v.12 n.4 August

A Reproducible Open-Source Multi-Channel Smart Energy Meter with Circuit-Level Calibration and IoT Integration

Lütfi Ulusoy, Sami Arslan, Buğra Seyrek, and İsmail Efe Kara

Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.12, n.4, (1-21),  August 3, 2026.

DOI:  10.5281/zenodo.21720109

Abstract

The increasing need for detailed and transparent energy monitoring requires measurement platforms that combine circuit-level acquisition, measurement reliability, local data ownership, and flexible IoT connectivity. This study presents a reproducible open-source multi-channel smart energy meter integrating circuit-level calibration, waveform-based validation, embedded data processing, and IoT-based data access. The proposed platform is built around an ESP32-S3 microcontroller and an ADE7953 energy measurement IC and provides a total of 17 measurement channels, comprising one continuously monitored main line and 16 auxiliary circuits sequentially scanned through a 74HC4067 analog multiplexer. Current measurement is performed using 333 mV-output current transformers, while grid voltage is sensed through a 1000:1 voltage divider. The auxiliary channels are scanned within approximately 6.4 s, while raw voltage and current waveforms can be observed at an approximately 7 kHz sampling rate for calibration verification and fault diagnosis. Experimental validation showed that, after circuit-level calibration, the RMS voltage measurement error remained within ±0.7% and the active power error within ±1.4%, while inter-channel crosstalk was measured at −45 dB. The embedded and IoT infrastructure achieved an ADE7953 SPI register read time of approximately 0.6 ms, an average REST API response time of 150 ms, a 100% API success rate over 300 requests, and a 99.8% MQTT publishing success rate. The results demonstrate that the proposed platform provides a practical balance among measurement capacity, accuracy, hardware complexity, data accessibility, and reproducibility, making it suitable for circuit-level energy monitoring in residential and small commercial facilities.

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Project-Based Engineering Education Through an Open-Source Smart Energy Meter Platform: Integrating Electrical Measurement, Embedded Systems, and IoT

Sami Arslan, and Lütfi Ulusoy. 

Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.12, n.4, (22-42),  August 3, 2026.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21720187

Abstract

Engineering students often encounter electrical measurement, embedded systems, and IoT technologies in separate courses, with limited opportunities to integrate these domains within a complete engineering system. This study presents a project-based engineering education framework built around an open-source smart energy meter platform and structured to connect theoretical concepts with hardware implementation, firmware development, measurement validation, IoT integration, and systematic troubleshooting. The educational model organizes the platform into seven technical learning modules and a seven-stage project workflow covering system analysis, hardware examination and PCB implementation, firmware configuration, measurement verification and calibration, IoT integration and data monitoring, testing and troubleshooting, and technical reporting. The underlying platform provides a 17-channel measurement structure consisting of one main line and 16 auxiliary circuits and supports approximately 7 kHz waveform observation, enabling students to investigate measurement principles, signal conditioning, resource sharing, real-time firmware, and data communication within a single system. Learning is assessed through five weighted criteria: technical performance (25%), calibration and validation awareness (20%), IoT functionality (20%), troubleshooting (20%), and documentation quality (15%). Real implementation problems are incorporated as structured learning activities; for example, missing anti-aliasing filter components produced approximately 3–5% IRMS deviation under noisy operating conditions, while permanent integration of a 3.579545 MHz SMD oscillator improved clock frequency accuracy from approximately ±1.6% to ±0.005%. The proposed framework demonstrates how open-source hardware can support an end-to-end, evidence-based learning environment integrating measurement, embedded systems, IoT, verification, debugging, and engineering documentation.

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Tendência no conceito de peixes desenhados por crianças da pré-escola ao ensino superior em Curitiba, Paraná

Amauri Betini Bartoszeck

Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.12, n.4, (43-50),  August 3, 2026.

DOI:  10.5281/zenodo.21720262

Abstract

The objective of this article is to explore the relevance of drawing in the learning process of pupils in the early years and elementar school as a tool which may integrate into pupils´ cognitive, social and emotional development. This article is expected to highlight how drawing of fish can contribute to emotional expression, motor coordination and also seek to integrating drawing into the school curriculum and activate creative learning.

Resumo

The objective of this article is to explore the relevance of drawing in the learning process of pupils in the early years and elementar school as a tool which may integrate into pupils´ cognitive, social and emotional development. This article is expected to highlight how drawing of fish can contribute to emotional expression, motor coordination and also seek to integrating drawing into the school curriculum and activate creative learning.

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Modelos mentais de alunos e adultos sobre seres vivos: uma análise a partir de desenhos

Amauri Betini Bartoszeck

Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.12, n.4, (51-58),  August 3, 2026.

DOI:  10.5281/zenodo.21720345

Abstract

Children and old people from Southern Brazil have a basic knowledge of plants and microorganisms. Children ages between 4 to 10 (a total of N=366) and old people from 69 to 93 (a total of N=12) were asked to draw what they think is a plant and the children plants plus microorganisms. Afterward, an equal number of boys and girls and old man and women people randomly chosen were interviewed to list plants they knew. This study mostly explore whether children´s drawings accurately reflect their conceptual understanding about plants in a manner that can be interpreted by others. Results demonstrated that children and older pupils held a wide range of conceptions concerning plant structure and function.

Resumo

Crianças e idosos do Sul do Brasil têm um conhecimento básico de plantas e microrganismos. Alunos de 4 a 10 anos (total N=366) e idosos de 69-93 anos (total N=12) lhes foi pedido que desenhassem oque eles achavam o que é uma planta e para os alunos além de planta o que é um micro-organismo. Depois um número igual de meninos e meninas e homens e mulheres foram aleatoriamente escolhidos para dizer às plantas que conhecem. Esse estudo principalmente explora se os desenhos dos alunos refletem a compreensão conceitual sobre planta de modo que possa ser interpretado por outras pessoas. Os resultados demonstraram que tanto alunos como pessoas idosas têm uma gama ampla sobre o conceito de estrutura e função de planta.

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Strategic Management of Sustainable Development in Emerging Cities: A Participatory Assessment from Durgapur—An Indian Steel City

Parikhit Biswas, Abhiroop Das, and  Piyali Guhathakurta

Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.12, n.4, (59-67),  August 3, 2026.

DOI:  10.5281/zenodo.21720419

Abstract

Sustainable development in India requires effective localization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in non-metro cities where institutional capacity and governance mechanisms vary widely. This study examines these challenges through a focused case analysis of Durgapur, a planned industrial city in eastern India and an early participant in the Smart City Mission. The objective is to identify region-specific sustainability issues that remain underemphasized in national frameworks but significantly influence the city’s ability to implement SDG-aligned initiatives. Using a qualitative case study approach supported by quantitative prioritization, the research draws on twelve semi-structured interviews with urban planners, municipal economists, industrial officials, academicians, administrators, and community representatives. Secondary sources include policy documents, urban development guidelines, and literature on participatory governance and SDG localization. Ten sustainability themes were identified from these inputs and ranked using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on expert-assigned weightages. The findings highlight fragmented institutional coordination as the most critical barrier to sustainability implementation in Durgapur, characterized by weak collaboration between municipal bodies, development authorities, and sectoral agencies. Insufficient real-time data, limited engagement with academic institutions, inadequate ULB capacity, and delays in fund disbursement also hinder evidence-based planning and timely execution of development projects. Additional concerns include ecological pressures from industrial activities, limited citizen participation, and weak convergence of centrally sponsored schemes. Overall, the study reveals that Durgapur’s sustainability challenges stem from intertwined governance, managerial, and participatory constraints rather than a lack of policy frameworks. Despite being a planned city, gaps in monitoring, coordination, technical expertise, and localized planning tools restrict the effective adaptation of global SDG targets to local realities. The study concludes that strengthening institutional capacity, improving inter-agency coordination, and promoting participatory, evidence-driven approaches are essential for advancing sustainable development in non-metro cities like Durgapur. These insights offer a replicable basis for understanding SDG-related governance barriers across small and medium-sized Indian cities.

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