๐ข๐ฝ๐ช๐ฌ๐ ๐๐ถ๐๐ต๐๐ท๐ท ๐๐ฎ๐ป๐ป๐ฎ๐ป๐ช
Herrera, Stacy. โPersonal Collectionโ. 14 September 2025
Tesuque Pueblo. www.newmexico.org/native-culture/native-communities/tesuque-pueblo
Arapaho Flag | Northern Arapahoe Tribe, WY.
www.northernarapaho.com/159/Arapaho-Flag
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ย ย ย ๐ก๐ฎ๐ผ๐ฎ๐ช๐ป๐ฌ๐ฑ ๐๐ธ๐ฐ 1: ๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ท๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฝ๐ ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย
ย
Herrera, Stacy. "TSQ Feast Day". 12 November 2024
๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ช๐ท๐ท๐ฎ๐ฝ๐ฝ๐ฎ ๐๐ป๐ถ๐ผ๐ฝ๐ป๐ธ๐ท๐ฐ
Jeannette Armstrong is from the Okanagan. In the article, she explains and wants to show some key differences between the Okanagan views and practices of community and the views and practices of the dominant society. When Jeannette was ten, her father and grandmother were talking about the town in the valley, and said the people are dangerous and insane. She explains her Okanagan way of thought and teaches about life and community. She goes on to explain the differences between the mainstream view and the Okanagan view. The four differences, the physical, emotional, thinking-intellectual, and the spiritual. Jeanette's main points are how people fail to care for each other and fail to connect. Jeannette then states that Indigenous people are protectors of the earth.ย
Armstrong, Jeanette. 1996 "Sharing One Skin: The Okanagan Community." P.g. 460-470 in Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith (eds), The Case Against the Global Economy, San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books
Herrera, Stacy. "Fall". 23 October 2023
๐๐ ๐๐ธ๐ฎ ๐ข๐พ๐ฒ๐ท๐ช
This article was about a boy who is from the Pueblo of Cochiti, who was raised by his grandmother. The grandmother was a highly active woman in the cultural ways. Grandmother taught the boy a lot, how to properly pray, participate, behave, and the language. The boy felt good about himself and his culture, until the age of six when he first attended boarding school. Boarding school then started changing his perspective on his way of life, he continued school and school continued changing him. He then became embarrassed and ashamed of his life back home in Cochiti Pueblo. Cochiti Pueblo did not feel like home for him anymore and he was wishing and wanting the "white mans" ways. The boarding school assimilated him, Joseph Henry.ย
Rethinking Schools. โโAnd Then I Went to Schoolโ - Rethinking Schools.โ Rethinking Schools, 22 June 2021, rethinkingschools.org/articles/and-then-i-went-to-school.
Herrera, Stacy. "Personal Collection". 25 August 2023.
๐๐ ๐. ๐ฃ๐ธ๐ช๐ผ๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฎ
The article was sparked from another story of the peak "El Capitan". The Southern Sierra Miwuk originally called it "Measuring-Worm Stone", It's a story of two brothers. The story is the reason for the name, the story is about patience, sacrifice, smallness, and resilience. The article makes it clear that the names of places have a deeper meaning, connection, and stories. The names of places are more than just a label, they are "place identity", they help us connect and relate to the land. It's more than a name, it's spiritual and cultural.ย
Oaster, B. โToastie,โ and B. โToastieโ Oaster. โHow Place Names Impact the Way WeLandscape.โ High Country News, 24 Jan. 2024, www.hcn.org/issues/54-5/people-places-how-place-names-impact-the-way-we-see-landscape.
๐๐ฑ๐ช๐น๐ฝ๐ฎ๐ป 2: ๐๐ฒ๐ผ๐ฝ๐ธ๐ป๐
๐ค๐ท๐ผ๐น๐ธ๐ด๐ฎ๐ท: ๐๐ถ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ช'๐ผ ๐๐ช๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฎ ๐๐ถ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ช๐ท ๐๐ธ๐ช๐ป๐ญ๐ฒ๐ท๐ฐ ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฑ๐ธ๐ธ๐ต๐ผ
Unspoken: America's Native American Boarding Schools. The video was based on the Native American boarding Schools, Carlisle, Haskell, and Sherman. How the boarding schools came to be, and the negative effects they had on the children. The mistreatment was also mentioned in the video; students experienced sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. Students who attended boarding Schools Suffered trauma and lost their language and traditional ways, which still affects their families now. The video ended by talking about SFIS and how the boarding School is a positive change.
I understood this video well; it was a topic I already knew of. In ways do understand how the boarding schools relate to my topic. In this way, the only difference is that the boarding school forced kids away from their parents and family. A forced separation still affected the children and changed their relationships with their parents and family. The children were also taken away from their traditions and forced to be assimilated. The trauma from the boarding schools tragically affected the students and still affects many families today.
โActually, the US Has a Long History of Separating Families.โ CNNus, 24 June 2018, www.cnn.com/2018/06/24/us/us-long-history-of-separating-families-trnd.
The cultural impact of the Indian Adoption Project is still felt today. The short article was about the Indian adoption project in 1958; their goal was to take Native kids away from their biological parents. The project was just another way to assimilate after boarding schools. The process of taking Native kids and placing them into all white families was seen as a better idea to assimilate. Advertisements were making Native children seem hopeless and trying to convince white people to adopt them, as if they were their only hope. By the 1960, one in four Native children was living away from their families.
The connection I can make to this article is that today, some people were those kids, and they had to grow up living with that childhood trauma. Not only childhood trauma, but also the abuse and loss of Native identity. That trauma, abuse, and loss of identity still affect many generations that have come and will continue to come. To this day, I know many people who have struggled growing up because their parents went through many of the government's acts. The ones who went through this project never got to grow up in their Native homes; they never got to experience growing up with their Native parents, which still affects many generations.ย
KING 5 Seattle. โโIndian Orphan Nobody Wanted Gets Parentsโ: The Dark History of the Indian Adoption Project.โ YouTube, 24 June 2023, www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlqdDcdnKJo.
๐ฃ๐ฑ๐ฎ ๐๐ท๐ญ๐ฒ๐ช๐ท ๐๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ต๐ญ ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ต๐ฏ๐ช๐ป๐ฎ ๐๐ฌ๐ฝ: ๐ ๐ค๐ท๐ฒ๐บ๐พ๐ฎ ๐๐ช๐ ๐๐ฒ๐ฝ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ท ๐ช ๐๐ต๐ช๐๐ฎ๐ญ ๐ข๐๐ผ๐ฝ๐ฎ๐ถ
The Indian Child Welfare Act: A Unique Law within a Flawed System. The article tells how ICWA is a landmark victory for tribal sovereignty. It is mentioned that the โfamily policing systemโ targets Indigenous and other parents of color. The government did not provide support; instead, their first act was to remove children from their parents and homes. Studies were showing that removing children harmed generations; it was also shown that children do better at home than in foster care. ICWA is a model for how the government should support families. Before Congress passed ICWA in 1978, the Native American children taken were placed in non-native American homes. 2023 Brackeen v. Haaland upheld ICWA, protecting Native American children and tribal sovereignty, keeping Native Families strong. ACLU NorCal is supporting and working on expanding child protection, acknowledging the importance of culture. Now the government's first resort is to help families stay together.ย
This article connected deeply with my topic. ICWA is a landmark victory for tribal sovereignty; it was also a step taken to stop the separation of Native American children from their families. Native Americans still deal with the trauma and harm brought by all of the events of separation. The trauma is passed down to generations, and we all still feel it today. The article gives us some events of ICWA. It also recognized how Native Americans were targeted before the act, as well as the genocidal policies targeting tribes. The article also highlighted how studies showed that children are better off at home than in foster care. Slowly over time, the government started realizing the importance of culture, prioritizing family reunification, and providing support.
โThe Indian Child Welfare Act | Retro Report.โ PBS LearningMedia, 7 Dec. 2023, nm.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/indian-child-welfare-act-icwa-video/retro-report.
ย ย ย ย ๐๐พ๐ป๐ป๐ฎ๐ท๐ฝ ๐ข๐ฝ๐ช๐ฝ๐ฎ ๐ธ๐ฏ ๐ฝ๐ฑ๐ฎ ๐๐ผ๐ผ๐พ๐ฎ
The article is about an analysis of five-year data of American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN)children who live in a diverse range of family structures. Among AIAN children, there are more single mothers (28%) than single fathers (9%). There is 12% that live without either parent, and another 12% with unmarried cohabiting parents. The article compares the percentage to all U.S children, and it shows that married parents are more common. It also states that family structure is important for children's health and for their economic and developmental well-being. The AIAN children with single parents show poorer health outcomes compared to AIAN children with married parents. Research also shows strong development outcomes within the children connected to extended family and traditional culture. There are many challenges with multiple systems, including education, employment, housing, childcare, and healthcare. The article acknowledges that effective policies that help support parents and caregivers can help reduce health and economic disparities across AIAN family structures.
"American Indian and Alaska Native Children Live in Diverse Family Structures - Child Trends." Child Trends, 28 Nov. 2023
The article focuses on Native American families and marriage. The article, it acknowledges the significance of marriage in a traditional way. In the U.S there are around 8.8 million or 6.8 million Native Americans, only making up 2-3% of the total U.S population. Native Americans are the second smallest ethic gruops with 562 different tribes, and 292 different languages. The traditions influence family structure, gender roles, and marriages. The article mentions there are not many studies on Native American marriages, but one found that, on average, Natives ranked marriage as of lower importance than any other ethnic group. Many tribes another study found that 62% of Natives disagreed that having children together is a main reason for marriage. Poverty is a big challenge among many families, more than twice the national average. Children are twice as likely to live in poverty or in a home where neither parent is employed. Spirituality plays an important role in family relationships, the beliefs, values, behavior, and world views.ย
"Native American - Healthy Marriage and Responsible Fatherhood." Healthy Marriage and Responsible Fatherhood
๐๐ต๐ธ๐ซ๐ช๐ต ๐๐ธ๐ท๐ท๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ธ๐ท๐ผ
The study done in China about early childhood development had very similar, if not the exact same, results as the studies done in the United States. Many issues that adults face are rooted in early childhood. There is a significant difference in the development of physical, intellectual, mental health, and social development between children of divorced parents and children of intact families. The study done in China showed that children of divorced families had a slower level of development. The children may also experience less support and response from their parents. Children also constantly need to adjust to stressful situations. Family plays a vital role in the development of children, and parental divorce negatively impacts children's development and health, including behavioural problems and mental health. The support from children's grandparents shows a way to reduce the effects and impact of divorce.ย
"Parents' Divorce and Early Child Development: A Population-based Study in China." BMJ Paediatrics Open
The data collected from this article also shows that parental Divorce among young children is associated with developmental outcomes. The developmental consequences of parental Divorce have been shown to affect or cause a child's emotional stress, behavioral problems, decreased academic outcomes, and mental illness, such as depression and anxiety. These effects have been reported in numerous articles, and they all present similar data. This article also notes that grandparents in child care may mitigate the effects of divorce on child development. Grandparents in China tend to be more involved in childcare; this is similar to many Native American communities, where many Native American children are raised or taken care of by their grandparents.ย
Pang, Xiaodong, et al. "Associations of Parental Divorce With Student Mental Health and Academic Outcomes: A Quantitative Study in Rural China." Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 363, July 2024
This article highlights the positive effects that grandparents have on a child trying to cope with parental divorce. This article connects to many Native American communities. In many Native American communities, it is seen that many of the children are raised or live with their grandparents due to many reasons, some of the main reasons are because of absent, unstable, or deceased parents. The article's study shows that grandparents provide support, comfort, caring, emotional support, and stability, not only for their grandchildren but also for their child.ย
Sorek, Yoa. "Grandparental and Overall Social Support as Resilience Factors in Coping With Parental Conflict Among Children of Divorce." Children and Youth Services Review, vol. 118. Sept. 2020, p.105443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105443.