World Congress, Edited by Daron Acemoglu, Manuel Arellano, Eddie Dekel.

  • Chade, H., Eeckhout, J. and Smith, L. (2016), Sorting Through Search and Matching Models in Economics, working paper (prepared for Journal of Economic Literature)

  • Economic Sciences Prize Committee of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2012), Stable Allocations and The Practice of Market Design, Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2012. Link

  • Knuth, D. (1976), Stable Marriage and Its Relation to Other Combinatorial Problems: An Introduction to the Mathematical Analysis of Algorithms, English Reprint (1996). Amazon

  • Kojima, F. (2015), Recent Developments in Matching Theory and its Practical Applications, working paper (prepared for Advances in Economics and Econometrics; 11th world congress of Econometric Society)

  • Kojima, F. and Troyan, P. (2011), Matching and Market Design: An Introduction to Selected Topics, Japanese Economic Review, 62: 82–98.

  • Niederle, M., Roth, A. and Sonmez, T. (2008), Matching, in The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, edited by Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume.

  • Roth, A. (2002), The Economist as Engineer: Game Theory, Experimentation, and Computation as Tools for Design Economics, Econometrica, 70: 1341-1378.

  • Roth, A. (2003), The Origins, History, and Design of the Resident Match, Journal of the American Medical Association, 289 :909-912.

  • Roth, A. (2008a), Deferred acceptance algorithms: history, theory, practice, and open questions, International Journal of Game Theory, 36: 537-569.

  • Roth, A. (2008b), What Have We Learned from Marked Design?, Economic Journal, 118: 285-310.

  • Sonmez, T. and Unver, U. (2011), Matching, Allocation, and Exchange of Discrete Resources, in Handbook of Social Economics, Vol. 1A, edited by J. Benhabib, A. Bisin, and M. Jackson.

  • Sonmez, T. and Unver, U. (2013). MARKET DESIGN FOR KIDNEY EXCHANGE. in Handbook of Market Design, 93.

  • Topkis, D. (1998), Supermodularity and Complementarity. Amazon (Kindle)

  • Vives, X. (1999), Oligopoly Pricing: Old Ideas and New Tools. Amazon

  • Vohra, R. (2004), Advanced Mathematical Economics. Amazon (Kindle)

  • 小島武仁・安田洋祐, マッチング・マーケットデザイン, 経済セミナー, (647), 135-145, 2009. 増補改訂版

  • 坂井豊貴, マーケットデザイン: 最先端の実用的な経済学, ちくま新書, 2013. Amazon

    • マーケットデザインの日本語による包括的な入門書です。交換問題（講義では扱わない予定）と、その応用例である臓器移植マッチングについての記述が非常に詳しいです。

  • 安田洋祐, マッチングの数理, 数学セミナー, 4月号, 2013. 草稿

  • 安田洋祐, 学校選択問題のマッチング理論分析, 現代経済学の潮流2014（第4章, pp.95-122）, 東洋経済新報社, 2014.

  • 安田洋祐（編著）, 学校選択制のデザイン：ゲーム理論アプローチ（編著）, NTT出版, 2010. Amazon

    • 学校選択制のマッチング理論分析に関する本格的な研究書です。日米の現実の制度的な背景や、マッチング理論の基礎および新展開などについて詳しく論じています。

マッチング・マーケットデザインに関する講義 | Lectures on Matching Market Design

講義日程 | Lecture Schedule

Lecture Slides

Lecture 1〜4+αのスライドです。（6/10更新）

Lecture 1 One-to-One Matching Model 6/2（赤字は講義）

  • Two-Sided Market

  • Stable Matching

  • Gale-Shapley "Deferred Acceptance" Algorithm

  • M(W)-Optimal Matching

  • Lattice

  • Decomposition Lemma

  • Weak Pareto Optimality

  • Path to Stable Matching

References

  • **Roth and Sotomayor: Ch2

  • **Gale, D. and Shapley, L. (1962)

  • *Gale, D and Sotomayor, M. (1985a)

  • *Roth, A. (2008a)

  • Blair, C. (1988)

  • Demange, G., Gale, D and Sotomayor, M. (1987)

  • Economic Sciences Prize Committee of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2012)

  • Gusfield and Irving (1989)

  • Knuth, D. (1976)

  • Roth, A. and Vande Vate, J. (1990)

  • Sotomayor, M. (1996)

You are expected to read all double-starred (**) articles and encouraged to read starred(*) articles.

Lecture 2 Incentive Issues 6/2

  • Core

  • Blocking Lemma

  • Strategy Proofness

  • Impossibility/Possibility Theorem

  • Equilibrium Behavior

  • Implementation

References

  • **Roth and Sotomayor: Ch3; Ch4

  • *Gale, D and Sotomayor, M. (1985b)

  • *Roth, A. (1982)

  • Alcalde, J. (1996)

  • Alcalde, J. and Barbera, S. (1994)

  • Dubins, L. and Freedman, D. (1981)

  • Kara, T. and Sonmez, T. (1996)

  • Roth, A. and Rothblum, U. (1999)

  • Sotomayor, M. (2004, 2007)

Lecture 3 One-to-Many Matching Model 6/9

  • College Admissions Model

  • Responsive Preferences

  • Strict Core

  • Rural Hospitals Theorem

  • National Resident Matching Program (NRMP)

  • Couples Problem

References

  • **Roth and Sotomayor: Ch5

  • *Roth, A. (1984a, 1984b)

  • *小島・安田 (2009)

  • Roth, A. and Peranson, E. (1999)

  • Bulow, J. and Levin, J. (2006)

  • Kojima, F. (2007)

  • Kojima, F., Pathak, P., and Roth, A. (2013)

  • Niederle, M. and Roth, A. (2003)

  • Roth, A. (1985, 1986, 1991, 2002, 2003)

  • Roth, A. and Sotomayor, M. (1989)

Lecture 4 Matching with Money 6/9, 16

  • Substitutable Preferences

  • Labor Market with Salaries

  • Gross Substitutes Condition

  • Salary-Adjustment Process

  • Budget Constraints

References

  • **Roth and Sotomayor: Ch6

  • **Kelso, A. and Crawford, V. (1982)

  • *Demange, G., Gale, D., and Sotomayor, M. (1986)

  • Crawford, V. and Knoer, E. (1981)

  • Demange, G. and Gale, D. (1985)

  • Mongell, S. and Roth, A. (1986)

Lecture 5 Matching with Contracts (1) 6/16

  • Contracts

  • Generalized Gale-Shapley Algorithm

  • Substitutability

  • Law of Aggregate Demand

  • Strategy-Proof Matching

  • Cumulative Offer Process

References

  • **Hatfield, J. and Milgrom, P. (2005)

  • *Aygun, O. and Sonmez, T. (2013)

  • *Echenique, F. (2012)

Lecture 6 Matching with Contracts (2) 6/16

  • Supply Chain

  • Group Incentive Compativility

  • Non-Substitutable Preferences

  • Network

Presentation

  • Ostrovsky, M. (2007) ---

  • Sonmez, T. and Switzer, T. (2013) ---

References

  • Kominers, S. D. (2012)

  • Hatfield, J. and Kojima, F. (2008, 2009, 2010)

  • Hatfield, J. W., and Kominers, S. D. (2015)

  • Westkamp, A. (2010)

Lecture 7 One-Sided Matching Model Cancel

  • House Allocation Problem

  • Serial Dictatorship

  • Housing Market

  • Top Trading Cycles

  • YRMH-IGYT

Presentation

  • Pápai, S. (2000) ---

  • Shapley, L. and Scarf, H. (1974) ---

References

  • *Sonmez, T. and Unver, U. (2011)

  • Roth, A. and Postlewaite, A. (1977) ---

  • Abdulkadiroglu, A. and Sonmez, T. (1999)

  • Hylland, A. and Zeckhauser, R. (1977)

  • Ma, J. (1994)

  • Pápai, S. (2003, 2007)

  • 坂井 (2013)

Lecture 8 Kidney Exchange Cancel

  • Donor-Patient Pair

  • Blood Compatibility

  • Tissue Compatibility

  • Multi-Way Kidney Exchange

  • TTCC Algorithm

  • Two-Way Kidney Exchange

Presentation

  • Roth, A. E., Sönmez, T., and Ünver, M. U. (2004)

  • Ashlagi, I., and Roth, A. E. (2014)

References

  • *Sonmez, T. and Unver, U. (2013)

  • *Roth, A., Sonmez, T. and Unver, U. (2005, 2007)

  • Ashlagi, I., and Roth, A. E. (2012)

  • Ünver, M. U. (2010)

Lecture 9 School Choice (1) 6/30 （青字は学生報告）

  • One-sided Matching

  • Deferred Acceptance Algorithm

  • Boston Mechanism

  • Top Trading Cycles Mechanism

  • Acyclicity

  • Stable Improvement Cycles

Presentation

  • Abdulkadiroglu, A. and Sonmez, T. (2003) --- 小田

  • Ergin, H. (2002)

References

  • *安田 (2014)

  • *Kesten, O. (2010)

  • *Sonmez, T. and Unver, U. (2011)

  • Abdulkadiroglu, A., Pathak, P. and Roth, A. (2009)

  • Balinski M and Sonmez, T. (1999)

  • Chen, Y., and Kesten, O. (2013)

  • Erdil, A. and Ergin, H. (2008)

  • 安田 (2010)

Lecture 10 School Choice (2) 6/30

  • Strategize

  • Naiveness

  • Tie-Breaking

  • Ex-ante Efficiency

  • Constrained School Choice

  • Preferential Treatment

Presentation

  • Haeringer, G., and Klijn, F. (2009) --- 方

  • Pathak, P. and Sonmez, T. (2013)

References

  • *安田 (2014)

  • *Abdulkadiroglu, A., Che, Y.-K. and Yasuda, Y. (2011, 2015)

  • *Calsamiglia, C., Haeringer, G., and Klijn, F. (2010)

  • Abdulkadiroglu, A., Pathak, P. and Roth, A. (2009)

  • Ergin, H. and Sonmez, T. (2006)

  • Pathak, P. and Sonmez, T. (2008)

  • 安田 (2010)

Lecture 11 Search and Matching (1) 7/7

  • Frictionless Matching

  • Assortative Match

  • Assignment Game

Presentation

  • Chade, H., Eeckhout, J. and Smith, L. (2016): Ch1; Ch2 --- 李

References

  • *Becker, G. S. (1973)

  • *Shapley, L. and Shubik, M. (1971)

Lecture 12 Search and Matching (2) 7/7

  • Search Theory

Presentation

  • Chade, H., Eeckhout, J. and Smith, L. (2016): Ch3 --- 楊

References

  • ...

Lecture 13 Search and Matching (3) 7/14

  • Search Theory

Presentation

  • Chade, H., Eeckhout, J. and Smith, L. (2016): Ch4 --- 呉

References

  • ...

Lecture 14 Recent Developments 7/14

  • Path to Stability

  • Interdependent Values

  • Asymmetric Information

  • Externalities

Presentation

  • Chen, B., Fujishige, S., & Yang, Z. (2010) --- 塩沢

References

  • Klaus, B., & Klijn, F. (2007)

  • Kojima, F., & Ünver, M. U. (2008)

Lecture 15 Distributional Constraints 7/21

  • Minimum Quota

  • Regional Quota

  • Affirmative Actions

  • Non Substitutable Preferences

Presentation

  • Abdulkadiroğlu, A. (2005)

  • Kamada, Y. and Kojima, F. (2015)

References

  • *Kojima, F. (2015)

  • Abdulkadiroğlu, A. (2005)

  • Echenique, F., and Yenmez, M. B. (2012)

  • Ehlers, L., Hafalir, I. E., Yenmez, M. B., and Yildirim, M. A. (2014)

  • Goto, M., Hashimoto, N., Iwasaki, A., Kawasaki, Y., Ueda, S., Yasuda, Y. and Yokoo, M. (2014)

  • Goto, M., Iwasaki, A., Kawasaki, Y., Yasuda, Y. and Yokoo, M. (2015)

  • Kojima, F. (2012)

  • Kojima, F., Tamura, A., and Yokoo, M. (2014)

  • Hafalir, I., Yenmez, B. and Yildrim, M. (2013)

  • Monte, D. and Tumennasan, N. (2013)

Lecture 16 Large Market 7/21

  • Strategy-Proofness

  • Couples

Presentation

  • Kojima, F. and Pathak, P. (2009)

  • Azevedo, E. M., and Leshno, J. D. (2014)

References

  • *Kojima, F. (2015)

  • Abdulkadiroglu, A., Che, Y.-K. and Yasuda, Y. (2015)

  • Budish, E. (2011)

  • Che, Y. K., and Kojima, F. (2010)

  • Kojima, F., Pathak, P., and Roth, A. (2013)

Lecture 16 Recent Developments 7/21

  • Path to Stability

  • Interdependent Values

  • Asymmetric Information

  • Externalities

Presentation

  • ...

References

  • Chen, B., Fujishige, S., & Yang, Z. (2010)

  • Klaus, B., & Klijn, F. (2007)

  • Kojima, F., & Ünver, M. U. (2008)

Alternative Topic Monotone Method

  • Partial Order

  • Lattice and Sublattice

  • Tarski's Fixed Point Theorem

  • Pre-Matching

  • T-Mapping

  • Strategic Complementarities

References

  • **Adachi, H. (2000)

  • *Vives, X. (1999): Ch2

  • *Vohra, R. (2004): Ch7

  • *安田 (2013)

  • Echenique, F. (2005)

  • Echenique, F. and Oviedo, J. (2004)

  • Fleiner, T (2003)

  • Kandori, M., Kojima, F. and Yasuda, Y. (2008)

  • Milgrom, P. and Roberts, J. (1990, 1994)

  • Tarski, A. (1955)

  • Topkis, D. (1998)

参考論文 | References

  • Abdulkadiroğlu, A. (2005). College admissions with affirmative action. International Journal of Game Theory, 33(4), 535-549.

  • Abdulkadiroglu, A., Che, Y.-K. and Yasuda, Y. (2011), Resolving Conflicting Preferences in School Choice: the "Boston Mechanism" Reconsidered, American Economic Review, 101: 399-410.

  • Abdulkadiroglu, A., Che, Y.-K. and Yasuda, Y. (2015), Expanding "Choice" in School Choice, American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 7: 1-42.

  • Abdulkadiroglu, A., Pathak, P. and Roth, A. (2009), Strategy-proofness vs. Efficiency in Matching with Indifferences: Redesigning the NYC Match, American Economic Review, 99: 1954-1978.

  • Abdulkadiroglu, A. and Sonmez, T. (2003), School choice: a mechanism design approach, American Economic Review, 93: 729-747.

  • Adachi, H. (2000), On a characterization of stable matchings, Economics Letters, 68: 43–49.

  • Alcalde, J. (1996), Implementation of Stable Solutions to Marriage Problems, Journal of Economic Theory, 69: 240–254.

  • Alcalde, J. and Barbera, S. (1994), Top dominance and the possibility of strategy-proof stable solutions to matching problems, Economic Theory, 4: 417-435.

  • Ashlagi, I., & Roth, A. E. (2012). New challenges in multihospital kidney exchange. The American Economic Review, 102(3), 354-359.

  • Ashlagi, I., and Roth, A. E. (2014). Free riding and participation in large scale, multi‐hospital kidney exchange. Theoretical Economics, 9(3), 817-863.

  • Azevedo, E. and Hatfield, J. W. (2015), Existence of Equilibrium in Large Matching Markets with Complementarities.

  • Azevedo, E. M., & Leshno, J. D. (2014). A supply and demand framework for two-sided matching markets. forthcoming in Journal of Political Economy.

  • Aygun, O. and Sonmez, T. (2013), Matching with Contracts: Comment, American Economic Review, 103: 2050-2051.

  • Balinski M and Sonmez, T. (1999), A tale of two mechanisms: student placement, Journal of Economic Theory, 84: 73–94.

  • Becker, G. S. (1973). A theory of marriage: Part I. The Journal of Political Economy, 813-846.

  • Blair, C. (1988), The Lattice Structure of the Set of Stable Matchings with Multiple Partners, Mathematics of Operations Research, 13: 619-628.

  • Budish, E. (2011). The combinatorial assignment problem: Approximate competitive equilibrium from equal incomes. Journal of Political Economy, 119(6), 1061-1103.

  • Bulow, J. and Levin, J. (2006), Matching and price competition, American Economic Review, 96: 652–668.

  • Calsamiglia, C., Haeringer, G., and Klijn, F. (2010). Constrained school choice: An experimental study. The American Economic Review, 1860-1874.

  • Che, Y. K., and Kojima, F. (2010). Asymptotic equivalence of probabilistic serial and random priority mechanisms. Econometrica, 1625-1672.

  • Chen, B., Fujishige, S., & Yang, Z. (2010). Decentralized market processes to stable job matchings with competitive salaries. KIER Discussion Paper, 749, forthcoming at Journal of Economic Theory.

  • Chen, Y., and Kesten, O. (2013). From boston to chinese parallel to deferred acceptance: theory and experiments on a family of school choice mechanisms.

  • Crawford, V. and Knoer, E. (1981), Job Matching with Heterogeneous Firms and Workers, Econometrica, 49: 437-450.

  • Demange, G. and Gale, D. (1985), The Strategy Structure of Two-Sided Matching Markets, Econometrica, 53: 873-888.

  • Demange, G., Gale, D., and Sotomayor, M. (1986). Multi-item auctions. The Journal of Political Economy, 863-872.

  • Demange, G., Gale, D. and Sotomayor, M. (1987), A further note on the stable matching problem, Discrete Applied Mathematics, 16: 217–222.

  • Dubins, L. and Freedman, D. (1981), Machiavelli and the Gale-Shapley algorithm, American Mathematics Monthly, 88: 485–494/

  • Echenique, F. (2005), A Short And Constructive Proof of Tarski's Fixed-Point Theorem, International Journal of Game Theory, 33: 215-218.

  • Echenique, F. (2012), Contracts vs. Salaries in Matching, American Economic Review, 102: 594-601.

  • Echenique, F. and Oviedo, J. (2004), Core many-to-one matchings by fixed point methods, Journal of Economic Theory, 115: 358–376.

  • Echenique, F., and Yenmez, M. B. (2012). How to control controlled school choice. Available at SSRN 2189706.

  • Erdil, A. and Ergin, H. (2008), What's the Matter with Tie-Breaking? Improving Efficiency in School Choice, American Economic Review, 98: 669-689.

  • Ergin, H. (2002), Efficient resource allocation on the basis of priorities, Econometrica, 70: 2489–2497.

  • Ergin, H. and Sonmez, T. (2006), Games of school choice under the Boston mechanism, Journal of Public Economics, 90: 215–237.

  • Ehlers, L., Hafalir, I. E., Yenmez, M. B., and Yildirim, M. A. (2014). School choice with controlled choice constraints: Hard bounds versus soft bounds. Journal of Economic Theory, 153, 648-683.

  • Fleiner, T (2003), A fixed-point approach to stable matchings and some applications, Mathematics of Operations Research, 28: 103–126.

  • Gale, D. and Shapley, L. (1962), College Admissions and the Stability of Marriage, American Mathematical Monthly, 69: 9-15.

  • Gale, D and Sotomayor, M. (1985a), Some remarks on the stable matching problem, Discrete Applied Mathematics, 11: 223-32.

  • Gale, D and Sotomayor, M. (1985b), Ms Machiavelli and the stable matching problem, American Mathematical Monthly, 92: 261-8.

  • Goto, M., Hashimoto, N., Iwasaki, A., Kawasaki, Y., Ueda, S., Yasuda, Y. and Yokoo, M. (2014), Strategy-proof Matching with Regional Minimum Quotas, AAMAS2014 (Full Paper), 1225-1232.

  • Goto, M., Iwasaki, A., Kawasaki, Y., Yasuda, Y. and Yokoo, M. (2015), Improving Fairness and Efficiency in Matching with Distributional Constraints: An Alternative Solution for the Japanese Medical Residency Match..

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