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Pharmacology in one semester
Introductory Units/Courses to Biomedical/Science and Allied Health Students
1. Why an eBook?
2. What do you mean by Flexible?
01. Introduction to Pharmacology, and Routes of Drug Administration and Absorption
01.01 Introduction to Pharmacology
01.02 Drug Nomenclature
01.03 Introduction to Drug Administration and Absorption of Drugs
01.04 Routes of Drug Administration
01.05 Oral Administration, Absorption from Gastrointestinal Tract, and First Pass Liver Metabolism
01.06 Sublingual
01.07 Rectal
01.08 Injection
01.08.1 Intravenous
01.08.2 Intra-Arterial
01.08.3 Subcutaneous
01.08.4 Intramuscular
01.08.5 Intrathecal
01.08.6 Epidural
01.09 Topical
01.09.1 Skin
01.09.2 Nasal Mucosa
01.09.3 Eye
01.09.4 Vaginal
01.10 Pulmonary - Inhalation
01.11 Intraosseous
02. Drug Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination
02.01 Introduction
02.02 Drug Distribution
02.02.1 Introduction
02.02.2 Protein Binding
02.02.3 Factors that Modify Protein Binding and Drug Distribution?
02.02.4 Blood Brain Barrier
02.02.4 Volume of Distribution
02.03 Drug Metabolism
02.03.1 Introduction
02.03.2 Phase I
02.03.2.1 Induction
02.03.2.2 Inhibition
02.03.3 Phase II: Conjugation
02.03.4 First Pass Metabolism and Bioavailability
02.03.5 Prodrugs
02.03.6 Pharmacologically Active Metabolites
02.03.7 Pharmacological Toxic Metabolites
02.04 Drug Elimination
02.04.1 Introduction
02.04.2 Kidney
02.04.2.1 Introduction
02.04.2.2 Secretion and Reabsorption
02.04.2.3 Renal Insufficiency
02.04.3 Other Routes of Excretion
02.05 Blood Levels
02.05.1 Introduction
02.05.2 Elimination Half-Life
02.05.3 First and Zero Order Kinetics
02.05.4 Minimum Effective and Steady-State Concentrations
02.05.5 Maintenance Doses and Loading Doses
03. Pharmacodynamics
03.01 Pharmacodynamics - Enzymes, Ion Channels, Transporters and Pumps
03.01.1 Introduction to Pharmacodynamics
03.01.2 Drug Binding Sites
03.01.3 Enzymes
03.01.3.1 Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase
03.01.3.2 Inhibitioin of Cyclooxygenase
03.01.4 Ion Channels
03.01.4.1 Introduction
03.01.4.2 Inhibition of Sodium Channels
03.01.5 Transporters
03.01.5.1 Introduction
03.01.5.2 Inhibition of the Serotonin Transporter
03.01.6 Pumps
03.01.6.1 Inhibition of the Proton Pumps
03.02 Pharmacodynamics - Receptors and Cell Signaling
03.02.1 Receptors
03.02.1.1 G-Protein Coupled Receptors
03.02.1.2 Intracellular Receptors
03.02.2 Agonism
03.02.2.1 Introduction to Agonism and Antagonism
03.02.2.2 Full and Partial Agonism
03.02.2.3 Potency and Selectivity of Agonist
03.02.3 Cell signaling
03.02.4 Antagonism
03.02.4.1 Competitive Reversible
03.02.4.2 Functional
03.02.5 Anti-Cancer Drugs
03.02.5.1 Cytotoxic Anti-Cancer Drugs
03.02.5.2 Targeted Anti-Cancer Drugs
04. Drug Development
04.01 Preclinical Drug Discovery
04.02 Pharmacological Profiling
04.03 Safety and Toxicity
04.04 Clinical Trials - Introduction
04.05 Ethics in Clinical Trials
04.06 Clinical Trial Design
04.07 Phases of Clinical Trials
04.08 Therapeutics Goods Administration
04.09 Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme
05. Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacogenetics
05.01 Pharmacovigilance
05.01.1 Adverse Drug Effects
05.01.1.1 Types
05.01.1.2 Monitoring of Adverse Effects
05.01.2 Adverse Drug Interactions
05.01.2.1 Pharmacodynamic Interactions
05.01.2.2 Pharmacokinetic Interactions
05.01.3 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
05.02 Introduction to Pharmacogenetics
05.02.1 Enzymes
05.02.2 Receptors
05.02.3 Ion Channels
06. Poisoning with Drugs
06.01 Acute Poisoning
06.02 Treatment of Poisoning - General
06.03 Preventing Absorption
06.04 Enhancing Elimination
06.05 Combating Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects
07. Drugs and the Autonomic Nervous System
07.01 Drugs and the Sympathetic Nervous System
07.01.1 The Sympathetic Nervous System
07.01.2 Effects of the Sympathetic Nervous System
07.01.3 Sympathomimetics
07.01.4 Selective α1- Adrenoceptor Antagonist
07.01.5 β-Adrenoceptor Antagonists
07.02 Drugs and the Parasympathetic Nervous System
07.02.1 The Parasympathetic Nervous System
07.02.2 Effects of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
07.02.3 Muscarinic Agonists
07.02.4 Antimuscarinic Agents
7.2.1 The parasympathetic nervous system
08. Drugs and Somatic Nervous System
08.01 The Somatic Nervous System
08.02 Anticholinesterases
08.03 Neuromuscular Blockers
08.04 Botox
09. Drugs and Neurotransmitters
09.01 Introduction
09.02 Synthesis
09.03 Release
09.04 Receptors
09.05 Cell Signaling
09.06 Inactivation
09.06.1 Inactivation by Metabolism
09.06.2 Inactivation by Transport back into the Nerve
10. Drugs and Local Chemical Mediators
10.01 Histamine and Cytokines
10.01.2 Actions of Histamine
10.01.3 Drugs that Modify the Actions of Histamine
10.01.4 Cytokines
10.02 Eicosanoids and prostamides
10.02.1 Cyclooxygenase (COX) and Lipooxygenase System
10.02.2 Actions of Eicosanoids
10.02.3 Drugs that Modify the Actions of Eicosanoids
10.02.3.1 Inhibit Phospholipase A2
10.02.3.2 Non-Selective Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
10.02.3.3 Selective COX-2 Inhibitors
10.02.3.4 Agonists at Prostaglandin Receptors
10.02.3.5 Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists
10.02.4 Bimatoprost
10.03.1 5-HT and Migraine
10.03.2 5-HT and the Gastrointestinal Tract
10.03.3 Nitric Oxide and Angina
10.03.4 Nitric Oxide and Erectile Dysfunction
10.03.5 Endothelin and Pulmonary Hypertension
11. Local Hormones
11.01 Introduction
11.02 Eicosanoids
11.02.1 Synthesis, Receptors and Actions
11.02.3 Drugs that Modify the Arachidonic Acid Pathway
11.02.4 Drugs that Act at the Receptors
11.02.5 Drugs that Inhibit Phospholipase A2
11.03 Cytokines
11.03.1 Synthesis, Receptors and Actions
11.03.2 Drugs that Modify the Cytokine Pathways
11.04 Histamine
11.04.1 Synthesis, Receptors and Actions
11.04.2 Drugs that Modify the Actions of Histamine
11.05 5-Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin)
11.05.1 Synthesis, Receptors and Actions
11.05.2 Drugs that Modify the Actions of 5-HT
11.06 Nitric Oxide
11.07 Endothelin
12. Drugs for Hypertension, Angina and Heart Failure
12.01 Drugs for Hypertension
12.01.1 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
12.01.2 Diuretics for Hypertension
12.01.3 Vasodilators for Hypertension
12.01.4 β-Adrenoceptor Blockers for Hypertension
12.02 Drugs for Angina
12.02.1 Typical Angina
12.02.2 Drugs to Treat an Attack of Typical Angina
12.02.3 Drugs to Prevent an Attack of Typical Angina
12.02.4 Atypical Angina
12.03 Drugs for Heart Failure
12.03.1 The Heart Failure Epidemic
12.03.2 Compensatory Changes in Heart Failure
12.03.3 Diuretics for Heart Failure
12.03.4 ACE Inhibitors, AT1-Receptor Antagonists, and Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists
12.03.5 β-Adrenoceptor Antagonists
12.03.6 Digoxin
13. Drugs for Cardiac Arrhythmias, Antithrombotic Drugs and Lipid Modulating Drugs
13.01 Drugs for Cardiac Arrhythmias
13.01.1 Introduction to Cardiac Arrhythmia
13.01.2 Cardiac Action Potentials
13.01.3 Class I
13.01.3 Mechanisms of Arrhythmia
13.01.4 Class II
13.01.5 Class III
13.01.6 Class IV
13.01.7 Amiodarone
13.01.8 Adenosine
13.02 Anti-Thrombotic Drugs
13.02.1 Thrombus Formation
13.02.2 Platelet Aggregation and Anti-Platelet Drugs
13.02.3 Coagulation
13.02.4 Anticoagulants
13.02.5 Fibrinolysis and Fibrinolytics
13.03 Lipid Modulating Drugs
13.03.1 Cholesterol
13.03.2 Statins
13.03.3 Fibric Acid Derivatives
13.03.4 Ezetimibe
14. Drugs for Diabetes and Obesity
14.01 Drugs for Diabetes
14.01.1 Diabetes Mellitus
14.01.2 Physiology of the Pancreas
14.01.3 Insulin Replacement Therapy
14.01.4 Metformin
14.01.5 Acarbose
14.01.6 Sulfonylureas
14.01.7 Glitazones
14.01.8 Glucagon-Like Peptide-1, Exenatide and Sitagliptin
14.02 Drugs for Obesity
14.02.1 Introduction
14.02.2 Amphetamine
14.02.3 Phentermine
14.02.4 Orlistat
15. Drugs Used to Treat Endocrine Disorders
15.01 Introduction to the Endocrine System
15.02 Drugs used to treat disorders of the thyroid
15.02.1 Hypothyroidism
15.02.2 Hyperthroidism
15.03 Drugs used to treat osteoporosis and other bone disorders
15.03.1 Drugs used to treat osteoporosis
15.03 Drugs used to treat osteoporosis and other bone disorders
15.03.1
15.04 Hyperparathyroidism
15.05 Drugs used to treat adrenal cortex disorders
15.06 Drugs and the hormones of female reproduction
15.06.1 Emergency contraception
15.06.2 Contraception
15.06.3 Other uses of oestrogens and progestogens
15.07 Drugs for infertility
15.08 Drugs and the hormones of male reproduction
16. Drugs and the Gastrointestinal Tract
16.01 Agents to Control Acidity
16.01.1 Antacids
16.01.2 Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) and Antibiotics for Helicobacter Pylori
16.01.3 Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonist
16.01.4 Misoprostol
16.01.5 Sucralfate
16.02 Prokinetics and Emetics
16.02.1 Introduction to Prokinetics
16.02.2 Prokinetic Agents
16.02.3 Emesis with Cytotoxic Drugs and Drugs for
16.02.4 Motion Sickness and Drugs for
16.02.5 Post-Operative Emesis
16.03 Agents Used for Diarrhea, Constipation and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
16.03.1 Treatment for Diarrhea
16.03.2 Treatment for Constipation
16.03.3 Opioid-Induced Constipation
16.04 Drugs for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
16.04.1 Mesalazine
16.04.2 Glucocorticoids
16.04.3 Infliximab
17. Drugs and The Respiratory System
17.01 Drugs for Bronchial Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
17.01.1 Introduction to Asthma
17.01.2 Introduction to COPD
17.01.3 Drug Delivery by Inhalation
17.01.4 Drugs to Treat
17.01.4.1 β2-adrenoceptor agonists
17.01.4.2 Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists
17.01.4.3 Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists
17.01.4.4 Theophylline
17.01.4.5 Oxygen for COPD
17.01.5 Drugs to Prevent Asthma
17.01.5.1 Glucocorticoids
17.01.5.2 Cromolyn sodium
17.01.6 Combination Treatment to Treat and Prevent Asthma
17.01.7 Drug for Allergic Asthma – Omalizumab
17.01.8 Emergency Treatment of Asthma
17.02 Expectorants, Mucolytics, Cough, Oxygen and Entonox
17.02.1 Introduction to Expectorants and Mucolytics
17.02.2 Expectorants
17.02.3 Mucolytics
17.02.4 Cough
17.02.5 Oxygen
17.02.6 Entonox
17.03 Drugs for Rhinitis and Rhinorrhea
17.03.1 Introduction
17.03.2 Histamine and H1-receptor Antagonists
17.03.3 Sympathomimetic
17.03.4 Muscarinic Receptor Antagonist
17.03.5 Cromolyn sodium
17.03.6 Glucocorticoids
18. Anti-Infectives
18.01 Antibiotics
18.01.1 Introduction to Bacteria
18.01.2 Introduction to Antibiotics
18.01.3 Inhibitors of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis
18.01.3.1 β-Lactams
18.01.3.2 Glycopeptides
18.01.5 Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis
18.01.4.1 Tetracyclines
18.01.4.2 Aminoglycosides
18.01.4.3 Chloramphenicol
18.01.4.4 Macrolides
18.01.4.5 Lincosamides
18.01.4.6 Oxalazidones
18.01.5 Inhibitors of DNA Synthesis
18.02 Anti-tuberculotic Drugs
18.02.1 Introduction
18.02.2 Isoniazid
18.02.3 Ethambutol
18.02.4 Rifampicin
18.02.5 Pyrazinamide
18.03 Anti-Viral Drugs
18.03.1 Introduction to viruses
18.03.2 Drugs used to Treat the Herpesvirus
18.03.3 Drugs used to Treat the Flu
18.03.4 Drugs used to Treat HIV/AIDS
18.04 Antifungal Drugs
18.04.1 Introduction to Fungi
18.04.2 Antifungal Drugs
19. Psychotropic Drugs
19.01 Depression and Antidepressants
19.01.1 Depression
19.01.2 Neurochemistry of Depression and the Monoamine Theory
19.01.3 Antidepressant Indications and Drug Classes
19.01.4 General Considerations with the use of Antidepressants
19.01.5 Tricyclic Antidepressants
19.01.6 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
19.01.7 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
19.01.8 Noradrenaline and Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
19.01.9 Long Term Adaptive Changes with Antidepressants
19.02 Psychosis, Schizophrenia and Antipsychotic Drugs
19.02.1 Psychosis and Schizophrenia
19.02.2 Neurochemistry of Psychosis and the Dopamine Theory
19.02.3 Antipsychotic Drug Indications and Drug Classes
19.02.4 Antipsychotic Mechanisms of Action
19.02.6 Typical Antipsychotics (First Generation)
19.02.7 Atypical Antipsychotics (Second Generation)
19.03 Anxiety and Anxiolytics
19.03.1 Fear, Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders
19.03.2 Neurochemistry of Anxiety
19.03.3 Anxiolytic Drug Indications and Drug Classes
19.03.4 Benzodiazepines
19.03.5 Antidepressants
19.03.6 Buspirone
20. Neurologic Drugs and Opioids for Pain Management
20.01 Epilepsy and an Introduction to Drugs used to Treat
20.01.1 Introduction to Epilepsy
20.01.2 Treatment of Partial Seizures
20.01.3 Treatment of Generalised Seizures
20.01.4 Treatment of Status Epilepticus
20.02 Neurodegenerative Disorders; Principles of Treatment
20.02.1 Introduction to Neurodegenerative Disorders
20.02.2 Parkinson’s Disease
20.2.2.1 Introduction to Parkinson’s Disease
20.2.2.2 Dopaminergic System
20.2.2.3 Treatment to Enhance the Dopaminergic System
20.2.2.4 Treatment to Inhibit the Cholinergic System
20.2.3 Dementia/Alzheimer’s Disease
20.2.3.1 Introduction to Alzheimer’s Disease
20.2.3.2 Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
20.2.4 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
20.2.4.1 Introduction
20.2.4.2 Treatment
20.03 Pain and Opioid Analgesics
20.03.1 Introduction to Pain and Analgesia
20.03.2 Introduction to Opioids
20.03.3 Tolerance and Physical Dependence
20.03.4 Effects of Opioids
20.03.5 Agonists at Opioid µ Receptors
20.03.5.1 Morphine
20.03.5.2 Codeine
20.03.5.3 Fentanyl
20.03.5.4 Buprenorphine
20.03.5.5 Tramadol
20.04 Toxicity to Opioids
21. Drugs and Dependence - Smoking Cessation Only Available
21.01 Epidemiology of Cigarette Smoking
21.02 Nicotine, Addiction and Pharmacokinetics
21.02.1 Nicotine Replacement Therapy
21.03 Varenicline
21.04 Bupropion
22. Alcohol
22.01 The Control of Excitation and Inhibition
22.02 Alcohol and its Behavioural Effects
22.03 Mechanism of Alcohol Action
22.04 General Considerations with the use of Alcohol.
22.05 Long-Term Adaptive Changes with the use of Alcohol
23. An Introduction to Biologics
23.01 Introduction: Principles of Biologics and their use as Medicines.
23.02 Protein Biologics used as Drugs
23.02.1 Proteins that Function through Enzymatic or Regulatory Activity.
23.02.1.1 Biologics as Replacement of a Deficient or Abnormal Protein.
23.02.1.2 Proteins that Augment an Existing Biological Process
23.02.1.3 Proteins that Provide a Novel Function or Activity
23.02.2. Proteins that Function through Specific Targeting Activity
23.02.2.1. Monoclonal Antibody Nomenclature
23.02.2.2. Naked Monoclonal Antibodies
23.02.2.3. Conjugated monoclonal antibodies
23.02.3 Recombinant Protein Vaccines
24. An Introduction to Anticancer Drugs
24.01 Introduction
24.02 The Rationale behind Anticancer Drug Therapy
24.02.1 The Special Characteristics of Cancer Cells
24.02.2 The Principles of Anticancer Chemotherapy
24.03 Drugs used in Cancer
24.03.1 Alkylating Agents
24.03.2 Cytotoxic Antibiotics
24.03.3 Antimetabolites
24.03.4 Microtubule Inhibitors
24.03.5 Monoclonal Antibodies
24.03.6 Steroid Hormones and their Antagonists
24.03.7 Other Treatments
25. Drugs Affecting Blood
25.01 Introduction
25.02 Important Dysfunctions of the Blood System
25.03 Drugs used in to Correct Dysfunctions of the Blood
25.03.1 Anti-Thrombosis Treatments
25.3.1.1 Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
25.3.1.2 Anticoagulants
25.3.1.3 Thrombolytics
25.03.2 Treatments for Anaemia
25.03.3 Treatments for Bleeding Disorders
26. Drugs for Migraine
26.01 Migraine
26.02 Pathogenesis of Migraine
26.03 Cortical Spreading Depression
26.04 Neurogenic Inflammation Theory
26.05 Role for 5-HT in Migraine
26.06 Acute Treatment of Migraine
26.07 Prophylactic Treatment of Migraine
27. Drugs in Pregnancy and Labour
27.01 Introduction
27.02 Common Complaints in Pregnancy and Labour and their Treatments
27.02.1 Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia
27.02.2 Suppression of Early Labour
27.02.3 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
27.02.4 Postpartum Haemorrhage
27.02.5 Prolactin Excess
27.02.6 Nausea
Copyright
Index
Pharmacology in one semester
20.2.4 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is also known as motor neurone disease.
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