Boarding school's

The carried trauma

Jayden Lewis

Cochiti Pueblo

“Cochiti Pueblo.” Www.newmexico.org, www.newmexico.org/native-culture/native-communities/cochiti-pueblo/.

‌

Lewis, Jayden SHP Presentation.mp4

Research log 1

“Mount Rushmore - Wikipedia.” www.google.com,

How place names impact the way we see landscape

-B.Toastie

native-american-indigenous-klamath-boarding-schools-forced-assimilation-indian-school%

And then I went to school

-Joe Suina

“San Ildefonso Pueblo Corn Dance, Detail, North Side – Works – eMuseum.” www.google.com, www.google.com/i

Sharing One Skin

-Jeannette Armstrong

“How Place names impact the way we see landscape”by B Tostie shows the difference between indigenous naming of cultural sites and landscapes compared to white and settlers naming is importance,importance of cultural significance into the naming and what it means to said people.The connection to the land as its importance is through how it is used either for ceremonies,stories and connection to the community which inherit that land.This isn't apparent for settlers when naming their land as they name to gloat and glorify their leaders and “important” figures such as Andrew Jackson whose name was plastered to libraries and streets.As he was a “hero’’ in settlers eyes despite acrosties and bills passed along with killings of many indigenous peoples throughout his presidential term.He would also go on to talk about indigenous connection to the land and why it was named that specific word in their language.

Citation: Armstrong, Jeanette. 1996 "Sharing One Skin: The Okanagan Community." Pp. 460-470 in Jerry Mander & Edward Goldsmith

"And then I went to school'' by Joe Suina discusses the impact of his life from factors of white culture and lifestyle combating his own pueblo life.As Joe life living in Cochiti Pueblo and the rising influence of white culture and innovations.Such as introduction of automobiles.He goes onto discuss his home life with his grandmother and the traditional aspects such as practices,home life/life style and ceromonies.Also how his life changed in the era of technology rising which diminished traditional practices in his pueblo.Also talking about different changes in his life outside of his pueblo which is boarding schools and his experience.As he was looked down upon and punished for who he was and his identity.Such as for speaking his language and being disiplind such as whipped with a ruler.This heavy impact on his early life impacted his mindset and self image of himself.This would also impact him and his community as gatherings and ceromonies would occur less and less some being lost,

Citation: B. Toastie .How place names impact the way we see landscape. High Country News

“Sharing one skin” by Jeannette Armstrong discusses the ideologies and views,practices of her Okanagan community.She states that there are four tribes along the river of columbia the Kettle,the Okanagan,the San Poil and the Methow.She goes on to talk about her connection to the land and her identity.Seeing the land as her "responsibility".Customs of her people such as introductions and how they identity themselves.She discusses how the okanagan people have beings within themselves as each of their people have four main capacities which is their physical self,emotional self,thinking intellectual self and spiritual self.This is how the okanagan people function.Another ideology she speak on is community and how people are always together and never along as the key to wellness in one is bonding.As their saying ‘Our one skin” means the bond of community and family.She lastly discusses. land and their connection to the land and spirits of the land

Citation: Suina, Joe. (1985), And then I went to school: Memories of a Pueblo childhood. New Mexico Journal of Reading

History

Research Log 2

NEH cuts $1.5 million from grant to research Indian boarding schools

The summary of the article “NEH cuts $1.5 million from grant to research Indian boarding schools” discusses how the Trump administration cuts thousands and millions of dollars from different infernos groups. Cuts from the Trump administration affect research led by these groups which uncovered the atrocities caused by boarding schools. These groups and their research specialized in uncovering covert stories by children who never returned home and first person accounts of experiences during their time at the boarding schools. The article states that most of the groups were done or close to finishing their research which consisted of thousands of documents. Although grants were cut, most of the groups found solutions and persevered through the budget cuts and continued working.

-Hedgpeth, Dana. "Tribes sue U.S. government over deaths, abuse at boarding schools." Washington Post, 25 May 2025. Gale Academic

Silversmith, Shondiin, et al. “Survivors and Descendants of Federal Indian Boarding Schools Share Experiences.” Source New Mexico, 21 Jan. 2023, sourcenm.com/2023/01/21/survivors-and-descendants-of-federal-indian-boarding-schools-share-experiences/.

‌

Tribes sue US GOVT. Over deaths and abuse at boarding schools

The summary of “Tribes sue US GOVT. over deaths and abuse at boarding schools” discusses how various tribes, such as Wichita and affiliated tribes and the Washoe tribes of Nevada and California filed a class act lawsuit against the federal government because it failed to keep its treaty promise to Native Nations. The treaty discussed said, in exchange for land, the federal government could provide education for Native American children. The article states, “the government used the money it raised from taking Native land, the lawsuit says, to run a network of 400 Indian boarding schools in 37 states. Thousands of children died at the schools, and many others were malnourished, beaten and abused, causing the lawsuit described as “irreparable injuries" to Native nations. Their goal for this lawsuit was for reprocautions of how Native children were mishandled, beaten, sexually assaulted and killed. Findings in an investigation revealed that thousands of Native American children were killed and never returned home. In the end, tribes only received only an apology and Canadian survivors received compensation.

"NEH cuts $1.5 million from grants to research Indian boarding schools." Washingtonpost.com, 16 Apr. 2025. Gale

“Native American Boarding School Project Update: Individual Grants Awarded to Scholars - American Catholic Historical Association.” American Catholic Historical Association, 30 Jan. 2023, achahistory.org/2023/01/30/neh-grant-update-native-american-boarding-schools/.

‌

Hear Their Voices:The trauma caused by Federal Indian Boarding Schools

The summary of the video “Hear Their Voices: The trauma caused by Federal Indian boarding Schools’’ uploaded by KXNET News is about the stories of Boarding school survivors. The channel is the local news in North Dakota. The purpose of the video discusses the lasting traumas caused by Federal Indian Boarding schools. The channel chose to focus this particular report on Dr. Denise Lajimodiere. Lajimodiere tells the story of her grandfather, Ben Lajimodiere, her dads father, who attended a boarding school in 1898. In 1898, he was only 9 years old and was sent with his sister to experience boarding school at Fort Totten. Denise focuses around forgotten stories that were lost in the history of boarding schools and the harsh reality Native children endured. She recalls a story of her grandfather running away on a train with his sister to Oregon. She also recalls how they were severely beaten if they spoke their Native language and describes how older Indian children would be forced to punish their younger peers. Some of the various punishments she states were inflicted with, were being bent over beds and spanked with a belt or having food withheld if they didn't pick a church.Her motivation to bring these stories to light was through documenting and shedding light on various experiences of other children as well as documenting written records of stories. She became an author that told stories of forgotten traumatic experiences and fist person accounts.

-’’Hear their voices’’ Youtube accessed july 25 2022 uploaded by “KX NEWS” YT channel North Dakota Local News

“Dr. Denise Lajimodiere – NABS.” Boardingschoolhealing.org, 2024, boardingschoolhealing.org/team/dr-denise-lajimodiere/. Accessed 23 Jan. 2026.

‌

Current state of the Issue

Research Log 3

Boarding School Healing

Uploaded by Native American Rights Fund

The summary Of this Video discusses the cause of trauma which boarding schools have inflicted.This video explains how because of this trauma groups have been created to combat this problem prevalent today, helping survivors heal. These groups help survivors feel comfortable enough to talk about their situation and problems that can be uncomfortable for them. As some survivors in this video have felt a sense of walking around with a "heavy load on their shoulder".This coming from survivors feeling powerless and having lost their identity during their time at residential schools.Groups such as NARF a Native American group which fights for accountability and reconnection for survivors.These groups are seen as a way to heal from intergenerational trauma.

Native American Rights Fund. “Boarding School Healing.” YouTube, 25 Jan. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HZgmJmdpf8.

‌“Digitizing Records to Bring Clarity to the History of Quaker-Operated Indian Boarding Schools.” Swarthmore College, 23 Aug. 2023, www.swarthmore.edu/news-events/digitizing-records-to-bring-clarity-to-history-quaker-operated-indian-boarding-schools. Accessed 23 Jan. 2026.

‌

Inter generational Trauma: Residential Schools

The summary of this video shows how inter-generational trauma affects both, in today's modern world and in the past when it was operating. These effects still seize Indegenous people today through depression, anxiety, family violence, suicidal thoughts and negative coping options through drugs and achohol. Also optimism on how Native people can heal with culture and giving safe spaces to survivors. How Indegenous people can persevere as they always have.Healing has already started through apologies with the Govt and various Catholic groups..

Historica Canada. “Intergenerational Trauma: Residential Schools.” YouTube, 9 Mar. 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWeH_SDhEYU.

‌

“Your Turn, New Mexico: The Legacy of Indian Boarding Schools.” KUNM, 30 July 2021, www.kunm.org/local-news/2021-07-30/your-turn-new-mexico-the-legacy-of-indian-boarding-schools.

‌

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS
RESEARCH LOG:4

Nock, Jannine. “Betrayal Trauma in South Asian Communities of Aotearoa NZ and Australia.” Joining Narratives 2026, 2 May 2025, www.joiningnarratives.co.nz/post/betrayal-trauma-in-south-asian-communities-of-aotearoa-nz-and-australia. Accessed 7 May 2026.‌

How Intergenerational trauma impacts south asian community

The summary of this article discusses the hardships and narratives which are pushed upon south asian women by their community and society.These “practices” have been taught from generation to generation pushed on these women affecting their mindset and mental health.Depression,anxiety are traumas the author,Pooja Shah discusses.How assistance with these problems are prevalent and older generations seemed fine to her which is a reason she never seeked therapy.Self esteem has been a huge issue for these women in traditional roles as their perceived as docile and submissive which have been pushed by family,society and bollywood.Other problems are opinions being diminished such as Pooja wanting to have different opinions and a more modern mindset which is dismissed by older generations.Sexual repression which this narratives pushes that south asian women should prioritize feelings and opinions of society and family over their own.These narratives and traumas have desensitized older generations and forced them to accept this is the norm , how they will be hurt if and not to stand up for themselves.Pooja ends this article off with discussing how the next generation at least are using therapy,art ,movement and community to support and play the hand they are dealt with.

Vera, Amir, and Cassie Spodak. “More than 50 Years before George Floyd’s Death, Lawmakers Predicted a Growing Racial Divide.” CNN, 25 May 2021, www.cnn.com/2021/05/25/us/kerner-commission-report-predicted-racial-divide. Accessed 7 May 2026.

How historical trauma impacts African

Americans

This video discusses how trauma has been passed down from generation to generation in african community.Maily African americans.The problem Dr.Joy Degray discusses along with trauma is how people brush off this problem which is usually in the form of saying”it happened so long ago”.THe key trauma she explains is collective experience,intergenerational transmission,long term affects.Slavery is a key factor for Africans trauma specifically post traumatic slavery syndrome.Self esteem of african americans primarily in black kids, stereotypes, learned helplessness,racial battles and marked propensity are the most prominent that affects the african community today which are direct links to post traumatic syndrome.She discusses how these traumas are passed down by parents and forced onto heir children for the cycle to continue when it hasn't been addressed for generations.She goes on this video to discuss more traumas primarily seen today such as trapped adaptive when black mothers degrade their children compared to others and socialization which is desensitization of their environment and post traumatic stress discord which affects affected kids primarily and teens on how some didn't expect to make it to adulthood some planning their own funerals.She ends off the video with her own message of discussing how conservation are needed to address the

“Remembering Cambodia’s Deadly Civil War, Phnom Penh | the Jerusalem Post.” The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com, May 2025, www.jpost.com/history/article-852264.

Kirtsen Lee healing generational trauma Kirsten Lee TED talk.

The summary of this video discusses the truama experienced and passed down onto Camobida people.THe speaker Kirsten Lee discusses how trauma effects herself and her mother,discusing how distress has been linked to people that have experienced trauma.This trauma origanting during the Camobida Civil war in the 1970s.Her family espacing and sponsered to live in America.Which brought a new lifestyle and poor unrbing in America.Kirsten Lee mother would habeba rough upbringing being disowned by her parents for wanting to seek an education instead of working at a family business.Truama inflicted and kept by Kirstem mother would be lashed out and put onto her with arguments and anxiety,which Kirsten herself wool laos have physical distress.She ends off her talk explaining how to heal is to acknowledge and to sit down with members ad family.How nobody knows how to heal from a genocide and trauma but its a start.

TED TALKS “The risk you take (DR Kristen Lee) TEDXORCALA “ YouTube 8 Dec. 2017

Action Plan #1

Topic: Raising awareness and discussing the history of boarding schools

Date: 11/27/25

Who will attend is Family, friends & community members

My plan is Thanksgiving dinner, a video about the history of boarding school, photo analysis, talking circle and ending the night with free bingo to detach from the heaviness of the traumatic events/discussion native children have endured

Where did your action plan take place? My action plan will take place on Nov. 27th after Thanksgiving dinner in my home

Why I chose this action because it was a good opportunity to gather with family and friends to discuss my SHP topic to raise awareness, insight from others, acknowledge a shared history and enjoy time together.

This was planned this with my mom.

RESULT: The outcome was a discussion once the presentation ended having conversations and questions asked.The outcome was also bringing more awareness and realization of why and how things are such as the effects it had on them in ways they never realized before.Lastly we ended the night on a positive note having a bingo game with prizes.

Jayden lewis Iphone-cochiti pueblo nov 27-2025

ayden lewis Iphone-cochiti pueblo nov 27-2025

Action Plan 2 Reclaiming who we are

This action plan took place Tuesday 17th in March, At the Cochiti Library

-Myself and Dr.Suina(Henry Suina) held this presentation

With the assistance of family and library workers help setting this up

-This was planned with my mom, Dr.Suina on what we would present the story and overall focus along with assistance from library staff

-What occurred was a dinner along with a presentation of Boarding schools then when he attended to now in 2026 once the presentation was done a discussion was held.

-I chose this action plan to bring awareness along with showing how much we have reclamated our children,culture and who we are.This presentation showed how much the schools have changed from his experience in the early 1900s to mines in present day

-How I chose this action plan was the difference between these eras of boarding schools to bring awareness on how much has changed.

-Outcome was emotional for the people on how much we’ve changed how natives run this school,How it’s native led and focused how much native focused this school has becomes compared to Dr.Suina experience. Sharing this knowledge taught someone everything in attendance.

Author's Personal Collection,March 17 2026

uthor's Personal Collection,March 17 2026

“Native American Youth Dancers Showcased at ND State Fair.” Minotdailynews.com, Minot Daily News, 23 July 2024, www.minotdailynews.com/life/arts-entertainment/2024/07/native-american-youth-dancers-showcased-at-nd-state-fair/. Accessed 7 May 2026.

Recommendations to combat the issue.

Tomorrow- Learning the history of boarding schools,spreading awareness through this knowledge.

Week from now - Giving survivors/Those affected a safe space and someone they can talk to.

Future- Help support organizations that help with these issues.

The long run- Being proud of your culture, practice and learn what our ancestors could not and fought for.

My Hero : Vanessa Lewis

Vanessa Lewi

Vanessa Lewis - My mom is my inspiration for my project. Her perseverance and hardwork is the reason me and my siblings are where we are at today. I find inspiration through her perseverance to keep going and succeed in life. She also has an impact on others through inspiration, especially to kids/student who need help or a friend. She currently works as a Program Planner and Licensed Substance Abuse Associate at SFIS. My mom has an impact in my community, Cochiti pueblo through teaching students and community members cultural crafts/things to setting up cultural hikes for the pueblo. This was to aid students and community members from doing drugs and substances.Her presence in my and other people's lives has helped us stay strong and persevere.

-”behave and always treat everyone with respect because you don’t know their background or past’

-”always do good and be good”

-”You always have my support”

August 2025 At work vanessa’s Iphone

Research log 1

-Citation: Armstrong, Jeanette. 1996 "Sharing One Skin: The Okanagan Community." Pp. 460-470 in Jerry Mander & Edward Goldsmith

-Citation: Suina, Joe. (1985), And then I went to school: Memories of a Pueblo childhood. New Mexico Journal of Reading

Conversation log 1

Research log 2

-Hedgpeth, Dana. "Tribes sue U.S. government over deaths, abuse at boarding schools." Washington Post, 25 May 2025. Gale Academic

"NEH cuts $1.5 million from grants to research Indian boarding schools." Washingtonpost.com, 16 Apr. 2025. Gale

-’’Hear their voices’’ Youtube accessed july 25 2022 uploaded by “KX NEWS” YT channel North Dakota Local News

Carolyn Coker Ross MD. “How Historical Trauma Impacts African-Americans.” YouTube, 18 Feb. 2025, www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xbMSUJhcuk. Accessed 19 Feb. 2026.

Nast, Condé. “How Intergenerational Trauma Impacts the South Asian Community.” Teen Vogue, 30 Aug. 2022, www.teenvogue.com/story/how-intergenerational-trauma-impacts-the-south-asian-community.

González, Maya. “Experiencing Forced Displacement: Cambodia.” Www.ushmm.org, 28 Mar. 2022, www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/blog/experiencing-forced-displacement-cambodia.

Koberg, Mark. “Healing in Community.” InsightLA Meditation, 22 Oct. 2021, insightla.org/healing-in-community/.

Carolyn Coker Ross MD. “How Historical Trauma Impacts African-Americans.” YouTube, 18 Feb. 2025, www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xbMSUJhcuk. Accessed 19 Feb. 2026.

Nast, Condé. “How Intergenerational Trauma Impacts the South Asian Community.” Teen Vogue, 30 Aug. 2022, www.teenvogue.com/story/how-intergenerational-trauma-impacts-the-south-asian-community.

González, Maya. “Experiencing Forced Displacement: Cambodia.” Www.ushmm.org, 28 Mar. 2022, www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/blog/experiencing-forced-displacement-cambodia.

Page updated

Report abuse