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Field theory of elementary particles
Field theory of elementary particles
Introduction to the field theory of elementary particles
Introduction to the field theory of elementary particles
It is a translation of articles "Полевая теория элементарных частиц" and "Введение в полевую теорию элементарных частиц" with the help the www.translate.ru resource Internet.
I tried to do my best with this text. May be my English is not very good. When I had the possibility to improve my English text, I would replace it.
1. At first we will remember that we authentically know about elementary particles:
1. At first we will remember that we authentically know about elementary particles:
About a half of elementary particles possesses electric charge equal (±е);
Many elementary particles have the magnetic moment which can be quantized to similarly electric charge;
Almost all elementary particles have the antiparticles having an opposite sign of electric charge and the magnetic moment;
Elementary particles possess wave properties;
Elementary particles didn't manage to be broken into smaller particles (quarks);
At collisions of elementary particles other elementary particles are born;
In interactions of elementary particles there is an element of chance - there is a probability that there will be this or that reaction;
Elementary particles have such characteristic as backs, something like the rotary moment;
Elementary particles have quantum characteristics (quantum numbers) - but here it is necessary to be extremely careful as the part of quantum numbers was thought up by the quantum theory, and in their nature cannot be;
In a microcosm the quantum mechanics, but partially without virtual particles which contradict the law of energy conservation works
In the nature, so and in a microcosm classical electrodynamics works;
In elementary particles the special theory of relativity (STR) cannot work.
On it the list can be stopped so far.
2. We will start the analysis
2. We will start the analysis
From this that the part of elementary particles possesses electric charge follows that elementary particles with a nonzero mass of rest have a constant electric field. It can be both the field of elementary electric charge, and dipolar. In the second case elementary electric charge is created by an asymmetric difference of dipolar charges. Existence of dipolar electric field will be coordinated with neutral elementary particles which can possess such field too, but thanks to symmetry of charges at long distances it isn't visible.
If we want to construct the general theory (both for loaded, and for neutral elementary particles) that exactly dipolar fields best of all are suitable.
Having entered dipolar electric fields for elementary particles to us automatically (for symmetry reasons) it is necessary to enter also dipolar magnetic fields, and then to unite them in a constant to a component of the electromagnetic field.
Having put all three components in a whole as a result we will receive: in elementary particles there is a variation electromagnetic field from a constant component. And the variation electromagnetic field rotates on a certain radius - we will call it the radius of an elementary particle.
Now for receiving the particles and antiparticles as loaded and neutral we will be forced to enter quantization of polarization of rotation of the electromagnetic field. Namely:
At rotation of the electromagnetic field in the plane of an electric component charged particle and an antiparticle will turn out (electric charge arises owing to the arisen asymmetry between streams of an external and internal charge);
At rotation in the plane of a magnetic component (a perpendicular electric component) the neutral particle and an antiparticle will turn out. Here electric charges of dipoles are equal in size, and the difference between particles arises in polarization in relation to the direction a back. If backs it is equal to zero, then it is impossible to distinguish at the macro level a neutral particle from an antiparticle.
At the same time, the elementary particle differs from the antiparticle in polarization of the electromagnetic field. At change of an angle of polarization on π, we will pass from a particle to her antiparticle and vice versa (from an antiparticle to a particle). And at change of an angle of polarization of the electromagnetic field on π/2 we will pass from charged particle (antiparticle) to neutral, and from neutral to load.
The element of chance in behavior of elementary particles is put in the variation electromagnetic field. The result of interaction of elementary particles depends on that what sites of the field of a particle have faced.
Naturally it is necessary to allocate the electromagnetic field with ability to be transformed from one states to others according to laws of the nature. Also electromagnetic field has ability to pass spontaneously to lower power states (with formation of other elementary particles) according to laws of the nature.
3. For receiving a range of elementary particles we will connect quantum mechanics.
3. For receiving a range of elementary particles we will connect quantum mechanics.
We have a distributed electromagnetic weight rotating with velocity of light - therefore, she will have the rotary moment. We will call this rotary moment the internal rotary moment (L) and we will quantize it multiply ħ/2 similar to a back. The set of possible values has turned out:
L = 0; 1/2; 1; 3/2; 2; 5/2; 3...
But according to quantum mechanics this size has 2L+1 more a projection in isotopic space - we have received one more quantum number:
ML = - L; - L+1; ...; L-1; L
The third quantum number of elementary particles needs to be connected with quantization of polarization of rotation of the electromagnetic field. We will call it Q
Q=±e, ±0
(the last is entered for difference of a condition of a particle and an antiparticle).
We will enter the formula connecting quantum number L with back (J).
1 - L; L <= 1
J =
L - 1; L >= 1
But each elementary particle with L> 0 can be and in wild spirits with the additional rotary moment (V). This fourth quantum number of elementary particles can accept the following set of values:
0; +1; +2; +3….
V =
- 1;-2... |V | <= |L |
Now it is possible to pass to the most field theory of elementary particles and her postulates.
Field theory of elementary particles
Field theory of elementary particles
The field theory of the elementary particles, working within SCIENCE, leans on the base checked by PHYSICS:
Classical electrodynamics,
Quantum mechanics (without the virtual particles contradicting the law of conservation of energy),
Conservation laws – are fundamental laws of physics.
It was necessary to refuse the virtual particles: the reasons see. (Virtual particle). Also it was necessary to reject, because of an absence of proof, some quantum numbers postulated by the Quantum theory and Reference model and the conservation laws related allegedly which are unsubstantially attributed by their supporters to number of laws of physics.
In it is substance of scientific approach of the field theory of the elementary particles. - The original theory has to work strictly within laws of the nature: the SCIENCE also consists in it.
Contents
Contents
1 Introduction the field theory of elementary particles
2 Original positions of the field theory
3 Range of the elementary particles
4 Radius of the elementary particle
5 Rest-mass of the elementary particle (corollary of the Classical electrodynamics)
6 Electric field of an elementary particle
6.1 Electric field of the loaded elementary particle
6.2 Electric field of a neutral elementary particle
7 Field theory and theory of gravitation of the elementary particles
8 Field theory of elementary particles - Consequences:
9 Field theory of elementary particles - Result
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Physics of the 20th century, studying elementary particles, I have established existence of the electromagnetic fields following at them:
constant electric field,
constant magnetic field,
electromagnetic field (is variation).
The only elementary particle in the nature possessing only one variation electromagnetic field is the photon moving with velocity of light.
As in elementary particles, with the nonzero size of mass of rest, there is a variation electromagnetic field - that it can only rotate. Here we have also approached the field theory elementary particles. We will start.
We will take Einstein's formula (E =m0c2) and we will apply it to one separately taken elementary particle. We will receive that the internal energy concluded is equal to work of mass of rest on a square of velocity of light in an elementary particle. Or translating from mathematical language on language of physics and having remembered that light consists of quanta of the electromagnetic field, we can draw the following conclusion: In an elementary particle there is some distributed weight (we will call it m0~ ≈m0) rotating with a speed of quantum of the electromagnetic field (c).
If to be exact: in elementary particles the variation electromagnetic field (with a mass of m0~) rotates in which more than 90% of all internal energy - energy of the wave variation electromagnetic field are concentrated (usually). Several percent of total internal energy of elementary particles are concentrated in a constant electric and constant magnetic field of an elementary particle and extend in the space surrounding an elementary particle under laws of Classical electrodynamics.
And time in an elementary particle rotates the mass of m0~ - that there has to be also a rotary moment equal m0~cr (where r - the average radius of rotation). We will quantize it multiply ħ/2 (where ħ - a Planck constant) and we will consider what particle backs (her rotary moment) can be result of several rotations. Having connected all this with the electromagnetic field and having made on the course of several specifying assumptions as a result it is possible to receive the following.
2 Original positions of the field theory:
2 Original positions of the field theory:
1. Each elementary particle, except for a photon, is a certain condition of the polarized variable electromagnetic field rotating with a velocity of light from a constant component.
2. In environment the given field creates constant electric and magnetic weeding.
3. The three of quantum numbers (for the description spectrum of the basic conditions elementary particles) is entered following:
L – the main quantum number (is responsible for distribution of particles to groups):
L = 0; 1/2; 1; 3/2; 2; 5/2; 3; …..
ML – quantum number which is responsible for division of particles on subgroups:
ML= – L; – L+1; … ; L–1; L - in total 2L+1 value;
As we see, behind quantum numbers L and ML there is a quantum mechanics.
Q – the quantum number which is responsible for an electric charge and a direction of power lines of a magnetic field of neutral particles (in outside «+0», in inside «–0»):
Q = ±e; ±0.
Splitting on quantum number Q arises, because rotation can be carried out or in a plane of an electric component of a field (the charged particle and an antiparticle), or in a plane of a magnetic component (a neutral particle and an antiparticle). As we see, behind quantum number Q there is classical electrodynamics.
Spin elementary particle (J) it is as follows connected with quantum number (L):
J=1-L; (L<=1)
J=L-1; (L>=1)
(Thus, leptons and baryons have an identical size a spin 1/2.)
4. Elementary particles (with L> 0) can be and in the raised condition (it is similar to atoms), different from the core presence of the additional rotary moment (V):
V=0;+1;+2;+3; ...
V=–1; … ;!V!<= !L!
Where V = 0 - the particle is basically (unexcited) a condition, the sign «+» means that directions of the additional rotary moment and the internal rotary moment coincide, and the sign «–» means that their directions are opposite.
5. All transitions (reactions) between an elementary particles, irrespective of their condition – the basic or raised, are carried out by means of others an elementary particles and submit to preservation laws energy, an impulse, a spin (the rotary moment), and also to laws of an electromagnetic field (to the equations of Maxwell) as they are electromagnetic processes.
From the presented set of quantum numbers follows that in the nature there is an infinite number really elementary particles each of which (except a photon) infinite number has the raised conditions. - These are microcosm realities. The spectrum fragment elementary particles are resulted. For quarks, virtual particles, gluons, Higgs boson, etc. places weren't - the fractional electric charge can exist only in the mathematician, and the law of conservation of energy operates together with other laws of the nature. As to gluons, Higgs boson and also "open" carriers weak interactions - the number elementary particles with spin 1 is equal 20 (only in the basic condition) and infinity in the raised conditions, and from particles with spin 0 (in the basic condition) it is necessary to open charged η-meson.
3 Range of the elementary particles
3 Range of the elementary particles
Fragment of a spectrum of the basic conditions of elementary particles.
The presented theory isn't purely classical as in its base the quantum mechanics and classical electrodynamics - supplementing each other lie. The given theory at the moment is the unique theory describing all a spectrum of elementary particles. She explains the mechanism of formation and quantization of an electric charge, the nature and character nuclear interactions, distances on which they arise, the abnormal magnetic moments of a proton and a neutron and many other things. But the equations weeding still it are necessary to write – some new restrictions on the equations are received only.
In more details it is possible to familiarize with the field theory. The microcosm is the world of dipolar constants electric and magnetic water also a variable electromagnetic field. On the big distances neutral elementary particles behave as elementary particles not possessing electric fields. But in a near zone there are powerful fields with certain structure. And the charged elementary particle inside has an area with an opposite electric charge.
Fundamental interactions (in the nature)
· Electromagnetic interactions · Gravitation
4 Radius of the elementary particle
4 Radius of the elementary particle
Radius of the elementary particle with a quantum number of L>0 (the distance from the center of a particle to the place in which is reached the maximal density of weight) is determined how:
Field radius of the elementary particle
Radius of area of the space occupied by the elementary particle is determined by a formula:
Radius of area of the space occupied by the elementary particle
A radius more of the annular domain occupied by a variation electromagnetic field of the elementary particle was added to the size r0~. It is necessary to remember that the part of size of a rest-mass, the concentrated in constants (electric and magnetic) fields of the elementary particle is outside this area, according to laws of an electrodynamics.
5 Rest-mass of the elementary particle (corollary of the Classical electrodynamics)
5 Rest-mass of the elementary particle (corollary of the Classical electrodynamics)
According to a classical electrodynamics and a formula of the Einstein, a rest-mass of the elementary particles with a quantum number of L> 0 including electron, is defined as an equivalent of energy of their electromagnetic fields:
Rest-mass of the elementary particle
Where the particular integral is undertakes on all electromagnetic field of the elementary particle, E - an electric intensity, H - a magnetic intensity. Here all components of an electromagnetic field are considered: constant electric field, constant magnetic field, variation electromagnetic field.
As appears from the given formula, the size of a rest-mass of the elementary particle depends on conditions in which it is. Having so placed the elementary particle in a constant external electric field, we will affect E2 that will be reflected in the mass of a particle. The similar situation will arise when placing the elementary particle in a constant magnetic field.
6 Electric field of an elementary particle
6 Electric field of an elementary particle
Constant electric field of elementary particles with quantum number L> 0, as loaded, and neutral, is created by a constant component the electromagnetic field of the corresponding elementary particle. And the field of electric charge results from existence of asymmetry between the external and internal hemispheres generating electric fields of opposite signs.
For the loaded elementary particles in a distant zone the field of elementary electric charge is generated, and the sign of electric charge is defined by a sign of the electric field generated by an external hemisphere. In a near zone this field has difficult structure and is the dipolar, but dipolar moment it has no.
Despite zero electric charge of neutral elementary particles (with quantum number L>0), at them has to be constant electric field. The electromagnetic field of which the elementary particle consists (with quantum number L>0) has a constant component, and, therefore, she has to have a constant magnetic field and constant electric field. As electric charge is equal to zero, that constant electric field will be dipolar. That is at a neutral elementary particle (with quantum number L>0) has to be constant electric field similar to the field of two distributed parallel electric charges equal in size and an opposite sign. At long distances this electric field will be almost imperceptible because of mutual compensation of fields of both signs of a charge. But at distances, an order of radius of an elementary particle, this field will have significant effect on interactions with other elementary particles close by the sizes.
6.1 Electric field of the loaded elementary particle
6.1 Electric field of the loaded elementary particle
For the approximate description of constant electric field of the loaded elementary particle as systems of dot charges, not less than 6 "quarks" in an elementary particle will be required - better if to take 8 "quarks", and at the same time it isn't important at all, there will be it a positron, π + meson, a proton, positively charged vector meson, or any other positively charged elementary particle (for negatively charged elementary particles, the field changes the sign, for opposite). Three fantastic quarks in a proton and two fantastic quarks in loaded to the meson can't display real structure of constant electric field of the loaded elementary particle. Clear business that it is beyond standard model - is model of quarks.
At any loaded elementary particle, it is possible to allocate two electric charges and respectively two electric radiuses.
For a negatively charged elementary particle:
electric radius of external constant electric field (a charge - 1.25e) - rq-.
electric radius of internal constant electric field (a charge +0.25e) - rq+.
For a positively charged elementary particle
electric radius of external constant electric field (a charge +1.25e) - rq+.
electric radius of internal constant electric field (a charge - 0.25e) - rq-.
Sizes of radiuses are defined by the field theory of elementary particles.
These characteristics of electric field of the loaded elementary particle correspond to distribution of 1 field theory of elementary particles. The physics still experimentally hasn't established the accuracy of this distribution and what distribution most precisely corresponds to real structure of constant electric field of the loaded elementary particle in a near zone.
Electric radius specifies average location of the electric charge which is evenly distributed on a circle creating similar electric field. Both electric charges lie in one plane (the plane of rotation of the variation electromagnetic field of an elementary particle) and have the general center coinciding with the center of rotation of the variation electromagnetic field of an elementary particle.
Intensity E electric fields of a negatively charged elementary particle (for example, an electron) in a near zone (r ~ r0~), in the SI system as the vector sum, is approximately equal:
where n- =r-/r - a single vector from near (1) or distant (2) points of a charge of q- of an elementary particle in the direction of a point of supervision (A), n+ =r+/r - a single vector from near (1) or distant (2) points of a charge of q+ an elementary particle in the direction of a point of supervision (A), r - distance from the center of an elementary particle to a supervision point projection to the plane of an electron, q--external electric charge - 1.25e, q+ - internal electric charge +0.25e, are highlighted a vector, ε0 in bold type - an electric constant, z - height of a point of supervision (A) (distance from a supervision point to the plane of an elementary particle), r0 - normalizing parameter. (In the SGS system there is no multiplier a
.) For determination of intensity of electric field of a positively charged elementary particle (for example, a proton), in the equation it is necessary to replace all signs of electric charges with opposite.
This mathematical expression represents the sum of vectors and it should be calculated by rules of addition of vectors as this field of two distributed electric charges (q-= - 1.25e and q+ = +0.25e). The first and third composed the second and fourth correspond to near points of charges, - distant. This mathematical expression doesn't work in the internal (ring) area of the elementary particle generating her constants of the field (at simultaneous performance of two conditions: r<ħ/m0~c and Z<ħ/2m0~c).
Potential of electric field of a negatively charged elementary particle (for example, an electron) in a point (A) in a near zone (r ~ r0~), is approximately equal in the SI system:
where r0 - the normalizing parameter which size can differ from value in a formula E. (In the SGS system there is no multiplier a .) This mathematical expression doesn't work in the internal (ring) area of the elementary particle generating her constants of the field (at simultaneous performance of two conditions: r<ħ / m0~ c and Z<ħ/2m0~c). For determination of potential of electric field of a positively charged elementary particle (for example, a proton), in the equation it is necessary to replace all signs of electric charges with opposite.
Calibration of r0 needs to be made for both expressions of a near zone on border of the area generating constant fields of an electron.
6.2 Electric field of a neutral elementary particle
6.2 Electric field of a neutral elementary particle
Any elementary particle with quantum number L>0 possesses dipolar electric field. In case of a neutral elementary particle including an electronic or muonic neutrino (L=1/2), it will be electric field of two distributed parallel symmetric ring electric charges (+0.75e and - 0.75e), the average radius of re (determined by the field theory of elementary particles) located at distance
. The electric dipolar moment of a neutral elementary particle (for example, a neutron) is equal:
where ħ - a constant Level, L - the main quantum number in the field theory of elementary particles, e - elementary electric charge, m0 - the mass of rest, m0~ - the mass of rest concluded in the variation electromagnetic field with - the velocity of light, P - a vector of the electric dipolar moment (it is perpendicular the planes of an elementary particle, passes through the center of a particle and it is directed towards positive electric charge), s - average distance between charges, re - the electric radius of an elementary particle.
As you can see, electric charges are close in size to charges of estimated quarks (+2/3e= +0.666e and - 2/3e=-0.666e) in a neutron, but unlike quarks, electromagnetic fields in the nature exist, and similar structure of constant electric field any neutral elementary particle, irrespective of size a back possesses and....
Capacity of the electric dipolar field of a neutral elementary particle (for example, a neutron) in a point (A) (in a near zone 10s>r>s approximately), is equal in the SI system:
where θ - a corner between a vector of the dipolar moment of P and the direction on a point of supervision And, r0 - the normalizing parameter determined by the field theory of elementary particles is proportional to Lħ / (m0~c), ε0 - an electric constant, r - distance from an axis (rotation of the variation electromagnetic field) of an elementary particle to a point of supervision And, h - distance from the particle plane (passing through her center) to a point of supervision And, he-the average height of an arrangement of electric charge in a neutral elementary particle (it is equal 0.5s), |... | - the module of number, Pn - Pn vector size. (In the SGS system there is no multiplier a
.) Intensity E electric dipolar fields of a neutral elementary particle (for example, a neutron) (in a near zone 10s>r>s approximately), is equal in the SI system:
where n=r / | r | - a single vector from the center of a dipole in the direction of a point of supervision (A), (•) is designated by a point a scalar product, are highlighted a vector in bold type. (In the SGS system there is no multiplier a
.) Components of intensity of the electric dipolar field of a neutral elementary particle (for example, a neutron) (in a near zone 10s>r>s approximately) longitudinal (| |) (lengthways radius vector, carried out from a dipole to this point) and cross (_ | _) in the SI system:
where θ - a corner between the direction of a vector of the dipolar moment Pn and radius vector in a supervision point (in the SGS system there is no multiplier a
). The third a component of intensity of electric field - orthogonal the plane in which the vector of the dipolar moment of Pn of an elementary particle and radius vector lie - is always equal to zero.
Potential energy U interactions of the electric dipolar field, for example, of a neutron (n) with the electric dipolar field of other neutral elementary particle (2) in a point (A) in a distant zone (r>> s), is equal in the SI system:
where θn2 - a corner between vectors of the dipolar electric moments of Pn and P2, θn - a corner between a vector of the dipolar electric moment of Pn and a vector of r, θ2 - a corner between a vector of the dipolar electric moment of P2 and a vector of r, r - a vector from the center of the dipolar electric moment pn in the center of the dipolar electric moment P2 (in a point of supervision And). (In the SGS system there is no multiplier a
.) The normalizing r0 parameter is entered for the purpose of reduction of a deviation of value E, from calculated by means of classical electrodynamics and integral calculus in a near zone. The normalization happens in the point lying in the plane of the parallel plane of a neutron remote from the center of a neutral elementary particle on distance (in the particle plane) r0~ and to shift on height on h= ħ/2m0~c where m0~ - the size of the weight concluded in the variation electromagnetic field of the based neutron (for neutron m0~ = 0.95784 m0, and for an electronic neutrino of m0~ = 0.9776 m0). For each equation the r0 parameter pays off independently. As approximate value it is possible to take field radius:
Follows from all aforesaid that the electric dipolar field of neutral elementary particles (about which existence in the nature, the physics of the 20th century didn't guess, or I attributed to fantastic quarks), according to laws of classical electrodynamics, will interact with the loaded elementary particles.
7 Field theory and theory of gravitation of the elementary particles
7 Field theory and theory of gravitation of the elementary particles
The field theory of the elementary particles was a missing brick of the base in the building of the theory of gravitation of the elementary particles.
The following equations of strength of a gravitational field of the unbound based elementary particle were found in the theory of gravitation of the elementary particles:
Where:
r0~ - the radius of the particle (average distance from the center of the elementary particle on which the mass of the rotating variation electromagnetic field is concentrated);
m0~ - the weight concluded in a variation electromagnetic field;
m=0 - the mass of a constant electric and constant magnetic field concluded in an annular domain;
- density of substance of a constant electric and constant magnetic field outside an annular domain; It was confirmed that the electromagnetic field mass of the elementary particles not only creates their gravitational fields, but also is the reason of their inertial properties.
8 Field theory of elementary particles - Consequences:
8 Field theory of elementary particles - Consequences:
The submitted theory isn't purely classical as the quantum mechanics and classical electrodynamics - supplementing each other lie in the base of the field theory of elementary particles. This theory doesn't contradict experimental data about fields of elementary particles (except of course fantastic) and at the moment is the only theory describing all range of elementary particles. She explains the mechanism of education and quantization of electric charge, the nature and nature of nuclear interactions on which distances they arise the abnormal magnetic moments of a proton and neutron and many other things. But weeding the equations still it is necessary to write - only some new restrictions for the equations are received.
The microcosm is the world of dipolar constants of electric and magnetic fields and the variation electromagnetic field. At long distances neutral elementary particles behave as the elementary particles which aren't possessing electric fields. But in a near zone there are powerful fields with a certain structure. And the loaded elementary particle has an area with opposite electric charge inside.
By means of the field theory of elementary particles have been made: interesting opening in the field of physics of a neutrino, microwave background space radiation, red shift, the natural simulator of "Dark matter", a power source of Earth proceeding from a subsoil and other planets is found, the first part of the theory of gravitation of elementary particles of which all substance of the Universe consists is constructed, the tale about "Black holes" is sent to archive, the tale about "Big Bang" is buried. How many it will be still made opening in New physics - physics of 21 centuries, time will show.
9 Field theory of elementary particles - Result
9 Field theory of elementary particles - Result
So, the field theory of fundamental particles it is impossible to consider as a part «theories of all» despite its proximity to the unified field theory. The field theory of elementary particles, working within nature laws in force, found scientific answers to the following questions:
Why elementary particles possess not only corpuscular, but also wave properties
Of what elementary particles consist
The rest-mass of elementary particles and of what it consists from where undertakes
As there is an electric charge of elementary particles and why it is quantized
As constant magnetic fields of elementary particles are formed
That represents fields of elementary particles in a near zone
What true sizes of elementary particles
That underlies the mechanism of random behavior of elementary particles
What range of elementary particles and their excited states
What are the nuclear forces
What fundamental interactions really exist in the nature
Approached to comprehension that such a spin
Why almost all elementary particles are unstable
The laws existing in a microcosm
Allowed to reject a number of mistakes and errors of physics of the twentieth century.
Knowledge of physics of electromagnetism has considerably changed for the last 150 years.
Was considered 150 years ago that electric fields are created by electric charges, and magnetic fields as are created by electric currents and can create electric currents.
After emergence of the equations of Maxwell of the physicist I have established a possibility of independent existence in the nature of the electromagnetic field in a wave mode.
In the twentieth century of the physicist I have established existence in the nature of electric and magnetic fields independently, irrespective of electric charges and currents.
At the beginning of the 21st century (in 2010) the physics has established that electromagnetic fields of elementary particles generate fields of charges and currents: the prime causes of electromagnetism are not charges and currents as it was considered in the 19th century - and electromagnetic fields.
In 2015 the physics has established (though it have been suggested hundred years ago) that electromagnetic fields still create gravitational fields of elementary particles and their inertial weight (see the Theory of gravitation of elementary particles), having confirmed thereby that "Elementary particles of which Universe substance consists - are a form of electromagnetic field matter".
Vladimir Gorunovich
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