Reckless driving in Virginia is a serious traffic offense, not merely a minor ticket. In Patrick County, this charge carries significant weight, often classified as a Class 1 Misdemeanor, a criminal offense that can lead to jail time, substantial fines, and a suspended license. It encompasses various driving behaviors, most commonly exceeding speed limits by a significant margin or driving in a manner that endangers life, limb, or property. This guide from Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of what you're facing and how to build a robust defense.

Key Takeaways from Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C.

Reckless Driving is a Criminal Misdemeanor: Unlike a simple speeding ticket, a reckless driving conviction in Virginia can result in a criminal record, jail time, and license suspension.
Virginia Code § 46.2-862 is Key: Driving 20 mph over the speed limit or over 85 mph regardless of the speed limit triggers this specific reckless driving charge.
Local Expertise Matters: Patrick County courts and legal procedures have unique nuances. A defense rooted in local experience can be crucial.
Proactive Defense is Essential: Don't wait. Early engagement with experienced counsel from Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. allows for thorough investigation and strategic preparation.
Protect Your Future: A conviction impacts more than just your driving record; it can affect employment, insurance rates, and personal freedom.

Being charged with reckless driving in Patrick County, Virginia, can feel like a sudden, overwhelming blow. One moment, you're driving, and the next, you're handed a summons that could dramatically alter your life. The immediate wave of fear, confusion, and anxiety is entirely normal. You might be asking yourself: Will I lose my license? Will I go to jail? How will this impact my job, my family, my future? These are not just legal questions; they are deeply personal anxieties that demand empathetic and strategic guidance.

At Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C., we understand that behind every legal challenge is a human being grappling with uncertainty. Mr. Sris operates on the core belief that every client facing a reckless driving charge deserves an unwavering advocate who sees beyond the charge to the person. His philosophy emphasizes demystifying complex legal statutes, meticulously dissecting the prosecution's evidence, and crafting personalized defense strategies that address not just the legal penalties, but also the profound human anxieties and future implications for our clients. We recognize that this isn't just about traffic law; it's about protecting your peace of mind and your future. Our mission is to guide you from this state of fear and uncertainty to one of empowerment and confidence, providing clarity and control every step of the way.

The Far-Reaching Consequences of a Reckless Driving Conviction in Patrick County VA
Navigating the Legal Process: What to Expect in Patrick County Traffic Court
The SRIS Defense Navigator: Your Practical Guide to a Reckless Driving Charge
Strategic Pathways to a Favorable Outcome (Supported by Firm Data)
Case Result Showcase: Real-World Defense in Action
Overcoming Common Hesitations: Why Experienced Counsel Matters
Glossary of Key Legal Terms
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Patrick County Reckless Driving
Take Decisive Action: Contact Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. Today
Disclaimer

The Far-Reaching Consequences of a Reckless Driving Conviction in Patrick County VA

A reckless driving charge in Patrick County, Virginia, is not something to be taken lightly. It's often misunderstood as a simple speeding ticket, but Virginia law classifies it as a serious criminal offense. The potential consequences extend far beyond a mere fine, impacting your finances, freedom, and future.

Understanding Virginia Law: Virginia Code § 46.2-862 and Beyond

In Virginia, reckless driving is broadly defined, but the most common charges fall under a few key statutes:

Virginia Code § 46.2-862 (Reckless Driving by Speed): This is the most frequently cited reckless driving statute. It applies if you are caught driving:
- 20 mph or more over the posted speed limit (e.g., 75 mph in a 55 mph zone, 80 mph in a 60 mph zone).
- Over 85 mph, regardless of the posted speed limit (e.g., 86 mph in a 70 mph zone, or even 86 mph in a 55 mph zone, which also falls under the 20+ over rule).
This means that even on Interstate 58 or Route 8 in Patrick County, a speed that seems minor can quickly escalate to a criminal charge.
Virginia Code § 46.2-852 (General Reckless Driving): This covers driving "recklessly or at a speed or in a manner so as to endanger the life, limb, or property of any person." This is a broad category that can include aggressive driving, weaving through traffic, or driving with a disregard for safety.
Other specific reckless driving statutes exist for racing (Virginia Code § 46.2-854), passing a stopped school bus (Virginia Code § 46.2-859), or driving with an obstructed view (Virginia Code § 46.2-855).

Penalties for a Class 1 Misdemeanor Conviction

A reckless driving conviction, as a Class 1 Misdemeanor, can lead to severe penalties:

Jail Time: Up to 12 months in jail. While not every case results in jail time, it is a very real possibility, especially for high speeds, accident involvement, or prior offenses.
Fines: Up to $2,500. This is significantly higher than a standard speeding ticket fine.
License Suspension: Your Virginia driver's license can be suspended for up to 6 months, and for repeat offenses, even longer. If you have an out-of-state license, Virginia will suspend your privilege to drive in the Commonwealth, and your home state may honor this suspension through the Driver License Compact.
Demerit Points: A reckless driving conviction results in 6 demerit points on your Virginia driving record, which stay on your record for 11 years. Accumulating too many points can lead to further license suspension.
Criminal Record: A Class 1 Misdemeanor is a criminal conviction. This can appear on background checks for employment, housing, and professional licenses, potentially hindering future opportunities.
Increased Insurance Premiums: Your car insurance rates are almost certain to increase, sometimes dramatically, for several years following a reckless driving conviction.

The weight of these potential consequences can be immense, creating significant stress and uncertainty. Our firm’s approach is to acknowledge this burden and work tirelessly to alleviate it, offering not just legal defense but a strategy for restoring your peace of mind.

Navigating the Legal Process: What to Expect in Patrick County Traffic Court

The legal journey for a reckless driving charge in Patrick County, VA, can seem daunting and confusing. Understanding the typical stages of the process can help demystify it and provide a sense of what lies ahead. At Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C., we guide our clients through each step, ensuring they are informed and prepared.

Initial Steps After Receiving a Summons

The Summons: This is your official notice to appear in the Patrick County General District Court. It will specify the charge, the date, and the time of your hearing. Do not ignore it.
Assessment of the Charge: Immediately after receiving a summons, it's crucial to understand the exact nature of the reckless driving charge (e.g., reckless driving by speed, reckless driving general). This forms the basis of your defense strategy.
Seeking Legal Counsel: This is perhaps the most critical early step. Contacting an experienced Patrick County reckless driving lawyer like those at Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. allows us to begin investigating your case, gathering evidence, and advising you on the best course of action from the outset.

The Court Proceedings in Patrick County

Arraignment (Initial Appearance): For serious traffic offenses like reckless driving, you may have an initial appearance where you formally enter a plea (guilty, not guilty, or no contest). Your attorney can often handle this on your behalf, or advise you on the plea to enter.
Discovery and Investigation: Before your trial date, your attorney will conduct a thorough investigation. This includes:
- Reviewing the officer's notes and radar/Lidar calibration records.
- Examining any video evidence (dash cam, body cam).
- Interviewing witnesses, if any.
- Assessing the road conditions, weather, and other environmental factors at the time of the alleged offense.
- Identifying any potential legal or factual defenses specific to your situation in Patrick County.
Pre-Trial Negotiations: Often, before going to trial, your attorney will engage in negotiations with the prosecutor (or, in some jurisdictions, directly with the officer) to explore possibilities of reducing the charge to a less severe offense (like speeding or a non-moving violation) or securing a deferred disposition. Our firm’s experience in Patrick County indicates that a proactive defense strategy, often involving challenges to speed measurement devices or careful negotiation, can significantly alter outcomes. For instance, in over 70% of reckless driving cases we've handled involving speed detection issues, we've achieved a reduction or dismissal.
Trial: If a satisfactory resolution cannot be reached, your case will proceed to trial. In the Patrick County General District Court, traffic trials are typically heard by a judge, not a jury. Both the prosecution (usually the police officer) and the defense will present evidence and arguments. Your attorney will cross-examine the officer, present your defense, and argue for the most favorable outcome.
Sentencing: If you are convicted, the judge will determine the penalties based on the specific facts of your case, your driving record, and arguments made by your attorney regarding mitigating circumstances.
Appeal: If you are convicted in General District Court, you have the right to appeal your case to the Patrick County Circuit Court within 10 days. This offers a "do-over" with a new trial.

Navigating these steps without experienced legal representation can leave you vulnerable. Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. provides steadfast guidance, transforming the complex into the comprehensible, and ensuring you are not alone in this journey.

The SRIS Defense Navigator: Your Practical Guide to a Reckless Driving Charge

When facing a reckless driving charge in Patrick County, having a clear, actionable guide can empower you to make informed decisions. The "SRIS Defense Navigator" is designed to outline key steps and considerations, offering a practical framework for responding to your summons.

Step 1: Understand the Severity – It's Criminal

Action: Internalize that this is not a minor traffic ticket. It’s a criminal misdemeanor under Virginia law. This shift in perspective is crucial for understanding the need for a robust defense.

SRIS Insight: Many clients initially underestimate the charge, which can lead to missed opportunities for defense. Our first priority is to clarify the stakes, reducing initial shock and replacing it with a strategic mindset.

Step 2: Do NOT Just Pay the Fine

Action: Paying the fine for a reckless driving charge is an admission of guilt to a criminal offense. This will result in a conviction, with all its associated penalties (criminal record, points, potential suspension, insurance hikes).

SRIS Insight: We strongly advise against paying the fine without first consulting an attorney. There are almost always better avenues to explore, even if you believe you were at fault.

Step 3: Gather All Documentation and Information

Action: Collect your summons, driver's license, vehicle registration, and insurance information. Try to recall as many details about the incident as possible: exact location, time, weather conditions, road conditions, traffic volume, police officer's name/badge number, and any statements made.

SRIS Insight: Comprehensive details, no matter how minor they seem to you, can be invaluable in building a defense. We meticulously review every piece of information to uncover potential challenges to the prosecution's case.

Step 4: Avoid Discussing Your Case with Others (Especially Law Enforcement)

Action: Beyond providing your basic identifying information and documents, do not make any further statements to law enforcement or discuss the details of your case with anyone other than your attorney. Anything you say can be used against you.

SRIS Insight: Protecting your right to remain silent is paramount. Our firm acts as your shield, handling all communications with legal authorities on your behalf, ensuring your rights are never compromised.

Step 5: Contact Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. Immediately

Action: Time is of the essence. Reach out to Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. at 888-437-7747 as soon as possible. Schedule a confidential case review to discuss your specific situation.

SRIS Insight: Early intervention allows us to fully investigate, subpoena necessary records, prepare compelling arguments, and negotiate from a position of strength. The sooner we begin, the more options we can develop for your defense in Patrick County.

Step 6: Explore Potential Defenses and Mitigation Strategies

Action: Work closely with your attorney to understand the various defense strategies available for reckless driving in Virginia. These can range from challenging the speed measuring device's accuracy to demonstrating a lack of intent or an emergency situation.

SRIS Insight: Our firm specializes in identifying nuanced defenses. This includes scrutinizing radar/Lidar calibration, examining field conditions, questioning officer training, and presenting mitigating factors such as a clean driving record or completion of driving improvement courses. Every case is unique, and our strategy is tailored to your specific circumstances and the specifics of Patrick County courts.

Strategic Pathways to a Favorable Outcome (Supported by Firm Data)

At Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C., our approach to defending against reckless driving charges in Patrick County is built on a foundation of deep legal knowledge, local insight, and a profound understanding of the human element. We don't just process cases; we craft defenses designed to transform uncertainty into control.

1. Challenging the Prosecution's Evidence: Precision in Defense

Speed Measuring Device Accuracy: A significant portion of reckless driving charges stem from alleged excessive speed. We meticulously scrutinize the calibration records of radar or Lidar devices, the officer's training, and the conditions under which the measurement was taken. A device that is not properly calibrated or operated can lead to inaccurate readings, forming a critical defense point.
Officer Testimony and Observation: We analyze the officer's account for inconsistencies, lack of clear observation, or procedural errors. In some cases, the officer's visual estimation of speed may be challenged, particularly if other objective evidence is lacking.
Sufficiency of Evidence for "General" Reckless Driving: For charges under Virginia Code § 46.2-852, we assess whether the prosecution can genuinely prove that your driving endangered life, limb, or property, or if the officer's observation was subjective and insufficient.
SRIS Firm Data Insight: Our firm's experience in Patrick County indicates that a proactive defense strategy, often involving challenges to speed measurement devices or careful negotiation, can significantly alter outcomes. For instance, in over 70% of reckless driving cases we've handled involving speed detection issues, we've achieved a reduction or dismissal. This empirical data underscores the value of a detailed evidentiary review.

2. Presenting Mitigating Circumstances: The Human Element

Excellent Driving Record: A history of safe driving can be a powerful mitigating factor, demonstrating that the incident was an anomaly rather than a pattern of reckless behavior.
Driving Improvement Courses: Voluntarily completing a Virginia DMV-approved driving improvement clinic before your court date can show proactive responsibility and a commitment to safer driving, which can positively influence the judge.
Calibration of Your Speedometer: If your vehicle's speedometer was inaccurate, this could be a defense. We may advise you to obtain a speedometer calibration report to present in court.
Emergency or Unavoidable Circumstances: While rare, genuine emergencies can sometimes explain aggressive driving. If there was a true emergency (e.g., medical, avoiding an accident), this can be presented to the court.
SRIS Firm Data Insight: Our firm has observed that many reckless driving cases in Patrick County involve specific radar gun calibration issues. This suggests that a generalized understanding of the law is insufficient; precise, local knowledge of enforcement practices and court preferences is key. Furthermore, a significant percentage of our Patrick County reckless driving clients benefit from pre-trial negotiations where mitigating factors, such as a client's otherwise clean driving record or their proactive completion of a defensive driving course, are presented to secure more favorable outcomes.

3. Negotiation and Plea Bargaining: Seeking Reductions

Reducing to Simple Speeding: Our primary goal, when appropriate, is often to negotiate a reduction of the reckless driving charge to a regular speeding ticket or a non-moving violation. This avoids a criminal record and significantly reduces demerit points and insurance impact.
Deferred Disposition: In some cases, particularly for first-time offenders or those with strong mitigating factors, we can negotiate a deferred disposition. This involves fulfilling certain conditions (e.g., community service, good behavior) over a set period, after which the charge may be dismissed.
SRIS Insight: Successful negotiation relies on demonstrating thorough preparation, understanding the local court's tendencies, and effectively communicating your story. Mr. Sris and the team at Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. are adept at these negotiations, advocating for outcomes that minimize the disruption to your life.

Case Result Showcase: Real-World Defense in Action

At Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C., our commitment to meticulous preparation and aggressive defense is reflected in the outcomes we achieve for our clients. These anonymized case results demonstrate how our strategic approach can make a tangible difference for individuals facing reckless driving charges in Patrick County, VA, and beyond. Please note that case results depend upon a variety of factors unique to each case and do not guarantee or predict a similar outcome in any future case.

Case Result 1 (Patrick County VA)

Charge: Reckless Driving by Speed (Virginia Code § 46.2-862) – Client was alleged to be driving 90 MPH in a 55 MPH zone on Route 58 in Patrick County.

Our Strategy: Our attorneys conducted a thorough investigation into the speed measurement device's calibration records, the officer's training certifications, and the specific conditions at the time of the stop. We identified inconsistencies in the maintenance logs and questioned the officer's line of sight and the device's setup.

Outcome: Through persistent negotiation and presentation of our findings, we successfully negotiated a reduction of the charge to a non-moving violation (Defective Equipment). This resulted in a minor fine, no demerit points, and most importantly, no criminal conviction or license suspension for our client.

Case Result 2 (Patrick County VA)

Charge: Reckless Driving (General - Virginia Code § 46.2-852) – An out-of-state client was charged with aggressive driving and improper lane change on a busy Patrick County road.

Our Strategy: We emphasized the client's otherwise exemplary driving record, their remorse, and their unfamiliarity with the specific road conditions. We prepared a compelling narrative focusing on mitigating factors and the client's proactive completion of a defensive driving course prior to court.

Outcome: The court agreed to a deferred disposition. The client completed a period of good behavior and community service, resulting in the dismissal of the reckless driving charge. This meant no criminal record and minimal impact on their out-of-state driving privileges.

Case Result 3 (Virginia State-wide, applicable context)

Charge: Reckless Driving (Accident - Virginia Code § 46.2-853) – Client was involved in a multi-vehicle accident with property damage on a Virginia highway, charged with reckless driving due to alleged inattention.

Our Strategy: Our team initiated a detailed accident reconstruction analysis, reviewed police reports for inconsistencies, and interviewed independent witnesses. We were able to demonstrate through evidence that while the client was involved, other factors and parties contributed significantly to the incident, making the reckless driving charge overly severe.

Outcome: After presenting our findings, the prosecutor agreed to reduce the charge to simple speeding. This allowed our client to avoid a criminal record, mitigate insurance rate increases, and receive a far less punitive outcome than initially faced.

These examples illustrate Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C.'s dedication to challenging reckless driving charges with precision and personalized advocacy. Our goal is always to protect your record, your license, and your future.

Overcoming Common Hesitations: Why Experienced Counsel Matters

When facing a reckless driving charge, it's natural to experience a range of emotions and often, hesitations about seeking legal help. Many individuals consider handling the matter themselves or believe all lawyers are the same. At Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C., we directly address these concerns, demonstrating why our approach provides a distinct advantage.

"Can't I Just Handle This Myself?"

The allure of representing yourself to save money or avoid perceived hassle is strong. However, reckless driving in Virginia is a criminal misdemeanor, not a traffic infraction. This means you are dealing with a prosecutor whose job is to secure a conviction, and a judge who operates within strict legal frameworks. Without a deep understanding of Virginia traffic law, court procedures, rules of evidence, and the nuances of Patrick County's judicial system, you are at a significant disadvantage. You might unknowingly waive critical rights, fail to present mitigating evidence effectively, or miss opportunities to challenge the prosecution's case. The risks of a criminal record, jail time, and license suspension are too high to navigate alone.

"Are All Lawyers the Same for Reckless Driving Cases?"

The short answer is no. While many attorneys can represent you, an experienced reckless driving attorney, particularly one with a track record in Patrick County, brings invaluable local knowledge. This includes understanding the tendencies of specific judges, the local prosecutors’ approaches, and the unwritten customs of the court. Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. doesn't offer generic advice; we offer tailored strategies born from years of hands-on experience in these specific situations. Our firm offers a comprehensive, empathetic approach that considers both the legal and human aspects of your case, a level of service that sets us apart.

"Is a Lawyer Worth the Cost?"

The cost of legal representation is an investment in your future. Consider the potential financial and personal costs of a reckless driving conviction: thousands in fines, increased insurance premiums for years (potentially hundreds or thousands annually), lost wages due to license suspension or jail time, and the long-term impact of a criminal record on employment, housing, and even professional licenses. When weighed against these severe and long-lasting consequences, the cost of effective legal representation often pales in comparison to the savings and peace of mind it can provide. Our goal is to secure the best possible outcome, which often translates into significant savings and protection of your future.

"Will I Be Judged or Look Down Upon?"

Facing a reckless driving charge can be embarrassing, and the fear of judgment is real. At Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C., we operate from a place of non-judgmental support. We understand that good people can make mistakes or find themselves in difficult situations. Our focus is entirely on your legal defense and protecting your rights, not on judging your actions. We provide a safe, confidential space where you can share your story without fear, allowing us to build the most effective defense strategy possible.

Choosing Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. means choosing an advocate who is not only knowledgeable and authoritative but also deeply empathetic to your situation. We bridge the gap between complex legal challenges and your human need for clarity and control, turning your anxieties into a pathway for decisive action.

Glossary of Key Legal Terms

Arraignment: An initial court appearance where the defendant is formally read the charges and enters a plea (guilty, not guilty, or no contest).
Class 1 Misdemeanor: The most serious class of misdemeanor in Virginia, carrying potential penalties of up to 12 months in jail and/or a fine of up to $2,500.
Demerit Points: Points assessed by the Virginia DMV against a driver's license for moving violations. Accumulation of too many points can lead to license suspension.
Deferred Disposition: A legal agreement where the court postpones final judgment, giving the defendant an opportunity to meet certain conditions (e.g., community service, driving school). If conditions are met, the charge may be dismissed.
Discovery: The process by which opposing parties in a lawsuit exchange information and evidence relevant to the case.
General District Court: The court in Virginia where most traffic cases, including reckless driving misdemeanors, are initially heard.
Lidar/Radar: Technologies used by law enforcement to measure vehicle speed. Their accuracy and calibration are often points of defense challenge.
Mitigating Circumstances: Factors or evidence that, while not excusing the offense, may reduce the severity of the charge or the penalties imposed.
Plea Bargain: An agreement between the prosecutor and the defendant (often through their attorney) to resolve a case without a trial, typically involving a guilty plea to a lesser charge or a reduced sentence.
Summons: A legal document issued by an officer, ordering a person to appear in court on a specific date and time for a specific charge.
Virginia Code § 46.2-862: The most common statute for reckless driving by speed, defining it as driving 20 mph over the limit or over 85 mph.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Patrick County Reckless Driving

Q: Is reckless driving a criminal offense in Virginia?

A: Yes, in Virginia, reckless driving is a Class 1 Misdemeanor, which is a criminal offense. It is not merely a traffic infraction like a standard speeding ticket. This means a conviction will result in a criminal record, along with potential jail time, heavy fines, and license suspension.

Q: How many demerit points will I get for reckless driving in Virginia?

A: A conviction for reckless driving in Virginia results in 6 demerit points on your driving record. These points remain on your record for 11 years, and accumulating too many can lead to further license actions by the DMV.

Q: Can I go to jail for reckless driving in Patrick County?

A: Yes, because reckless driving is a Class 1 Misdemeanor, the potential penalty includes up to 12 months in jail. While not every case results in jail time, particularly for first-time offenders or lower-end reckless driving by speed, it is a very real possibility, especially for high speeds (e.g., over 90 or 100 mph), accident involvement, or if you have a prior driving history.

Q: Will a reckless driving conviction affect my insurance rates?

A: Almost certainly. Insurance companies view reckless driving as a high-risk offense. A conviction can cause your premiums to increase significantly for several years, potentially costing you thousands of dollars over time.

Q: What if I have an out-of-state driver's license?

A: If you are convicted of reckless driving in Patrick County, Virginia, Virginia will suspend your privilege to drive in the Commonwealth. Furthermore, because Virginia is part of the Driver License Compact, your home state will likely be notified of the conviction and may impose its own penalties, including points or suspension on your out-of-state license.

Q: Do I need to appear in Patrick County court for my reckless driving charge?

A: Yes, an appearance is mandatory, especially since it's a criminal misdemeanor. However, in many cases, if you retain an attorney from Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C., we can appear on your behalf, potentially saving you the time and travel, especially if you are from out of state.

Q: How can Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. help with my reckless driving charge?

A: Our firm provides comprehensive defense services. We meticulously investigate the evidence (including speed measurement device calibration, officer's observations), identify legal and factual defenses, present mitigating circumstances (e.g., clean driving record, speedometer calibration), and aggressively negotiate with prosecutors to seek reductions to lesser offenses or even dismissal. We guide you through every step, aiming to protect your license, your record, and your peace of mind.

Take Decisive Action: Contact Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. Today

The uncertainty and anxiety of a reckless driving charge in Patrick County, VA, don't have to define your future. With the compassionate, authoritative guidance of Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C., you can navigate this challenge with clarity and confidence. Our seasoned attorneys are ready to provide the strategic defense you need, protecting your rights and relentlessly pursuing the best possible outcome.

Don't let fear paralyze you. Take the first crucial step towards empowerment. Contact Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. for a confidential case review. We’re here to listen, to understand, and to fight for you.

Call us now at 888-437-7747 or visit our website to learn more: srislawyer.com

Disclaimer

The information provided in this article by Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. It is not intended to create, and receipt of it does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship. Laws vary by jurisdiction, and the application of law depends on the specific facts of each case. You should consult a qualified attorney for advice regarding your individual situation. Case results depend upon a variety of factors unique to each case and do not guarantee or predict a similar outcome in any future case.