According to the American Indian History article, “The prehistoric traditions of the Southwest began to develop sometime before 2,000 years ago.” This is tied to my topic because it shares how our ancestors lived long ago. The village began around AD 600. The article says that the Hohokam were some of the earliest farmers and that they started to grow the crops in the desert. This is tied to my topic because it talks about farming and irrigation systems. They used a method called horticulture where they reshape hillslopes to prevent soil loss and erosion. They were able to build branching ditches away from the river which is very similar to what we do today. “The system of branching ditches allowed them to direct the water farther and farther away from the river’s channel as it moved down the valley, into the nearly parallel ditches,” (Snow). When the Mogollon time period began, the tradition of farming declined because of warfare and changes in the climate. This was a time period that led to what pueblos look like today. We use the same techniques as our ancestors used to plant. In my family, the farming techniques were passed down from generation to generation.

Snow, Dean R. “The Traditions of the Southwest.” Archaeology of North America, Chelsea House, 2014. American Indian History,

With the drought that was a couple years back it was hard to plant crops and being able to find that type of water in the pueblo. With the New Mexico drought the pueblo did not think that they were going to make it and that they were going to be able to plant anymore. With the help of NRCS (Natural Resource Conservation Service) and USDA (Department of Interior's Bureau of Reclamation) they were able to create funds so they could historically underserved communities and producers in countries with persistent poverty. They help by saving the soil so it will not take up much water, so they can preserve the water.

This article discusses Santa Ana Pueblo's vineyard, which consists of about 30 acres planted with ten different wine grape varieties and sold and processed by a local winery in Albuquerque.The Santa Ana Garden Center is also mentioned, which specializes in native and xeric perennials, shrubs, and trees. These plants have evolved over generations to withstand the strange and variable climate, and are well-suited to limited water, poor soil, and high elevations.

The loss of the agricultural way of life and the Cochiti pueblo culture are discussed in this article. The growing of traditional blue and white corn was restricted. To live, some tribal members had to leave Cochiti and work outside the pueblo, rather than farming like they had done for generations. An entire generation was raised without any knowledge of agriculture.

College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences (ACES). Tours. New Mexico State University, https://aces.nmsu.edu/usdabfrdp/tours.html, Accessed 17 December 2021.

Santo Domingo Pueblo has been experiencing one of the worst droughts in recent years. They partnered up with the USDA's Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Reclamation to find a way to grow more while using less water, so that their fields and gardens remained healthy. They also installed an underground water irrigation system to replace part of the old earthen irrigation ditches in 50 fields stretching over 200 acres.The new watering system and conservation practices have made all the differences. Even in non-drought years, the pueblo's once-parched fields are recovering, and fields that used to take two days to irrigate can now be watered in just four hours.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. New Mexico. Santo Domingo Pueblo Tackles Drought with NRCS Help. United State Department of Agriculture, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/nm/home/?cid=STELPRDB1185651, Accessed 17 December 2021.

Cochiti people have been agriculturalists and have been planting corn since the time immemorial. Indigenous models of agriculture had political structures that were always tied to natural resources. Her grandfather once told her that the food they eat comes from the seeds they plant, they take all the prayers of their ancestors and create a direct connection.

Romero- Briones, Vena A’dae. Indigenous Agricultural Models. TEDxHonoluluSalon. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZRi_I2StSg, Accessed 17 December 2021.

Narciso, Joan Oñate. “Indigenous Farming Practices in the Philippines: Old Ways of Doing, New Ways of Thinking for Our Food Systems.” Food System Stories, Food System Stories, 5 Oct. 2021, http://www.foodsystemstories.org/blog/2021/08/04/indigenous-farming-practices-in-the-philippines.

The article that I read was about an indigenous community in the Philippines. What was talked about was that no two communities use the same exact farming technique and the type of practice. What they do is called patuback ( which means that it slows down weed growth and it gives more time to harvest more crops , to have that better outcome in products that they produce. Another way they preserve their ways of planting and keep their way of farming alive is they use seeds from the middle part of the maize ear/cob as planting materials. In the Philippines the way that they practice is that recording seed preservation is followed through the farmers' families. Many ways that are tough are not documented and knowledge is not being passed around because it is not written down, and they are losing their ways and it is slowly dying.

Eliazer Nelson, Ann Raeboline Lincy, et al. “.” BioMed Central, BioMed Central, 1 Oct. 2019, https://journalofethnicfoods.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42779-019-0011-9.

What this article was about is indegenous communities in India having a “green revolution”. When this was founded it was in the 1960s to introduce different kinds of rice to stop hunger and poverty. Before this came along wheat and rice doubled due to the government and because of that the production of food crops of other foods declined, which meant all was lost and what they had before was all gone. With that being said what was affected by this was society, environment, and nutrition intake. Also being able to carry that learning to future generations and being able to teach their people to younger children. In India it holds one of the largest agricultural lands in the world. With that being said the farming that they do in India is very important to them and their culture.

Scroll.in.”Eco India: How can farmers thrive without using chemical fertilizers?. Youtube, uploaded by scroll.in, February 9, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCyNPwD_MNQ

The video that I watched was called “ How can farmers thrive without using chemical fertilizer”. What this was about was a family and a small community where they use a planting technique called permaculture and what it is one function and it provides multiple benefits. They grow many crops like lemongrass which they make tea, and it has no pesticides and no mosquito repellant. What they do is they work with nature, not against nature. With all the land they have is about 11.5 acres of food forest and they call it “Aranya”, which completely has no fertilizers or pesticides. They use design philosophy which is nature orientation, arrest winds, and arrest fires. Every plant and animal that is a part of the “Aranya” is very good and they take good care of how they plant and what they feed to their animals. If you can diversify crops and have healthy soil, pesticides will not be a problem when they are planting crops.