18 – 18.3 HF, High Frequency radio, Aircraft radio, Amateur radio, Broadband Internet and Somalia photos 30.
5 February 2021.
High Frequency HF radio (1 of 4).
HF COMMUNICATIONS AND EMISSIONS from 3 MHz – 30 MHz.
Amateur Radio,
Aircraft radio,
Broadband Internet on Power Lines (BPL).
The All Frequency Database Index is here: http://sites.google.com/site/somaliaamateurradio/somaliaphotos10
You are here:
18. High Frequency radio Communications and Emissions.
18.1 HF Amateur Radio.
18.2 HF Aircraft radio.
18.3 HF Broadband Internet on Power Lines (BPL).
Index summery.
18. Short wave radio Communications and Emissions.
18.1 Short wave Amateur Radio.
18.2 Short wave Aviation radio.
18.3 Short wave Broadband Internet on Power Lines (BPL).
18.
HF radio Communications and Emissions.
High Frequency (Short Wave) communications stations and HF emissions.
High Frequency radio communications stations and other HF radio emissions are here.
Short Wave radio broadcast stations, clandestine radio and pirate radio are in the broadcast section.
HF 3 – 30 MHz.
HF 3 MHz – 30 MHz.
HF 3000 – 30000 kHz.
HF 3000 kHz – 30000 kHz.
HF 3000000 Hz – 30000000 Hz.
HF 0.003 – .03 GHz.
HF 0.003 GHz – .03 GHz.
Introduction to Short Wave SW DX, the hobby of listening to distant High Frequency HF radio communications stations, utility radio stations, space radio communications and man made radio emissions.
HF Radio Communications stations and emissions.
Radio Astronomy and natural radio emissions between 3 MHz and 30 MHz.
Short Wave SW radio from 3 MHz – 30 MHz.
SW 3 MHz – 30 MHz.
High Frequency (HF) radio signals have Short Wave (SW) lengths called Decametric waves.
The hobby of Radio Astronomy on Short Wave radio.
The hobby of Listening to Short Wave radio signals reflected by the Moon.
The hobby of Listening to radio signals from outer space.
The hobby of Listening to radio signals from space satellites.
The hobby of Listening to Short Wave space radio communication.
The hobby of Listening to Short Wave radio emissions from the Universe.
The hobby of Listening to Short Wave BPL DX.
The hobby of Long distance Short Wave BPL Broadband Internet on power line listening.
The hobby of Listening to OHR DX.
The hobby of Long distance Short Wave OHR Over- the- Horizon Radar signals listening.
The hobby of Listening to military radio stations on short wave radio.
The hobby of DXing Army, Navy and Air Force communications on Short Wave radio.
The hobby of Radio Beacon DXing.
The hobby of Long distance radio Beacon listening.
The hobby of aircraft DX radio listening.
The hobby of Long distance Aircraft radio listening.
The hobby of marine DX.
The hobby of Listening to Long distance ship communications.
The hobby of Listening to Short Wave amateur radio communications.
The hobby of Short Wave Ham Radio DX.
The hobby of Long distance Short Wave amateur radio station listening.
The hobby of Long distance Short Wave Amateur Radio station transmitting.
The hobby of SW CB Radio DX.
The hobby of Long distance Short Wave CB radio listening.
The hobby of Long distance Short Wave CB radio transmitting.
The hobby of SW time signal radio DX.
The hobby of Long distance Short Wave time signal radio listening.
The hobby of SW utility radio station DX.
The hobby of Long distance Short Wave utility radio station listening.
Radio Astronomy on HF.
HF DX is long distance High Frequency radio listening.
HF DX is long distance High Frequency radio hunting.
HF DXer is a long distance High Frequency radio listener.
HF DXing is the searching for long distance High Frequency radio signals.
Introduction to Short Wave radio DX.
Introduction to long distance communications on Short Wave radio.
Introduction to long distance communications on VLF radio.
Introduction to long distance communications on LF radio.
Introduction to long distance communications on MF radio.
Introduction to long distance communications on SW radio.
Introduction to long distance communications on VHF radio and VHF TV.
Introduction to long distance communications on UHF radio and UHF TV.
Introduction to long distance communications on SHF radio.
Introduction to long distance communications on EHF radio.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_propagation
Introduction to HF radio.
Introduction to High Frequency radio.
High Frequency radio is a proven technology serves today’s wireless emergency communication preparedness needs.
The inherent benefits of HF technology are Long range communications capability, no infrastructure requirements and low cost of ownership.
HF radio provides command and control, secure communications and ease of operation.
HF radio handset has the look and functionality of a mobile telephone.
HF radio is transportable for “on the go” communications.
HF radio has flexibility to accommodate various communication requirements and interoperability.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_frequency
High Frequency radio in the Australian outback (and other remote locations around the world).
Australian National 4 Wheel Drive Radio Network.
Australian National 4 WD Radio Network.
VKS-737 Network provides services in conjunction with state emergency service organisations 24 hours a day, 7 days a week via 10 High Frequency Base Radio Stations strategically located around Australia.
http://www.swld.com.au/pages/aus_remote_area.htm
What causes long distance HF communications?
How is long distance HF communications possible?
Now is long distance radio communications possible?
What causes long distance radio communications?
How can you communicate long distances without using wires?
How can you communicate long distances without using coaxial cables?
How can you communicate long distances without using fiber optic cables?
How can you communicate long distances without using fibre optic cables?
How can you communicate long distances without using a telephone?
How can you communicate long distances without using telephones?
How can you communicate long distances without using the Internet?
How can you communicate long distances without using a satellite?
How can you communicate long distances without using satellites?
Radio signal reflection off the Earth’s Ionosphere.
The Ionosphere is 50 km to over 500 km above the Earth’s surface.
The Ionosphere is 30 miles to over 300 miles above the Earth’s surface.
The regions of the Ionosphere.
Production and loss of electrons in the Ionosphere.
Observing variations in the Ionosphere.
Variations in the Ionosphere.
Variations in the Ionosphere due to the 9 to 14 year solar cycle.
Variations in the Ionosphere due to the 11 year sunspot cycle.
Variations in the Ionosphere due to seasons.
Variations in the Ionosphere due to latitude.
Daily variations in the Ionosphere.
Variations in the Ionosphere in the absorption of radio signals.
The Sporadic E unpredictable ion formations in the Ionosphere.
Spread F irregularities in the Ionosphere that scatter radio waves.
The frequency limits of Sky waves.
What is the Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF)?
What is MUF?
Radio wave hop lengths. Radio wave reflection lengths. Radio wave refraction lengths.
The different Propagation modes. The different ways that the movement of a radio wave is affected by the ionosphere.
Simple Propagation modes.
Complex Propagation modes.
E layer screening.
The 3 variables in HF radio propagation via the Ionosphere is frequency, path length and antenna elevation angle.
What is the Skip zone?
What causes a radio signal to jump over areas and not be heard?
What causes fading?
What causes a radio signal to fade?
Radio noise and Atmospheric noise.
Signals from space can pass from above the Ionosphere down to the Earth’s surface only on the highest HF frequencies so that this is where Galactic noise from our Galaxy can be heard.
The similarity of propagation on VHF (the frequencies above 30 MHz) and on 27 MHz which is a HF frequency band close to the start of the VHF band. VHF and 27 MHz HF line-of-sight communications distance depends on the height of the antenna.
On the Medium Frequency (below 3 MHz band) ground wave distance does not depend on antenna height because signals follow the curvature of the Earth. On the frequencies around 2 MHz a winter midday distance of 500 nautical miles is possible using 100 Watts where as the ground wave distance at the same time on 8 MHz would be only 150 nautical miles. Remember we are discussing ground wave and not Ionosphere sky waves. Ground wave is not dependant on the height of the antenna but is dependant on the transmitter power.
The Universal Time system is used during HF communications.
The Sun can cause solar disturbances that include Short Wave Fade outs SWFs affecting mostly the lower HF frequency bands such as 5 MHz making it necessary to use the higher HF frequencies.
Polar Cap Absorption Events (PCAs) create very high absorption in the ionosphere D layer.
Ionosphere Storms affect the higher HF frequencies making it necessary to use lower HF frequencies.
Ionospheric Prediction Service IPS.
IPS Radio and Space Services Introduction to HF Radio Propogation.
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018SW002008
18.1
Amateur Radio.
HF Amateur Radio.
High Frequency Amateur Radio.
Amateur Radio on HF.
80 metre band 3.5 MHz HF.
80 meter band 3.5 MHz HF.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80-meter_band
60 metre band 5.3 MHz HF.
60 meter band 5.3 MHz HF.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60-meter_band
40 metre band 7 MHz HF.
40 meter band 7 MHz HF.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40-meter_band
30 metre band 10 MHz HF.
30 meter band 10 MHz HF.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WARC_bands
20 metre band 14 MHz HF.
20 meter band 14 MHz HF.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-meter_band
17 metre band 18 MHz HF.
17 meter band 18 MHz HF.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WARC_bands
15 metre band 21 MHz HF.
15 meter band 21 MHz HF.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-meter_band
12 metre band 24 MHz HF.
12 meter band 24 MHz HF.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WARC_bands
10 metre band 28 MHz HF.
10 meter band 28 MHz HF.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-meter_band
Amateur radio stations are individual citizens in every country of the world who communicate and experiment with radio transmitters and radio receivers. You can hear some amateur radio stations on Short Wave radio.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio_frequency_allocations
AUSTRALIA.
Short wave radio.
Short wave radios.
Short Wave Receivers.
Short Wave Radio Receivers.
http://www.gceginc.org.au/shortwave.php
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave_radio_receiver
Australian Radio DX Club.
Download Australian DX News.
https://www.vk5pas.com/ardxc.html
Amateur Radio in Australia.
Ham Radio in Australia.
Helping All Mankind Radio in Australia.
Wireless Institute of Australia WIA.
Video: Emergency Amateur Radio communications. Home made hand-powered Morse Code Amateur Radio transmitter built into a wind-up torch using 3 transistors and no battery.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARhiSUl8-5w
Single transistor receiver.
Single transistor transmitter.
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/rf-microwave/single-transistor-receivers-and-transmitters-designs/
EUROPE.
AMATEUR RADIO KITS FROM EUROPE.
THE HOBBY OF BUILDING YOUR OWN TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER.
The hobby of listening to people that are using home built transmitters and receivers.
Radio amateurs can buy or build hobby two way communication radio stations.
http://www.jumaradio.com/juma/
USA.
AMATEUR RADIO KITS FROM THE USA.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio_homebrew
https://www.eham.net/reviews/view-category?id=67
https://forums.qrz.com/index.php?forums/homebrew-and-kit-projects.32/
Building a 400 Watt output class E AM transmitter for 1.8 MHz and 3.8 MHz (29 January 2009).
http://www.classeradio.com/classe.htm
Class E Boards and Part Kits for building the 400 Watt output class E AM transmitter for 1.8 MHz and 3.8 MHz.
http://www.classeradio.com/parts.htm
Introduction to Amateur Radio.
Introduction to Ham Radio.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio
Amateur Radio frequency allocations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio_frequency_allocations
Amateur Radio in Africa.
Amateur Radio in Algeria.
Amateur Radio in Angola.
Amateur Radio in Ascension Island (See Saint Helena).
Amateur Radio in Benin.
Amateur Radio in Botswana.
Amateur Radio in Burkina Faso.
Amateur Radio in Burundi.
Amateur Radio in Canary Islands.
Amateur Radio in Cameroon (Cameroun).
Amateur Radio in Cape Verde.
Amateur Radio in Central African Republic.
Amateur Radio in Chad.
Amateur Radio in Comoros.
Amateur Radio in Congo DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo).
Amateur Radio in Congo Republic (Republic of Congo).
Amateur Radio in Cote d’Ivoire (See Ivory Coast).
Amateur Radio in Djibouti.
Amateur Radio in Egypt.
Amateur Radio in Equatorial Guinea.
Amateur Radio in Eritrea.
Amateur Radio in Ethiopia.
Amateur Radio in Gabon.
Amateur Radio in Gambia (Republic of the Gambia).
Amateur Radio in Ghana.
Amateur Radio in Guinea (Republic of Guinea).
Amateur Radio in Guinea-Bissau.
Amateur Radio in Ivory Coast.
Amateur Radio in Kenya.
Amateur Radio in Lesotho.
Amateur Radio in Liberia.
Amateur Radio in Libya.
Amateur Radio in Madagascar.
Amateur Radio in Madeira.
Amateur Radio in Malawi.
Amateur Radio in Mali.
Amateur Radio in Mauritania.
Amateur Radio in Mauritius.
Amateur Radio in Mayotte.
Amateur Radio in Morocco.
Amateur Radio in Mozambique.
Amateur Radio in Namibia.
Amateur Radio in Niger.
Amateur Radio in Nigeria.
Amateur Radio in Reunion Island.
Amateur Radio in Saint Helena (St. Helena).
Amateur Radio in Sao Tome and Principe.
Amateur Radio in Senegal.
Amateur Radio in Seychelles.
Amateur Radio in Sierra Leone.
Amateur Radio in Somalia.
Amateur Radio in Somaliland.
Amateur Radio in Rwanda.
Amateur Radio in South Africa.
Amateur Radio in Sudan.
Amateur Radio in Swaziland.
Amateur Radio in Tanzania.
Amateur Radio in Tristan da Cunha (See Saint Helena).
Amateur Radio in Togo.
Amateur Radio in Tunisia.
Amateur Radio in Uganda.
Amateur Radio in Western Sahara.
Amateur Radio in Zambia.
Amateur Radio in Zimbabwe.
Data base of Amateur Radio in Africa is here:
https://sites.google.com/site/somaliahamradio/amateur-radio-in-africa
Amateur Radio in Middle East.
Amateur Radio in Bahrain.
Amateur Radio in Cyprus.
Amateur Radio in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
Amateur Radio in Egypt.
Amateur Radio in Iran.
Amateur Radio in Iraq.
Amateur Radio in Israel.
Amateur Radio in Jordan.
Amateur Radio in Kuwait.
Amateur Radio in Lebanon.
Amateur Radio in Oman.
Amateur Radio in Palestine.
Amateur Radio in Qatar.
Amateur Radio in Saudi Arabia.
Amateur Radio in Syria.
Amateur Radio in Turkey.
Amateur Radio in the United Arab Emirates.
Amateur Radio in Yemen.
Data base of Amateur Radio in Middle East is here:
https://sites.google.com/site/somaliahamradio/amateur-radio-in-the-middle-east
18.2
Aircraft radio.
HF Aviation radio.
High Frequency Aviation radio.
HF Aviation radio.
HF Aero radio.
HF Aeronautical radio.
HF Aircraft radio.
HF Aero frequencies.
HF Aeronautical frequencies.
HF Aircraft frequencies.
HF Airport frequencies.
HF Frequencies for Aircraft.
HF Frequencies for Airports.
HF Aviation frequencies.
HF Frequencies for Aviation.
HF Aeronautical frequencies.
HF Frequencies for Aeronautics.
HF Air travel frequencies.
HF Frequencies for air travel.
HF Air frequencies.
HF Frequencies for Air.
HF Aero radio frequencies.
HF Aeronautical radio frequencies.
HF Aircraft radio frequencies.
HF Airport radio frequencies.
HF Frequencies for Aircraft radio.
HF Radio Frequencies for Aircraft.
HF Radio Frequencies for Airports.
HF Radio Aviation frequencies.
HF Aviation Radio frequencies.
HF Radio Frequencies for Aviation.
HF Radio Aeronautical frequencies.
HF Radio Frequencies for Aeronautics.
HF Air travel Radio frequencies.
HF Radio Frequencies for air travel.
HF Air Radio frequencies.
HF Radio Frequencies for Air.
The hobby of listening to Aircraft radio.
Aircraft radio frequencies.
HF Aircraft radio.
High Frequency Aircraft radio.
HF Aircraft radio frequency bands in kHz and MHz.
HF Aircraft radio frequencies in kHz and MHz.
2850 kHz – 3025 kHz, 2.850 kHz – 3.025 MHz.
3400 kHz – 3500 kHz, 3.400 kHz – 3.500 MHz.
4650 kHz – 4700 kHz, 4.650 kHz – 4.700 MHz.
5450 kHz – 5680 kHz, 5.450 kHz – 5.680 MHz.
6525 kHz – 6685 kHz, 6.525 kHz – 6.685 MHz.
8815 kHz – 8965 kHz, 8.815 kHz – 8.965 MHz.
10005 kHz – 10100 kHz, 10.005 kHz – 10.100 MHz.
11275 kHz – 11400 kHz, 11.275 kHz – 11.400 MHz.
13260 kHz – 13360 kHz, 13.260 kHz – 13.360 MHz.
17900 kHz – 17900 kHz, 17.900 kHz – 17.900 MHz.
21924 kHz – 22000 kHz, 21.924 kHz – 22.000 MHz.
The hobby of listening to long distance aircraft radio communications.
List of VOLMET (meteorological information for aircraft in flight) aviation broadcast stations. Click on the Short Wave MHz band and see the VOLMET list.
http://www.dxinfocentre.com/volmet.htm
Data base of passenger airliners, cargo airplanes, business jets, helicopters, private aircraft, civil aircraft and military aircraft photos of planes you can hear on the radio.
Aircraft radio selcal (radio selective calling) used by aircraft in short wave radio communications.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELCAL
Data base of airplanes lost in crashes and disasters that you may have been listening to on your radio.
http://www.airframes.org/losses
On-line forum about the hobby of aircraft monitoring.
https://forums.radioreference.com/forums/aircraft-monitoring-forum.87/
Listening to Aero Radio forum.
https://forums.radioreference.com/threads/starting-aviation-monitoring.398598/
Getting starting in Short Wave Listening forum.
https://www.worldwidedx.com/forums/scanning-shortwave-listening.83/
Listening to AM broadcast band forum.
https://forums.radioreference.com/threads/anyone-listen-to-distant-am-stations-at-night.99875/
Listen using on-line radio receivers like this one located in Washington USA.
More on-line radio receivers are here
https://www.hamradiosecrets.com/listen-to-ham-radio-online.html
See more in 19.1 (VHF Aircraft radio).
18.3
BPL.
Broadband internet over Power lines.
HF BPL.
High Frequency Broadband over Power lines.
Broadband Power line.
Broadband Internet on Power Lines.
High Frequency Broadband Internet on Power Lines.
HF Man made radio emissions from power lines.
BPL Broadband Power line DXing.
Introduction to the hobby of listening to radio emissions over long distances from electricity power lines.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_line_communication
Australia.
BPL in Australia.
Broadband Power line in Australia.
PLC in Australia.
Power line communications in Australia
BPL frequencies in Australia.
PLC frequencies in Australia.
2.000 MHz-7.000 MHz.
3.000 MHz-13.000 MHz.
4.000 MHz-34.000 MHz.
7.850 MHz-12.850 MHz.
13.500 MHz-23.500 MHz.
14.000 MHz-34.000 MHz.
24.000 MHz-30.000 MHz.
https://www.reast.asn.au/information/bpl-information/#more-'
http://homepages.tig.com.au/~vk5vka/stopbpl.htm
United Kingdom (UK).
BPL in the UK.
Broadband Power line in the UK.
PLC in UK.
Power line communications in UK
Audio of BPL heard on short wave radio.
Audio of Broadband Power line heard on short wave radio.
BPL frequencies in UK.
PLC frequencies in UK.
Listen online to BPL on these short wave radio frequencies:
4700 – 4800 kHz, 4.700 – 4.800 MHz.
5900 – 6000 kHz, 5.900 – 6.000 MHz.
9400 – 9500 kHz, 9.400 – 9.500 MHz.
11500 – 11600 kHz, 11.500 – 11.600 MHz.
13500 – 13600 kHz, 13.500 – 13.600 MHz.
15000 – 15100 kHz, 15.000 – 15.100 MHz.
17450 – 17550 kHz, 17.450 – 17.550 MHz.
25600 – 25700 kHz, 25.600 – 25.700 MHz.
http://www.arrl.org/bpl-in-great-britain
USA.
BPL in the USA.
Broadband Power line in the USA.
BPL in the US.
Broadband Power lines in the US.
The hobby of BPL DX listening is based on the ability of radio signals on power lines to radiate at great distances.
This knowledge was the reason for a court action by the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) against the USA radio licensing and radio regulations authority the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) in 2008.
The ARRL asked how it was possible for the expert radio licensing and radio regulations authority in the USA (the Federal Communications Commission FCC) to make decisions based on statements which contradict the established ability of BPL to radiate radio waves along overhead electricity power lines and result in the cause of radio frequency interference to radio communications stations and radio listeners?
On 25 April 2008 the US Court of Appeals for the District of Colombia Circuit found that the FCC prejudice had tainted the (BPL allowable radio radiation level) rulemaking process.
The court observed that there is no precedent allowing an agency (example the FCC) to “cherry pick” (you cannot accept the parts of a report that you like and edit out the parts that you don’t like in) a study on which it (the FCC) has chosen to rely in part.
The Court ordered the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on remand, to release the unredacted (unedited, in full) studies and provide a reasonable opportunity for public comment.
The ARRL applied to the FCC for the release of those documents under the USA Freedom of Information Act.
Prior to the court case a similar request from the ARRL for an unedited release had been refused by the FCC.
This time the FCC agreed after a new FCC leadership had been installed.
The ARRL compared the earlier disclosed (edited, redacted, selective) FCC documents to the unedited original documents.
Both the edited and unedited documents were released because of ARRL requests under the USA Freedom of Information Act.
ARRL took this action because what FCC had said was different to what BPL radio listeners had long established through years of monitoring BPL radio emissions from distant power lines.
In the July 2009 QST ARRL magazine page 9, the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) editorial titled “Now We Know” concluded that “before adopting it’s (FCC) flawed BPL rules (to minimize radio interference from BPL systems), the FCC knew that a 20 db notch (the level of reduction in radio radiation from power lines) is insufficient to protect mobiles (mobile radio operators in the area of power lines) from interference. The FCC knew that BPL is not a point source emitter (radiation takes place along the entire power line and not from a single point). The FCC knew that 40db per decade is not the correct extrapolation factor (the amount of reduction in BPL radio wave radiation from electrify power lines needed to avoid radio interference), and that banning HF (High Frequency, Short Wave) BPL (the Broadband Power line system) on overhead (pole mounted) power lines is the best option to protect the viability of HF (High Frequency, Short Wave) communications. The Commission (FCC) knew this because its own (FCC) technical staff said so. And now we (the general public) know that they (the FCC) know. Here is what we don’t know. Now that Powell and Martin (the old FCC leadership) are gone will the new leadership at the FCC fix this (BPL FCC regulations that are insufficient to prevent BPL radio frequency interference to radio communications stations and radio listeners).”
Clarifications are in brackets.
This is an example where research gained from the hobby of radio listening has been used in a dramatic way by a non government organization (the ARRL) to bring a government agency (the FCC) to account for its decisions.
Video and audio recordings of BPL.
http://www.arrl.org/Video-and-Audio-recordings-of-BPL-Interference
How to make a radio station antenna in Somalia.
How to make a radio broadcast antenna in Somalia.
How to make a world wide radio communications antenna in Galkayo, North East Somalia.
In October 1994 old and new staff of Radio Free Somalia (“Free for all to use, later known as Radio Galkayo) in Galkayo, North East Somalia learn how to make a short wave radio broadcast and world wide communications antenna.
Sam Voron VK2BVS, 6O0A from Sydney, Australia shows how to make the cable that will attach the transmitter to the antenna..
FROM RIGHT TO LEFT ARE:
1. Lower right: Abdulahi Abdi Hirsi, graduated in 1994 and received his Somalia amateur radio license with his HAM (Helping All Mankind and woMankind) radio callsign 6O0CC.
2. Top right, face partly not visible: Jamal Farah Adan 6O0JFA (graduated in 1993).
3. White shirt: Adan Nur Mohamud, graduated in 1994 and received his Somalia amateur radio license with his HAM (Helping All Mankind and woMankind) radio callsign 6O0N.
4. Girl cutting cable: ?
5. Grey and white vertical striped shirt: ?
6. Left: Sam Voron VK2BVS, 6O0A radio instructor from Sydney, Australia shows how to make the cable that will attach the transmitter to the antenna..
North East Somalia became the Puntland State of Somalia on the 1st August 1998.
(Photo Sam Voron 6O0A, VK2BVS).
Index https://sites.google.com/site/somaliaamateurradio/index1
Contact: Sam Voron VK2BVS, 6O0A.
Email somaliahamradio@yahoo.com