Toastie, B., "How place name impacts the way we see landscape." High Country News: knows the West, 1 May 2022

Suina, Joseph. "And I went to school." Memories of a Pueblo childhood," Pp 1-6, reprint with permission of the author from the New Mexico Journal of Reading, winter 1985, Vol. V, NO, 2, "RainBird" Illustration 

Sarracino, Layla. "Not such a comfy bed." 2025

The early years of EMS service was not in fact a proper EMS service. EMS began evolving in the Civil War. Medical Officers weren't properly trained nor had the proper equipment. Without these items military men suffered death and had a higher rate of injuries. Some men were left permanently disables due to mishandling. EMS's primary task was working and transporting individual as fast as they could. Watershed developments launched the modern US EMS service. EMS evolved with the plant of horrors of war. They were to treat regardless any situation they faced. This was the establishment of Dr. Jonathan Letterman the US Corps within the Army of the Potomac. Due to its success they were able to extend all units of the Union Army.

"EMS History"- EMS Memorial, www.emsmemorial.org/ems-history 

Sarracino, Layla. "On stand by." 2025

During this time EMS organizations were still struggling to maintained high and work out the issues. IMprovements were still spotty. In this time the government was also lacking a cohesive policy. This led to the EMS Services Development Act. This act was a federal grant. It adapted training curriculars for EMT, EMT-P, and first responders. With this grant the EMS organizations were able to establish EMS radio communications and introduce ambulance specifications. This act also gave primary responsibility for Health, Education, and Welfare Departments. In the 1980's and 90's there was an accelerated rate of transformation in the EMS Systems. There began a "Unified EMS voice." It showed how our EMS systems are capable and can do their job professionally. With the rates of client's survival and health increased the National EMS Information System established. During the 2000's the government was finally seeing the improvement in the EMS. So in 2018. Congress passed public law 115-275 authorizing the National EMS Memorial Foundation. 

"EMS History"- EMS Memorial, www.emsmemorial.org/ems-history 

Rodgers, Troy. 2025. "Weight of the Badge." Podcast, Albuquerque NM

Bernalillo county sheriff who is involved in a kidnapping but suddenly trunks back on him, almost ending his life. The podcast really connected to my topic with the question, "What were the first responders thinking?" To me it shows how positive and a strong mentality you have to endure trying to save your own life, literally. Sam Rodriquez used his great mentality to focus on reality. Pushing and forcing himself to stay focused on the situation. To forget everything on his mind so he will save himself. In this case EMT and first responders have to compose themselves of the reality despite what they encounter. Persevering themselves to finish their duties. Especially for what they trained for. One wrong move could impact others and our own lives. Majority first responders deal with regret and overdrive because they freak out. Making it twice as hard on them to remain calm. 

"Weight of the Badge Podcast | Public Safety Psychology Group | Albuquerque." PSPG, www.pspg-nm.com/weight-of-the-badge-podcast 

Sarracino, Layla. "Ball." 2025

The article was the annual increases of EMS demand of EMS clinicians shortages. The issue was since the pandemic the EMS work service expanded. Taking the roles of public health; delivering care in home settings, security, detachments, and construction. According to the cross-sectional survey, 48.8% of respondents reported needing more than one job to make ends meet. The surveys was to see what EMS environments were lacking and needed to improved. Also who takes the amount of roles. Divided into the categories of: age, sex, rage, education, and agency type. Currently EMS workforce shortages relationships between the expanded roles of EMS requires further evaluations. Living in a rural area multiple EMS workers also worry their EMS primary job isn't enough. Not meeting ends meets. Having to get a secondary job. In Laguna the EMS and fire departments are combined. Serving both roles. Being overworked.

Gage, Christopher B. , et al. "Not Just 9-1-1: The Expanded Work Environment of United States Emergency Medical Service Clinicians. "Cureus, vol.16, no.10, Oct, 2022, p.e72779. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus,72779.

Sarracino, Layla. "Whambulance." 2025

Medicare reimbursement was to help first responders across the state. Governor Evers of Wisconsin signed two bill to solve this issue of lack of EMS. Act 35 reimburses companies or individuals of all medical emergency services. Act 36 raises the current amount EMS providers are reimbursed by medicaid. The issue is people or future EMS individuals are not able to afford a stable lifestyle before, during, and after. Though Act 35 has the quickest effect it will not hit mid year of 2026. Who knows how EMS agencies could be affected within a short time. While waiting for the Act to take effect. Multiple EMS agencies are worried about how to support their lifestyles, family, and emotional well-being.  EMS agencies have fallen because of the lack of EMT's leadings to overworking and stress. In Laguna Pueblo there was a lack of EMTs due to overworking especially when the Covid-19 Pandemic hit. The pandemic hit many agencies, having them to rely on volunteers. People getting treated by non-EMS agencies 

WBAY TV-2, Green Bay, WI, " New Laws to Fund EMS Training, Increase Medicare Reimbursement." YouTube, 4 Nov. 2025, www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBtQvZEV-0y 

Fall Action Plan 

My fall action plan was a success. I invited Bailey Grundhoffer, Clinical Director of the organization Public Safety Psychology Group (PSPG). Ms. Grundhoffer was able to acknowledge students about their services and connections with EMS and other frontline workers. The purpose of my fall action plan was to spread awareness of  what EMTS really think and how mentally unstable they can get in the field. How these effects can take a toll on relationships and addictions. Not only did she talk about her program's services she also talked about her own experiences being a Paramedic. Within her own experience of being a Paramedic as the audience you automatically feel that connection of what she was presenting. The outcome of my action plan was to create a kahoot for the student to play connecting to the presentation that was shown above. To me I feel in a generation like ours today I feel engagement is so crucial. Personally I love challenging and testing the knowledge that I gain with some type of quiz or game like Kahoot. I had multiple prizes for the winners but turned out all the individuals who attended did not leave empty handed. 

Sarracino, Layla. "Peace," 2025

Spring Action Plan

My spring action plan was based on how cooking can help improve an individual's mindset by reducing stress and giving a sense of accomplishment. Creating a delicious dish and sharing it with others can boost your confidence and make you feel more connected. For my action plan I chose to make alfredo pasta with the help of Myron Burger. I chose to work with Myron because he has been in the kitchen since he was 15 years old. Myron is also a counselor here at Santa Fe Indian School. Before we started our cooking I instructed the purpose of my topic and how cooking could connect to having a happy spirit. I then instructed the individuals to listen to a 10 minute (cooking with presence) medication video and write down three favorite foods that they like to cook and three favorite comfort foods to cheer them up on a bad day. The outcome of my action plan for the individuals who attended to leave with a filled stomach and pure happy mindset. To be able to find and ensure a sort of comfort while cooking the way Mr. Burger does while he cooks. 

Sarracino, Layla. "Alfredo," 2026