Jeannette Armstrong explains the basic teachings of the Okanagan culture.  She mentions the differences in lifestyle between Indian and Non-Indian lifestyles.  Reading more into the ways of Okanagan culture,  they have their own ways of living. Different ideas that they stand by since there are born. Forward more,  Jeannette talks about the word "community" which results to explaining the depths about the differences in humans.  How the world, we live in today is totally different compared to how she used to live in.  

"Armstrong, Jeannette. 1996   "Sharing One Skin" : The Okanagen Community", p.460-470 in Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith

Joe Suina, a six-year-old Cochiti boy, had been forced to go to school, 30 miles away from his home. Though he was taking staying at his home for granted.  He realized that after accepting the "white" ways into his life. He would change into a whole different person. As he would come home for the breaks, he would remove the simple indian acts from his personality. He did not like the small dusty room,  the dirty water, or the constant days of working every day. Joe would then go back to school and question which path he will take for the rest of his life. 

Suina, Joe, and Jospeh H. Suina, "University of New Mexico," " And then I went to School," "Rethinking Schools,  22  June  2021

B. Toastie explains the depths and the moments that lead up to history. From using the names that perceive and connect to the land. Although we live in a world where places are named by colonizers. There are a number of places that affect the Indigenous mind. It is said that from the Navajo culture, post names of the dead should not be used again. History should not be repented and presented to certain cultures. This is an ongoing problem and should be spread to the Indigenous minds and more.  

Oaster, B. "Toastie' "How Place Names Impact the way we see Landscape" High Country News,  24 Jan. 2024 

Back when the Americas had not yet been fully taken over, when Indians still had power over the land, which belonged to them. They used running as a way to live, as they would hunt down food and deliver messages to tribes nearby. With a total of 13 different indian groups, not including the 19 tribes, they used running each differently, each with its own routines to benefit their own community. Though it might not have been for a race, it was to run vast distances to deliver a message. The Pueblo Revolt is the most well-known, in my opinion, as it was executed the best. Each day, were asked to unite a knot to represent when to attack the Spanish people. According to this article, the Inca empire was the most well-developed due to how great their city succeeded while promoting trading with the aid of long-distance running. 

Keoke, Emory, and Kay Porterfield. "Running Systems, American Indian" Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World, Second Edition, Facts On File, 2019. History Research Center, online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?

Cathrine, a past marathon runner and now a Doctor, discusses the main factors of running injuries in all of history. She explains the causes and the tretaments to solving them. From foot injuries to all injuries up to the shoulder. Injuries like, Runner's knee, Plantar Facitis, pulled hamstrings, and most commonly shin splints. Each injury is discussed for beginners and explains the proper treatment for them. During the fall season, Dr.Cathrine mentions the importance of using the right resources, as the cold can be a huge factor in your training season. Without the proper warm-up, your training can be affected as the season goes on. 

"Fixing Injuries that may come across your Journey" Chronicle [Newcastle upon Tyne, England], 20 Sept.202. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A718578964/ITOF? Accessed 14 Oct. 2025.

Louis Tewanima, a Native American from a little tribe in Arizona, is considered one of the most famous runners in long-distance history. He has raced for the United States multiple times and is a two-time medalist. Though he is not widely known, he has a unique story. Though compared to other runners all over the world, he was quite small, but that didn't stop him. He participated in the 1920 Summer Olympics in London, coming in 9th. In his second appearance in the Olympics, located in Stockholm, he would finish second and set an American record that stood for 52 years. It was later broken by another Native American, Billy Mills, the first and only gold medalist to this day. Unfortunately, Louis's Daughter passed away due to a boarding school illness. Due to this, Louis would then move away from running for the U.S. and would only return to his community.  He would only run for cultural reasons, and served as chief for his clan until January 18, 1969, where he passed, as one of the most famous Long-runners of all time. 

Sharp, Kathleen, "The Scared Runner" Smithsonian, Vol 52, No 3, June 2021, pp.12 + Gale Academic OneFile

Nick Harding explains the depths and purpose of long-distance. How can they improve their performance by doing the smaller things that scientists have learned. Scientists believe there are five simple steps to perfecting human preakness. From simple exercises to implementing Stengeth training and weekly sprinting sessions. Harding highlights World Champion Josh Kerr, stating that by implementing these daily. You are bringing yourself to become faster and closer to a PR (Personal Record). Due to how many people face injuries when starting to run and perfecting their fitness. With many insights gained from learning from Brooks Beast and how World Champion Josh Kerr develops his best running skills. His most important being, plyometric jumps, with a small burst of energy from the legs, he states that this forms a state of stiffness, which improves his ability to push off the ground. 

"How to run faster; Speeding up your running now and then can have huge health benefits. Here's how to achieve your personal best." Telegraph Online, 2 Oct.2024 . Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A810951062/ITOF?u=nm_s_santais&sid=ebsco&xid=62337869.Acceseed 5 Dec.2025. 

A test was conducted in the european country, with fifty participants ranging from teenagers, up to full-grown adults. Each participant is able to choose which strength training they would prefer. As the season continued, tests were conducted during each week to see how the participant was reacting to speed training, long-distance running, and sprinting. After an entire track season, the tests showed the differences in each athlete, which came down to reps and weight difference. The main difference being lactate levels, with less weight but higher weight, this participant was able to perform their best throughout their whole season. With injuries being a huge factor in human peakness, the difference in training made a huge difference in each athlete. This can be set as an example for specifically middle-distance runners, long-distance runners, and sprinters. At the end, these articles state, plometirc training is the best, which is suitable for all athletes. 

"Llanos-Lagos, Christian et al. " Effect of Strength Training Programs In Middle- and Long-Distance Runners' Economy at Differennt Running Speeds: A Systematic Review with Meta- Analysis. " Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z) vol. 54. Used 12/4/2025. (2024) 

Koech, RC et Al. " A Prevalence of running-related injuries among professional endurance runners in Rift Valley, Kenya." South African Journal of sports medicine vol.33, accessed 2/10/2026

Ethiopia, a country full of talented runners, has doctors studying their daily lives of training at high altitudes and performing different types of recovery methods that could benefit their future racing schedules.  While maintaining high mileage and other types of activities, they realize the recent change in shoe development and clothing used from the feet up has a big impact on most runners. For Male Runners, they suffered changes in clothing development, like shirts, shorts, but most importantly, their socks. Scientists found the weakest point for Male runners is their feet, as changing into different shoes could expose new injuries. On the Female side, they found the difference in Shoes came most difficult as the development of different courporations have different sizes and materials like foam. Although the future of running is heading towards futuristic ideas, the younger generation must get used to all sorts of Running Gear heading into the future if they want to improve. 

"Common Running Musculoskeletal Injuries among Recreational Runners in Gondor Town, North West Ethiopia" by Journal of Physical Education Research accessed 2/10/2026 

Dr. Rasmus Nielsen studies a close test of the body's reaction to higher training loads of runners in all sorts of countries. After receiving a Ph.D, Rasmus is putting in work by not only helping local runners, but also runners all around by ensuring multiple follow-ups of their past countries. Recently, he has discovered the number of inactive people there are, but their main question is where exactly to start and how? Just a recent study has shown the different materials in concrete and asphlat as this can lead to different injuries as they continue to run.  Not only does this put so much pounding on their legs, but future runners will have to continue to push past this new start. Dr. Rasmus also asks the question of "pain" and how people interpret it as an active person. "Pain" has all sorts of meaning behind it, whether it's an Injury or just pushing through a hard workout. It is very important to ensure not to push past an Injury, as this can sometimes lead to a stress fracture, which is the most common injury when pushing past "Pain".

"Nielsen, Rasmus et al. "Running Related Injuries Among More Than 7000 Runners in 87 Different Countries The Garmin - RUNSAFE Running Health Study" The Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy vol.542 (2024) accessed 2/10/2026