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By: Thalia Johnson
Three learning targets:
1.Define massive resistance and segregation.
2.Explain the steps towards organizing the massive resistance
3.Describe some of the ways that the massive resistance still affects us today.
Pictured above: Segregated water fountain.
What is Segregation?
What is Segregation?
Segregation in schools was a primarily Southern system that kept white and black people separate in all aspects of life. One example of segregation being that there were schools that only allowed white students to attend and the schools allowing black students to attend were alarmingly limited compared to the other schools (Brown v. Board of Education, n.d.) In 1954, there was a Supreme Court case that argued that segregated schools were wrong and unequal because they violated the Fourteenth Amendment (Brown v. Board of Education, n.d.). This court case was titled “Brown vs Board of Education.” The case resulted in The Court ordering for schools to integrate.
Pictured above: Early photos of integration in schools
Definition of Integration: Bringing together different groups of students to learn in the same educational environment.
Pictured above: AI image of segregation in schools today.
Google. (n.d.). Google Gemini. Google.
How does the Massive resistance still affect us today?
Even with the Massive Resistance taking place many years ago, it shockingly still affects some of our schools today. Brown vs. The Board of Education is considered to be a pivotal point where segregation in schools ended however many inequalities like school funding and racial composition still exist to this day. This is a result of the promises of Brown not being upheld/fully realized (Golub, 2013). Especially in cities like Chicago, schools are racially isolated because segregation residentially and districting practices continue to affect the demographics of schools.
In Virginia, there is a rise of segregation. Black and Latino students are attending schools with fewer resources, higher student to counselor ratio,greater disciplinary issues, and more frequent teacher shortages compared to predominantly white schools (School segregation in Virginia is increasing 70 years after Brown v. Board ruling, 2024).
Done thinking? Now share! Question: Has there ever been a time where you experienced racial inequalities in schools?
Google. (n.d.). Google Gemini. Google.
Conclusion
Conclusion
Brown vs Board of Education had the intention of ending segregation in schools and declared "separate but equal” unconstitutional. However, Senator Harry F. Byrd fought to block the implementation of integration in schools (Byrd and Massive Resistance, n.d.). The massive resistance movement and segregation left a long lasting impact across the nation. Even decades later many schools face racial inequalities and limited resources. These issues bring to light the unfinished promises of Brown (Golub, 2013). It is important for us to know this information so that as instructors we can prevent these inequalities from continuing in schools moving forward.
References
Bartley, N. V. (1999). The rise of massive resistance: Race and politics in the South during the 1950s. Louisiana State University Press. (Original work published 1969)
Brown v. Board of Education. (n.d.). Warren_Brown-v-Board-of-Education.pdf. Retrieved from https://www.whatsoproudlywehail.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Warren_Brown-v-Board-of-Education.pdf
Byrd and Massive Resistance. (n.d.). Far from integrated. Old Dominion University Libraries. Retrieved from https://exhibits.lib.odu.edu/exhibits/show/far-from-integrated/byrd-and-massive-resistance
Civil Rights Movement in Virginia. (n.d.-b). Virginia Museum of History & Culture. Retrieved from https://virginiahistory.org/learn/historical-book/civil-rights-movement-virginia
Golub, M. (2013). Remembering massive resistance to school desegregation. Law and History Review, 31(3), 491–508. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0738248013000249
School segregation in Virginia is increasing 70 years after Brown v. Board ruling. (2024, May 16). Axios Richmond. Retrieved from https://www.axios.com/local/richmond/2024/05/16/virginia-school-segregation-brown-board
Google. (n.d.). Google Gemini. Google.
Slidesgo. (n.d.). Slidesgo: Free Google Slides and PowerPoint templates. Slidesgo. https://slidesgo.com/
Multiple choice questions:
1. What was the main goal of the Massive Resistance movement in Virginia?
A. To expand funding for segregated schools
B. To prevent the integration of public schools after Brown v. Board of Education
C. To promote equal education opportunities for all races
D. To support the Brown v. Board of Education decision
2. How do you think the Massive Resistance movement most affected students in Virginia?
A. It created fear and division among communities
B. It encouraged cooperation between different races
C. It had little to no impact on students’ daily lives
D. It led to more opportunities for integrated education
answers: b, a
How I used Ai
How I used AI
I used the AI tool ChatGpt to double check my citations because I know I struggle with properly formatting them. Grammarly was also used to fix my spelling at times. I appreciated being able to use AI to help me learn how to cite my sources. I used Slides go to create a slideshow template for this lesson, and Google Gemini to generate images depicting both segregation and integration.
AI sped up the process of creating my lesson. It was very easy to turn my ideas into reality in regards to the images. I believe that AI enhanced my lesson greatly.
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