Clostridium Difficile

Which of the following best describes Clostridium difficile (C. diff)?
a) Gram-negative aerobic bacilli that form spores.
b) Gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming bacilli.
c) Non-spore-forming, gram-positive aerobic cocci.
d) Anaerobic gram-negative rod susceptible to all antibiotics.

What is the primary mechanism by which C. diff toxins cause damage in the colon?
a) Directly suppressing immune cell function.
b) Activating neutrophils and causing mucosal injury and damage.
c) Inhibiting normal bowel motility and leading to obstruction.
d) Directly killing intestinal epithelial cells without inflammation.

Which of the following is a key risk factor for C. diff infection?
a) Use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics.
b) Regular use of probiotics.
c) Advanced age (>65 years) and antibiotic use.
d) Consumption of spicy foods.

What is the first-line pharmacological treatment for an initial mild-to-moderate episode of C. diff?
a) Fidaxomicin PO for 10 days.
b) Vancomycin 125 mg PO QID for 10 days.
c) Metronidazole IV for 10 days.
d) Bezlotoxumab IV as a single dose.

Which of the following is true regarding the non-pharmacological management of C. diff?
a) Antiperistalsis agents are recommended to slow diarrhea.
b) Adequate hydration and discontinuation of laxatives are critical.
c) Discontinuing all antibiotics is mandatory to manage the infection.
d) Infection control measures are not required as transmission is uncommon.