From reading this article, I have learned the Muscogee people have spanned through the entire region known as the Southeastern United States. Their early ancestors constructed magnificent earthen pyramids, known as Mound Builders for their religious ceremonies along the rivers that came across their reign. There, they would later built expansive towns along the river, as the earthen pyramids set on land in the states of Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina. The Muscogee tribe wasn't the only one tribe, but a union of several. This alliance grew into a confederacy that was the most advanced political structure north of Mexico during the Euro-American defined "historic time." But within their tribal town they managed to maintain their political land holdings. The confederacy grew throughout the tribes and parts of tribes were absorbed by European imperial powers. The founding tribal communities' language and culture became prominent inside the confederacy. But the majority of the Muscogee people diverged into two geographical regions throughout the time of European contact.

The Lower Creeks lived along the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, and overtime were substantially effected by intermarriage and its consequent impact on their political and social order. While the Upper Creek people lived and settled along the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, they were less affected by European influences and continued to maintain distinctly traditional political and social institutions. But not for long. During the Indian Removal Act, the U.S. Army enforced the removal of more than 20,000 Muscogee (Creeks) to Indian Territory in 1836 and 1837. Having the Lower Creek people establish and settle again their farms and plantations along the Arkansas and Verdigris rivers in the new republic. On the Canadian River and its northern branches, the Upper Creek people re-established their old settlements as well. After the war of Civil Rights and Indian Removal Act , the Muscogee Nation's leadership created and ratified a new constitution in the 1970s, rejuvenated the National Council, and embarked on a challenging path of political and economic growth. Having the federal courts also consistently re-affirmed the Muscogee Nation’s freedom from state jurisdiction.

The Musgee Nation.

In this short summary from the book “Killers of the Flower Moon,” I've learned the Osage history of the Osage oil murders, which were a series of killings committed in the 1920s in order to steal the Osage tribe's fortune. The oil murders were committed against the Osage community in order to take their riches, which the white citizens of Osage, Oklahoma saw as unjust. In the 19th century the Osage people were moved to a limited small region reservation in Oklahoma. Orders from the U.S. Army corps for land exportation, silver, and tribal territory. After the forced relocation it had brought many Osage people poverty, diseases, and suffering to the tribe in the 1870s. Making the population to only 3,000 individuals. A third of what it had been at the turn of the century with many members dying of smallpox and violent attacks by white settlers. When oil was found in 1897 in Osage County, Oklahoma, the Osage people were suddenly wealthy beyond their wildest expectations, with total tribe income from oil leases ranging into the tens of millions of dollars. Quote, “What had once a forgotten corner of the great plains overnight became a focal point of the American Economy.”

During this paragraph additional leases became an auction for majoi oil organizations for every three months. The biggest oil companies of the time raced to the county to bid, reportedly influencing officials of the US Department of the Interior to claim the most promising leases. To emphasize, individual tract leases may price as much as two million dollars, with the Osage receiving a total of 30 million dollars in 1923. As for the Osage people, who own the oil's mineral rights, did not get any compensation for their riches of desire.

Louis F. Burns, A History of the Osage People.

The article starts off with the ongoing Covid-19 outbreak that we live in todays world, but has this brought increased incidents of racism, discrimination, and violence against “Asians,” particularly in the United States, with reports of hate crimes of over 100 per day. The start of it was in January 2020, many Asian Americans have reported suffering racial slurs, wrongful workplace termination, being spat on, physical violence, extreme physical distancing, etc., as media and government officials increasingly stigmatize and blame Asians for the spread of Covid-19. The links with social media are increasingly evident, as anti-Asian sentiment increases, with reports of anti-Asian sentiment spreading and Asian-Americans fighting hate via social media. Using integrated threat theory, this study explores the links between prejudice/hate toward Asians-Americans, in particular Chinese, and social media use.

Three key results emerged from the study. First, the more a social media user believes their most used daily social media is fair, accurate, presents the facts, and is concerned about the public (social media belief), the more likely that user is to believe Chinese pose a realistic and symbolic threat to America. Second, men and women significantly differed on each type of prejudice, with men scoring higher on intergroup anxiety and women higher on symbolic and realistic threat. Third, respondents who do not use social media on a daily basis are less likely than those who use Facebook to perceive Chinese as a symbolic threat. In contrast, social media platforms also deliver messages to help counter prejudice/discrimination against the Asian community. Social media firms like Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook have all taken action. Their platforms have been used to support those suffering from abuse. Campaigns such as posts including hashtag #IAmNotAVirus have been promoted to stop user feeds on their sites. In general, depending on different types of messages and distribution platforms, public's perceptions on social media vary, particularly in such crises like the Covid-19 pandemic.

The Washington Redskins have changed their name overtime due to the outwardly racist, offensive and disparaging slur. The Redskins name was a term used to describe the bloody scalps of Native Americans to be exchanged for a bounty. It is a term screamed at Native Americans as they were dragged at gunpoint off their lands, and it was chosen as the team’s name George Preston Marshall, who was the last by a decade to integrate his team and only did so under threat of action against the organization by the federal government. Further in the article it states “Article 31 of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples states that `Indigenous Peoples have the right to maintain, control, protect and develop their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions.` ”

The change started to happen when the word “Mana” happened to get attention. Many Indigenous Peoples of the Pacific and North America are familiar with and use the word "mana." Mana is a spiritual force, healing power, or essence that is passed down from generation to generation in Hawaii and New Zealand, for example. Disrespecting, discriminating, or desecrating a person's mana in any manner reduces who they are and dishonours everything they are and can be ~ meaning of the sense of mascots discriminating the logo on a publish sport. Mascots that enhance the mana of all people rather than diminish them is the preferred teaching because it impacts every aspect of our society or world.