01.09 Topical

Topical administration is to the surface, and is used to give local effects. Topical administration avoids first pass metabolism. However, drugs that are absorbed into the circulation after local administration may then have systemic effects.

The topical surface can be skin or mucous membranes, and these have different properties. Mucous membranes used for drug administration include those of the conjunctiva (eye), nasopharynx (nose), oropharynx (throat), vagina, urethra, and urinary bladder. Absorption from these mucous membranes occurs readily. Topical administration to the skin and selected mucous membranes are discussed below.