Preserving the Ways of Traditional Farming

Ardell Sanchez

San Felipe Pueblo

Anonymous. " A view of Okanagan Lake, Peachland, British Columbia, Canada Near Kelowna. https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSyxx7ZaNqDvzslTt9Ee1ZUy00hWruBz2J6mOqYP9SlxpzZFxiH. Accessed on 8 April 2022.

"Sharing One Skin"

The article "Sharing One Skin" discusses native identity as well as the value of land and culture. It discusses the Okanagan community's sense of identity and responsibility, as well as how they portray themselves. The word Okanagan is derived from a comprehensive knowledge of who they are as people. According to the text, when we refer to ourselves as Okanagans, we are truly referring to "those who dream and land together." Another meaning of the term Okanagan is "dream" or "dream state." That was their true identity at the time.

For the Okanagan people, the paragraph regarding The Four Capacities of Self has a deeper meaning. They refer to themselves as distinct individuals trapped within their bodies. Physical self, emotional self, thinking intellectual self, and spiritual self are the four main capabilities. In the way they work within and perceive everything, the four selves are equally important.

Armstrong, Jeanette. “Sharing One Skin: The Okanagan Community,” in Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith (eds), The Case Against the Global Economy. San Francisco, CA, Sierra Club Books, 1996. Pp 460-470.

Anonymous. "Native American Identites in the United States." Acedemic Dictionary and Encyclopedias. 2010. https://en-academic.com/pictures/enwiki/50/220px-Amerikanska_folk%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.jpg.

"Native American Identity"

Native American Identity is a piece about how Native Americans are losing their identity and becoming more like white men. They are the descendants of North America's first inhabitants. Native American identity begins with that knowledge, with that consciousness. Native Americans are born with a natural sense of the world that dates back thousands of years. “Native American identity is multifaceted,” says the author of the piece.

Perry G. Horse (Kiowa). “Native American Identity”, Native American higher education issues. NEW DIRECTIONS FOR STUDENTS SERVICES, no. 109, Spring 2005. Pp 61-68.

-Puebloan Tribes Food Sources. https://puebloantribes.weebly.com/food.html. Accessed 14 October 2021.

"Early Southwestern Cultures"

This article talks about the southwestern cultures in the United States. The Southwest is an arid and geographically diverse region of deserts, mountain ranges, high plains, mesas, and canyons in what are now Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. Three major ancient cultures, the Mogollon, the Hohokam, and the Ancestral Puebloans emerged there, and ruins of their dwellings exist today. The historically known Pueblo peoples such as the Acoma, San Felipe Pueblo, Laguna, and Kewa Pueblo are considered descendants of the Ancestral Puebloans. Later groups in the region also included the Apache and the Navajo, who probably migrated there between about 1200 and 1500.

Another thing it talked about was the earliest southwestern farmers. There is evidence that as early as about 1500 BCE, people in the region began raising maize and squash, and they probably started to grow beans around 500 BCE. During this early period, however, people did not live in permanent settlements, and they continued to rely on gathering wild plants (including agave, piñon nuts, cactus fruits, nuts, and seeds) and hunting animals in addition to agriculture. The earliest pottery in the region was probably made about 300 BCE.

Ancestral Puebloan men did most of the building and farming work. Because water was always a problem in the desert conditions of the region, the Ancestral Puebloans built dams and irrigation ditches to water the fields. Men of the same clan also conducted spiritual and social ceremonies inside the kivas.

Bialo, Ellen. "Southwestern Cultures." The American Mosaic: The American Indian Experience, ABC-CLIO, 2021, americanindian-abc-clio-com.sfis.idm.oclc.org/Topics/Display/1471253?cid=41&sid=1471253.

Prezioso, Joseph. Performers make their way around the dance circle during the Spring Planting Moon Pow Wow in Marshfield, Massachusetts, in May 2019. CNN. https://media.cnn.com/api/v1/images/stellar/prod/191101143757-native-american-heritage-month.jpg?q=x_3,y_153,h_1684,w_2993,c_crop/h_720,w_1280

“Native Americans: A Celebration Of Their History, Culture And Contributions”

Lacey states in this article that Native Americans being on American soil for more than 20,000 years, long before America was founded by Columbus. It was then in 1492, a group of European settlers came to America and witnessed the land of cultural, diverse people. Many studies say that the native people were lost and confused about living, when in fact the European settlers adopted the Native American Culture in some aspects. Present day, Native American tribes have lost many customs such as, language loss, culture and traditions, sustainable farming/hunting. Now it's Native Americans who adopted the American culture. It's important to learn the history of Native Americans, so the heritage can continue.

Lacey, M. D. W. “Native Americans: A Celebration Of Their History, Culture And Contributions”, 2003 https://search-proquest-com.sfis.idm.oclc.org/conference-papers-proceedings/native-americans-celebration-their-history/docview/192406828/se-2?accountid=39531.

Nicholls, Bob, "Early farming". History Collection. 2018. https://cdn.historycollection.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/early-farming.-bob-nicholls.jpg

"The Agricultural Revolution"

In John Green’s YouTube video, he talks about the Agricultural Revolution. So fifteen thousand years ago, humans were foragers and hunters. Foraging meant gathering fruits, nuts, also wild grains and grasses. Hunting allowed for a more protein-rich diet if you found something to kill. cultivation of crops seems to have risen independently over the course of millennia in a number of places from Africa to China to the Americas. Using crops that naturally grew nearby: rice in Southeast Asia, maize in Mexico, potatoes in the Andes, wheat in the Fertile Crescent, yams in West Africa. People around the world began to abandon their foraging for agriculture.

Green, John. “The Agricultural Revolution”. YouTube. CrashCourse. 26 Jan. 2012. The Agricultural Revolution: Crash Course World History #1

Unknown. “The Impact of COVID-19 on Agriculture”. American Farm Bureau Federation. 2020. https://www.fb.org/land/impact-covid19-on-ag. Accessed 24 Nov. 2021.

“The Impact of COVID-19 on Agriculture”

This video talks about how COVID-19 affected agriculture. It is important to the Farm Bureau that farmers and their employees have priority access to the vaccine given the important role that they play on the front lines of our food and supplies. Zippy Duval encourages farmers around the United States to get vaccinated. There has been a lot of food insecurity in our country. American farmers have been courageous and they have continued to grow more food supply in our country. 5.4 million dollars have been given to farmers and over a million pounds of food.

Duvall, Zippy. “The Impact of COVID-19 on Agriculture”. American Farm Bureau Federation. 2020. https://www.fb.org/land/impact-covid19-on-ag. Accessed 3 Nov. 2021.

Highsmith, Carol M, photographer. Abandoned farm near the town of Sherrill in Dubuque County, Iowa. -08-16. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/2016630717/.

"Farm and Farm Income"

This article talks about the transformation of American agriculture and rural life during the 20th Century. In the early 20th century, agriculture was labor intensive. It took place on very small diverse farms in rural areas where more than half of the U.S population lived. Agricultural production in the 21st century, on the other hand, is concentrated on a smaller number of large, specialized farms in rural areas where less than a fourth of the U.S. population lives.

One of the topics this article states is the number of U.S farms continues to decline slowly. Following a peak of 6.8 million farms in 1935, the number of farms in the United States declined dramatically until the early 1970s. During the previous decade, rapidly declining farm numbers reflected rising agricultural production and expanding nonfarm work options. Since then, the number of farms in the United States has continued to drop, albeit at a considerably slower pace. According to the most current survey, the number of farms in the United States will be 2.02 million in 2020, down from 2.20 million in 2007. In 2020, there were 897 million acres in farms, with an average farm size of 444 acres, somewhat higher than the 440 acres reported in the early 1970s.

Kassel, Kathleen. “Farming and Farm Income”. U.S Department of Agriculture. 2021.https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/ag-and-food-statistics-charting-the-essentials/farming-and-farm-income/. Accessed 3 Nov. 2021.

Vaughn, Jason. “Steven Rieckman loading a bale of hay on Nov. 20, 2019. Time Magazine. 2019. https://time.com/5736789/small-american-farmers-debt-crisis-extinction/. Accessed on 24 Nov. 2021.

“They're Trying to Wipe Us Off the Map.”

Semuels states that family farms being extinct for generations. On the closing days of 2019, small farms pummeled from every side: a trade war, severe weather associated with climate change, tanking commodity prices related to globalization, political polarization, and corporate farming defined not by a silo and a red barn but technology and the efficiencies of scale. In 2019, the Trump Administration has made $16 billion in aid available to farmers affected by the trade war, though small farmers complain the bulk of the money has gone to huge producers with large crop losses. Around 40 percent of the $88 billion in farm income expected this year is going to come in the form of federal aid and insurance, according to the American Farm Bureau Federation. Farm income absent that assistance, at $55 billion, is down 14 percent since last year and is half of what it was in 2013.

Semuels, Alana. “They're Trying to Wipe Us Off the Map.” Small American Farmers Are Nearing Extinction”. Time Magazine. 2019. https://time.com/5736789/small-american-farmers-debt-crisis-extinction/. Accessed 3 Nov. 2021.

Adams, Jackie. “Farming”. 2011. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/agriculture/#farming

"Drought in Africa leaves 25 million in need across 14 countries"

Anyadike, O. “Drought in Africa leaves 45 million in need across 14 countries”. The New Humanitarian. 2019. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2019/06/10/drought-africa-2019-45-million-in-need

In this article, Anyadike talks about a drought in Africa that leaves 45 million people in need in 14 different countries. Failed rains in eastern Africa, southern Africa, and the Horn of Africa have resulted in yet another bad season for farmers, rising food prices, and increasing aid demands for tens of millions of already vulnerable people in the three regions. More than 45 million people struggled to find food across the 14 countries during 2019, many people are suffering from the drought that has occurred over the years. For the second time in three years, an El Nino event has disrupted the weather patterns. In 2017, the United Nations declared the situation to be the worst in decades, with 38 million people in need. Drought in 2018 was followed by severely below-average rains at the start of this year, with rainfall in regions of southern Africa falling by half.

Sankur, Arun. "People carry water from a pond in the dried-out Puzhal reservoir on the outskirts of Chennai, India". 2019. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2019-countries-facing-water-crisis/

"These Countries Are the Most at Risk From a Water Crisis"

Dormido states in this article, how nearly 1.8 billion people in seventeen nations, or roughly a quarter of the world's population, look to be on the verge of a water catastrophe, with catastrophic shortages possible in the coming years. According to a study issued by the World Resources Institute's Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas in Washington, D.C., 12 of the 17 countries are in the Middle East and North Africa. In Asia, there are two countries: India and Pakistan. San Marino in Europe, Botswana in Africa, and Turkmenistan in Central Asia are the remaining hotspots. Despite the fact that the Middle East and North Africa region is hot and water supplies are often scarce, to begin with, increased demand has put countries in a state of tremendous stress, according to the World Resources Institute. Qatar, which is the most vulnerable to water scarcity, relies largely on saltwater desalination facilities to provide drinking water to its citizens and businesses.

Dormido, H. “These Countries Are the Most at Risk From a Water Crisis”. Bloomberg. 2019. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2019-countries-facing-water-crisis/.

Redfern, Jerry. "Day laborers toss sugarcane from a wagon in a field in South Texas". 2019. https://psmag.com/social-justice/the-young-hands-that-feed-us

"Youth Win: Supporting the next generation of businesspeople in Nicaragua"

In TecnoServe’s video, shows and talks about The Business Livestock project that TechnoServe is implementing, with funding from the U.S Department of Agriculture, which provides training and assistance to improve the economic condition of more than 5,500 Nicaraguan families. This training has helped thousands of young people who help manage and improve their family farms. It is a great opportunity for the TechnoServe program in Nicaragua because it motivates them to pursue goals that can generate greater economic prosperity in the medium to long term. To have more prosperous lives, young people need to develop life plans and skills for achieving their goals.

“Youth Win: Supporting the next generation of businesspeople in Nicaragua”. YouTube. TechnoServe. 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3jwq3DD0IM

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