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  • A
    • Abatement
    • Act of God
    • Admisson
    • Advocate
      • Advocate - Exemplary Behaviour
      • Advocate - Role of lawyer
    • Agreement
      • One Sided Agreement
    • Airlines
    • All India Services (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1969
    • Allotment
      • Allotment of plot
    • Annual Confidential Reports (ACR)
    • Appeal
      • Appeal against acquittal
      • Not a party - Appeal
      • No reasonings by first Appellate court
      • Revision
    • Apprentices Act, 1961
    • Arbitration
      • Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
        • General - Arbitration
        • Bare act - Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
        • Jurisidiction
        • Section 2 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 3 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 4 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 7 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 8 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 9 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 11 - Arbitration
          • Section 11(6) - Arbitration
        • Section 12 - Arbitration
        • Section 16 - Arbitration
        • Section 37 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 20 - Arbitration
      • International arbitration
        • Appearance by the arbitrator himself for one of the parties in Appeal
        • Enhancement of interest in absence of appeal
        • Legal representation
      • Public Policy (Arbitration)
    • Arrest
      • Arrest – Power to arrest
      • Detention – Power to authorise detention
    • PLR
  • B
    • Bail
      • Anticipatory Bail
        • Considerations for grant of
        • Explanation called in terms of Arnesh Kumar
        • Earlier bail plea declined on similar circumstances - Anticipatory Bail
      • Anticipatory Bail and Regular Bail - Distinction
      • Cancellation of bail
      • COVID 19 - Bail
      • Default Bail
      • Difference between cancellation and setting aside of bail order
      • Setting aside of bail order
      • Statutory Bail
    • Banking
      • Repossession - Default - Banking
    • Bar Council of India
  • C
    • CBI
    • Children
    • Central Goods and Service Tax Act, 2017
    • Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989
    • Civil and Criminal Proceedings
    • Company
      • A company is a legal entity distinct from its members.
      • Lifting of the veil - Company
    • Companies Act
    • Constitution of India
      • Writ of Certiorari
        • Writ of Certiorari - What is
          • What is the nature of a writ of certiorari.
      • Article 14 - Constitution
      • Article 16 - Constitution
      • Article 21 - Constitution
        • Right to Life - Art 21
        • Right to marry a person of choice
      • Article 136 - Constitution
      • Article 226 - Constitution
      • Article 227 - Constitution of India
        • Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
        • Writ Article 227 challenging orders passed under O 1 R 10 CPC
        • Writ Article 227 challenging orders passed under O 39 R 1
      • Article 309 - Constitution
      • Article 311 - Constitution
        • Subsistence Allowance - Art 311(2)
      • Article 329 - Constitution
    • Consumer Protection Act
      • Consumer protection Act, 1986
        • Allotment - Delay
        • Section 13 - CPA, 1986
        • S. 21 - CPA,86
      • Consumer protection Act, 2019
        • Section 38 - CPA, 2019
    • Contempt of Courts Act, 1971
      • Section 2 - Contempt of Courts Act
      • Section 10 _ Contempt of Courts Act
    • Contract
      • Commentary - Contract
        • Formation of a Contract
        • Invitation to Treat
        • Intention to be legally bound
        • Consideration
        • Capacity - Contract
        • Formalities and writing requirements - Contract
        • Contract terms: construction and interpretation
          • Contractual terms
        • Third Parties - Contract
        • Performance - Contract
        • Defences - Contract
      • Final Draft
      • Standard Form of Contract
    • Contract Act
      • Section 2 - Contract Act
      • Section 4 - Contract Act
      • Section 7 - Contract Act
      • Section 32- Contract Act
      • Section 73 - Contract Act
    • Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970
    • Court
    • Court Fees Act
      • Section 16 - Court Fees Act
    • Covid-19
      • Limitation - Covid19
    • Co-Sharer
    • Compassionate Appointment
    • CPC (Civil Procedure Code, 1908 )
      • Provisions in Civil Matters to curtail delay in trial
    • CPC - Sections
      • Section 7 - CPC
      • Section 9 - CPC
      • Section 11 - CPC
      • Section 25 - CPC
      • Section 47 - CPC
      • Section 64 - CPC
      • Section 90 - CPC
      • Section 96 - CPC
      • Section 100 - CPC
      • Section 103 - CPC
      • Section 104 - CPC
      • Section 115 - CPC
      • Section 151 - CPC
    • CPC -Orders and Rules
      • Order 1 - CPC
        • Order 1 Rule 1 - CPC
        • Order 1 Rule 2 - CPC
          • Scope of Order I Rules 2, 3A and Order II Rule 3 of the CPC
        • Order 1 Rule 3 - CPC
        • Order 1 Rule 10 - CPC
          • Order 1 Rule 10(1) - CPC
          • Order 1 Rule 10(2) - CPC
          • Dominus Litis - O1 R 10 CPC
          • Suo Moto Power - O 1 R 10 CPC
        • Proper Party - CPC O. 1
        • Necessary Party - CPC O. 1
        • Wrong Person - Order 1 - CPC
        • Non Joinder - Order 1 - CPC
        • Mis Joinder of Plaintiff - Order 1 - CPC
      • Order 2
        • Order 2 Rule 2
        • Order 2 Rule 3 - CPC
      • Order 5
      • Order 6
        • Order 6 Rule 17
      • Order 7
        • Order 7 Rule 11
      • Order 8
        • Order 8 Rule 6
        • Order 8 Rule 6A
      • Order 9
        • Order 9 Rule 4
        • Order 9 Rule 7
        • Order 9 Rule 13
          • Sufficient cause - O.9 R. 13
      • Order 12
        • Order 12 Rule 6
      • Order 13
        • Order 13 Rule 8
      • Order 14
      • Order 21
        • Order 21 Rule 51
          • O 21 R 2 - CPC
        • Limitation of several applications during execution
        • O. 21 R. 54
        • O.21 R.97
      • Order 23
        • Order 23 Rule 3
      • Order 30 - CPC
      • Order 39
        • Order 39 Rule 1
      • Order 41 - CPC
        • Order 41 Rule 33 - CPC
        • Order 41 Rule 31 - CPC
    • Criminal Jurisprudence
    • Criminal Trial
      • Acquittal
      • Appreciation of Evidence
      • Child witness
      • Circumstantial Evidence
        • Principles - Circumstantial Evidence
        • Tests - Circumstantal Evidence
      • Fingerprints
      • A crime never dies
      • Sentence - Criminal trial
      • Trial in camera
      • Transfer of petition
    • CrPC
      • Section 41 - CrPC
      • Section 125 - CrpC
        • Speedy Decision - Matrimonial cases - S 125 CrPC
      • Section 156(3) - CrPC
        • Executive magistrate can not order for FIR S 156(3) - CrPC
      • Section 161 - CrPC
      • Section 167 - CrPC
        • Section 167(2) - CrPC
      • Section 173 - CrPC
      • Section 177 - CrPC
      • Section 210 - CrPC
      • Section 228 - CrPC
      • Section 256 - CrPC
      • Section 311 - CrPC
        • Section 357 - CrPC
      • Section 362 - CrPC
      • Section 378 - CrPC
        • Possible View - CrPC S. 378
      • Section 389 - CrPC
      • Section 397 - CrPC
        • Section 397(2) - CrPC
      • Section 406 - CrPC
      • Section 437 - CrPC
      • Section 438 - CrPC
        • Anticipatory bail by minor
      • Section 439 - CrPC
      • Section 446 - CrPC
      • Section 451 - CrPC
      • Section 465 - CrPC
      • Section 477 - CrPC
      • Section 482
        • Jurisdiction and Powers
        • Locus of a third party to challenge the criminal proceedings
    • Cause of Action
  • D
    • Doctrine of Election
      • Election of Remedies - Explained (Doctrine of Election)
    • Doctrine of Parens Patriae
    • Doctrine of Stare Decisis
  • E
    • East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act, 1949
      • S. 13 - East Punjab Rent
        • S. 13(3)(a) - East Punjab Rent
          • Rent - Maintainability of an eviction proceeding as framed is altogether in
    • Elections
      • Statutory Right
      • Writ (Elections)
    • Environment
      • Environmental protection goes beyond law suits
      • Environmental Jurisprudence
      • Damages - Environment
      • Environmental Rule of law
    • Environment Act
    • Equity
      • Maxims of Equity
    • Equality
    • Evidence
    • Evidence Act
      • Section 32 - Evidence Act
      • Section 35 - Evidence Act
      • Section 65 - Evidence Act
      • Section 65B - Evidence Act
      • Section 90 - Evidence Act
      • Section 92 - Evidence Act
      • Section 114 - Evidence Act
    • Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
      • Section 11 - Employees Provident Fund
      • Section 11(2) - Employees Provident Fund
    • Employees Compensation Act
  • F
    • Family Arrangement
      • Family
        • Family - Term
        • Family - Wide connotation
        • Family - Concept of
      • Essentials of a family settlement
      • Object of Family Arrangements
      • Value of family arrangements
      • What is a Family Arrangement
    • Family Courts Act
    • Female Foeticide
    • FIR (First Information Report)
      • Res Judicata - FIR Quashing
    • Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961
    • Forest Act
    • Fraud
      • Civil court jurisdiction - fraud
    • Facebook
  • G
    • Gift
      • Conditional Gift
      • Gift without transfer of possession
    • Guardians and Wards Act, 1890
      • Joint Parenting
      • Father as a Guardian
      • Section 25 - Guardian and Wards
    • General Clauses Act
      • Section 27 - General Clauses Act
  • H
    • Habeas Corpus
      • Minor - Habeas Corpus
    • Haryana .......
      • Haryana Civil Services (Punishment and Appeal) Rules, 1987
      • Haryana Municipal Election Rules, 1978
      • Haryana Public Service Commission
      • Haryana State Subordinate Accounts (Group `C’) Service Rules, 1982
      • State Transport Haryana Employees Transfer Policy, 2018,
    • Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956
      • Section 18 - Hindu Adoption
        • Hindu Woman married to a Hindu male having a lawfully wedded wife
    • Hindu Marriage Act (25 of 1955)
      • Section 13 - HMA
        • Section 13(2)(ia) - HMA
        • Section 13-B(2) - HMA
        • Permanent Alimony - S. 13 HMA
      • Section 24 - HMA
      • Section 28 - HMA
    • Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956
    • Hindu Succession Act
      • Section 14 - Hindu Succession Act
    • Honour Killing
    • HUF - Hindu Undivided Family
  • I
    • Indian Administrative Service (Recruitment) Rules, 1954
    • Industrial Disputes Act
      • Section 25 - Industrial Disputes Act
    • Insecticides Act, 1968
      • Section 27 - Insecticides Act
    • Insolvency and Banking Code, 2016
      • Section 7 - IBC
      • Section 8 - IBC
    • Insurance
      • Acts and Notifications (Insurance)
      • Standard Form Contracts
      • Theft
        • Delay in intimation
    • Interpretation
    • IPC - Indian Penal Code
      • Section 34 - IPC
      • Section 84 - IPC
      • Section 153A - IPC
      • Sections 302 - IPC
      • Section 359 - IPC
      • Section 361 - IPC
      • Section 366 - IPC
      • Section 415 - IPC
      • Section 174 - IPC
      • Section 417 - IPC
  • J
    • Judicial Process
      • Judicial reasoning
      • Cut-Copy-Paste
    • Judicial Review
    • Judicial Discipline
      • Guidelines regarding the pronouncement of judgments - Judicial Discipline
    • Judges
      • Role of judges
  • L
    • Land Acquisition Act, 1986
      • Release of enhanced compensation pending appeal - Land Acquisition
      • S. 32 - Land Acquisition
    • Law
      • Concession by Advocate
      • Legal Right
      • Rule of Law
      • Rules and Regulations
        • administrative instructions can not override statutory provisions/rules/reg
      • Precedent - Law of Precedent
        • Precedents: A source of “law” under the Constitution of India
        • Ratio decidendi : Law of Precedents
        • Departure : Law of Precedents
        • Deprecation : Law of Precedents
        • Reference to larger bench : Law of Precedents
        • Precedents are not to be read as a statute
        • Exceptions to binding precedents
        • Per incuriam : Law of precedents
          • Per Incuriam in relaxation of the rule of Stare Decisis
          • Per Incuriam : Judgment Affect
        • Circumstances destroying or weakening the binding force of precedent
        • Application of Precedents in criminal cases
        • Conflicts between Benches : Law of precedents
    • Legal Doctrines and Principles
      • De facto Doctrine
      • Principle of estoppel or acquiescence
    • Legal Maxims
      • Aequitas est quasi aequalitas
      • Aequitas sequitur legem,
      • Equity - Maxims
      • Vigilantibus non dormientibus aequitas subvenit.
      • vigilantibus non dormientibus jura subveniunt
    • Legislation
      • Legislation : When is complete
      • Rules of Construction - Words and Phrases
        • Legislation : Rules of construction
        • Legislation :Language used can be construed to salvage remedial intendment
    • Limitation Act, 1963
      • Section 5 - Limitation
        • Government /State - Section 5 - Limitation
      • Article 65 - Limitation
      • Article 54 - Limitation
    • Live-in Relationship
  • M
    • Main Services Regulations, 1976
    • Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007
      • Section 22 - Maintenance and Welfare ....
      • Section 23 - Maintenance and Welfare ....
    • Marriage
    • Media
    • Media and Criminal Trial
    • Mutation
    • Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
      • Guidelines for conduct of MACT claims
      • Section 51 - MVA
      • Section 100 - MVA, 1988
      • Section 149 - MVA
        • S. 149(2)(a) - MVA
      • Section 166 - MVA
        • Claims and legal liabilities crystallise at the time of the accident itself
        • Contributory Negligence - - S 166 MVA
        • Future Prospects - S 166 MVA
          • Deceased
          • Notional Income - MVA
        • Gratuitous Passenger - S 166 MVA
        • Just Compensation - S 166 MVA
        • Non Earning Victim - Student - S 166 MVA
        • Pay and Recover - S 166 MVA
        • Personal Expenses - S 166 MVA
        • Victim employed but income not proved - S 166 MVA
        • Negligence - S 166 MVA
          • Fault of bigger vehicle - S 166 MVA
          • Two Wheeler - Triple Riding
      • Section 173 - MVA
      • Second Schedule - MVA
      • CPC and MVA
    • MSME - Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006
      • S. 19 - MSME
  • N
    • Natural Justice
    • Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
      • Section 138
        • 138 - Object of
        • 138 - Civil Offence
        • 138 - Evidence
        • Guarantur - 138
        • Holder of cheque in due course - Payee - 138
        • Joint liability to pay debt - 138
        • Legally Enforceable Debt
          • Legally Enforceable Debt - Not proved
        • 138 - Quasi Criminal
        • When does drawing of cheque become complete - 138
        • Proclaimed Offender - S 138
      • Section 139
        • 139 - Degree of proof
        • 139 - Presumption
          • 139 - Preponderance of Probabilities
          • 139 - Prudent Man
        • 139 - Reverse onus clause
        • 139 - Direct / Indirect Evidence
      • Section 141 - NIA
    • Notice
      • Advocate / Authorised Person - Notice
      • Refusal - Notice
      • Not Delivered - Affect - Notice
    • National Green Tribunal Act
      • Section 2(1)(m) - NGT
    • NDPS - Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act
      • S. 21 - NDPS
  • P
    • Passport
    • Passports Act, 1967
    • Pension
    • Pleadings
    • Plot
    • Possession
    • Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
      • Exoneration - Affect - PCA
      • Quashing - PCA
      • Section 5 - PCA
      • Section 7 - PCA
      • Section 13 - PCA
      • Section 19 - PCA
      • Section 20 - PCA
      • Section 197 - PCA
    • Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012
    • Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
    • Punjab.......
      • Punjab Civil Services Rules
      • Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887
      • Punjab Municipal Act, 1911
      • Punjab Village Common Lands Regulations Act, 1961 (18 of 1961)
      • Punjab Land Revenue Manual
      • East Punjab Utilization of Lands Act, 1949
    • Precedent
    • Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954
      • section 7 - PFA
    • Privileged litigant
    • PIL - Public Interest Litigation
    • PC & PNDT (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Rules, 1996
    • Privacy
  • R
    • Railways Act, 1989
    • Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (16 of 2016)
      • Section 43
    • Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act , 1993 (RDB Act)
      • Section 31 (RDB Act)
    • Registration Act
      • S. 17 - Registration Act
    • Rent Act
      • Lease / Tenancy – Eviction – Arbitration - Arbitrability of the dispute
      • Leave to Defend
    • Revenue Terms
    • Roster
  • S
    • Securitisation and Reconstruction (SARFAESI Act)
      • Section 26D - Sarfaesi
      • Section 26E (SarfaesI)
    • Service Matter
      • ACR
      • Ad hoc appointments
      • Absence from Duty
      • Appointment - Service Matter
      • Compassionate Appointment
      • Disciplinary Proceedings
        • Charges - Can not go beyond - Disciplinary proceedings
        • Doctrine of unreasonableness - Doctrine of proportionality
        • Evidence - Departmental proceedings
        • Quasi Judicial - Departmental Proceedings
        • Reasons to be recorded - Disciplinary Authority
        • Rules of natural Justice - Disciplinary Authority
        • Writ - Interference - Disciplinary Proceedings
      • Main Services Regulations, 1976
      • Powers of High Court and Tribunals s of facts
      • Promotions
      • Recruitment
      • Rules
        • Relaxation of Rules
      • Transfer
      • Disability
    • Special Marriage Act, 1954
      • Section 36 - Special Marriage Act, 1954
    • Specific performance of contract for sale of immovable property
      • Change in position (Specific Performance)
      • Delay (Specific Performance)
      • Equity (Specific Performance)
      • Necessary party - (Specific performance)
    • Specific Relief Act, 1963
      • Section 19 - Specific Relief Act
        • Copy of Section 19 - Specific Relief Act
      • Section 20 - Special Marriage Act, 1954
      • Section 36 - Specific Relief Act
    • Suit
      • Injunction
        • Injunction without relief for declaration - Suit for
      • Specific Performance - Suit for
        • co Sharer - Specific performance
        • Conduct - Specific Performance
        • Delay and Laches - Specific Performance
        • Limitation - Specific performance
        • Necessary party - Specific performance
        • NO bona fides - Specific Performance
        • Price escalation - Specific performance
        • Ready and Willingness - Specific Performance
      • Title - Suit for Declaration of Title
    • Stamp Act, 1899
      • Article 23 - Stamp Act
      • Section 35 - Stamp Act
      • Section 38 - Stamp Act
    • Stare Decisis
    • Statutes
      • Interpretation of Statutes
        • Preamble
        • Prospective or Retrospective
  • T
    • Tax
      • Sabka Vishwas (Legacy Dispute Resolution) Rules 2019
    • Tender
      • Commercial Considerations - Tender
      • Courts power of review - tender
      • Experience
        • What is Experience - Tender
        • Classification between proprietary and partnership firm arbitrary
        • Investment partner - Tender
        • Past experience of partners - Tender
        • Ratio based on Investment and Profit sharing in a Joint venture - Tender
        • Reliance on technical qualification of a 3rd party - Tender
        • Whether Sole Proprietorship could claim experience of a Joint Venture
      • Interpretation, construction of Tenders
        • Court should not ascribe superfluity to the language of a document
        • Party issuing has the right to enforce the terms of the tender
        • Owner is best person to interpret the tender conditions
        • Owner should be allowed to carry out the purpose of the tender
        • Judicial review in Tenders
          • Judicial restraint in administrative action - Contract
          • Technical Evaluation would be impermissible - Tender
    • Transfer of Property Act, 1882
      • Section 10 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 13 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 20 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 41 - TPA
      • Section 52 - TPA
      • Section 53-A - TPA
      • Section 114 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 122 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 126 - TPA
    • Technology and Law
  • U
    • Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967
  • V
    • Videoconferencing
  • W
    • Word and Phrases
      • Contra perfentum
      • Good Faith
      • Homemaker
      • Latin Terms
      • Legal Doctrines and Principles
      • Malum prohibitum
        • Mistake of Law in Mala Prohibita Crimes
      • May and Shall
      • Presumption
      • Quotes
      • Revenue Terms
        • Units of Measurement
      • He who seeks equity must do equity.
      • Approbrate and reprobate
    • Will
      • Will - Principles while undertaking the construction of a will
      • Will - Conflict between two clauses of a Will
    • Witness
    • Women
PLR
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  • A
    • Abatement
    • Act of God
    • Admisson
    • Advocate
      • Advocate - Exemplary Behaviour
      • Advocate - Role of lawyer
    • Agreement
      • One Sided Agreement
    • Airlines
    • All India Services (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1969
    • Allotment
      • Allotment of plot
    • Annual Confidential Reports (ACR)
    • Appeal
      • Appeal against acquittal
      • Not a party - Appeal
      • No reasonings by first Appellate court
      • Revision
    • Apprentices Act, 1961
    • Arbitration
      • Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
        • General - Arbitration
        • Bare act - Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
        • Jurisidiction
        • Section 2 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 3 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 4 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 7 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 8 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 9 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 11 - Arbitration
          • Section 11(6) - Arbitration
        • Section 12 - Arbitration
        • Section 16 - Arbitration
        • Section 37 - Arbitration, 1996
        • Section 20 - Arbitration
      • International arbitration
        • Appearance by the arbitrator himself for one of the parties in Appeal
        • Enhancement of interest in absence of appeal
        • Legal representation
      • Public Policy (Arbitration)
    • Arrest
      • Arrest – Power to arrest
      • Detention – Power to authorise detention
    • PLR
  • B
    • Bail
      • Anticipatory Bail
        • Considerations for grant of
        • Explanation called in terms of Arnesh Kumar
        • Earlier bail plea declined on similar circumstances - Anticipatory Bail
      • Anticipatory Bail and Regular Bail - Distinction
      • Cancellation of bail
      • COVID 19 - Bail
      • Default Bail
      • Difference between cancellation and setting aside of bail order
      • Setting aside of bail order
      • Statutory Bail
    • Banking
      • Repossession - Default - Banking
    • Bar Council of India
  • C
    • CBI
    • Children
    • Central Goods and Service Tax Act, 2017
    • Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989
    • Civil and Criminal Proceedings
    • Company
      • A company is a legal entity distinct from its members.
      • Lifting of the veil - Company
    • Companies Act
    • Constitution of India
      • Writ of Certiorari
        • Writ of Certiorari - What is
          • What is the nature of a writ of certiorari.
      • Article 14 - Constitution
      • Article 16 - Constitution
      • Article 21 - Constitution
        • Right to Life - Art 21
        • Right to marry a person of choice
      • Article 136 - Constitution
      • Article 226 - Constitution
      • Article 227 - Constitution of India
        • Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
        • Writ Article 227 challenging orders passed under O 1 R 10 CPC
        • Writ Article 227 challenging orders passed under O 39 R 1
      • Article 309 - Constitution
      • Article 311 - Constitution
        • Subsistence Allowance - Art 311(2)
      • Article 329 - Constitution
    • Consumer Protection Act
      • Consumer protection Act, 1986
        • Allotment - Delay
        • Section 13 - CPA, 1986
        • S. 21 - CPA,86
      • Consumer protection Act, 2019
        • Section 38 - CPA, 2019
    • Contempt of Courts Act, 1971
      • Section 2 - Contempt of Courts Act
      • Section 10 _ Contempt of Courts Act
    • Contract
      • Commentary - Contract
        • Formation of a Contract
        • Invitation to Treat
        • Intention to be legally bound
        • Consideration
        • Capacity - Contract
        • Formalities and writing requirements - Contract
        • Contract terms: construction and interpretation
          • Contractual terms
        • Third Parties - Contract
        • Performance - Contract
        • Defences - Contract
      • Final Draft
      • Standard Form of Contract
    • Contract Act
      • Section 2 - Contract Act
      • Section 4 - Contract Act
      • Section 7 - Contract Act
      • Section 32- Contract Act
      • Section 73 - Contract Act
    • Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970
    • Court
    • Court Fees Act
      • Section 16 - Court Fees Act
    • Covid-19
      • Limitation - Covid19
    • Co-Sharer
    • Compassionate Appointment
    • CPC (Civil Procedure Code, 1908 )
      • Provisions in Civil Matters to curtail delay in trial
    • CPC - Sections
      • Section 7 - CPC
      • Section 9 - CPC
      • Section 11 - CPC
      • Section 25 - CPC
      • Section 47 - CPC
      • Section 64 - CPC
      • Section 90 - CPC
      • Section 96 - CPC
      • Section 100 - CPC
      • Section 103 - CPC
      • Section 104 - CPC
      • Section 115 - CPC
      • Section 151 - CPC
    • CPC -Orders and Rules
      • Order 1 - CPC
        • Order 1 Rule 1 - CPC
        • Order 1 Rule 2 - CPC
          • Scope of Order I Rules 2, 3A and Order II Rule 3 of the CPC
        • Order 1 Rule 3 - CPC
        • Order 1 Rule 10 - CPC
          • Order 1 Rule 10(1) - CPC
          • Order 1 Rule 10(2) - CPC
          • Dominus Litis - O1 R 10 CPC
          • Suo Moto Power - O 1 R 10 CPC
        • Proper Party - CPC O. 1
        • Necessary Party - CPC O. 1
        • Wrong Person - Order 1 - CPC
        • Non Joinder - Order 1 - CPC
        • Mis Joinder of Plaintiff - Order 1 - CPC
      • Order 2
        • Order 2 Rule 2
        • Order 2 Rule 3 - CPC
      • Order 5
      • Order 6
        • Order 6 Rule 17
      • Order 7
        • Order 7 Rule 11
      • Order 8
        • Order 8 Rule 6
        • Order 8 Rule 6A
      • Order 9
        • Order 9 Rule 4
        • Order 9 Rule 7
        • Order 9 Rule 13
          • Sufficient cause - O.9 R. 13
      • Order 12
        • Order 12 Rule 6
      • Order 13
        • Order 13 Rule 8
      • Order 14
      • Order 21
        • Order 21 Rule 51
          • O 21 R 2 - CPC
        • Limitation of several applications during execution
        • O. 21 R. 54
        • O.21 R.97
      • Order 23
        • Order 23 Rule 3
      • Order 30 - CPC
      • Order 39
        • Order 39 Rule 1
      • Order 41 - CPC
        • Order 41 Rule 33 - CPC
        • Order 41 Rule 31 - CPC
    • Criminal Jurisprudence
    • Criminal Trial
      • Acquittal
      • Appreciation of Evidence
      • Child witness
      • Circumstantial Evidence
        • Principles - Circumstantial Evidence
        • Tests - Circumstantal Evidence
      • Fingerprints
      • A crime never dies
      • Sentence - Criminal trial
      • Trial in camera
      • Transfer of petition
    • CrPC
      • Section 41 - CrPC
      • Section 125 - CrpC
        • Speedy Decision - Matrimonial cases - S 125 CrPC
      • Section 156(3) - CrPC
        • Executive magistrate can not order for FIR S 156(3) - CrPC
      • Section 161 - CrPC
      • Section 167 - CrPC
        • Section 167(2) - CrPC
      • Section 173 - CrPC
      • Section 177 - CrPC
      • Section 210 - CrPC
      • Section 228 - CrPC
      • Section 256 - CrPC
      • Section 311 - CrPC
        • Section 357 - CrPC
      • Section 362 - CrPC
      • Section 378 - CrPC
        • Possible View - CrPC S. 378
      • Section 389 - CrPC
      • Section 397 - CrPC
        • Section 397(2) - CrPC
      • Section 406 - CrPC
      • Section 437 - CrPC
      • Section 438 - CrPC
        • Anticipatory bail by minor
      • Section 439 - CrPC
      • Section 446 - CrPC
      • Section 451 - CrPC
      • Section 465 - CrPC
      • Section 477 - CrPC
      • Section 482
        • Jurisdiction and Powers
        • Locus of a third party to challenge the criminal proceedings
    • Cause of Action
  • D
    • Doctrine of Election
      • Election of Remedies - Explained (Doctrine of Election)
    • Doctrine of Parens Patriae
    • Doctrine of Stare Decisis
  • E
    • East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act, 1949
      • S. 13 - East Punjab Rent
        • S. 13(3)(a) - East Punjab Rent
          • Rent - Maintainability of an eviction proceeding as framed is altogether in
    • Elections
      • Statutory Right
      • Writ (Elections)
    • Environment
      • Environmental protection goes beyond law suits
      • Environmental Jurisprudence
      • Damages - Environment
      • Environmental Rule of law
    • Environment Act
    • Equity
      • Maxims of Equity
    • Equality
    • Evidence
    • Evidence Act
      • Section 32 - Evidence Act
      • Section 35 - Evidence Act
      • Section 65 - Evidence Act
      • Section 65B - Evidence Act
      • Section 90 - Evidence Act
      • Section 92 - Evidence Act
      • Section 114 - Evidence Act
    • Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
      • Section 11 - Employees Provident Fund
      • Section 11(2) - Employees Provident Fund
    • Employees Compensation Act
  • F
    • Family Arrangement
      • Family
        • Family - Term
        • Family - Wide connotation
        • Family - Concept of
      • Essentials of a family settlement
      • Object of Family Arrangements
      • Value of family arrangements
      • What is a Family Arrangement
    • Family Courts Act
    • Female Foeticide
    • FIR (First Information Report)
      • Res Judicata - FIR Quashing
    • Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961
    • Forest Act
    • Fraud
      • Civil court jurisdiction - fraud
    • Facebook
  • G
    • Gift
      • Conditional Gift
      • Gift without transfer of possession
    • Guardians and Wards Act, 1890
      • Joint Parenting
      • Father as a Guardian
      • Section 25 - Guardian and Wards
    • General Clauses Act
      • Section 27 - General Clauses Act
  • H
    • Habeas Corpus
      • Minor - Habeas Corpus
    • Haryana .......
      • Haryana Civil Services (Punishment and Appeal) Rules, 1987
      • Haryana Municipal Election Rules, 1978
      • Haryana Public Service Commission
      • Haryana State Subordinate Accounts (Group `C’) Service Rules, 1982
      • State Transport Haryana Employees Transfer Policy, 2018,
    • Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956
      • Section 18 - Hindu Adoption
        • Hindu Woman married to a Hindu male having a lawfully wedded wife
    • Hindu Marriage Act (25 of 1955)
      • Section 13 - HMA
        • Section 13(2)(ia) - HMA
        • Section 13-B(2) - HMA
        • Permanent Alimony - S. 13 HMA
      • Section 24 - HMA
      • Section 28 - HMA
    • Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956
    • Hindu Succession Act
      • Section 14 - Hindu Succession Act
    • Honour Killing
    • HUF - Hindu Undivided Family
  • I
    • Indian Administrative Service (Recruitment) Rules, 1954
    • Industrial Disputes Act
      • Section 25 - Industrial Disputes Act
    • Insecticides Act, 1968
      • Section 27 - Insecticides Act
    • Insolvency and Banking Code, 2016
      • Section 7 - IBC
      • Section 8 - IBC
    • Insurance
      • Acts and Notifications (Insurance)
      • Standard Form Contracts
      • Theft
        • Delay in intimation
    • Interpretation
    • IPC - Indian Penal Code
      • Section 34 - IPC
      • Section 84 - IPC
      • Section 153A - IPC
      • Sections 302 - IPC
      • Section 359 - IPC
      • Section 361 - IPC
      • Section 366 - IPC
      • Section 415 - IPC
      • Section 174 - IPC
      • Section 417 - IPC
  • J
    • Judicial Process
      • Judicial reasoning
      • Cut-Copy-Paste
    • Judicial Review
    • Judicial Discipline
      • Guidelines regarding the pronouncement of judgments - Judicial Discipline
    • Judges
      • Role of judges
  • L
    • Land Acquisition Act, 1986
      • Release of enhanced compensation pending appeal - Land Acquisition
      • S. 32 - Land Acquisition
    • Law
      • Concession by Advocate
      • Legal Right
      • Rule of Law
      • Rules and Regulations
        • administrative instructions can not override statutory provisions/rules/reg
      • Precedent - Law of Precedent
        • Precedents: A source of “law” under the Constitution of India
        • Ratio decidendi : Law of Precedents
        • Departure : Law of Precedents
        • Deprecation : Law of Precedents
        • Reference to larger bench : Law of Precedents
        • Precedents are not to be read as a statute
        • Exceptions to binding precedents
        • Per incuriam : Law of precedents
          • Per Incuriam in relaxation of the rule of Stare Decisis
          • Per Incuriam : Judgment Affect
        • Circumstances destroying or weakening the binding force of precedent
        • Application of Precedents in criminal cases
        • Conflicts between Benches : Law of precedents
    • Legal Doctrines and Principles
      • De facto Doctrine
      • Principle of estoppel or acquiescence
    • Legal Maxims
      • Aequitas est quasi aequalitas
      • Aequitas sequitur legem,
      • Equity - Maxims
      • Vigilantibus non dormientibus aequitas subvenit.
      • vigilantibus non dormientibus jura subveniunt
    • Legislation
      • Legislation : When is complete
      • Rules of Construction - Words and Phrases
        • Legislation : Rules of construction
        • Legislation :Language used can be construed to salvage remedial intendment
    • Limitation Act, 1963
      • Section 5 - Limitation
        • Government /State - Section 5 - Limitation
      • Article 65 - Limitation
      • Article 54 - Limitation
    • Live-in Relationship
  • M
    • Main Services Regulations, 1976
    • Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007
      • Section 22 - Maintenance and Welfare ....
      • Section 23 - Maintenance and Welfare ....
    • Marriage
    • Media
    • Media and Criminal Trial
    • Mutation
    • Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
      • Guidelines for conduct of MACT claims
      • Section 51 - MVA
      • Section 100 - MVA, 1988
      • Section 149 - MVA
        • S. 149(2)(a) - MVA
      • Section 166 - MVA
        • Claims and legal liabilities crystallise at the time of the accident itself
        • Contributory Negligence - - S 166 MVA
        • Future Prospects - S 166 MVA
          • Deceased
          • Notional Income - MVA
        • Gratuitous Passenger - S 166 MVA
        • Just Compensation - S 166 MVA
        • Non Earning Victim - Student - S 166 MVA
        • Pay and Recover - S 166 MVA
        • Personal Expenses - S 166 MVA
        • Victim employed but income not proved - S 166 MVA
        • Negligence - S 166 MVA
          • Fault of bigger vehicle - S 166 MVA
          • Two Wheeler - Triple Riding
      • Section 173 - MVA
      • Second Schedule - MVA
      • CPC and MVA
    • MSME - Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006
      • S. 19 - MSME
  • N
    • Natural Justice
    • Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
      • Section 138
        • 138 - Object of
        • 138 - Civil Offence
        • 138 - Evidence
        • Guarantur - 138
        • Holder of cheque in due course - Payee - 138
        • Joint liability to pay debt - 138
        • Legally Enforceable Debt
          • Legally Enforceable Debt - Not proved
        • 138 - Quasi Criminal
        • When does drawing of cheque become complete - 138
        • Proclaimed Offender - S 138
      • Section 139
        • 139 - Degree of proof
        • 139 - Presumption
          • 139 - Preponderance of Probabilities
          • 139 - Prudent Man
        • 139 - Reverse onus clause
        • 139 - Direct / Indirect Evidence
      • Section 141 - NIA
    • Notice
      • Advocate / Authorised Person - Notice
      • Refusal - Notice
      • Not Delivered - Affect - Notice
    • National Green Tribunal Act
      • Section 2(1)(m) - NGT
    • NDPS - Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act
      • S. 21 - NDPS
  • P
    • Passport
    • Passports Act, 1967
    • Pension
    • Pleadings
    • Plot
    • Possession
    • Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
      • Exoneration - Affect - PCA
      • Quashing - PCA
      • Section 5 - PCA
      • Section 7 - PCA
      • Section 13 - PCA
      • Section 19 - PCA
      • Section 20 - PCA
      • Section 197 - PCA
    • Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012
    • Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
    • Punjab.......
      • Punjab Civil Services Rules
      • Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887
      • Punjab Municipal Act, 1911
      • Punjab Village Common Lands Regulations Act, 1961 (18 of 1961)
      • Punjab Land Revenue Manual
      • East Punjab Utilization of Lands Act, 1949
    • Precedent
    • Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954
      • section 7 - PFA
    • Privileged litigant
    • PIL - Public Interest Litigation
    • PC & PNDT (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Rules, 1996
    • Privacy
  • R
    • Railways Act, 1989
    • Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (16 of 2016)
      • Section 43
    • Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act , 1993 (RDB Act)
      • Section 31 (RDB Act)
    • Registration Act
      • S. 17 - Registration Act
    • Rent Act
      • Lease / Tenancy – Eviction – Arbitration - Arbitrability of the dispute
      • Leave to Defend
    • Revenue Terms
    • Roster
  • S
    • Securitisation and Reconstruction (SARFAESI Act)
      • Section 26D - Sarfaesi
      • Section 26E (SarfaesI)
    • Service Matter
      • ACR
      • Ad hoc appointments
      • Absence from Duty
      • Appointment - Service Matter
      • Compassionate Appointment
      • Disciplinary Proceedings
        • Charges - Can not go beyond - Disciplinary proceedings
        • Doctrine of unreasonableness - Doctrine of proportionality
        • Evidence - Departmental proceedings
        • Quasi Judicial - Departmental Proceedings
        • Reasons to be recorded - Disciplinary Authority
        • Rules of natural Justice - Disciplinary Authority
        • Writ - Interference - Disciplinary Proceedings
      • Main Services Regulations, 1976
      • Powers of High Court and Tribunals s of facts
      • Promotions
      • Recruitment
      • Rules
        • Relaxation of Rules
      • Transfer
      • Disability
    • Special Marriage Act, 1954
      • Section 36 - Special Marriage Act, 1954
    • Specific performance of contract for sale of immovable property
      • Change in position (Specific Performance)
      • Delay (Specific Performance)
      • Equity (Specific Performance)
      • Necessary party - (Specific performance)
    • Specific Relief Act, 1963
      • Section 19 - Specific Relief Act
        • Copy of Section 19 - Specific Relief Act
      • Section 20 - Special Marriage Act, 1954
      • Section 36 - Specific Relief Act
    • Suit
      • Injunction
        • Injunction without relief for declaration - Suit for
      • Specific Performance - Suit for
        • co Sharer - Specific performance
        • Conduct - Specific Performance
        • Delay and Laches - Specific Performance
        • Limitation - Specific performance
        • Necessary party - Specific performance
        • NO bona fides - Specific Performance
        • Price escalation - Specific performance
        • Ready and Willingness - Specific Performance
      • Title - Suit for Declaration of Title
    • Stamp Act, 1899
      • Article 23 - Stamp Act
      • Section 35 - Stamp Act
      • Section 38 - Stamp Act
    • Stare Decisis
    • Statutes
      • Interpretation of Statutes
        • Preamble
        • Prospective or Retrospective
  • T
    • Tax
      • Sabka Vishwas (Legacy Dispute Resolution) Rules 2019
    • Tender
      • Commercial Considerations - Tender
      • Courts power of review - tender
      • Experience
        • What is Experience - Tender
        • Classification between proprietary and partnership firm arbitrary
        • Investment partner - Tender
        • Past experience of partners - Tender
        • Ratio based on Investment and Profit sharing in a Joint venture - Tender
        • Reliance on technical qualification of a 3rd party - Tender
        • Whether Sole Proprietorship could claim experience of a Joint Venture
      • Interpretation, construction of Tenders
        • Court should not ascribe superfluity to the language of a document
        • Party issuing has the right to enforce the terms of the tender
        • Owner is best person to interpret the tender conditions
        • Owner should be allowed to carry out the purpose of the tender
        • Judicial review in Tenders
          • Judicial restraint in administrative action - Contract
          • Technical Evaluation would be impermissible - Tender
    • Transfer of Property Act, 1882
      • Section 10 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 13 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 20 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 41 - TPA
      • Section 52 - TPA
      • Section 53-A - TPA
      • Section 114 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 122 (TPA - Transfer of Property Act)
      • Section 126 - TPA
    • Technology and Law
  • U
    • Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967
  • V
    • Videoconferencing
  • W
    • Word and Phrases
      • Contra perfentum
      • Good Faith
      • Homemaker
      • Latin Terms
      • Legal Doctrines and Principles
      • Malum prohibitum
        • Mistake of Law in Mala Prohibita Crimes
      • May and Shall
      • Presumption
      • Quotes
      • Revenue Terms
        • Units of Measurement
      • He who seeks equity must do equity.
      • Approbrate and reprobate
    • Will
      • Will - Principles while undertaking the construction of a will
      • Will - Conflict between two clauses of a Will
    • Witness
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    • A
      • Abatement
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      • Advocate
        • Advocate - Exemplary Behaviour
        • Advocate - Role of lawyer
      • Agreement
        • One Sided Agreement
      • Airlines
      • All India Services (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1969
      • Allotment
        • Allotment of plot
      • Annual Confidential Reports (ACR)
      • Appeal
        • Appeal against acquittal
        • Not a party - Appeal
        • No reasonings by first Appellate court
        • Revision
      • Apprentices Act, 1961
      • Arbitration
        • Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
          • General - Arbitration
          • Bare act - Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
          • Jurisidiction
          • Section 2 - Arbitration, 1996
          • Section 3 - Arbitration, 1996
          • Section 4 - Arbitration, 1996
          • Section 7 - Arbitration, 1996
          • Section 8 - Arbitration, 1996
          • Section 9 - Arbitration, 1996
          • Section 11 - Arbitration
            • Section 11(6) - Arbitration
          • Section 12 - Arbitration
          • Section 16 - Arbitration
          • Section 37 - Arbitration, 1996
          • Section 20 - Arbitration
        • International arbitration
          • Appearance by the arbitrator himself for one of the parties in Appeal
          • Enhancement of interest in absence of appeal
          • Legal representation
        • Public Policy (Arbitration)
      • Arrest
        • Arrest – Power to arrest
        • Detention – Power to authorise detention
      • PLR
    • B
      • Bail
        • Anticipatory Bail
          • Considerations for grant of
          • Explanation called in terms of Arnesh Kumar
          • Earlier bail plea declined on similar circumstances - Anticipatory Bail
        • Anticipatory Bail and Regular Bail - Distinction
        • Cancellation of bail
        • COVID 19 - Bail
        • Default Bail
        • Difference between cancellation and setting aside of bail order
        • Setting aside of bail order
        • Statutory Bail
      • Banking
        • Repossession - Default - Banking
      • Bar Council of India
    • C
      • CBI
      • Children
      • Central Goods and Service Tax Act, 2017
      • Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989
      • Civil and Criminal Proceedings
      • Company
        • A company is a legal entity distinct from its members.
        • Lifting of the veil - Company
      • Companies Act
      • Constitution of India
        • Writ of Certiorari
          • Writ of Certiorari - What is
            • What is the nature of a writ of certiorari.
        • Article 14 - Constitution
        • Article 16 - Constitution
        • Article 21 - Constitution
          • Right to Life - Art 21
          • Right to marry a person of choice
        • Article 136 - Constitution
        • Article 226 - Constitution
        • Article 227 - Constitution of India
          • Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
          • Writ Article 227 challenging orders passed under O 1 R 10 CPC
          • Writ Article 227 challenging orders passed under O 39 R 1
        • Article 309 - Constitution
        • Article 311 - Constitution
          • Subsistence Allowance - Art 311(2)
        • Article 329 - Constitution
      • Consumer Protection Act
        • Consumer protection Act, 1986
          • Allotment - Delay
          • Section 13 - CPA, 1986
          • S. 21 - CPA,86
        • Consumer protection Act, 2019
          • Section 38 - CPA, 2019
      • Contempt of Courts Act, 1971
        • Section 2 - Contempt of Courts Act
        • Section 10 _ Contempt of Courts Act
      • Contract
        • Commentary - Contract
          • Formation of a Contract
          • Invitation to Treat
          • Intention to be legally bound
          • Consideration
          • Capacity - Contract
          • Formalities and writing requirements - Contract
          • Contract terms: construction and interpretation
            • Contractual terms
          • Third Parties - Contract
          • Performance - Contract
          • Defences - Contract
        • Final Draft
        • Standard Form of Contract
      • Contract Act
        • Section 2 - Contract Act
        • Section 4 - Contract Act
        • Section 7 - Contract Act
        • Section 32- Contract Act
        • Section 73 - Contract Act
      • Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970
      • Court
      • Court Fees Act
        • Section 16 - Court Fees Act
      • Covid-19
        • Limitation - Covid19
      • Co-Sharer
      • Compassionate Appointment
      • CPC (Civil Procedure Code, 1908 )
        • Provisions in Civil Matters to curtail delay in trial
      • CPC - Sections
        • Section 7 - CPC
        • Section 9 - CPC
        • Section 11 - CPC
        • Section 25 - CPC
        • Section 47 - CPC
        • Section 64 - CPC
        • Section 90 - CPC
        • Section 96 - CPC
        • Section 100 - CPC
        • Section 103 - CPC
        • Section 104 - CPC
        • Section 115 - CPC
        • Section 151 - CPC
      • CPC -Orders and Rules
        • Order 1 - CPC
          • Order 1 Rule 1 - CPC
          • Order 1 Rule 2 - CPC
            • Scope of Order I Rules 2, 3A and Order II Rule 3 of the CPC
          • Order 1 Rule 3 - CPC
          • Order 1 Rule 10 - CPC
            • Order 1 Rule 10(1) - CPC
            • Order 1 Rule 10(2) - CPC
            • Dominus Litis - O1 R 10 CPC
            • Suo Moto Power - O 1 R 10 CPC
          • Proper Party - CPC O. 1
          • Necessary Party - CPC O. 1
          • Wrong Person - Order 1 - CPC
          • Non Joinder - Order 1 - CPC
          • Mis Joinder of Plaintiff - Order 1 - CPC
        • Order 2
          • Order 2 Rule 2
          • Order 2 Rule 3 - CPC
        • Order 5
        • Order 6
          • Order 6 Rule 17
        • Order 7
          • Order 7 Rule 11
        • Order 8
          • Order 8 Rule 6
          • Order 8 Rule 6A
        • Order 9
          • Order 9 Rule 4
          • Order 9 Rule 7
          • Order 9 Rule 13
            • Sufficient cause - O.9 R. 13
        • Order 12
          • Order 12 Rule 6
        • Order 13
          • Order 13 Rule 8
        • Order 14
        • Order 21
          • Order 21 Rule 51
            • O 21 R 2 - CPC
          • Limitation of several applications during execution
          • O. 21 R. 54
          • O.21 R.97
        • Order 23
          • Order 23 Rule 3
        • Order 30 - CPC
        • Order 39
          • Order 39 Rule 1
        • Order 41 - CPC
          • Order 41 Rule 33 - CPC
          • Order 41 Rule 31 - CPC
      • Criminal Jurisprudence
      • Criminal Trial
        • Acquittal
        • Appreciation of Evidence
        • Child witness
        • Circumstantial Evidence
          • Principles - Circumstantial Evidence
          • Tests - Circumstantal Evidence
        • Fingerprints
        • A crime never dies
        • Sentence - Criminal trial
        • Trial in camera
        • Transfer of petition
      • CrPC
        • Section 41 - CrPC
        • Section 125 - CrpC
          • Speedy Decision - Matrimonial cases - S 125 CrPC
        • Section 156(3) - CrPC
          • Executive magistrate can not order for FIR S 156(3) - CrPC
        • Section 161 - CrPC
        • Section 167 - CrPC
          • Section 167(2) - CrPC
        • Section 173 - CrPC
        • Section 177 - CrPC
        • Section 210 - CrPC
        • Section 228 - CrPC
        • Section 256 - CrPC
        • Section 311 - CrPC
          • Section 357 - CrPC
        • Section 362 - CrPC
        • Section 378 - CrPC
          • Possible View - CrPC S. 378
        • Section 389 - CrPC
        • Section 397 - CrPC
          • Section 397(2) - CrPC
        • Section 406 - CrPC
        • Section 437 - CrPC
        • Section 438 - CrPC
          • Anticipatory bail by minor
        • Section 439 - CrPC
        • Section 446 - CrPC
        • Section 451 - CrPC
        • Section 465 - CrPC
        • Section 477 - CrPC
        • Section 482
          • Jurisdiction and Powers
          • Locus of a third party to challenge the criminal proceedings
      • Cause of Action
    • D
      • Doctrine of Election
        • Election of Remedies - Explained (Doctrine of Election)
      • Doctrine of Parens Patriae
      • Doctrine of Stare Decisis
    • E
      • East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act, 1949
        • S. 13 - East Punjab Rent
          • S. 13(3)(a) - East Punjab Rent
            • Rent - Maintainability of an eviction proceeding as framed is altogether in
      • Elections
        • Statutory Right
        • Writ (Elections)
      • Environment
        • Environmental protection goes beyond law suits
        • Environmental Jurisprudence
        • Damages - Environment
        • Environmental Rule of law
      • Environment Act
      • Equity
        • Maxims of Equity
      • Equality
      • Evidence
      • Evidence Act
        • Section 32 - Evidence Act
        • Section 35 - Evidence Act
        • Section 65 - Evidence Act
        • Section 65B - Evidence Act
        • Section 90 - Evidence Act
        • Section 92 - Evidence Act
        • Section 114 - Evidence Act
      • Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
        • Section 11 - Employees Provident Fund
        • Section 11(2) - Employees Provident Fund
      • Employees Compensation Act
    • F
      • Family Arrangement
        • Family
          • Family - Term
          • Family - Wide connotation
          • Family - Concept of
        • Essentials of a family settlement
        • Object of Family Arrangements
        • Value of family arrangements
        • What is a Family Arrangement
      • Family Courts Act
      • Female Foeticide
      • FIR (First Information Report)
        • Res Judicata - FIR Quashing
      • Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961
      • Forest Act
      • Fraud
        • Civil court jurisdiction - fraud
      • Facebook
    • G
      • Gift
        • Conditional Gift
        • Gift without transfer of possession
      • Guardians and Wards Act, 1890
        • Joint Parenting
        • Father as a Guardian
        • Section 25 - Guardian and Wards
      • General Clauses Act
        • Section 27 - General Clauses Act
    • H
      • Habeas Corpus
        • Minor - Habeas Corpus
      • Haryana .......
        • Haryana Civil Services (Punishment and Appeal) Rules, 1987
        • Haryana Municipal Election Rules, 1978
        • Haryana Public Service Commission
        • Haryana State Subordinate Accounts (Group `C’) Service Rules, 1982
        • State Transport Haryana Employees Transfer Policy, 2018,
      • Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956
        • Section 18 - Hindu Adoption
          • Hindu Woman married to a Hindu male having a lawfully wedded wife
      • Hindu Marriage Act (25 of 1955)
        • Section 13 - HMA
          • Section 13(2)(ia) - HMA
          • Section 13-B(2) - HMA
          • Permanent Alimony - S. 13 HMA
        • Section 24 - HMA
        • Section 28 - HMA
      • Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956
      • Hindu Succession Act
        • Section 14 - Hindu Succession Act
      • Honour Killing
      • HUF - Hindu Undivided Family
    • I
      • Indian Administrative Service (Recruitment) Rules, 1954
      • Industrial Disputes Act
        • Section 25 - Industrial Disputes Act
      • Insecticides Act, 1968
        • Section 27 - Insecticides Act
      • Insolvency and Banking Code, 2016
        • Section 7 - IBC
        • Section 8 - IBC
      • Insurance
        • Acts and Notifications (Insurance)
        • Standard Form Contracts
        • Theft
          • Delay in intimation
      • Interpretation
      • IPC - Indian Penal Code
        • Section 34 - IPC
        • Section 84 - IPC
        • Section 153A - IPC
        • Sections 302 - IPC
        • Section 359 - IPC
        • Section 361 - IPC
        • Section 366 - IPC
        • Section 415 - IPC
        • Section 174 - IPC
        • Section 417 - IPC
    • J
      • Judicial Process
        • Judicial reasoning
        • Cut-Copy-Paste
      • Judicial Review
      • Judicial Discipline
        • Guidelines regarding the pronouncement of judgments - Judicial Discipline
      • Judges
        • Role of judges
    • L
      • Land Acquisition Act, 1986
        • Release of enhanced compensation pending appeal - Land Acquisition
        • S. 32 - Land Acquisition
      • Law
        • Concession by Advocate
        • Legal Right
        • Rule of Law
        • Rules and Regulations
          • administrative instructions can not override statutory provisions/rules/reg
        • Precedent - Law of Precedent
          • Precedents: A source of “law” under the Constitution of India
          • Ratio decidendi : Law of Precedents
          • Departure : Law of Precedents
          • Deprecation : Law of Precedents
          • Reference to larger bench : Law of Precedents
          • Precedents are not to be read as a statute
          • Exceptions to binding precedents
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Section 8

Arbitration AND CONCILIATION ACT, 1996

  1. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8 - Application for referring the dispute to arbitrator - Even on the termination of the agreement contract, the arbitration agreement would still survive. (179) P.L.R.

  2. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) Section 8 – Suit had been filed by him in his individual capacity for recovery of price of agriculture produce sold by him in his individual capacity to the defendant Commission Agent – Plaintiff had a agriculture account with the defendant Commission Agent in which the defendant Commission Agent Firm used to make entries regarding sale of crop by respondent – Amount claimed by him is as a farmer for recovery of the price of crops sold by him to the defendant Commission Agent Firm - Arbitration clause contained in partnership agreement – Will not apply. (2018-2) PUNJAB LAW REPORTER

  3. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8 - Arbitral reference is possible only if there is an arbitral agreement in writing between the parties and all the parties brought before the Arbitrator shall be persons who had been signatories to the agreement - It is an admitted fact that the bank is not a party to the arbitral agreement and an arbitral reference would involve compelling a bank to join proceedings before the Arbitrator - Bank was necessary party in the suit where the plaintiff was complaining that the bank had committed a default that has ultimately resulted in the cancellation of allotment itself - It will be possible for the plaintiff to be compelled to an arbitral reference where the suit is not merely against the parties to the arbitral agreement but also with reference. (179) P.L.R.

  4. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8 - As the final agreement itself has not been executed between the parties, there was no question of filing of agreement along with application under Section 8 of the Act - Plaintiffs have also taken a stand that infact Apartment Buyers Agreement has not been signed by the plaintiffs and as such the terms & conditions of the agreement are all one sided and not fair - Section 8 of the Act have not been complied with as certified copy of the agreement has not been attached with the application. (183) P.L.R.

  5. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8 - Cases involving rendition of accounts and dissolution of partnership, proceedings under Section 8 of the Act is not maintainable because such a controversy is within the scope of the civil suit only and the only remedy for the partners is to file a civil suit for rendition of accounts and dissolution of partnership, which has been done by the plaintiff in the case in hand - Partnership. (182) P.L.R.

  6. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8 - Loan - Once an application in due compliance of Section 8 of the Arbitration Act is filed, the approach of the civil court should be not to see whether the court has jurisdiction - Once it is brought to the notice of the court that its jurisdiction has been taken away in terms of the procedure prescribed under a special statue, the civil court should first see whether there is ouster of jurisdiction in terms or compliance of the procedure under the special statute - The general law should yield to the special law - generalia specialibus non derogant. (S.C.)(179) P.L.R.

  7. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8 - Order passed passed under Section 8 is an order passed by the judicial authority/forum/court by drawing its power from section 8 of the Act and since the order is passed by drawing the power from Section 8 of the Act, the right to file an appeal being a creature of statute has also to be found in the Act -If the Act does not provide for an appeal or specifically prohibits an appeal from an order passed under Section 8, then no appeal would lie under the Act - Since the order is passed in exercise of powers conferred by the act, reliance cannot be placed for filing an appeal under section 10 of the Delhi High Court Act, 1966 or under the Letters Patent - Since Section 37 does not permit filing of an appeal from an order passed under Section 8, no appeal would lie from such an order under the Act - Delhi High Court Act, 1966 - Letter Patent. (181) P.L.R. (Del.)

  8. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8 - Place of arbitration - Provision of section 8 are mandatory - Arbitration clause contained in the agreement - The application has to be allowed. (173) P.L.R.

  9. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8 - Present dispute arises out of the terms of agreement wherein arbitration clause is specifically incorporated - Although contract stands terminated on account of breach committed by the party - Merely due to termination of arbitration agreement, the arbitration clause does not get perished nor rendered inoperative - This clause survives for adjudication of dispute arising from the contract. (173) P.L.R.

  10. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8 - Provides that in case some action is brought before the court which is subject of arbitration agreement, a party may apply for reference of the matter to arbitration at the initial stage itself - There is nothing in the provision to suggest that petition can be directly moved before the court under section 8 - Only, if some proceedings is initiated by either party, application under section 8 would be maintainable - In such circumstances, court would be at liberty to refer the matter to arbitration. (173) P.L.R.

  11. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8 - Reference to Arbitrator would have been within limitation at the time of filing of the suit as well as at the time of filing of application under section 8 of the Act - Consequently, application under section 8 of the Act could not be dismissed on the ground that reference to Arbitrator would be barred by limitation at the time of deciding the said application. (173) P.L.R.

  12. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8 - Since the notice inviting bid and instructions to bidders have been made a part and parcel of the agreement executed between the parties containing an arbitration clause, the petitioner cannot escape what is prescribed in the notice inviting bid wherein it has been specifically mentioned that jurisdiction of the court will be at Panchkula. (183) P.L.R.

  13. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8 - Suit - Prayer - made was to restrain the first and second defendant institutions and their men from illegally taking away from the possession of plaintiff or her employee, or interfering with the use and enjoyment of ambassador or causing damage to the Car - The car was purchased on loan granted by the appellant - Arbitration clause in the agreement - Court holding relief sought for in the plaint is only against the illegal acts of the defendants - The apprehended acts of the plaintiff are against the public policy and per se illegal and hence this suit is maintainable - Order set aside - Agreement permit the financer to take possession of the financed vehicles, there is no legal impediment on such possession being taken, unless the contract is held to be unconscionable or opposed to public policy. (S.C.)(179) P.L.R.

  14. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8 - Where the opposite party is not disputing photo copy of the document produced on record by filing an application under Section 8 of the Act, filing of certified copy of the same can be exempted. (179) P.L.R.

  15. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8 - Word `not later than' when submitting his first statement could also include filing of an application along-with the written statement which has exactly been done by the petitioners in this case. (177) P.L.R.

  16. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8 - Word `not later than' when submitting his first statement could also include filing of an application along-with the written statement which has exactly been done by the petitioners in this case. Punjab State Grains Procurement Corp. Ltd. v. M/s Baba Ji Rice Mills . (177) P.L.R.

  17. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) Section 8 – Application under Section 8 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, was filed only after the plaintiff had filed an application for striking off the defence of the respondents - Application can be filed at any time before submitting first statement on the substance of the dispute. (2018-1) PUNJAB LAW REPORTER

  18. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) Section 8 – Civil Procedure Code 1908 (V of 1908) Order 7 Rule 14 - Application filed for directing the plaintiff to produce certain documents under Order 7 Rule 14 of Code of Civil Procedure would be a statement on the substance of the dispute or not - An application under Order 7 Rule 14 of Code of Civil Procedure is only for direction to the plaintiff to produce documents on which the plaintiff relies upon - Such an application cannot be treated as a submission on the substance of the dispute. (2018-1) PUNJAB LAW REPORTER

  19. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) Section 8 – Present case is only for rendition of account and partition of the property of the firm – In the considered opinion of this Court, such dispute does not fall outside the scope of arbitration – Once there is an arbitration agreement, the Court has no choice but to refer the parties to the Arbitration, subject to fulfilment of the condition specified in section 8. (2018-1) PUNJAB LAW REPORTER

  20. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) Section 8(1) - Naturally while conferring the jurisdiction to refer the parties to a dispute to arbitration, the law refers to the forum as a "Judicial authority" and not a "Court" - It is trite that the expression "judicial authority", also used in Section 5, may encompass within its fold not only a court but also a Tribunal. (2018-1 ) PUNJAB LAW REPORTER (DELHI)

  21. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) Section 8(1) - There can be no quarrel with the proposition that while considering an application for the parties to a dispute to be referred to arbitration on the ground that it is subject to an arbitration agreement in terms of Section 8(1), the judicial authority exercises the jurisdiction conferred upon it by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 and not the jurisdiction it exercises under the law whereunder it has been established. (2018-1 ) PUNJAB LAW REPORTER (DELHI)

  22. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8(1) - Civil Procedure Code, 1908 (V of 1908) Order 7, Rule 11 - After filing of the suit, written statement was filed issues were framed and the trial was fixed for recording of evidence of plaintiff - For all intents and purposes, the defendants-petitioners had taken their entire defence by filing their written statement - The trial was, at the same time, fixed for recording evidence of the plaintiff - Thereafter, the present application under Order 7 Rule 11 was filed - They had disclosed their defence and had waived their right to invoke the arbitration clause as per Section 8(1) of the Act. (182) P.L.R.

  23. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8(1), 8(3) - Under Section 8(1) of the Act, either party is free to apply to the judicial authority within the prescribed time to refer the parties to arbitration, in case the matter pending before it is the subject matter of an arbitration agreement - Section 8(3) of the Act however makes it clear that notwithstanding the application under Section 8(1) of the Act and the issue pending before the judicial authority, arbitration may be commenced or continued and an arbitral award can also be made. (S.C.)(180) P.L.R.

  24. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8(2) - Certified copy - Agreement has been signed by the District Manager, Punjab State Grain Procurement Corporation Limited, Gurdaspur, which would fall within the definition of certified copy and the aforesaid provision of Section 8(2) of the Act. (177) P.L.R.

  25. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8(2) - Certified copy - Agreement has been signed by the District Manager, Punjab State Grain Procurement Corporation Limited, Gurdaspur, which would fall within the definition of certified copy and the aforesaid provision of Section 8(2) of the Act. Punjab State Grains Procurement Corp. Ltd. v. M/s Baba Ji Rice Mills . (177) P.L.R.

  26. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8(2) - Objection with regard to availability of remedy of arbitration is to be taken at the earliest possible time before filing the first statement of defence along with a duly certified copy or original arbitration agreement. (178) P.L.R.

  27. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) S. 8, 16 - That the agreement itself has been forged and tampered with and the plaintiff had not agreed to the arbitration clause in the agreement, the said contention cannot be accepted to dismiss application under section 8 of the Act because under section 16 of the Act, the Arbitrator has power to rule on its own jurisdiction including ruling of any objection with respect to the existence or validity of the arbitration agreement. (173) P.L.R.


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Transfer of Property Act | Section 52 | Mutiple Notes


General Clauses Act | Section 27 | Presumption Of Service By Registered Post & Burden Of Proof


Consumer Protection Act, 1986 | Section 21(a)(ii) | The word "orders" as used in Section 21(a)(ii) means and includes "any orders"


Writ | Presence of an alternative and efficacious remedy is not an absolute bar on the jurisdiction of the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution


Essentials of family settlement | Family Arrangement


Bail | Cancellation of - Seriousness of Offence – Manipulation and forgery of court records


Registration Act, 1908 | Section 17(1-A) | Agreement to Sell - Not required to be registered


NDPS - Seizure of Vehicle | A conveyance seized under the NDPS Act shall be liable to confiscation only when the owner of the conveyance who was given an opportunity by the Court could not prove that the conveyance was used without his knowledge or connivance


CRPC - S. 311 | Discretionary power conferred under Section 311 has to be exercised judicially for reasons stated by the court and not arbitrarily or capriciously.


Negotiable Instruments Act | Section 138, 141 | Joint Liability - Section 138 does not speak about the joint liability - Even in case of a joint liability, in case of individual persons, a person other than a person who has drawn the cheque on an account maintained by him, cannot be prosecuted for the offence under Section 138.


Negotiable Instruments Act | Section 138, 141 | Guarantur - Liability of , Holder of cheque in due course, Payee, When does drawing of cheque become complete


Judicial Process | Prolific use of the ‘cut-copy-paste’ function should not become a substitute for substantive reasoning


ACR | Integrity can either be 'good or bad', but it can never be 'average'


Criminal trial | Transfer of petition - Hindrance in performing their official duties by witnesses


Negotiable Instruments Act | Preponderance of Probabilities -Standard of proof


Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 | Two Wheeler - Contributory Negligence of pillion riders 50%


Rent Act | Maintainability of eviction proceeding is independent of specific grounds on which eviction is sought


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