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  • A
    • Abatement
    • Act of God
    • Admisson
    • Advocate
      • Advocate - Exemplary Behaviour
      • Advocate - Role of lawyer
    • Agreement
      • One Sided Agreement
    • Airlines
    • All India Services (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1969
    • Allotment
      • Allotment of plot
    • Annual Confidential Reports (ACR)
    • Appeal
      • Appeal against acquittal
      • Not a party - Appeal
      • No reasonings by first Appellate court
      • Revision
    • Apprentices Act, 1961
    • Arbitration
      • Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
        • General - Arbitration
        • Bare act - Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
        • Jurisidiction
        • Section 2 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 3 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 4 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 7 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 8 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 9 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 11 - Arbitration
          • Section 11(6) - Arbitration
        • Section 12 - Arbitration
        • Section 16 - Arbitration
        • Section 37 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 20 - Arbitration
      • International arbitration
        • Appearance by the arbitrator himself for one of the parties in Appeal
        • Enhancement of interest in absence of appeal
        • Legal representation
      • Public Policy (Arbitration)
    • Arrest
      • Arrest – Power to arrest
      • Detention – Power to authorise detention
    • PLR
  • B
    • Bail
      • Anticipatory Bail
        • Considerations for grant of
        • Explanation called in terms of Arnesh Kumar
        • Earlier bail plea declined on similar circumstances - Anticipatory Bail
      • Anticipatory Bail and Regular Bail - Distinction
      • Cancellation of bail
      • COVID 19 - Bail
      • Default Bail
      • Difference between cancellation and setting aside of bail order
      • Setting aside of bail order
      • Statutory Bail
    • Banking
      • Repossession - Default - Banking
    • Bar Council of India
  • C
    • CBI
    • Children
    • Central Goods and Service Tax Act, 2017
    • Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989
    • Civil and Criminal Proceedings
    • Company
      • A company is a legal entity distinct from its members.
      • Lifting of the veil - Company
    • Companies Act
    • Constitution of India
      • Writ of Certiorari
        • Writ of Certiorari - What is
          • What is the nature of a writ of certiorari.
      • Article 14 - Constitution
      • Article 16 - Constitution
      • Article 21 - Constitution
        • Right to Life - Art 21
        • Right to marry a person of choice
      • Article 136 - Constitution
      • Article 226 - Constitution
      • Article 227 - Constitution of India
        • Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
        • Writ Article 227 challenging orders passed under O 1 R 10 CPC
        • Writ Article 227 challenging orders passed under O 39 R 1
      • Article 309 - Constitution
      • Article 311 - Constitution
        • Subsistence Allowance - Art 311(2)
      • Article 329 - Constitution
    • Consumer Protection Act
      • Consumer protection Act, 1986
        • Allotment - Delay
        • Section 13 - CPA, 1986
        • S. 21 - CPA,86
      • Consumer protection Act, 2019
        • Section 38 - CPA, 2019
    • Contempt of Courts Act, 1971
      • Section 2 - Contempt of Courts Act
      • Section 10 _ Contempt of Courts Act
    • Contract
      • Commentary - Contract
        • Formation of a Contract
        • Invitation to Treat
        • Intention to be legally bound
        • Consideration
        • Capacity - Contract
        • Formalities and writing requirements - Contract
        • Contract terms: construction and interpretation
          • Contractual terms
        • Third Parties - Contract
        • Performance - Contract
        • Defences - Contract
      • Final Draft
      • Standard Form of Contract
    • Contract Act
      • Section 2 - Contract Act
      • Section 4 - Contract Act
      • Section 7 - Contract Act
      • Section 32- Contract Act
      • Section 73 - Contract Act
    • Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970
    • Court
    • Court Fees Act
      • Section 16 - Court Fees Act
    • Covid-19
      • Limitation - Covid19
    • Co-Sharer
    • Compassionate Appointment
    • CPC (Civil Procedure Code, 1908 )
      • Provisions in Civil Matters to curtail delay in trial
    • CPC - Sections
      • Section 7 - CPC
      • Section 9 - CPC
      • Section 11 - CPC
      • Section 25 - CPC
      • Section 47 - CPC
      • Section 64 - CPC
      • Section 90 - CPC
      • Section 96 - CPC
      • Section 100 - CPC
      • Section 103 - CPC
      • Section 104 - CPC
      • Section 115 - CPC
      • Section 151 - CPC
    • CPC -Orders and Rules
      • Order 1 - CPC
        • Order 1 Rule 1 - CPC
        • Order 1 Rule 2 - CPC
          • Scope of Order I Rules 2, 3A and Order II Rule 3 of the CPC
        • Order 1 Rule 3 - CPC
        • Order 1 Rule 10 - CPC
          • Order 1 Rule 10(1) - CPC
          • Order 1 Rule 10(2) - CPC
          • Dominus Litis - O1 R 10 CPC
          • Suo Moto Power - O 1 R 10 CPC
        • Proper Party - CPC O. 1
        • Necessary Party - CPC O. 1
        • Wrong Person - Order 1 - CPC
        • Non Joinder - Order 1 - CPC
        • Mis Joinder of Plaintiff - Order 1 - CPC
      • Order 2
        • Order 2 Rule 2
        • Order 2 Rule 3 - CPC
      • Order 5
      • Order 6
        • Order 6 Rule 17
      • Order 7
        • Order 7 Rule 11
      • Order 8
        • Order 8 Rule 6
        • Order 8 Rule 6A
      • Order 9
        • Order 9 Rule 4
        • Order 9 Rule 7
        • Order 9 Rule 13
          • Sufficient cause - O.9 R. 13
      • Order 12
        • Order 12 Rule 6
      • Order 13
        • Order 13 Rule 8
      • Order 14
      • Order 21
        • Order 21 Rule 51
          • O 21 R 2 - CPC
        • Limitation of several applications during execution
        • O. 21 R. 54
        • O.21 R.97
      • Order 23
        • Order 23 Rule 3
      • Order 30 - CPC
      • Order 39
        • Order 39 Rule 1
      • Order 41 - CPC
        • Order 41 Rule 33 - CPC
        • Order 41 Rule 31 - CPC
    • Criminal Jurisprudence
    • Criminal Trial
      • Acquittal
      • Appreciation of Evidence
      • Child witness
      • Circumstantial Evidence
        • Principles - Circumstantial Evidence
        • Tests - Circumstantal Evidence
      • Fingerprints
      • A crime never dies
      • Sentence - Criminal trial
      • Trial in camera
      • Transfer of petition
    • CrPC
      • Section 41 - CrPC
      • Section 125 - CrpC
        • Speedy Decision - Matrimonial cases - S 125 CrPC
      • Section 156(3) - CrPC
        • Executive magistrate can not order for FIR S 156(3) - CrPC
      • Section 161 - CrPC
      • Section 167 - CrPC
        • Section 167(2) - CrPC
      • Section 173 - CrPC
      • Section 177 - CrPC
      • Section 210 - CrPC
      • Section 228 - CrPC
      • Section 256 - CrPC
      • Section 311 - CrPC
        • Section 357 - CrPC
      • Section 362 - CrPC
      • Section 378 - CrPC
        • Possible View - CrPC S. 378
      • Section 389 - CrPC
      • Section 397 - CrPC
        • Section 397(2) - CrPC
      • Section 406 - CrPC
      • Section 437 - CrPC
      • Section 438 - CrPC
        • Anticipatory bail by minor
      • Section 439 - CrPC
      • Section 446 - CrPC
      • Section 451 - CrPC
      • Section 465 - CrPC
      • Section 477 - CrPC
      • Section 482
        • Jurisdiction and Powers
        • Locus of a third party to challenge the criminal proceedings
    • Cause of Action
  • D
    • Doctrine of Election
      • Election of Remedies - Explained (Doctrine of Election)
    • Doctrine of Parens Patriae
    • Doctrine of Stare Decisis
  • E
    • East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act, 1949
      • S. 13 - East Punjab Rent
        • S. 13(3)(a) - East Punjab Rent
          • Rent - Maintainability of an eviction proceeding as framed is altogether in
    • Elections
      • Statutory Right
      • Writ (Elections)
    • Environment
      • Environmental protection goes beyond law suits
      • Environmental Jurisprudence
      • Damages - Environment
      • Environmental Rule of law
    • Environment Act
    • Equity
      • Maxims of Equity
    • Equality
    • Evidence
    • Evidence Act
      • Section 32 - Evidence Act
      • Section 35 - Evidence Act
      • Section 65 - Evidence Act
      • Section 65B - Evidence Act
      • Section 90 - Evidence Act
      • Section 92 - Evidence Act
      • Section 114 - Evidence Act
    • Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
      • Section 11 - Employees Provident Fund
      • Section 11(2) - Employees Provident Fund
    • Employees Compensation Act
  • F
    • Family Arrangement
      • Family
        • Family - Term
        • Family - Wide connotation
        • Family - Concept of
      • Essentials of a family settlement
      • Object of Family Arrangements
      • Value of family arrangements
      • What is a Family Arrangement
    • Family Courts Act
    • Female Foeticide
    • FIR (First Information Report)
      • Res Judicata - FIR Quashing
    • Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961
    • Forest Act
    • Fraud
      • Civil court jurisdiction - fraud
    • Facebook
  • G
    • Gift
      • Conditional Gift
      • Gift without transfer of possession
    • Guardians and Wards Act, 1890
      • Joint Parenting
      • Father as a Guardian
      • Section 25 - Guardian and Wards
    • General Clauses Act
      • Section 27 - General Clauses Act
  • H
    • Habeas Corpus
      • Minor - Habeas Corpus
    • Haryana .......
      • Haryana Civil Services (Punishment and Appeal) Rules, 1987
      • Haryana Municipal Election Rules, 1978
      • Haryana Public Service Commission
      • Haryana State Subordinate Accounts (Group `C’) Service Rules, 1982
      • State Transport Haryana Employees Transfer Policy, 2018,
    • Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956
      • Section 18 - Hindu Adoption
        • Hindu Woman married to a Hindu male having a lawfully wedded wife
    • Hindu Marriage Act (25 of 1955)
      • Section 13 - HMA
        • Section 13(2)(ia) - HMA
        • Section 13-B(2) - HMA
        • Permanent Alimony - S. 13 HMA
      • Section 24 - HMA
      • Section 28 - HMA
    • Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956
    • Hindu Succession Act
      • Section 14 - Hindu Succession Act
    • Honour Killing
    • HUF - Hindu Undivided Family
  • I
    • Indian Administrative Service (Recruitment) Rules, 1954
    • Industrial Disputes Act
      • Section 25 - Industrial Disputes Act
    • Insecticides Act, 1968
      • Section 27 - Insecticides Act
    • Insolvency and Banking Code, 2016
      • Section 7 - IBC
      • Section 8 - IBC
    • Insurance
      • Acts and Notifications (Insurance)
      • Standard Form Contracts
      • Theft
        • Delay in intimation
    • Interpretation
    • IPC - Indian Penal Code
      • Section 34 - IPC
      • Section 84 - IPC
      • Section 153A - IPC
      • Sections 302 - IPC
      • Section 359 - IPC
      • Section 361 - IPC
      • Section 366 - IPC
      • Section 415 - IPC
      • Section 174 - IPC
      • Section 417 - IPC
  • J
    • Judicial Process
      • Judicial reasoning
      • Cut-Copy-Paste
    • Judicial Review
    • Judicial Discipline
      • Guidelines regarding the pronouncement of judgments - Judicial Discipline
    • Judges
      • Role of judges
  • L
    • Land Acquisition Act, 1986
      • Release of enhanced compensation pending appeal - Land Acquisition
      • S. 32 - Land Acquisition
    • Law
      • Concession by Advocate
      • Legal Right
      • Rule of Law
      • Rules and Regulations
        • administrative instructions can not override statutory provisions/rules/reg
      • Precedent - Law of Precedent
        • Precedents: A source of “law” under the Constitution of India
        • Ratio decidendi : Law of Precedents
        • Departure : Law of Precedents
        • Deprecation : Law of Precedents
        • Reference to larger bench : Law of Precedents
        • Precedents are not to be read as a statute
        • Exceptions to binding precedents
        • Per incuriam : Law of precedents
          • Per Incuriam in relaxation of the rule of Stare Decisis
          • Per Incuriam : Judgment Affect
        • Circumstances destroying or weakening the binding force of precedent
        • Application of Precedents in criminal cases
        • Conflicts between Benches : Law of precedents
    • Legal Doctrines and Principles
      • De facto Doctrine
      • Principle of estoppel or acquiescence
    • Legal Maxims
      • Aequitas est quasi aequalitas
      • Aequitas sequitur legem,
      • Equity - Maxims
      • Vigilantibus non dormientibus aequitas subvenit.
      • vigilantibus non dormientibus jura subveniunt
    • Legislation
      • Legislation : When is complete
      • Rules of Construction - Words and Phrases
        • Legislation : Rules of construction
        • Legislation :Language used can be construed to salvage remedial intendment
    • Limitation Act, 1963
      • Section 5 - Limitation
        • Government /State - Section 5 - Limitation
      • Article 65 - Limitation
      • Article 54 - Limitation
    • Live-in Relationship
  • M
    • Main Services Regulations, 1976
    • Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007
      • Section 22 - Maintenance and Welfare ....
      • Section 23 - Maintenance and Welfare ....
    • Marriage
    • Media
    • Media and Criminal Trial
    • Mutation
    • Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
      • Guidelines for conduct of MACT claims
      • Section 51 - MVA
      • Section 100 - MVA, 1988
      • Section 149 - MVA
        • S. 149(2)(a) - MVA
      • Section 166 - MVA
        • Claims and legal liabilities crystallise at the time of the accident itself
        • Contributory Negligence - - S 166 MVA
        • Future Prospects - S 166 MVA
          • Deceased
          • Notional Income - MVA
        • Gratuitous Passenger - S 166 MVA
        • Just Compensation - S 166 MVA
        • Non Earning Victim - Student - S 166 MVA
        • Pay and Recover - S 166 MVA
        • Personal Expenses - S 166 MVA
        • Victim employed but income not proved - S 166 MVA
        • Negligence - S 166 MVA
          • Fault of bigger vehicle - S 166 MVA
          • Two Wheeler - Triple Riding
      • Section 173 - MVA
      • Second Schedule - MVA
      • CPC and MVA
    • MSME - Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006
      • S. 19 - MSME
  • N
    • Natural Justice
    • Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
      • Section 138
        • 138 - Object of
        • 138 - Civil Offence
        • 138 - Evidence
        • Guarantur - 138
        • Holder of cheque in due course - Payee - 138
        • Joint liability to pay debt - 138
        • Legally Enforceable Debt
          • Legally Enforceable Debt - Not proved
        • 138 - Quasi Criminal
        • When does drawing of cheque become complete - 138
        • Proclaimed Offender - S 138
      • Section 139
        • 139 - Degree of proof
        • 139 - Presumption
          • 139 - Preponderance of Probabilities
          • 139 - Prudent Man
        • 139 - Reverse onus clause
        • 139 - Direct / Indirect Evidence
      • Section 141 - NIA
    • Notice
      • Advocate / Authorised Person - Notice
      • Refusal - Notice
      • Not Delivered - Affect - Notice
    • National Green Tribunal Act
      • Section 2(1)(m) - NGT
    • NDPS - Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act
      • S. 21 - NDPS
  • P
    • Passport
    • Passports Act, 1967
    • Pension
    • Pleadings
    • Plot
    • Possession
    • Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
      • Exoneration - Affect - PCA
      • Quashing - PCA
      • Section 5 - PCA
      • Section 7 - PCA
      • Section 13 - PCA
      • Section 19 - PCA
      • Section 20 - PCA
      • Section 197 - PCA
    • Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012
    • Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
    • Punjab.......
      • Punjab Civil Services Rules
      • Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887
      • Punjab Municipal Act, 1911
      • Punjab Village Common Lands Regulations Act, 1961 (18 of 1961)
      • Punjab Land Revenue Manual
      • East Punjab Utilization of Lands Act, 1949
    • Precedent
    • Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954
      • section 7 - PFA
    • Privileged litigant
    • PIL - Public Interest Litigation
    • PC & PNDT (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Rules, 1996
    • Privacy
  • R
    • Railways Act, 1989
    • Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (16 of 2016)
      • Section 43
    • Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act , 1993 (RDB Act)
      • Section 31 (RDB Act)
    • Registration Act
      • S. 17 - Registration Act
    • Rent Act
      • Lease / Tenancy – Eviction – Arbitration - Arbitrability of the dispute
      • Leave to Defend
    • Revenue Terms
    • Roster
  • S
    • Securitisation and Reconstruction (SARFAESI Act)
      • Section 26D - Sarfaesi
      • Section 26E (SarfaesI)
    • Service Matter
      • ACR
      • Ad hoc appointments
      • Absence from Duty
      • Appointment - Service Matter
      • Compassionate Appointment
      • Disciplinary Proceedings
        • Charges - Can not go beyond - Disciplinary proceedings
        • Doctrine of unreasonableness - Doctrine of proportionality
        • Evidence - Departmental proceedings
        • Quasi Judicial - Departmental Proceedings
        • Reasons to be recorded - Disciplinary Authority
        • Rules of natural Justice - Disciplinary Authority
        • Writ - Interference - Disciplinary Proceedings
      • Main Services Regulations, 1976
      • Powers of High Court and Tribunals s of facts
      • Promotions
      • Recruitment
      • Rules
        • Relaxation of Rules
      • Transfer
      • Disability
    • Special Marriage Act, 1954
      • Section 36 - Special Marriage Act, 1954
    • Specific performance of contract for sale of immovable property
      • Change in position (Specific Performance)
      • Delay (Specific Performance)
      • Equity (Specific Performance)
      • Necessary party - (Specific performance)
    • Specific Relief Act, 1963
      • Section 19 - Specific Relief Act
        • Copy of Section 19 - Specific Relief Act
      • Section 20 - Special Marriage Act, 1954
      • Section 36 - Specific Relief Act
    • Suit
      • Injunction
        • Injunction without relief for declaration - Suit for
      • Specific Performance - Suit for
        • co Sharer - Specific performance
        • Conduct - Specific Performance
        • Delay and Laches - Specific Performance
        • Limitation - Specific performance
        • Necessary party - Specific performance
        • NO bona fides - Specific Performance
        • Price escalation - Specific performance
        • Ready and Willingness - Specific Performance
      • Title - Suit for Declaration of Title
    • Stamp Act, 1899
      • Article 23 - Stamp Act
      • Section 35 - Stamp Act
      • Section 38 - Stamp Act
    • Stare Decisis
    • Statutes
      • Interpretation of Statutes
        • Preamble
        • Prospective or Retrospective
  • T
    • Tax
      • Sabka Vishwas (Legacy Dispute Resolution) Rules 2019
    • Tender
      • Commercial Considerations - Tender
      • Courts power of review - tender
      • Experience
        • What is Experience - Tender
        • Classification between proprietary and partnership firm arbitrary
        • Investment partner - Tender
        • Past experience of partners - Tender
        • Ratio based on Investment and Profit sharing in a Joint venture - Tender
        • Reliance on technical qualification of a 3rd party - Tender
        • Whether Sole Proprietorship could claim experience of a Joint Venture
      • Interpretation, construction of Tenders
        • Court should not ascribe superfluity to the language of a document
        • Party issuing has the right to enforce the terms of the tender
        • Owner is best person to interpret the tender conditions
        • Owner should be allowed to carry out the purpose of the tender
        • Judicial review in Tenders
          • Judicial restraint in administrative action - Contract
          • Technical Evaluation would be impermissible - Tender
    • Transfer of Property Act, 1882
      • Section 10 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 13 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 20 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 41 - TPA
      • Section 52 - TPA
      • Section 53-A - TPA
      • Section 114 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 122 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 126 - TPA
    • Technology and Law
  • U
    • Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967
  • V
    • Videoconferencing
  • W
    • Word and Phrases
      • Contra perfentum
      • Good Faith
      • Homemaker
      • Latin Terms
      • Legal Doctrines and Principles
      • Malum prohibitum
        • Mistake of Law in Mala Prohibita Crimes
      • May and Shall
      • Presumption
      • Quotes
      • Revenue Terms
        • Units of Measurement
      • He who seeks equity must do equity.
      • Approbrate and reprobate
    • Will
      • Will - Principles while undertaking the construction of a will
      • Will - Conflict between two clauses of a Will
    • Witness
    • Women
PLR
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  • A
    • Abatement
    • Act of God
    • Admisson
    • Advocate
      • Advocate - Exemplary Behaviour
      • Advocate - Role of lawyer
    • Agreement
      • One Sided Agreement
    • Airlines
    • All India Services (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1969
    • Allotment
      • Allotment of plot
    • Annual Confidential Reports (ACR)
    • Appeal
      • Appeal against acquittal
      • Not a party - Appeal
      • No reasonings by first Appellate court
      • Revision
    • Apprentices Act, 1961
    • Arbitration
      • Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
        • General - Arbitration
        • Bare act - Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
        • Jurisidiction
        • Section 2 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 3 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 4 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 7 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 8 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 9 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 11 - Arbitration
          • Section 11(6) - Arbitration
        • Section 12 - Arbitration
        • Section 16 - Arbitration
        • Section 37 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 20 - Arbitration
      • International arbitration
        • Appearance by the arbitrator himself for one of the parties in Appeal
        • Enhancement of interest in absence of appeal
        • Legal representation
      • Public Policy (Arbitration)
    • Arrest
      • Arrest – Power to arrest
      • Detention – Power to authorise detention
    • PLR
  • B
    • Bail
      • Anticipatory Bail
        • Considerations for grant of
        • Explanation called in terms of Arnesh Kumar
        • Earlier bail plea declined on similar circumstances - Anticipatory Bail
      • Anticipatory Bail and Regular Bail - Distinction
      • Cancellation of bail
      • COVID 19 - Bail
      • Default Bail
      • Difference between cancellation and setting aside of bail order
      • Setting aside of bail order
      • Statutory Bail
    • Banking
      • Repossession - Default - Banking
    • Bar Council of India
  • C
    • CBI
    • Children
    • Central Goods and Service Tax Act, 2017
    • Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989
    • Civil and Criminal Proceedings
    • Company
      • A company is a legal entity distinct from its members.
      • Lifting of the veil - Company
    • Companies Act
    • Constitution of India
      • Writ of Certiorari
        • Writ of Certiorari - What is
          • What is the nature of a writ of certiorari.
      • Article 14 - Constitution
      • Article 16 - Constitution
      • Article 21 - Constitution
        • Right to Life - Art 21
        • Right to marry a person of choice
      • Article 136 - Constitution
      • Article 226 - Constitution
      • Article 227 - Constitution of India
        • Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
        • Writ Article 227 challenging orders passed under O 1 R 10 CPC
        • Writ Article 227 challenging orders passed under O 39 R 1
      • Article 309 - Constitution
      • Article 311 - Constitution
        • Subsistence Allowance - Art 311(2)
      • Article 329 - Constitution
    • Consumer Protection Act
      • Consumer protection Act, 1986
        • Allotment - Delay
        • Section 13 - CPA, 1986
        • S. 21 - CPA,86
      • Consumer protection Act, 2019
        • Section 38 - CPA, 2019
    • Contempt of Courts Act, 1971
      • Section 2 - Contempt of Courts Act
      • Section 10 _ Contempt of Courts Act
    • Contract
      • Commentary - Contract
        • Formation of a Contract
        • Invitation to Treat
        • Intention to be legally bound
        • Consideration
        • Capacity - Contract
        • Formalities and writing requirements - Contract
        • Contract terms: construction and interpretation
          • Contractual terms
        • Third Parties - Contract
        • Performance - Contract
        • Defences - Contract
      • Final Draft
      • Standard Form of Contract
    • Contract Act
      • Section 2 - Contract Act
      • Section 4 - Contract Act
      • Section 7 - Contract Act
      • Section 32- Contract Act
      • Section 73 - Contract Act
    • Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970
    • Court
    • Court Fees Act
      • Section 16 - Court Fees Act
    • Covid-19
      • Limitation - Covid19
    • Co-Sharer
    • Compassionate Appointment
    • CPC (Civil Procedure Code, 1908 )
      • Provisions in Civil Matters to curtail delay in trial
    • CPC - Sections
      • Section 7 - CPC
      • Section 9 - CPC
      • Section 11 - CPC
      • Section 25 - CPC
      • Section 47 - CPC
      • Section 64 - CPC
      • Section 90 - CPC
      • Section 96 - CPC
      • Section 100 - CPC
      • Section 103 - CPC
      • Section 104 - CPC
      • Section 115 - CPC
      • Section 151 - CPC
    • CPC -Orders and Rules
      • Order 1 - CPC
        • Order 1 Rule 1 - CPC
        • Order 1 Rule 2 - CPC
          • Scope of Order I Rules 2, 3A and Order II Rule 3 of the CPC
        • Order 1 Rule 3 - CPC
        • Order 1 Rule 10 - CPC
          • Order 1 Rule 10(1) - CPC
          • Order 1 Rule 10(2) - CPC
          • Dominus Litis - O1 R 10 CPC
          • Suo Moto Power - O 1 R 10 CPC
        • Proper Party - CPC O. 1
        • Necessary Party - CPC O. 1
        • Wrong Person - Order 1 - CPC
        • Non Joinder - Order 1 - CPC
        • Mis Joinder of Plaintiff - Order 1 - CPC
      • Order 2
        • Order 2 Rule 2
        • Order 2 Rule 3 - CPC
      • Order 5
      • Order 6
        • Order 6 Rule 17
      • Order 7
        • Order 7 Rule 11
      • Order 8
        • Order 8 Rule 6
        • Order 8 Rule 6A
      • Order 9
        • Order 9 Rule 4
        • Order 9 Rule 7
        • Order 9 Rule 13
          • Sufficient cause - O.9 R. 13
      • Order 12
        • Order 12 Rule 6
      • Order 13
        • Order 13 Rule 8
      • Order 14
      • Order 21
        • Order 21 Rule 51
          • O 21 R 2 - CPC
        • Limitation of several applications during execution
        • O. 21 R. 54
        • O.21 R.97
      • Order 23
        • Order 23 Rule 3
      • Order 30 - CPC
      • Order 39
        • Order 39 Rule 1
      • Order 41 - CPC
        • Order 41 Rule 33 - CPC
        • Order 41 Rule 31 - CPC
    • Criminal Jurisprudence
    • Criminal Trial
      • Acquittal
      • Appreciation of Evidence
      • Child witness
      • Circumstantial Evidence
        • Principles - Circumstantial Evidence
        • Tests - Circumstantal Evidence
      • Fingerprints
      • A crime never dies
      • Sentence - Criminal trial
      • Trial in camera
      • Transfer of petition
    • CrPC
      • Section 41 - CrPC
      • Section 125 - CrpC
        • Speedy Decision - Matrimonial cases - S 125 CrPC
      • Section 156(3) - CrPC
        • Executive magistrate can not order for FIR S 156(3) - CrPC
      • Section 161 - CrPC
      • Section 167 - CrPC
        • Section 167(2) - CrPC
      • Section 173 - CrPC
      • Section 177 - CrPC
      • Section 210 - CrPC
      • Section 228 - CrPC
      • Section 256 - CrPC
      • Section 311 - CrPC
        • Section 357 - CrPC
      • Section 362 - CrPC
      • Section 378 - CrPC
        • Possible View - CrPC S. 378
      • Section 389 - CrPC
      • Section 397 - CrPC
        • Section 397(2) - CrPC
      • Section 406 - CrPC
      • Section 437 - CrPC
      • Section 438 - CrPC
        • Anticipatory bail by minor
      • Section 439 - CrPC
      • Section 446 - CrPC
      • Section 451 - CrPC
      • Section 465 - CrPC
      • Section 477 - CrPC
      • Section 482
        • Jurisdiction and Powers
        • Locus of a third party to challenge the criminal proceedings
    • Cause of Action
  • D
    • Doctrine of Election
      • Election of Remedies - Explained (Doctrine of Election)
    • Doctrine of Parens Patriae
    • Doctrine of Stare Decisis
  • E
    • East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act, 1949
      • S. 13 - East Punjab Rent
        • S. 13(3)(a) - East Punjab Rent
          • Rent - Maintainability of an eviction proceeding as framed is altogether in
    • Elections
      • Statutory Right
      • Writ (Elections)
    • Environment
      • Environmental protection goes beyond law suits
      • Environmental Jurisprudence
      • Damages - Environment
      • Environmental Rule of law
    • Environment Act
    • Equity
      • Maxims of Equity
    • Equality
    • Evidence
    • Evidence Act
      • Section 32 - Evidence Act
      • Section 35 - Evidence Act
      • Section 65 - Evidence Act
      • Section 65B - Evidence Act
      • Section 90 - Evidence Act
      • Section 92 - Evidence Act
      • Section 114 - Evidence Act
    • Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
      • Section 11 - Employees Provident Fund
      • Section 11(2) - Employees Provident Fund
    • Employees Compensation Act
  • F
    • Family Arrangement
      • Family
        • Family - Term
        • Family - Wide connotation
        • Family - Concept of
      • Essentials of a family settlement
      • Object of Family Arrangements
      • Value of family arrangements
      • What is a Family Arrangement
    • Family Courts Act
    • Female Foeticide
    • FIR (First Information Report)
      • Res Judicata - FIR Quashing
    • Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961
    • Forest Act
    • Fraud
      • Civil court jurisdiction - fraud
    • Facebook
  • G
    • Gift
      • Conditional Gift
      • Gift without transfer of possession
    • Guardians and Wards Act, 1890
      • Joint Parenting
      • Father as a Guardian
      • Section 25 - Guardian and Wards
    • General Clauses Act
      • Section 27 - General Clauses Act
  • H
    • Habeas Corpus
      • Minor - Habeas Corpus
    • Haryana .......
      • Haryana Civil Services (Punishment and Appeal) Rules, 1987
      • Haryana Municipal Election Rules, 1978
      • Haryana Public Service Commission
      • Haryana State Subordinate Accounts (Group `C’) Service Rules, 1982
      • State Transport Haryana Employees Transfer Policy, 2018,
    • Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956
      • Section 18 - Hindu Adoption
        • Hindu Woman married to a Hindu male having a lawfully wedded wife
    • Hindu Marriage Act (25 of 1955)
      • Section 13 - HMA
        • Section 13(2)(ia) - HMA
        • Section 13-B(2) - HMA
        • Permanent Alimony - S. 13 HMA
      • Section 24 - HMA
      • Section 28 - HMA
    • Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956
    • Hindu Succession Act
      • Section 14 - Hindu Succession Act
    • Honour Killing
    • HUF - Hindu Undivided Family
  • I
    • Indian Administrative Service (Recruitment) Rules, 1954
    • Industrial Disputes Act
      • Section 25 - Industrial Disputes Act
    • Insecticides Act, 1968
      • Section 27 - Insecticides Act
    • Insolvency and Banking Code, 2016
      • Section 7 - IBC
      • Section 8 - IBC
    • Insurance
      • Acts and Notifications (Insurance)
      • Standard Form Contracts
      • Theft
        • Delay in intimation
    • Interpretation
    • IPC - Indian Penal Code
      • Section 34 - IPC
      • Section 84 - IPC
      • Section 153A - IPC
      • Sections 302 - IPC
      • Section 359 - IPC
      • Section 361 - IPC
      • Section 366 - IPC
      • Section 415 - IPC
      • Section 174 - IPC
      • Section 417 - IPC
  • J
    • Judicial Process
      • Judicial reasoning
      • Cut-Copy-Paste
    • Judicial Review
    • Judicial Discipline
      • Guidelines regarding the pronouncement of judgments - Judicial Discipline
    • Judges
      • Role of judges
  • L
    • Land Acquisition Act, 1986
      • Release of enhanced compensation pending appeal - Land Acquisition
      • S. 32 - Land Acquisition
    • Law
      • Concession by Advocate
      • Legal Right
      • Rule of Law
      • Rules and Regulations
        • administrative instructions can not override statutory provisions/rules/reg
      • Precedent - Law of Precedent
        • Precedents: A source of “law” under the Constitution of India
        • Ratio decidendi : Law of Precedents
        • Departure : Law of Precedents
        • Deprecation : Law of Precedents
        • Reference to larger bench : Law of Precedents
        • Precedents are not to be read as a statute
        • Exceptions to binding precedents
        • Per incuriam : Law of precedents
          • Per Incuriam in relaxation of the rule of Stare Decisis
          • Per Incuriam : Judgment Affect
        • Circumstances destroying or weakening the binding force of precedent
        • Application of Precedents in criminal cases
        • Conflicts between Benches : Law of precedents
    • Legal Doctrines and Principles
      • De facto Doctrine
      • Principle of estoppel or acquiescence
    • Legal Maxims
      • Aequitas est quasi aequalitas
      • Aequitas sequitur legem,
      • Equity - Maxims
      • Vigilantibus non dormientibus aequitas subvenit.
      • vigilantibus non dormientibus jura subveniunt
    • Legislation
      • Legislation : When is complete
      • Rules of Construction - Words and Phrases
        • Legislation : Rules of construction
        • Legislation :Language used can be construed to salvage remedial intendment
    • Limitation Act, 1963
      • Section 5 - Limitation
        • Government /State - Section 5 - Limitation
      • Article 65 - Limitation
      • Article 54 - Limitation
    • Live-in Relationship
  • M
    • Main Services Regulations, 1976
    • Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007
      • Section 22 - Maintenance and Welfare ....
      • Section 23 - Maintenance and Welfare ....
    • Marriage
    • Media
    • Media and Criminal Trial
    • Mutation
    • Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
      • Guidelines for conduct of MACT claims
      • Section 51 - MVA
      • Section 100 - MVA, 1988
      • Section 149 - MVA
        • S. 149(2)(a) - MVA
      • Section 166 - MVA
        • Claims and legal liabilities crystallise at the time of the accident itself
        • Contributory Negligence - - S 166 MVA
        • Future Prospects - S 166 MVA
          • Deceased
          • Notional Income - MVA
        • Gratuitous Passenger - S 166 MVA
        • Just Compensation - S 166 MVA
        • Non Earning Victim - Student - S 166 MVA
        • Pay and Recover - S 166 MVA
        • Personal Expenses - S 166 MVA
        • Victim employed but income not proved - S 166 MVA
        • Negligence - S 166 MVA
          • Fault of bigger vehicle - S 166 MVA
          • Two Wheeler - Triple Riding
      • Section 173 - MVA
      • Second Schedule - MVA
      • CPC and MVA
    • MSME - Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006
      • S. 19 - MSME
  • N
    • Natural Justice
    • Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
      • Section 138
        • 138 - Object of
        • 138 - Civil Offence
        • 138 - Evidence
        • Guarantur - 138
        • Holder of cheque in due course - Payee - 138
        • Joint liability to pay debt - 138
        • Legally Enforceable Debt
          • Legally Enforceable Debt - Not proved
        • 138 - Quasi Criminal
        • When does drawing of cheque become complete - 138
        • Proclaimed Offender - S 138
      • Section 139
        • 139 - Degree of proof
        • 139 - Presumption
          • 139 - Preponderance of Probabilities
          • 139 - Prudent Man
        • 139 - Reverse onus clause
        • 139 - Direct / Indirect Evidence
      • Section 141 - NIA
    • Notice
      • Advocate / Authorised Person - Notice
      • Refusal - Notice
      • Not Delivered - Affect - Notice
    • National Green Tribunal Act
      • Section 2(1)(m) - NGT
    • NDPS - Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act
      • S. 21 - NDPS
  • P
    • Passport
    • Passports Act, 1967
    • Pension
    • Pleadings
    • Plot
    • Possession
    • Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
      • Exoneration - Affect - PCA
      • Quashing - PCA
      • Section 5 - PCA
      • Section 7 - PCA
      • Section 13 - PCA
      • Section 19 - PCA
      • Section 20 - PCA
      • Section 197 - PCA
    • Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012
    • Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
    • Punjab.......
      • Punjab Civil Services Rules
      • Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887
      • Punjab Municipal Act, 1911
      • Punjab Village Common Lands Regulations Act, 1961 (18 of 1961)
      • Punjab Land Revenue Manual
      • East Punjab Utilization of Lands Act, 1949
    • Precedent
    • Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954
      • section 7 - PFA
    • Privileged litigant
    • PIL - Public Interest Litigation
    • PC & PNDT (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Rules, 1996
    • Privacy
  • R
    • Railways Act, 1989
    • Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (16 of 2016)
      • Section 43
    • Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act , 1993 (RDB Act)
      • Section 31 (RDB Act)
    • Registration Act
      • S. 17 - Registration Act
    • Rent Act
      • Lease / Tenancy – Eviction – Arbitration - Arbitrability of the dispute
      • Leave to Defend
    • Revenue Terms
    • Roster
  • S
    • Securitisation and Reconstruction (SARFAESI Act)
      • Section 26D - Sarfaesi
      • Section 26E (SarfaesI)
    • Service Matter
      • ACR
      • Ad hoc appointments
      • Absence from Duty
      • Appointment - Service Matter
      • Compassionate Appointment
      • Disciplinary Proceedings
        • Charges - Can not go beyond - Disciplinary proceedings
        • Doctrine of unreasonableness - Doctrine of proportionality
        • Evidence - Departmental proceedings
        • Quasi Judicial - Departmental Proceedings
        • Reasons to be recorded - Disciplinary Authority
        • Rules of natural Justice - Disciplinary Authority
        • Writ - Interference - Disciplinary Proceedings
      • Main Services Regulations, 1976
      • Powers of High Court and Tribunals s of facts
      • Promotions
      • Recruitment
      • Rules
        • Relaxation of Rules
      • Transfer
      • Disability
    • Special Marriage Act, 1954
      • Section 36 - Special Marriage Act, 1954
    • Specific performance of contract for sale of immovable property
      • Change in position (Specific Performance)
      • Delay (Specific Performance)
      • Equity (Specific Performance)
      • Necessary party - (Specific performance)
    • Specific Relief Act, 1963
      • Section 19 - Specific Relief Act
        • Copy of Section 19 - Specific Relief Act
      • Section 20 - Special Marriage Act, 1954
      • Section 36 - Specific Relief Act
    • Suit
      • Injunction
        • Injunction without relief for declaration - Suit for
      • Specific Performance - Suit for
        • co Sharer - Specific performance
        • Conduct - Specific Performance
        • Delay and Laches - Specific Performance
        • Limitation - Specific performance
        • Necessary party - Specific performance
        • NO bona fides - Specific Performance
        • Price escalation - Specific performance
        • Ready and Willingness - Specific Performance
      • Title - Suit for Declaration of Title
    • Stamp Act, 1899
      • Article 23 - Stamp Act
      • Section 35 - Stamp Act
      • Section 38 - Stamp Act
    • Stare Decisis
    • Statutes
      • Interpretation of Statutes
        • Preamble
        • Prospective or Retrospective
  • T
    • Tax
      • Sabka Vishwas (Legacy Dispute Resolution) Rules 2019
    • Tender
      • Commercial Considerations - Tender
      • Courts power of review - tender
      • Experience
        • What is Experience - Tender
        • Classification between proprietary and partnership firm arbitrary
        • Investment partner - Tender
        • Past experience of partners - Tender
        • Ratio based on Investment and Profit sharing in a Joint venture - Tender
        • Reliance on technical qualification of a 3rd party - Tender
        • Whether Sole Proprietorship could claim experience of a Joint Venture
      • Interpretation, construction of Tenders
        • Court should not ascribe superfluity to the language of a document
        • Party issuing has the right to enforce the terms of the tender
        • Owner is best person to interpret the tender conditions
        • Owner should be allowed to carry out the purpose of the tender
        • Judicial review in Tenders
          • Judicial restraint in administrative action - Contract
          • Technical Evaluation would be impermissible - Tender
    • Transfer of Property Act, 1882
      • Section 10 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 13 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 20 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 41 - TPA
      • Section 52 - TPA
      • Section 53-A - TPA
      • Section 114 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 122 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 126 - TPA
    • Technology and Law
  • U
    • Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967
  • V
    • Videoconferencing
  • W
    • Word and Phrases
      • Contra perfentum
      • Good Faith
      • Homemaker
      • Latin Terms
      • Legal Doctrines and Principles
      • Malum prohibitum
        • Mistake of Law in Mala Prohibita Crimes
      • May and Shall
      • Presumption
      • Quotes
      • Revenue Terms
        • Units of Measurement
      • He who seeks equity must do equity.
      • Approbrate and reprobate
    • Will
      • Will - Principles while undertaking the construction of a will
      • Will - Conflict between two clauses of a Will
    • Witness
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    • A
      • Abatement
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      • Advocate
        • Advocate - Exemplary Behaviour
        • Advocate - Role of lawyer
      • Agreement
        • One Sided Agreement
      • Airlines
      • All India Services (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1969
      • Allotment
        • Allotment of plot
      • Annual Confidential Reports (ACR)
      • Appeal
        • Appeal against acquittal
        • Not a party - Appeal
        • No reasonings by first Appellate court
        • Revision
      • Apprentices Act, 1961
      • Arbitration
        • Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
          • General - Arbitration
          • Bare act - Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
          • Jurisidiction
          • Section 2 - Arbitration, 1996
          • Section 3 - Arbitration, 1996
          • Section 4 - Arbitration, 1996
          • Section 7 - Arbitration, 1996
          • Section 8 - Arbitration, 1996
          • Section 9 - Arbitration, 1996
          • Section 11 - Arbitration
            • Section 11(6) - Arbitration
          • Section 12 - Arbitration
          • Section 16 - Arbitration
          • Section 37 - Arbitration, 1996
          • Section 20 - Arbitration
        • International arbitration
          • Appearance by the arbitrator himself for one of the parties in Appeal
          • Enhancement of interest in absence of appeal
          • Legal representation
        • Public Policy (Arbitration)
      • Arrest
        • Arrest – Power to arrest
        • Detention – Power to authorise detention
      • PLR
    • B
      • Bail
        • Anticipatory Bail
          • Considerations for grant of
          • Explanation called in terms of Arnesh Kumar
          • Earlier bail plea declined on similar circumstances - Anticipatory Bail
        • Anticipatory Bail and Regular Bail - Distinction
        • Cancellation of bail
        • COVID 19 - Bail
        • Default Bail
        • Difference between cancellation and setting aside of bail order
        • Setting aside of bail order
        • Statutory Bail
      • Banking
        • Repossession - Default - Banking
      • Bar Council of India
    • C
      • CBI
      • Children
      • Central Goods and Service Tax Act, 2017
      • Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989
      • Civil and Criminal Proceedings
      • Company
        • A company is a legal entity distinct from its members.
        • Lifting of the veil - Company
      • Companies Act
      • Constitution of India
        • Writ of Certiorari
          • Writ of Certiorari - What is
            • What is the nature of a writ of certiorari.
        • Article 14 - Constitution
        • Article 16 - Constitution
        • Article 21 - Constitution
          • Right to Life - Art 21
          • Right to marry a person of choice
        • Article 136 - Constitution
        • Article 226 - Constitution
        • Article 227 - Constitution of India
          • Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
          • Writ Article 227 challenging orders passed under O 1 R 10 CPC
          • Writ Article 227 challenging orders passed under O 39 R 1
        • Article 309 - Constitution
        • Article 311 - Constitution
          • Subsistence Allowance - Art 311(2)
        • Article 329 - Constitution
      • Consumer Protection Act
        • Consumer protection Act, 1986
          • Allotment - Delay
          • Section 13 - CPA, 1986
          • S. 21 - CPA,86
        • Consumer protection Act, 2019
          • Section 38 - CPA, 2019
      • Contempt of Courts Act, 1971
        • Section 2 - Contempt of Courts Act
        • Section 10 _ Contempt of Courts Act
      • Contract
        • Commentary - Contract
          • Formation of a Contract
          • Invitation to Treat
          • Intention to be legally bound
          • Consideration
          • Capacity - Contract
          • Formalities and writing requirements - Contract
          • Contract terms: construction and interpretation
            • Contractual terms
          • Third Parties - Contract
          • Performance - Contract
          • Defences - Contract
        • Final Draft
        • Standard Form of Contract
      • Contract Act
        • Section 2 - Contract Act
        • Section 4 - Contract Act
        • Section 7 - Contract Act
        • Section 32- Contract Act
        • Section 73 - Contract Act
      • Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970
      • Court
      • Court Fees Act
        • Section 16 - Court Fees Act
      • Covid-19
        • Limitation - Covid19
      • Co-Sharer
      • Compassionate Appointment
      • CPC (Civil Procedure Code, 1908 )
        • Provisions in Civil Matters to curtail delay in trial
      • CPC - Sections
        • Section 7 - CPC
        • Section 9 - CPC
        • Section 11 - CPC
        • Section 25 - CPC
        • Section 47 - CPC
        • Section 64 - CPC
        • Section 90 - CPC
        • Section 96 - CPC
        • Section 100 - CPC
        • Section 103 - CPC
        • Section 104 - CPC
        • Section 115 - CPC
        • Section 151 - CPC
      • CPC -Orders and Rules
        • Order 1 - CPC
          • Order 1 Rule 1 - CPC
          • Order 1 Rule 2 - CPC
            • Scope of Order I Rules 2, 3A and Order II Rule 3 of the CPC
          • Order 1 Rule 3 - CPC
          • Order 1 Rule 10 - CPC
            • Order 1 Rule 10(1) - CPC
            • Order 1 Rule 10(2) - CPC
            • Dominus Litis - O1 R 10 CPC
            • Suo Moto Power - O 1 R 10 CPC
          • Proper Party - CPC O. 1
          • Necessary Party - CPC O. 1
          • Wrong Person - Order 1 - CPC
          • Non Joinder - Order 1 - CPC
          • Mis Joinder of Plaintiff - Order 1 - CPC
        • Order 2
          • Order 2 Rule 2
          • Order 2 Rule 3 - CPC
        • Order 5
        • Order 6
          • Order 6 Rule 17
        • Order 7
          • Order 7 Rule 11
        • Order 8
          • Order 8 Rule 6
          • Order 8 Rule 6A
        • Order 9
          • Order 9 Rule 4
          • Order 9 Rule 7
          • Order 9 Rule 13
            • Sufficient cause - O.9 R. 13
        • Order 12
          • Order 12 Rule 6
        • Order 13
          • Order 13 Rule 8
        • Order 14
        • Order 21
          • Order 21 Rule 51
            • O 21 R 2 - CPC
          • Limitation of several applications during execution
          • O. 21 R. 54
          • O.21 R.97
        • Order 23
          • Order 23 Rule 3
        • Order 30 - CPC
        • Order 39
          • Order 39 Rule 1
        • Order 41 - CPC
          • Order 41 Rule 33 - CPC
          • Order 41 Rule 31 - CPC
      • Criminal Jurisprudence
      • Criminal Trial
        • Acquittal
        • Appreciation of Evidence
        • Child witness
        • Circumstantial Evidence
          • Principles - Circumstantial Evidence
          • Tests - Circumstantal Evidence
        • Fingerprints
        • A crime never dies
        • Sentence - Criminal trial
        • Trial in camera
        • Transfer of petition
      • CrPC
        • Section 41 - CrPC
        • Section 125 - CrpC
          • Speedy Decision - Matrimonial cases - S 125 CrPC
        • Section 156(3) - CrPC
          • Executive magistrate can not order for FIR S 156(3) - CrPC
        • Section 161 - CrPC
        • Section 167 - CrPC
          • Section 167(2) - CrPC
        • Section 173 - CrPC
        • Section 177 - CrPC
        • Section 210 - CrPC
        • Section 228 - CrPC
        • Section 256 - CrPC
        • Section 311 - CrPC
          • Section 357 - CrPC
        • Section 362 - CrPC
        • Section 378 - CrPC
          • Possible View - CrPC S. 378
        • Section 389 - CrPC
        • Section 397 - CrPC
          • Section 397(2) - CrPC
        • Section 406 - CrPC
        • Section 437 - CrPC
        • Section 438 - CrPC
          • Anticipatory bail by minor
        • Section 439 - CrPC
        • Section 446 - CrPC
        • Section 451 - CrPC
        • Section 465 - CrPC
        • Section 477 - CrPC
        • Section 482
          • Jurisdiction and Powers
          • Locus of a third party to challenge the criminal proceedings
      • Cause of Action
    • D
      • Doctrine of Election
        • Election of Remedies - Explained (Doctrine of Election)
      • Doctrine of Parens Patriae
      • Doctrine of Stare Decisis
    • E
      • East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act, 1949
        • S. 13 - East Punjab Rent
          • S. 13(3)(a) - East Punjab Rent
            • Rent - Maintainability of an eviction proceeding as framed is altogether in
      • Elections
        • Statutory Right
        • Writ (Elections)
      • Environment
        • Environmental protection goes beyond law suits
        • Environmental Jurisprudence
        • Damages - Environment
        • Environmental Rule of law
      • Environment Act
      • Equity
        • Maxims of Equity
      • Equality
      • Evidence
      • Evidence Act
        • Section 32 - Evidence Act
        • Section 35 - Evidence Act
        • Section 65 - Evidence Act
        • Section 65B - Evidence Act
        • Section 90 - Evidence Act
        • Section 92 - Evidence Act
        • Section 114 - Evidence Act
      • Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
        • Section 11 - Employees Provident Fund
        • Section 11(2) - Employees Provident Fund
      • Employees Compensation Act
    • F
      • Family Arrangement
        • Family
          • Family - Term
          • Family - Wide connotation
          • Family - Concept of
        • Essentials of a family settlement
        • Object of Family Arrangements
        • Value of family arrangements
        • What is a Family Arrangement
      • Family Courts Act
      • Female Foeticide
      • FIR (First Information Report)
        • Res Judicata - FIR Quashing
      • Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961
      • Forest Act
      • Fraud
        • Civil court jurisdiction - fraud
      • Facebook
    • G
      • Gift
        • Conditional Gift
        • Gift without transfer of possession
      • Guardians and Wards Act, 1890
        • Joint Parenting
        • Father as a Guardian
        • Section 25 - Guardian and Wards
      • General Clauses Act
        • Section 27 - General Clauses Act
    • H
      • Habeas Corpus
        • Minor - Habeas Corpus
      • Haryana .......
        • Haryana Civil Services (Punishment and Appeal) Rules, 1987
        • Haryana Municipal Election Rules, 1978
        • Haryana Public Service Commission
        • Haryana State Subordinate Accounts (Group `C’) Service Rules, 1982
        • State Transport Haryana Employees Transfer Policy, 2018,
      • Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956
        • Section 18 - Hindu Adoption
          • Hindu Woman married to a Hindu male having a lawfully wedded wife
      • Hindu Marriage Act (25 of 1955)
        • Section 13 - HMA
          • Section 13(2)(ia) - HMA
          • Section 13-B(2) - HMA
          • Permanent Alimony - S. 13 HMA
        • Section 24 - HMA
        • Section 28 - HMA
      • Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956
      • Hindu Succession Act
        • Section 14 - Hindu Succession Act
      • Honour Killing
      • HUF - Hindu Undivided Family
    • I
      • Indian Administrative Service (Recruitment) Rules, 1954
      • Industrial Disputes Act
        • Section 25 - Industrial Disputes Act
      • Insecticides Act, 1968
        • Section 27 - Insecticides Act
      • Insolvency and Banking Code, 2016
        • Section 7 - IBC
        • Section 8 - IBC
      • Insurance
        • Acts and Notifications (Insurance)
        • Standard Form Contracts
        • Theft
          • Delay in intimation
      • Interpretation
      • IPC - Indian Penal Code
        • Section 34 - IPC
        • Section 84 - IPC
        • Section 153A - IPC
        • Sections 302 - IPC
        • Section 359 - IPC
        • Section 361 - IPC
        • Section 366 - IPC
        • Section 415 - IPC
        • Section 174 - IPC
        • Section 417 - IPC
    • J
      • Judicial Process
        • Judicial reasoning
        • Cut-Copy-Paste
      • Judicial Review
      • Judicial Discipline
        • Guidelines regarding the pronouncement of judgments - Judicial Discipline
      • Judges
        • Role of judges
    • L
      • Land Acquisition Act, 1986
        • Release of enhanced compensation pending appeal - Land Acquisition
        • S. 32 - Land Acquisition
      • Law
        • Concession by Advocate
        • Legal Right
        • Rule of Law
        • Rules and Regulations
          • administrative instructions can not override statutory provisions/rules/reg
        • Precedent - Law of Precedent
          • Precedents: A source of “law” under the Constitution of India
          • Ratio decidendi : Law of Precedents
          • Departure : Law of Precedents
          • Deprecation : Law of Precedents
          • Reference to larger bench : Law of Precedents
          • Precedents are not to be read as a statute
          • Exceptions to binding precedents
          • Per incuriam : Law of precedents
            • Per Incuriam in relaxation of the rule of Stare Decisis
            • Per Incuriam : Judgment Affect
          • Circumstances destroying or weakening the binding force of precedent
          • Application of Precedents in criminal cases
          • Conflicts between Benches : Law of precedents
      • Legal Doctrines and Principles
        • De facto Doctrine
        • Principle of estoppel or acquiescence
      • Legal Maxims
        • Aequitas est quasi aequalitas
        • Aequitas sequitur legem,
        • Equity - Maxims
        • Vigilantibus non dormientibus aequitas subvenit.
        • vigilantibus non dormientibus jura subveniunt
      • Legislation
        • Legislation : When is complete
        • Rules of Construction - Words and Phrases
          • Legislation : Rules of construction
          • Legislation :Language used can be construed to salvage remedial intendment
      • Limitation Act, 1963
        • Section 5 - Limitation
          • Government /State - Section 5 - Limitation
        • Article 65 - Limitation
        • Article 54 - Limitation
      • Live-in Relationship
    • M
      • Main Services Regulations, 1976
      • Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007
        • Section 22 - Maintenance and Welfare ....
        • Section 23 - Maintenance and Welfare ....
      • Marriage
      • Media
      • Media and Criminal Trial
      • Mutation
      • Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
        • Guidelines for conduct of MACT claims
        • Section 51 - MVA
        • Section 100 - MVA, 1988
        • Section 149 - MVA
          • S. 149(2)(a) - MVA
        • Section 166 - MVA
          • Claims and legal liabilities crystallise at the time of the accident itself
          • Contributory Negligence - - S 166 MVA
          • Future Prospects - S 166 MVA
            • Deceased
            • Notional Income - MVA
          • Gratuitous Passenger - S 166 MVA
          • Just Compensation - S 166 MVA
          • Non Earning Victim - Student - S 166 MVA
          • Pay and Recover - S 166 MVA
          • Personal Expenses - S 166 MVA
          • Victim employed but income not proved - S 166 MVA
          • Negligence - S 166 MVA
            • Fault of bigger vehicle - S 166 MVA
            • Two Wheeler - Triple Riding
        • Section 173 - MVA
        • Second Schedule - MVA
        • CPC and MVA
      • MSME - Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006
        • S. 19 - MSME
    • N
      • Natural Justice
      • Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
        • Section 138
          • 138 - Object of
          • 138 - Civil Offence
          • 138 - Evidence
          • Guarantur - 138
          • Holder of cheque in due course - Payee - 138
          • Joint liability to pay debt - 138
          • Legally Enforceable Debt
            • Legally Enforceable Debt - Not proved
          • 138 - Quasi Criminal
          • When does drawing of cheque become complete - 138
          • Proclaimed Offender - S 138
        • Section 139
          • 139 - Degree of proof
          • 139 - Presumption
            • 139 - Preponderance of Probabilities
            • 139 - Prudent Man
          • 139 - Reverse onus clause
          • 139 - Direct / Indirect Evidence
        • Section 141 - NIA
      • Notice
        • Advocate / Authorised Person - Notice
        • Refusal - Notice
        • Not Delivered - Affect - Notice
      • National Green Tribunal Act
        • Section 2(1)(m) - NGT
      • NDPS - Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act
        • S. 21 - NDPS
    • P
      • Passport
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      • Pension
      • Pleadings
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      • Possession
      • Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
        • Exoneration - Affect - PCA
        • Quashing - PCA
        • Section 5 - PCA
        • Section 7 - PCA
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        • Section 19 - PCA
        • Section 20 - PCA
        • Section 197 - PCA
      • Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012
      • Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
      • Punjab.......
        • Punjab Civil Services Rules
        • Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887
        • Punjab Municipal Act, 1911
        • Punjab Village Common Lands Regulations Act, 1961 (18 of 1961)
        • Punjab Land Revenue Manual
        • East Punjab Utilization of Lands Act, 1949
      • Precedent
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        • section 7 - PFA
      • Privileged litigant
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      • Privacy
    • R
      • Railways Act, 1989
      • Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (16 of 2016)
        • Section 43
      • Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act , 1993 (RDB Act)
        • Section 31 (RDB Act)
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        • S. 17 - Registration Act
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        • Lease / Tenancy – Eviction – Arbitration - Arbitrability of the dispute
        • Leave to Defend
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      • Roster
    • S
      • Securitisation and Reconstruction (SARFAESI Act)
        • Section 26D - Sarfaesi
        • Section 26E (SarfaesI)
      • Service Matter
        • ACR
        • Ad hoc appointments
        • Absence from Duty
        • Appointment - Service Matter
        • Compassionate Appointment
        • Disciplinary Proceedings
          • Charges - Can not go beyond - Disciplinary proceedings
          • Doctrine of unreasonableness - Doctrine of proportionality
          • Evidence - Departmental proceedings
          • Quasi Judicial - Departmental Proceedings
          • Reasons to be recorded - Disciplinary Authority
          • Rules of natural Justice - Disciplinary Authority
          • Writ - Interference - Disciplinary Proceedings
        • Main Services Regulations, 1976
        • Powers of High Court and Tribunals s of facts
        • Promotions
        • Recruitment
        • Rules
          • Relaxation of Rules
        • Transfer
        • Disability
      • Special Marriage Act, 1954
        • Section 36 - Special Marriage Act, 1954
      • Specific performance of contract for sale of immovable property
        • Change in position (Specific Performance)
        • Delay (Specific Performance)
        • Equity (Specific Performance)
        • Necessary party - (Specific performance)
      • Specific Relief Act, 1963
        • Section 19 - Specific Relief Act
          • Copy of Section 19 - Specific Relief Act
        • Section 20 - Special Marriage Act, 1954
        • Section 36 - Specific Relief Act
      • Suit
        • Injunction
          • Injunction without relief for declaration - Suit for
        • Specific Performance - Suit for
          • co Sharer - Specific performance
          • Conduct - Specific Performance
          • Delay and Laches - Specific Performance
          • Limitation - Specific performance
          • Necessary party - Specific performance
          • NO bona fides - Specific Performance
          • Price escalation - Specific performance
          • Ready and Willingness - Specific Performance
        • Title - Suit for Declaration of Title
      • Stamp Act, 1899
        • Article 23 - Stamp Act
        • Section 35 - Stamp Act
        • Section 38 - Stamp Act
      • Stare Decisis
      • Statutes
        • Interpretation of Statutes
          • Preamble
          • Prospective or Retrospective
    • T
      • Tax
        • Sabka Vishwas (Legacy Dispute Resolution) Rules 2019
      • Tender
        • Commercial Considerations - Tender
        • Courts power of review - tender
        • Experience
          • What is Experience - Tender
          • Classification between proprietary and partnership firm arbitrary
          • Investment partner - Tender
          • Past experience of partners - Tender
          • Ratio based on Investment and Profit sharing in a Joint venture - Tender
          • Reliance on technical qualification of a 3rd party - Tender
          • Whether Sole Proprietorship could claim experience of a Joint Venture
        • Interpretation, construction of Tenders
          • Court should not ascribe superfluity to the language of a document
          • Party issuing has the right to enforce the terms of the tender
          • Owner is best person to interpret the tender conditions
          • Owner should be allowed to carry out the purpose of the tender
          • Judicial review in Tenders
            • Judicial restraint in administrative action - Contract
            • Technical Evaluation would be impermissible - Tender
      • Transfer of Property Act, 1882
        • Section 10 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
        • Section 13 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
        • Section 20 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
        • Section 41 - TPA
        • Section 52 - TPA
        • Section 53-A - TPA
        • Section 114 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
        • Section 122 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
        • Section 126 - TPA
      • Technology and Law
    • U
      • Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967
    • V
      • Videoconferencing
    • W
      • Word and Phrases
        • Contra perfentum
        • Good Faith
        • Homemaker
        • Latin Terms
        • Legal Doctrines and Principles
        • Malum prohibitum
          • Mistake of Law in Mala Prohibita Crimes
        • May and Shall
        • Presumption
        • Quotes
        • Revenue Terms
          • Units of Measurement
        • He who seeks equity must do equity.
        • Approbrate and reprobate
      • Will
        • Will - Principles while undertaking the construction of a will
        • Will - Conflict between two clauses of a Will
      • Witness
      • Women

Section 27

General Clauses Act

Presumption Of Service By Registered Post & Burden Of Proof

Evidence Act, 1872, Section 114 Illustration (f) - General Clauses Act, 1897, Section 27 - Presumption Of Service By Registered Post & Burden Of Proof - In view of the provisions of Section 114 Illustration (f) of the Evidence Act, 1872 and Section 27 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 there is a presumption that the addressee has received the letter sent by registered post - However, the presumption is rebuttable on a consideration of evidence of impeccable character.

2011 SCeJ 003

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Transfer of Property Act | Section 52 | Mutiple Notes


General Clauses Act | Section 27 | Presumption Of Service By Registered Post & Burden Of Proof


Consumer Protection Act, 1986 | Section 21(a)(ii) | The word "orders" as used in Section 21(a)(ii) means and includes "any orders"


Writ | Presence of an alternative and efficacious remedy is not an absolute bar on the jurisdiction of the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution


Essentials of family settlement | Family Arrangement


Bail | Cancellation of - Seriousness of Offence – Manipulation and forgery of court records


Registration Act, 1908 | Section 17(1-A) | Agreement to Sell - Not required to be registered


NDPS - Seizure of Vehicle | A conveyance seized under the NDPS Act shall be liable to confiscation only when the owner of the conveyance who was given an opportunity by the Court could not prove that the conveyance was used without his knowledge or connivance


CRPC - S. 311 | Discretionary power conferred under Section 311 has to be exercised judicially for reasons stated by the court and not arbitrarily or capriciously.


Negotiable Instruments Act | Section 138, 141 | Joint Liability - Section 138 does not speak about the joint liability - Even in case of a joint liability, in case of individual persons, a person other than a person who has drawn the cheque on an account maintained by him, cannot be prosecuted for the offence under Section 138.


Negotiable Instruments Act | Section 138, 141 | Guarantur - Liability of , Holder of cheque in due course, Payee, When does drawing of cheque become complete


Judicial Process | Prolific use of the ‘cut-copy-paste’ function should not become a substitute for substantive reasoning


ACR | Integrity can either be 'good or bad', but it can never be 'average'


Criminal trial | Transfer of petition - Hindrance in performing their official duties by witnesses


Negotiable Instruments Act | Preponderance of Probabilities -Standard of proof


Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 | Two Wheeler - Contributory Negligence of pillion riders 50%


Rent Act | Maintainability of eviction proceeding is independent of specific grounds on which eviction is sought


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