1. Structure and neutrino sizes

According to the field theory of elementary particles of a neutrino represents a rotating variation electromagnetic field from a constant component. Appearance of a neutrino is given in fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Neutrino transverse section

Neutrino radius (i.e. a radius of gyration of a variation electromagnetic field) is defined by its size of a rest-mass. Well and as the physics established while only the size of an upper bound of a rest-mass of an electronic neutrino (0.28 ev/c²) and the actual size of a rest-mass of a neutrino claims that less or is equal to it, we can determine the minimum radius of a particle the equal

R_ν=0,977 ħ/2m₀c = 3,6×10^-5 cm (1)

As we see from drawing 1 width and thickness of a neutrino it is equal 4R_ν and height 2R_ν.Таким in a way, the neutrino is rather large (by the sizes) object, much more atoms.

2. Molecular neutrino

Let's ask a question: that represents a neutrino in intergalactic space. For this purpose we will consider interactions of electromagnetic fields of couple of electronic neutrinos in a near zone, using for this purpose the field theory of elementary particles. From the field theory it is possible to receive structure of their constant electric and magnetic fields except the linear dimensions of a neutrino. Then by means of a classical electrodynamics we will calculate their interactions.

Fig. 2 Potential energy of interaction of two electronic neutrinos

In figure 2 the potential energy of interaction of two electronic neutrinos with opposite spins in a near zone is presented. Rest-mass size equal 0,28ev (data are taken from Wikipedia) was thus taken. Calculations were made by means of the field theory of elementary particles.

From drawing existence of a potential well by depth 1,54×10^-3ev with a minimum apart 8,5×10^-5cm is visible see. As we see, couple of neutrino has to possess the bound state with a zero spin with energy of an order 0,72×10^-3ev (more precise size can be determined by a quantum mechanics).

This bound state will remind Hydrogenous molecule with that difference that in this "molecule" of a neutrino interact the electromagnetic fields.

Let's call this formation of electronic neutrinos – a molecular neutrino. The muonic neutrino also can form a molecular state, but owing to instability of muonic neutrinos its influence in the Universe can be neglected.

At merge of two free based neutrinos in a molecular state energy in the form of emission of quantum of an electromagnetic radiation (photon) with energy to the equal size of bond energy minus energy of the recoil momentum received by couple of a neutrino has to be emitted. Well and as merge of a neutrino happens to different speeds of their driving, on the average we will receive dispersion of a spectrum line. Thus, to the size of energy of a photon 0,72×10^-3ev there corresponds a wavelength of 1,64 mm that will be coordinated with a wavelength of a maximum of microwave background space radiation (1,9 mm).

So, we found one of the main natural sources of background space radiation.

3. Neutrino matter

The field theory of the elementary particles, claiming about existence in the nature of the bound states of a neutrino, considers them in plural. I.e. the molecular neutrino (ν₂) is considered as the most prime connection of a neutrino, and in the nature also more difficult connections have to be observed. To number of such connections the field theory offers, first of all, the connection consisting of four neutrinos – ν₄. Bond energy of such connection will be approximately 10 times more bond energy of a molecule ν₂ (the quantum mechanics, after measurement of original size of a rest-mass of an electronic neutrino can give more precise answer). The molecule ν₄ can be formed at collisions of couple of the elementary molecular neutrinos (ν₂) at their particular orientation and existence of a sufficient kinetic energy. At formation of a molecule ν4 the photon with energy to an equal difference of binding energies minus the energy of a recoil momentum received ν4 that there correspond to a site 34 ranges of the background space radiation (fig. 4) will be let out.

It should be noted that neutrino connections will possess a set of the excited states caused by quantization of their angular momentum as these educations, being the symmetric, can rotate round its pivot-center. In a result in to the nature background space radiation has to be observed also in the long-wave range.

The field theory allows existence and more difficult connections of a neutrino: ν₆, ν₁₂, ν₁₆, and others.

But then is more bound state, that it will be a larger target for relativistic neutrinos and photons of the sufficient energies capable to break it. Therefore, they will be more infrequent.

Thus, according to the field theory of the elementary particles, in the nature except baryon matter there has to be also neutrino matter in the form of the gas consisting of separate electronic neutrinos, a molecular neutrino (ν₂) and more difficult neutrino connections (ν₄, etc.). Due to the feature of a structure, the behavior of neutrino matter will differ from behavior of baryon matter and needs studying by its physics.

4. Red shift

We will consider interaction of an electronic neutrino with a photon of visible, infrared and near ultraviolet band, i.e. creating spectrum lines of chemical elements, thus energy of a photon is much higher than bond energy of a molecular neutrino.

When passing photon through a molecular neutrino the result of interaction will depend on distance and orientation of a molecular neutrino concerning a photon trajectory therefore we will average it.

Let's enter the following designations:

l_med – an average free length of a photon between collisions with a molecular neutrino,

α_med – an average share of energy lost by a photon as a result of interaction with a molecular neutrino (its size has to exceed bond energy of a molecular neutrino as except a rupture of connection some kinetic energy will be transferred to each particle).

Let the light source let out an individual photon with energy of E₀ and a wavelength λ₀. Having flown by in our direction R distance = l_med a photon 1 time faced a molecular neutrino. As a result of their interaction the photon transferred to a molecular neutrino energy equal αmed E₀ and by that its new energy will be:

E₁=E₀×(1-_αmed) (2)

The wavelength of such photon will grow and will be:

λ₁ = λ₀ / (1-α_med) (3)

The photon will already participate in the following collision with a neutrino with smaller initial energy. Therefore it will give to the following neutrino the smaller size of energy, and we will receive:

E₂=E₁×(1-α_med) = E₀×(1-α_med)² (4)

The wavelength of such photon will grow and will be:

λ₂ = λ₁ / (1-α_med) = λ₀ / (1-α_med)² (5)

Thus we do not consider dependence α_med from a photon wavelength (λ). But while energy of a photon not strongly changed it is possible to neglect.

Having passed long distance (R) a photon will have n=R/l_med of collisions with a neutrino. Therefore energy of a photon will be equal:

E_n = E₀×(1-α_med)ⁿ (6)

and wavelength:

λ_n = λ₀ / (1-α_med)ⁿ (7)

Or in a general view a wavelength as function λ (R) will be:

λ(R) = λ₀ / (1-α_med)^(R/Imed) (8)

As we see we deal with non-linear function λ(R). At a small α_med (as takes place in photon interactions with a molecular neutrino) it can be replaced with the following approximate function:

λ(R) = λ₀ × (1+ α_med)^(R/Imed) (9)

Having decomposed this function in a row and having taken the first linear term, we will receive:

λ(R) = λ₀ × (1+ (R/l_med) × α_med) = λ₀ × (1+ ξ×R) (10)

where ξ = α_med×/l_med

As we see, we received expression for red shift corresponding to Hubble's empirical law, as had to occur. As in the history of the Universe red shift had no Big Bang that there have to be natural sources that we and observe.

It is necessary to remember that the formula (10) is only approximate and operates on small distances. If we are wish to look at red shift at distances where nonlinearities that affect it is necessary to use a formula (8). But at these distances it can be shown and dependence α_med (λ).

5. Natural sources of background space radiation

Let's specify how there is a formation of background space radiation.

Flying by through a molecular neutrino a photon of visible, ultraviolet or infrared band breaks it into separate particles thus, losing small part (α_med) the energy (red shift thereby turned out). Then after a while, the released electronic neutrino meets a neutrino, released from collision of other couple with other photon. They merge in a molecular state with emission of a microwave photon (a photon of microwave background space radiation). So ordinary light when is driving through intergalactic space at the expense of the red shift creates one of components of background space radiation.

The following source of background space radiation is electronic neutrinos radiated by stars. As these neutrinos they carry away the considerable proportion of energy of reaction that is able to break a set of molecular neutrinos into separate particles. The probability of such collisions is highest near neutrino sources of radiation: stars and galaxies. In our galaxy it will be area of the Milky Way.

Still a source of background space radiation considerably smaller on intensity, but larger on emitted energy is direct collision of separate neutrinos radiated by different stars. At such collision both neutrinos will turn into excited state (a corollary of the field theory of elementary particles), with the subsequent transition to a condition with smaller energy with emission of more high-vigorous photons. The size of energy of these photons will be an order of magnitude of a rest-mass of a neutrino above (see rice 4 a site of a range 59). Here the set of spectrum lines is possible.

Fig. 3 Card of Background Space Radiation

In figure 3 the map of the background space radiation which is coordinating with these reasoning’s is submitted. The red strip in the center corresponds to the Milky Way.

Fig 4. Range of background space radiation

So, we defined some natural sources of background space radiation. Over time the physics will find also other sources. But now it is absolutely clear that to a divine origin of "the relict radiation" the end came.

6. Influence of molecular neutrinos on duration of light flashes

Let in some arbitraries point of the Universe (in a room) some light source sending an impulse of light in the given direction, consisting of serial number of photons of equal n₀ and a wavelength λ₀ be located. I.e. behind each photon the following photon of the same wavelength will be radiated. As light is also a wave, we will have the continuous wave packet length

l₀=n₀λ₀ (11)

If near a light source to place the observer, it will be able to record a light pulse a wavelength λ₀ and duration

t₀=l₀/c (12)

where c – light velocity in vacuum.

Now we will move the observer along a beam on the considerable distance (R) from a source at which red shift will be already observed. When passing through a molecular neutrino each photon will lose some size of the energy therefore its wavelength will increase. Therefore, the total length of a wave packet will grow and will be equal:

l = n₀λ(R) = n₀λ₀ × (1+ ξ×R) (13)

If we on paths of light place now the observer, it will record other duration of the light flash which has increased at the same time with red shift

t = l/c = n₀(λ₀/c) × (1+ ξ×R) = t₀ × (1+ ξ×R) (14)

As light is a wave, increasing duration of each separate period, we increase length of all packages therefore time of passing of a light package by the observer increases.

It is possible to consider various wave packets to be convinced that the result will be analogous. I will remind that the Universe thus was considered as the stationary.

Well and now that to us prevents to choose as a light source the super new. As we see the unsubstantiated statement that the hypothesis of "the stationary Universe" does not explain increase in duration of flashes super new from distance to them, is not true.

Let's consider still a case when the light source (rather big by the sizes) let out an individual impulse from photons a wavelength λ₀. I.e. photons will fly to our party, independently from each other (that wave effects could be neglected) in parallel. Flying by through a neutrino, each photon will not only lose part of the energy, but also will be late, as light velocity in substance (what the neutrino is also) lower than light velocity in vacuum. It will lead to that the part of photons (the neutrinos which have met a large number) will start being late over time in relation to other part of photons (the neutrinos which have met less). As a result of it photons besides as will redden and will increase the wavelength still will stretch in space. Thus, the removed observer will enough observe the long-lived flash of reddened light.

As we see observed not always corresponds to an event. And, therefore, the mathematical models constructed on astronomical supervision of remote objects, partially cannot be true. We see not that occurred - and that reached you and in that look in what it reached us. The real can be other.

7. Reliability of the experimental data

The majority of the modern experimental data is received as a result of processing of observed data’s by mathematical models. There is a question it is how possible to trust such "experimental" data.

Matter is in the following. Many mathematical models are the simplified reflection of a real, the part unessential (from the point of view of authors) parameter in them is lowered for simplification of calculations. Very often such approach is justified and gives the chance to obtain demanded experimental data. But in the nature the simplified picture cannot precisely correspond to the original as between them there is a difference, and the original is original only.

Thus, mathematical models bring distortions in processed data bound not only with accuracy of calculations, but also with inaccuracies or errors of the model. Striking example of that is the set of fairy tales composed by Reference model in physics of a microcosm considering the elementary particles either unstructured educations or consisting of quarks not existing in the nature. Such simplification allows processing the experimental data obtained on accelerators, but here a question: whether it is possible to trust them always. - The answer is obvious: by no means. Having simplified a microcosm picture by ignoring of structure of the fundamental particles, we replaced an original picture the mirage.

That we "see" by means of mathematical model can be a product of the model, instead of real reflection, and never it is necessary to forget about it.

28.12.2012

Vladimir Gorunovich