Dark energy (physics)

This article was written for this site and a site "Wikiznanie" by Vladimir Gorunovich.

Dark energy (English dark energy) – is a hypothetical form of energy which existence is supposed some cosmological models (The accelerated expansion of the Universe).

Within these models there are two options of an explanation of substance of dark energy:

dark energy is a cosmological constant — the invariable power density which is evenly filling space of the Universe (in other words, nonzero energy and pressure of vacuum is postulated);

dark energy is a certain quintessence — the dynamic field which power density can change in space and time.

The first explanation is accepted in a cosmology as standard. The choice between two options demands high-precision measurements of speed of expansion of the Universe. Rates of expansion of the Universe are described by a cosmological equation of state.

It is supposed that dark energy also should make the considerable proportion of the so-called hidden weight of the Universe.

Contents

• • 1 Dark energy and cosmological models

  • 2 Dark energy and Universe expansion

  • 3 Dark energy and fundamental interactions

  • 4 Dark energy and law of conservation of energy

  • 5 Dark energy and field theory

  • 6 Results

1. Dark energy and cosmological models

The conclusion about acceleration existence in assumed (a hypothesis of the Big Bang) expansion of the Universe was made on the basis of the supervision of super new stars carried out in the late nineties. Then to justification added: relict radiation, nucleosynthesis of the Big Bang. The obtained data will be coordinated with lambda-CDM model.

In the astronomies of distance which are not giving in to direct measurement (distances to other galaxies) decide on the help of the law of Hubble and red shift. But Hubble's law demands introduction of parameter of Hubble of some known distance equal to the relation to size of red shift. In distance astronomy to a super new star of the Ia type it is possible to determine by its luminosity by a method of "a standard suppository", using that all flashing super new the Ia type, being at identical distance, should have almost identical observable brightness. Comparing observable brightness super new in different galaxies, it is possible to define distances to these galaxies.

In the late nineties for remote galaxies having super new the Ia type, it was established that the super new have brightness below that which is necessary to them proceeding from size of distance of fixed Hubble under the law. It turned out that the distance to these galaxies, calculated on a method of «standard suppositories» (for super new Ia), appeared more than a distance calculated on the law of Hubble on the basis of earlier set point value of parameter of Hubble. From what the conclusion was drawn that the Universe extends with acceleration. On the basis of this supervision, existence of an unknown type of energy with the negative pressure, called «dark energy» was postulated.

But it is possible to draw one more conclusion: Hubble's law doesn't work or isn't exact, and not to enter hypothetical acceleration of hypothetical expansion of the Universe. As to term of the beginning of the accelerated expansion of the Universe (about 5 billion years ago) that it has the same relation to a real, as well as assumed by a hypothesis of the Big Bang, age of the Universe (13,75 billion years).

Cosmologists didn't wish to deal with the mistakes and shifted everything on physics. Certainly, the physics will deal and with this fairy tale, but from physics it is enough and other mathematical fairy tales expecting trial.

2. Dark energy and Universe expansion

Existence of expansion of the Universe experimentally isn't proved. Nobody measured distances to remote galaxies and didn't show that it increases eventually. In ranges of the remote galaxies it is possible to explain red shift, without resorting to a Doppler effect and the "Big Bang" hypothesis.

And time isn't proved the fact of expansion of the Universe - it is impossible to tell that and about acceleration of nonexistent expansion. Therefore, cosmological models "Accelerated expansion of the Universe" is only unsubstantiated hypotheses and existence of dark energy following from them – only the assumption of the mathematical models which accuracy in physics isn't proved.

3. Dark energy and fundamental interactions

Existence in the nature of the following two types of fundamental interactions is experimentally established:

* electromagnetic interactions,

* gravitational interactions.

To these types of fundamental interactions there correspond two forms of energy:

* electromagnetic energy,

* gravitational energy.

As all types of interactions in the nature should be reduced to listed two types of fundamental interactions - that, therefore, and all forms of energies too should be reduced to these two forms of energy. And while in the nature existence of other types of interactions (except invented, it is natural) won't be established - existence in the nature of other forms of energy won't be proved.

Thus dark energy as some isolated type of energy, contradicts fundamental interactions existing in the nature.

4. Dark energy and law of conservation of energy

Energy can't arise from anything - i.e. from vacuum, to be created by anything and to disappear in anywhere. The law of conservation of energy is a fundamental law of the nature. All forms of energy known to a science submit to this law. If dark energy really exists in the nature, she also should submit to the law of conservation of energy. Introduction for dark energy of the own law of the nature falls outside the limits physics - the physics studies only the nature and its laws, and the world of fairy tales it not the physicist.

Therefore, in the nature processes of transformation of "dark" energy in other types of energy, and also inverse transformations should take place. In total what it was possible to physics to face still these are reactions similar to such processes with participation of a neutrino in a microcosm. As the neutrino extremely poorly cooperates with other elementary particles and in more than 99 % of cases passes unnoticed through sensors that illusion of loss of energy (is created at neutrino emission, for example at neutron disintegration) and similar to illusion of emergence of energy from anything (at reaction of absorption of a neutrino). The physics learned to distinguish these events and established that the law of conservation of energy works and here. Other "losses" and "emergence" of energy by physics it is not established.

Thus, if dark energy really exists in the nature, she should submit to the law of conservation of energy and in the nature spasmodic losses and emergence of known forms of energy should be observed. From absence in the nature of the last follows that dark energy as a separate form of energy in the nature doesn't exist. In the nature processes with poorly cooperating elementary particles (for example, a neutrino and their excited states) creating illusion of such events can be observed. But it will be a known form of energy.

Well and if any model starts to ignore nature laws - that it means that before us the mathematical fairy tale.

5. Dark energy and field theory

According to the field theory of elementary particles any form of energy in the nature should consist of elementary particles existing in the nature or to be created by them. The given form of energy can be transferred by elementary particles in a substantial condition according to nature laws, including the law of conservation of energy. Well and as all elementary particles consist of an electromagnetic field - that this form of energy will be an electromagnetic form of energy (or its derivative – the form following from electromagnetic energy or created by electromagnetic energy).

Thus, dark energy or doesn't exist in the nature or to be reduced to electromagnetic (or gravitational) a form of energy are can be energies of a neutrino, in huge quantities let out by stars (see article Red shift).

6. Results

Dark energy as separate form of energy:

* contradicts fundamental interactions existing in the nature,

* it is not observed at transformations of energy of different forms,

* has for itself no any real-life fields in the nature.

Existence of the expansion of the Universe in physics isn't proved: red shift in ranges of remote galaxies can be explained, without resorting to a Doppler effect and a hypothesis of the Big Bang. The need of some models for dark energy isn't the proof of its existence in the nature.

Therefore, dark energy as a separate form of energy can't exist in the nature. In the nature there are "invisible" forms of electromagnetic energy is the energy transferred by a neutrino, in huge quantities let out by stars. But to fill the Universe of a neutrino 13,75 billion years there is apparently not enough.

Vladimir Gorunovich