Red shift (physics)

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where:

zG — a relative displacement of spectrum lines under the influence of gravitation,

Red shift (physics)

This article was written for this site and a site "Wikiznanie" by Vladimir Gorunovich.

Red shift — shift of spectrum lines of chemical elements in the red (long-wave) party. - Shift of spectrum lines in the violet (short-wave) party is called as dark blue shift.

Red shift can arise in a corollary of one of the following reasons or their combination:

- Doppler effect,
- expansions of the Universe and the related expansion of space (a corollary FROM),
- gravitational red shift,
- "Light aging’s": interactions of photons with other elementary particles when driving in the Universe (a corollary of a classical electrodynamics and the field theory of elementary particles).

Сontents

- 1 Red shift and Doppler effect
- 2 Red shift and Universe expansion
- 3 Red shift and gravitation
- 4 Red shift and light aging
- 4.1 Photon-neutrino interactions
- 4.2 Quantity of a neutrino in the Universe and age of the Universe
- 4.3 Neutrino interactions
- 5 Red shift: Result

1. Red shift and Doppler effect

The parameter of shift (z) is defined as:

z= (λ - λ0) / λ0

where λ and λ0 — values of a wavelength in points of supervision and radiation emission respectively.

The Doppler shift of a wavelength in a range of the source moving with a radial velocity of v_γ and the complete speed of v is equal:

When driving to a source of radiation the wavelength will decrease, and when driving from a source of radiation the wavelength will increase, and red shift will be observed.

Proceeding from supervision of red shift in ranges of galaxies and a Doppler effect it is concluded that all galaxies run up and therefore the Universe extends.

Any direct proofs of that galaxies run up, in physics at the moment isn't present. Nobody measured directly distances to galaxies and didn't find out that for some time slice they grew. Thus, the fact of to run up of galaxies at the moment isn't established by physics. These are only not proved assumptions based on existence of red shift in ranges of galaxies and its interpretation in favor of a Doppler effect. Thus "the theory of the Big Bang" continues to remain an unproved hypothesis.

2. Red shift and Universe expansion

The red shift caused by a Doppler effect if it takes place in the nature, should cause space expansion in scales of all Universe. It is considered that such expansion of the Universe should be almost homogeneous and isotropic (expansion occurs almost evenly in each point of the Universe).

Is affirms that experimentally expansion of the Universe is observed in the form of implementation of the law of Hubble. It is supposed that the beginning of expansion of the Universe is so-called "Big Bang". Theoretically the phenomenon was predicted and proved by Alexander Friedmann at an early development stage the common relativity theory.

There is a question: if the Universe as it is supposed extends, linear dimensions in our solar system increase also. Therefore, the length of a standard of length - 1 meter increases also. From here we receive impossibility of definition of expansion of the Universe - the number of meters from us to a remote galaxy will remain the same. The number of meters will change, according to laws of mechanics and will depend on the direction and substantial size of peripheral speed of a galaxy (concerning our planet - "the universe center") - that isn't bound to prospective expansion of the Universe.

Thus existence of expansion of the Universe by physics isn't proved is only one of hypotheses explaining red shift.

3. Red shift and gravitation

Gravitational red shift is manifestation of effect of change of frequency of electromagnetic waves in process of removal from large objects (stars, planets). It is observed as shift of spectrum lines of the sources close to large bodies in a red spectral range. Light coming from areas with weaker gravitational field, is will test gravitational dark blue shift.

Gravitational red shift was predicted by an A. Einstein when developing the common relativity theory (FROM):

and - values of a gravity potential in supervision and radiation points respectively,

G — Newton's gravitation constant;

M — weight of a gravitating body,

c — light velocity,

R — radial distance from the body center of mass to a point of supervision,

r — radial distance from the body center of mass to a radiation point.

For the electromagnetic waves radiated apart by r from the center of mass of a large body and accepted on infinity (R = ∞), gravitational red shift is approximately equal:

Vital issues to gravitational red shift, generally not. - Here all on a science.

4. Red shift and light aging

Light aging (English tired light) — is the hypothesis which has been put forward by supporters of the stationary Universe, as the alternate explanation of the found dependence of red shift from distance to object. This hypothesis doesn't assume Universe expansion.

The concept was offered for the first time Fritzes Tsvikki in 1929 which assumed that photons lose energy in collisions with other particles of space.

Some physics hurried to bury this hypothesis, without knowing a substantial structure of elementary particles and an original picture of their interactions, but the field theory of elementary particles allows on new to look at this hypothesis and to establish, as photons lose a part of the energy when passing through the Universe. Moreover the field theory found candidates for "a dark matter" and "dark" carriers of energy (instead of "dark energy"). Let's consider it in more detail.

4.1. Photon-neutrino interactions

According to the field theory of elementary particles an electronic neutrino (as well as any other elementary particle) possesses to constants electric both a magnetic field and a variation electromagnetic field. According to a classical electrodynamics these electromagnetic fields will cooperate with other electromagnetic fields, including with an electromagnetic field of a photon. Thus, photon passing through an electronic neutrino (thrown out in huge quantities stars) won't appear for the last not noticed - let it will be very weak change (more exact decrease) energies of a photon, but it will be. And the more the photon will meet on the way of a neutrino - the it will lose more energy and red shift will be respectively stronger.

One business when the photon flies in parallel with a neutrino (moving with near light speed) one course when they both were radiated by the sun and quite another matter when the photon interferes with to based neutrinos or the neutrinos which have been let out by other star (moving in other direction). Energy lost by a photon depends on orientation of a spin of a neutrino, a trajectory on which photon passes through a neutrino, and also from energy of the photon. Not primly to count, but it is possible to measure it by means of spacecraft’s and lasers.

It is necessary to note that this interaction doesn't correspond to standard model as the last allocates elementary particles participating in it with different types of fundamental interactions:

neutrino - a hypothetical weak interaction,

photon - an electromagnetic interaction.

Therefore it is concluded to run up of galaxies on unilateral interpretation of red shift in favor of a Doppler effect. - In a counterbalance the field theory of elementary particles established to it about existence of electromagnetic fields at all elementary particles, including at such imperceptible elementary particle as at an electronic neutrino. Therefore, a photon and a neutrino possessing the common electromagnetic interactions, according to a classical electrodynamics should cooperate with each other and the hypothesis of "light aging" has an ally - the field theory of elementary particles. And if to reject standard model an inaccuracy to which it is already proved, it automatically overthrows and "the theory of the Big Bang" to level of a simple hypothesis.

4.2. Quantity of a neutrino in the Universe and age of the Universe

Now we will try to estimate, how many on the Universe the neutrino "walks".

According to the modern experimental data our sun every second lets out about 2×10³⁸ a neutrino (generally electronic). It is possible to define its minimum volume by the field theory of elementary particles and the experimental value of an upper bound of a rest-mass of an electronic neutrino as 10^-20 m³. Having multiplied two figures, we can estimate minimum volume of all neutrinos which are let out by our sun for 1 second as 2×10¹⁸ in m³. The cube with the size of a side more than 1200 km turned out. And it is in every second of work of our sun. And if to increase by expected time of combustion of our sun 4,57×10⁹×365×24×60×60=1,38×10¹⁶ second we will receive 2,76×10⁵⁴ a neutrino and volume 2,76×10³⁴ m³. For comparison space volume taken by our solar system (calculated on radius of an orbit of the Pluton) 9×10³⁸м³. As we see it comparable sizes. If to calculate average quantity of a neutrino every second let out by stars and then to increase by number of stars in a galaxy (in sew it 10¹¹), number of visible galaxies and on expected age of the Universe (12,07×10⁹ years) we will receive a factor of impact not only on energy of photons at their driving on the Universe but also on galaxies together with on the Universe as a whole. And to ignore neutrino influence on mega world as it the standard model tried to do it is impossible.

But there is one more question: and from what follows that the age of the Universe is equal 12,07×10⁹ years. After all the age of the most aged spherical congestions of stars allowing to estimate age of the Universe specifies that age of the Universe more than 12,07 billion years. And on red shift (13,75 billion years) in general it is impossible to consider definition of age of the Universe authentic as were thus ignored an interaction photon-neutrino. But if any part of red shift is caused by these interactions, the age of the Universe automatically increases. And it conducts in turn to increase in number of a neutrino in the Universe and as a result to increase in a part of red shift caused photon-neutrino interactions. So, the age of the Universe should be moved again and again and....

4.3. Neutrino interactions

According to experimental data of a neutrino leave the sun with relativistic velocities (and respectively energies). And such neutrino if it anybody doesn't face, with ease will overcome a gravitational field and will fall outside the limits a galaxy. But the probability of collision with a neutrino from other stars (and stars of other galaxies) is rather high. Such collisions can occur both in a galaxy, and beyond its limits. At neutrino collision they will pass to excited states. Then from these conditions there will be a transition to conditions to smaller energy and emission of photons or the birth of a neutrino antineutrino or an electron - positron pairs if on it there was enough energy. Also education illusion from anything pairs particle antiparticle, and also emergence of an electromagnetic radiation which can be attributed to "relict" is created. The faced neutrinos will fill up with themselves invisible weight in the Universe - a dark matter (though probably the "dark" matter has also other components, except a neutrino). Annihilations of pairs of neutrino antineutrino with emission of an electromagnetic radiation are besides possible.

5. Red shift: Result

The hypothesis of the Big Bang still remains not proved assumption and as the idea of the Stationary Universe needs further research. What of them will be valid or there will be a new - is not clear yet, but according to laws of physics, it will be not a hypothesis of the Big Bang.

The Universe isn't so empty, as it seems. In it there are processes of transformation and energy transfer (including the same neutrinos - not visible carriers of energy) and the physics should understand, describe and explain all this, instead of to invent any reasonable mathematical fairy tales.

Now the physics can't unequivocally tell what substantial age of the Universe and whether «Big Bang» or something similar was in its history. - But now it is absolutely clear that 13,75 billion years ago the Universe was, in it there were galaxies with stars, stars had planets, on a part of planets there was a life, on some reasonable and then conceiving beings too asked a question what substantial age of the Universe and also couldn't give the precise answer as behind that term which was looked through in the past the Universe was more narrow and in it too there were galaxies and....

Vladimir Gorunovich

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